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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 37 (1985), S. 241-245 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Callosobruchus ; cowpea weevil ; egg recognition ; oviposition deterrents
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Plusieurs expériences ont été réalisées pour déterminer pour quelles raisons les femelles de Callosobruchus maculatus évitent de pondre sur les graines portant des oeufs. La répulsion a été associée à l'oeuf lui-même et non à une autre activité de l'adulte sur la graine. Des stimuli tant chimiques que physiques (tactiles) ont semblé impliqués dans la découverte des oeufs; la substance répulsive était plus soluble dans le méthanol que dans l'éther ou l'eau. Contrairement à des études antérieures sur C. chinensis, nous avons observé que les femelles n'étaient pas dissuadées de pondre sur des graines exposées préalablement à de fortes densités de mâles.
    Notizen: Abstract Several experiments were conducted to determine the mechanism by which ovipositing cowpea weevils, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), avoid egg-laden seeds. Deterrence was associated with the egg itself and not with other adult activities on the host. Both chemical and physical (tactile) stimuli appear to be involved in egg recognition; the chemical deterrent was more soluble in methanol than in ether or water. Contrary to a previous study using C. chinensis (L.), we found that females were not deterred from ovipositing on seeds that had been exposed to high densities of males.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 1 (1988), S. 111-115 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Anobiidae ; Anobium punctatum ; sex pheromone ; flying beetles ; wind tunnel ; Stegobium paniceum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 39 (1985), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): induced change ; induced resistance ; chemical change ; feeding ; herbivore ; feeding tests ; feeding preferences ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les choix alimentaires d'un groupe de chrysoméles spécialistes ou généralistes a été étudié en utilisant 3 méthodes: plantes entières, feuilles coupées, rondelles de feuilles. Les méthodes utilisées out eu un effet très significatif sur les préférences relatives des chrysomèles du maïs, du haricot et de la courge. Dans quelques cas le seuil de signification statistique pour un choix particulier a été modifié par la méthode utilisée et dans d'autres cas l'ordre de préférence a été totalement inversé. Les choix alimentaires des spécialistes ont été moins affectés par la méthode utilisée que pour les espèces les plus généralistes. Il y a eu aussi un effet plus important des différences entre les méthodes rondelle de feuilles et feuille entière qu'entre feuille entière et plante entière. Les changements chimiques induits dans les plantes par les dégâts sont probablement très répandus et les chercheurs devraient en tenir compte quand ils programment et interprètent des expériences sur les préférences alimentaires.
    Notizen: Abstract Feeding preferences of a group of specialist and generalist chrysomelid beetles were examined using three test methods: whole plants, excised leaves and leaf discs. Method of testing had a very significant effect on relative preferences of the beetles for corn, bean and squash. In some cases the level of statistical significance for a particular preference was affected by test methodology and in other cases the direction of preference was reversed altogether. The feeding preferences of the specialist beetle species were less affected by test method than were the more generalist species. There was also a much greater effect of the difference in test method between the disc test and whole leaf test than between the whole leaf test and whole plant test. Chemical changes in plants induced by damage are probably quite widespread in plants and investigators should take this into account when designing and interpreting tests of insect feeding preference.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 37 (1985), S. 113-121 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hypera postica ; alfalfa weevil ; allozyme analysis ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les allozymes d'Hypera de l'est des USA (Beltsville, Maryland; Washington Co., Illinois), de l'ouest des USA (Logan et St Georges, Utah) et ‘égyptiens’ (Yuma, Arizona; Westmorland, Californie) ont été analysés par électrophorèse sur gel d'acrylamide. L'étude a porté sur 22 loci de 12 enzymes (ACPH, ADH, AMY, AO, EST, GOT, G-6PDH, MDH, ME, SOD, TYR, XDH). L'hétérozygotie moyenne de la population était 0.231, avec une moyenne de loci polymorphes de 0.536. La distance génétique moyenne de l'ensemble des populations était de 0.033 et l'indice de fixation de 0.024. Des loci caractéristiques ont été trouvés qui pourraient permettre de distinguer les Hypera occidentaux des orientaux et des ‘égyptiens’. La faible distance génétique entre les Hypera orientaux et ‘égyptiens’ suggère qu'ils appartiennent à la même souche et sont certainement différents des occidentaux. A partir de cela et d'autres éléments, nous concluons que tous les Hypera des USA sont H. postica Gyllenhal et que l'utilisation d'H. brunneipennis Boheman pour désigner les Hypera ‘égyptiens’ d'Amérique du Nord doit être abandonnée.
    Notizen: Abstract Allozyme profiles of eastern weevils (Beltsville, Maryland; Washington Co., Illinois), western weevils (Logan and St. George, Utah), and Egyptian weevils (Yuma, Arizona; Westmorland, California) were compiled by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-two gene loci from 12 enzymes (ACPH, ADH, AMY, AO, EST, GOT, G-6PDH, MDH, ME, SOD, TYR, XDH) were analyzed. Mean heterozygosity of these populations was 0.231, with an average proportion of polymorphic loci of 0.536. The mean genetic distance of all weevil populations was 0.033 and the fixation index was 0.024. Diagnostic loci were found which could distinguish western weevils from eastern and Egyptian weevils. The small genetic distance between the eastern and Egyptian weevils suggests that they may be the same strain and are certainly different from the western weevil strain. Based on this and other evidence, we conclude that all weevil strains in the United States are Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), and that the use of H. brunneipennis (Boheman) for the Egyptian alfalfa weevil of North America should be discontinued.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 37 (1985), S. 229-233 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): alfalfa weevil ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Hypera postica ; mutation ; vestigial-wing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des H. postica aux ailes postérieures vestigiales ont été découverts dans une population de Wageningen (Pays Bas) et deux des USA—une lignée orientale de Beltsville (Maryland) et une lignée de H. brunneipennis d'Atascadero (Californie). Ce mutant était absent de 23 autres populations examinées aux USA: 3 de l'est, 7 de l'ouest et 13 de H. brunneipennis. Cette mutation est due à un gène dominant antosomal avec aile normale comme récessif. Le gêne mutant peut être transféré des lignées orientales aux lignées occidentales. Le caractère aile courte peut être pratique pour les manipulations génétiques destinées à maîtriser les populations d'H. postica.
    Notizen: Abstract Alfalfa weevils (Hypera postica (Gyllenhal)) with vestigial hind wings were discovered in a population from Wageningen, the Netherlands, and two populations from the United States—an eastern weevil strain from Beltsville, Maryland and an Egyptian weevil strain from Atascadero, California. Such a mutant was absent from 23 other populations surveyed in the United States—three from eastern, seven from western, and 13 from Egyptian weevil strains. This mutation is due to a dominant autosomal gene with normal-wing individuals as recessive. The mutant gene can be transferred from eastern weevil to the western weevil strain. The short-wing trait may be useful for genetic manipulation to control the alfalfa weevil.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 39 (1985), S. 223-232 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Onitis alexis ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeinae ; dung beetle ; crepuscular flight ; superposition eyes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'examen a porté sur le rôle de l'intensité lumineuse et de la température sur l'incitation au vol chez Onitis alexis. Le vol en lumière naturelle est fortement synchronisé, avec les deux tiers des adultes qui s'envolent en 10–12 min. Sur six vols pour différents jours, le moment moyen d'envol variait de 13 min, mais l'envol moyen avait lieu à une intensité lumineuse déterminée. La valeur absolue de l'intensité lumineuse paraît ainsi un signal crucial dans la détermination et l'incitation au vol. Le moment d'envol se maintient à cette intensité quand le crépuscule est artificiellement avancé jusqu'à 8 min environ. Cependant, quand le crépuscule est rendu encore plus précoce, l'envol moyen se produit à des intensités plus basses et est étalé. Ceci peut être interprété comme un chevauchement de la période des intensités lumineuses favorables à l'envol avec le rythme circadien qui conduit les bousiers à la surface. Aucun adulte ne vole quand il y a maintien de lumière constante ou d'obscurité à l'heure du crépuscule. En présence de crépuscule constant, les réponses sont hétérogènes, et, bien que le moment médian d'envol ne soit retardé que de 3 min, par rapport aux témoins, l'incitation à l'envol est étalée sur une période plus longue. Avec des températures au sol de 20–22 °C, plus de 90% des adultes s'envolent. Le pourcentage diminue avec la température, et moins de 10% s'envolent à 16–17 °C.
    Notizen: Abstract The role of light intensity and temperature in determining the onset of flight in the crepuscular dung beetle Onitis alexis Klug (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) was examined. Flight under natural light was highly synchronized, with two-thirds of the beetles that flew flying over a period of 10–12 min. In six flights on different days, the mean time of onset varied by up to 13 min, but mean onset occurred at fixed light intensity. Absolute light intensity therefore appears to be a vital cue in determining flight onset. Mean onset remained at this intensity when dusk was advanced artificially by up to about 8 min. However, when dusk was brought further forward, mean flight occurred at lower intensities and onset of flight took place over a longer period. This is interpreted as an overlapping of the period of light intensities suitable for flight with the circadian rhythm that brings the beetles to the surface. No beetles flew when kept under constant bright light or in the dark during the dusk period. Under conditions of constant dusk, the beetles appeared uncoordinated and, although the median time of onset of flight was only 3 min later than in the control flight, onset of flight was spread out over a much longer period. At soil temperatures of 20–22 °C, over 90% of the beetles flew. This percentage decreased with decreasing temperature, and less than 10% flew at temperatures of 16–17 °C.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 47 (1988), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Bembidion lampros ; Pterostichus cupreus ; Carabidae ; Coleoptera ; behaviour ; temperature ; searching ; consumption ; cereal aphid ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; prey ; density ; barley
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les taux maximum de consommation de R. padi L. à différentes températures ont été déterminés au laboratoire chez deux carabes, B. lampros Herbstet P. cupreus L. La consommation moyenne a augmenté avec la température chez les deux espèces, B. lampros consommant un maximum de 15,9 larves des stades 1 à 3 et 9,1 pucerons adultes aptères, à 25°C. P. cupreus a été particulièrement vorace et a consommé 125,3 adultes aptères par jour à 20°C. Le comportement des deux espèces a été observé en filmant en vidéo des carabes à jeun, maintenus à différentes températures constantes, dans des enceintes semées en orge de printemps. Des éléments du comportement, communs aux deux espèces, ont été définis: 1) immabilité, 2) marche et course, 3) recherche, 4) affrontement. P. cupreus a été plus actif à toutes les températures, B. lamprosa été inactif au-dessous de 10°C. La part de temps consacrée à la recherche, le nombre de plantes prospectées, et la vitesse ont augmenté avec la température chez les deux espèces. Dans des enceintes similaires colonisées par R. padi, P. cupreus a significativement augmenté le temps consacré à la recherche dans les enceintes, parallèlement à l'augmentation de la densité des pucerons. Après la découverte d'une colonie de pucerons, P. cupreus escalade et prospecte la plante et ses voisines immédiates; tandis que les plantes des enceintes sans pucerons sont rarement escaladées. B. lampros n'a pas été observé escaladant des plantes d'enceintes avec ou sans pucerons, et il n'a pas accru son temps de prospection en fonction de la densité de pucerons. Les quelques B. lampros qui ont capturé des pucerons l'ont fait lorsque ceux-ci marchaient sur la surface du sol. La discussion a porté sur l'efficacité relative des deux carabes comme prédateurs de R. padi, et les résultats ont été comparés à ceux d'études du même type, menées ailleurs, avec des prédateurs de Sitobion avenae sur blé d'hiver.
    Notizen: Abstract Maximum consumption rates were determined for two carabids, Bembidion lampros Herbst. and Pterostichus cupreus L., feeding on the cereal aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L. at different temperatures in the laboratory. Mean daily consumption increased with increasing temperature for both species, B. lampros consuming a maximum of 16 1–3 instar nymphs and 9 apterous adult aphids at 25°C. P. cupreus was particularly voracious and consumed 125 apterous adult R. padi per day at 20°C. The behaviour of both species was analysed by video filming starved beetles, maintained at different constant temperatures, in arenas sown with spring barley. The behavioural components (1) still; (2) run/walk; (3) search and (4) confrontation were identified and were common to both species. P. cupreus was more active over the temperature range tested; B. lampros was inactive under 10°C. The proportion of time spent searching, number of plants searched, and velocity increased with increasing temperature for both species. When observed in similar arenas seeded with R. padi colonies, individuals of P. cupreus significantly increased their time spent searching in arenas with increasing aphid density. Following discovery of an aphid colony, individuals climbed and searched the host plant and its nearest neighbours. Plants in aphid free arenas were rarely climbed. B. lampros was not observed climbing in either aphid free arenas or in arenas with increasing aphid densities, and did not significantly increase its time spent searching in response to increased prey density. The few B. lampros that found aphids caught them walking on the soil surface. The relative efficiences of these two carabids as predators of R. padi are discussed, and the results are compared with similar studies elsewhere with predators of Sitobion avenae on winter wheat.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 43-50 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; Pterostichus ; mandible size ; wear pattern ; feeding behaviour ; burrowing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'analyse de l'influence de la texture des aliments et du fouissage, sur l'usure des mandibules a été effectuée en nourrissant P. melanarius avec des aliments de différentes duretés dans des récipients contenant ou non du sol. Les aliments durs seuls usent moins le bord incisif (extrémité de la mandibule) et la surface coupante, que leur association avec le fouissage. En présence exclusive d'aliments durs, les femelles avaient érodé plus vite leurs mandibules que les mâles, tandis que chez ceux-ci le fouissage seul les avaient usé plus vite que chez les femelles. Des femelles récoltées dans un champ de céréales contenaient plus d'aliments durs que les mâles. Les différences de comportement avaient provoqué apparemment des types d'usure différents suivant les sexes. Les adultes usent leurs mandibules au cours de leur première année de vie imaginale. Cependant, la taille des mandibules des femelles échantillonnées dans la nature correspondait mieux à celle des femelles (de même âge) provenant des expériences ayant provoqué une forte usure (aliment dur et fouissage du sol). Les mandibules des mâles échantillonnés présentaient seulement une usure modérée et ressemblaient à celles des mâles ayant consommé soit des aliments durs, soit foui le sol. La discussion a traité des relations entre l'usure des mandibules, la fécondité et la longévité de P. melanarius et d'autres espèces de carabes.
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of food texture and burrowing on mandible wear in the predatory carabid beetle Pterostichus melanarius Illiger were investigated by feeding adults soft or hard food in jars with or without soil. Both the incisor cusp (mandible tip) and cutting surface of the mandibles erode more in response to the combination of hard food and burrowing than to hard food alone. Females were found to erode their mandibles more than males in the hard-food-only treatment, whereas males wore down their mandibles more than females in the soil-only treatment. Female P. melanarius collected in a cereal field contained signficantly more solid food items compared with males. Differences in behaviour apparently resulted in differential wear patterns between the sexes. It is shown that the process of mandible wear in P. melanarius will result in worn mandibles in their first year as adults. However, mandible size of field-sampled females were found to be best correlated with females (of similar age) in the experiment exhibiting extensive wear (foraged hard food and burrowed in soil). The mandibles of field-sampled males were similar to those of males in the hard-food-only and the soil-only treatments, which showed only slight to moderate wear. The influence of mandible wear on fecundity and survival in P. melanarius as well as in other carabid species is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 37 (1985), S. 123-127 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; Poecilus cupreus ; larva ; starvation ; digestion ; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Mit eine quantitativen enzymabhängigen Immunoabsorptionstest wurde immunoreaktives Material aus Beutetieren als Eiweissgehalt (IRM/P) in Larven eines polyphagen räuberischen Carabiden, Poecilus cupreus, bestimmt. Wir bestimmten den Beuteverzehr und die Geschwindigkeit des IRM/P Abbaus bei Larven, die während verschiedener Zeit gehungert hatten. Der Beuteverzehr nahm exponentiell zu über 7 Tage Hunger. Die Geschwindigkeit des Beute- IRM/P Abbaus schien logarithmisch. Die Beuteaufnahme nahm fast zwanzigfach zu über 7 Tage Hunger von 2.7 ng auf 50.2 ng IRM/P/10 Mikroliter Larvenextrakt. Der grösste Teil der Verdauung erfolgte am zweiten bis dritten Tag nach der Nahrungsaufnahme, unabhängig von der verdauten Menge. Das Niveau 4 Tage nach der Fütterung zeigte, dass Larven, die vorgängig 7 Tage gehungert hatten, 5.0 ng IRM/P/10 Microliter Extrakt zurückhielten; dies war mehr als die Aufnahmemenge nichthungernder Larven. Die Verdauungsgeschwindigleit nahm zu mit der Dauer des Hungerns, doch wurde auch mehr Beute im Nahrungskanal zurückgehalten.
    Notizen: Abstract Prey antigen levels were determined by a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in larvae of a carabid predator, Poecilus cupreus L. under laboratory conditions. We determined prey consumption and rate of prey protein decay in larvae having starved for different periods. Prey consumption increased exponentially over 7 days of starvation. The rate of prey immunoreactive material decay seemed to be logarithmic, similar in larvae which had starved for different periods. Most of the digestion took place in the first 3 days period after feeding, irrespective of the amounts ingested. The rate of decay increased with increasing period of starvation. There were also signs of food retention in the alimentary canal in larvae which starved longer.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 39 (1985), S. 35-42 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; diapause reproductrice ; inflorescence ; Vigna unguiculata ; activité sexuelle mâle ; ovogenèse ; ponte
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Bruchidius atrolineatus (Pic) is a widely distributed bruchid in the Sahelian zone which shows a reproductive diapause during the dry season and part of the rainy season. Diapausing females do not produce vitellogenin and their ovaries are reduced to the germarium. Spermatogenesis is very much reduced and male accessory glands are inactive. When these insects were placed in the presence of inflorescences of Vigna unguiculata which were renewed daily, the reproductive diapause of both males and females was interrupted after 15–20 days. Vitellogenesis occurred in the females and spermatogenesis increased in the males whilst their accessory glands became functional. When diapausing bruchids, found in stores of on V. unguiculata seeds during the dry season, were placed near the host plant's inflorescences, diapause was also terminated. In all cases, diapause was not interrupted when the insects were offered dry pods of V. unguiculata in a water-saturated atmosphere. The pollen, which is hardly eaten by this bruchid, did not seem to stimulate termination of diapause. Sensory stimulations derived from the flowers or/and nutritional factors may be the cause of the development of the reproductive organs. After termination of the diapause the males showed normal sexual activity whereas female fecundity was rather low, at least in our experimental conditions. This type of reproductive regulation allows this sahelian bruchid to resume its sexual activity when the host plant's flowers appear in the field at the end of the rainy season. Then the beetles lay their eggs on the pods as soon as the pods are developed.
    Notizen: Abstract Bruchidius atrolineatus (Pic) présente en zone sahélienne une diapause reproductrice durant la saison sèche et une partie de la saison des pluies. Les femelles diapausantes ne produisent pas de vitellogénine et le germarium des ovarioles est seul développé. Chez les mâles la spermatogenèse est très ralentie et les glandes annexes sont inactives. Lorsque les insectes diapausants sont placés en présence d'inflorescences de Vigna unguiculata Walp, leurs organes reproducteurs deviennent fonctionnels après un temps de latence de 15 à 20 jours. Il n'y a par contre aucune levée de la diapause chez des bruches placées en présence de gousses sèches de V. unguiculata dans une atmosphère saturée. Des informations sensorielles issues des pièces florales ou (et) des facteurs nutritionnels sans doute liés a la consommation de nectar semblent être à l'origine de cette levée de la diapause. Le pollen fort peu consommé n'a par contre aucun rôle. Cette régulation du cycle reproducteur de B. atrolineatus par les inflorescences de V. unguiculata permet l'émission des oeufs dès que les gousses commencent à se former à la fin de la saison des pluies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Sitophilus ; S. oryzae ; S. zeamais ; rice weevil ; maize weevil ; geographical strains ; digestion ; amylase ; diet ; barley ; corn ; maize ; rice ; wheat ; amylase inhibitors
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La transformation de rang des valeur d'activité spécifique de l'α-amylase de 4 souches de S. oryzae et de 4 souches de S. zeamais montre que les niveaux les plus élevés de ces enzymes prédominantes s'observent chez les adultes nourris d'orge mondé ou de riz brun á grains longs. Des niveaux intermédiaires d'activité ont été obtenus chez les insectes élevés sur maïs jaune, et les niveaux les plus faibles chez ceux élevés sur blé. Bien que les extraits préparés à partir d'orge présentent une activité inhibitrice de deux isoamylases purifiées de S. oryzae, les niveaux des inhibiteurs naturels α-amylase de ces deux enzymes sont environ respectivement 2,2 et 6,1 fois plus concentrés dans le blé. L'ingestion de ces inhibiteurs d'amylase et la formation d'un complexe enzyme inactive/inhibiteur avec l'amylase secrétée antérieurement, peut rendre compte de la plus faible activité de l'amylase chez les charançons consommant du blé. Le niveau d'amylase de S. oryzae est 2 fois plus élevé que celui de S. zeamais pour toutes les souches élevées sur un régime donné. Des niveaux d'activité significativement différents ont été trouvés suivant les souches pour chacune des deux espèces. Puisque l'amylase est la principale hydrolase digestive de ces espèces, l'intensité de la modification des teneurs en amylase par la consommation de céréales peut indiquer leur adéquation comme hôtes potentiels.
    Notizen: Abstract Rank transformation of specific activity values of α-amylase across four strains of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and four strains of S. zeamais Motschulsky indicates that levels of these predominant enzymes are highest in adults feeding on hulled barley or long-grain brown rice. Intermediate activity levels are found in weevils feeding on yellow corn (maize) and lowest levels are found in wheat-fed weevils. Although extracts prepared from barley contain inhibitory activity against two purified isoamylases from S. oryzae, levels of the naturally-occurring α-amylase inhibitors against these two enzymes are about 2.2-fold and 6.1-fold, respectively, more concentrated in wheat. Ingestion of these amylase inhibitors and formation of an inactive enzyme:inhibitor complex with previously secreted amylase may account for the lower activity of amylase in weevils of both species feeding on wheat. Amylase levels across all strains feeding on a given diet are about 2-fold higher in S. oryzae than in S. zeamais. Significant differences in activity levels were also found between strains in both species. Since α-amylase is a predominant digestive hydrolase in these species, the degree to which cereal diets affect amylase levels may indicate their suitability as potential hosts.
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 157-163 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): sweet potato weevil ; Cylas formicarius elegantulus ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; sweet potato ; Ipomoea batatas ; feeding ; host-plant preference ; leaf surface chemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'étude a porté sur la consommation pendant 12 h, en boîtes de Pétri de diamètre 9 cm, de rondelles de 2 cm de diamètre de feuilles de 4 cultivars,—Centennial, Jewel, Resisto, Regal—, d'I. batatas par C. formicarius elegantulus. Les charançons ont consommé le long des nervures, préférant la face inférieure à la face supérieure des feuilles. Un index de consommation a été calculé en fonction de la longueur de nervure ayant servi à la consommation, rapportée à la longueur totale des nervures de la surface exposée. Les niveaux de consommation des mâles et des femelles étaient semblables. En présence de choix binaires, le cultivar Centennial a été le plus consommé, et le cultivar Resisto, le moins, par les femelles. De telles préférences n'ont pas été observées en l'absence de choix. La composition chimique de la surface de la feuille a été analysée par chromatographie en phase gazeuse. 8 pics principaux identiques ont été observés chez les 4 cultivars, mais ils avaient différentes hauteurs.
    Notizen: Abstract A bioassay was developed to quantify the feeding of adult sweet potato weevils, Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers) (Coleoptera; Curculionidae) on the foliage of four cultivars (Centennial, Jewel, Resisto and Regal) of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) (Convolvulaceae). Weevils fed along the leaf veins, preferring the lower to the upper leaf surface. Males and females had similar levels of feeding. Different levels of feeding by female weevils were observed between cultivars in dual-choice bioassays with Centennial, a susceptible cultivar in field-plot experiments, being most preferred and Resisto least preferred. However, these feeding differences were not observed in no-choice bioassays. Little difference was observed in the leaf surface chemistry of the four cultivars.
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 516-519 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; chemical defense ; steroids ; pregnanes ; isoprenoids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The defensive anal effluent discharged bySilpha americana in response to disturbance contains a mixture of steroids stemming from a glandular annex of the rectum. The compounds have been characterized as 15β-hydroxyprogesterone (1, principal component), 5β-pregnan-15β-ol-3, 20-dione (2), 5β-pregnan-3α, 15β-diol-20-one (3), 5β-pregnan-7β, 15β-diol-3,20-dione (4), 5β-pregnan-3α, 7β, 15β-triol-20-one (5), 5β-pregnan-16α-ol-3,20-dione (6), and 5β-pregnan-3α, 16α-diol-20-one (7), none previously found in insects. Bioassays with jumping spiders showed compounds1 and6 to be feeding deterrents at the 1 μg level.
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1659-1667 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Chiral semiochemicals ; pheromones ; enantiomeric composition ; Ips pini ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Apis mellifera ; Hymenoptera ; apidae ; Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ; Cucujidae ; acetyl lactate diastereoisomers
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A method is described for determining the enantiomeric composition of chiral alcohols, lactones, and hydroxy acids in quantities ranging from 25 ng to 10 μg. Derivatization of the substance with chirally pure acetyl lactate, followed by splitless capillary gas chromatography, enables enantiomeric determinations to be made within 1–3% of the actual value. This technique was applied in the determination of semiochemical inIps pini (Say),Apis mellifera (L.), andCryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens). The results indicate that considerable variability exists within populations of some insects in the composition of their chiral semiochemicals, whereas others produce substances of constant composition.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Isoflavonoids ; structure-activity relationships ; insect feeding-deterrent activity ; Costelytra zealandica ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; stereochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A number of naturally occurring isoflavonoids of differing substitution patterns and oxidation states have been tested for feeding deterrent activity in a bioassay with larvae ofCostelytra zealandica White. The most active deterrents, which reduced feeding significantly at 0.2-1.0 μg/g, are those compounds containing a ring B-fused cycloprenoid moiety. The least active compounds were highly oxidized coumestans and isoflavones. The ring B-fused cyclic isoprenoid moiety and the presence of a 2'-oxy function appear to be structural features important for high activity. It is suggested that the feeding deterrent activity of isoflavonoids relates to their stereochemistry and that the most active compounds have or can adopt a similar nonplanar molecular shape with a similar arrangement of polar and lipophilic groups.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Electroantennogram ; pheromone ; bark beetles ; Ips, Dendroctonus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; olfactory receptors ; intraspecific ; interspecific ; electrophysiology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Electroantennograms (EAGs) from male and femaleIps avulsus, I. calligraphus, andI. grandicollis to their pheromones and selected host odorants or kairomones verified the presence of antennal olfactory receptors in both sexes of each species capable of detecting ipsdienol, ipsenol,cis- andtrans-verbenol,endo-brevicomin α-pinene, frontalin, and verbenone. Each species possesses receptors with lower thresholds and in greater abundance for the compounds they produce and to which they are behaviorally most responsive. Detection of bothIps andDendroctonus pheromones by the three cohabiting species provides a sensory basis for olfactory interactions among the species. Differences in both threshold and saturation levels for EAGs for the various behavioral chemicals could denote differences in specific behavioral roles for each compound.
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 2071-2098 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Grain beetles ; Coleoptera ; Cucujidae ; Cathartus quadricollis ; Cryptolestes ferrugineus ; C. pusillus ; C. turcicus ; Oryzaephilus mercator ; O. surinamensis ; macrolide aggregation pheromone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Males of five sympatric species of economically damaging cucujid grain beetles,Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens),C. pusillus (Schönhen),C. turcicus (Grouvelle),Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel), andO. surinamensis (L.), produce macrolide aggregation pheromones especially in the presence of food. Work leading to the isolation, identification, and establishment of biological activity of these semiochemicals is reviewed. The trivial name “cucujolide” is proposed and used to identify these compounds that are characteristic of the Cucujidae. The twoOryzaephilus share species share a common cucujolide pheromone, whileCryptolestes species use cucujolides that are either enantiomeric, unique to the genus, or released in trace quantities byOryzaephilus spp. and not used as pheromones by the latter species. The major mechanisms for species specificity in chemical communication are: (1) presence of a unique pheromone (C. ferrugineus andC. pusillus); (2) use of pheromones that are inactive alone but synergize response to cucujolides unique to a species (C. pusillus, C. turcicus, andO. surinamensis); (3) response to only one enantiomer of a pheromone (C. ferrugineus, O. surinamensis, andO. mercator); and (4) synergism between enantiomers of a pheromone (C. turcicus). The only species for which cross-attraction was evident wasO. mercator toO. surinamensis. Both sexes ofOryzaephilus spp. produce (R)-1-octen-3-ol, which highly synergizes response to the cucujolide pheromones. Similar synergism occurs between hexanal, octanal, and nonanal and the cucujolide pheromones ofOryzaephilus spp. The males of a sixth cucujid species,Cathartus quadricollis (Guér) produce a different aggregation pheromone, (3R,6E)-7-methyl-6-nonen-3-yl acetate. Trapping ofCryptolestes andOryzaephilus spp. in cardboard traps baited with pheromones is efficient in environments mimicking food-storage areas. Pheromone-baited plastic probe traps are the most efficient at capturing these species in infested grain.
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 2169-2184 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Cathartus quadricollis (Guér.) ; square-necked grain beetle ; Coleoptera ; Cucujidae ; aggregation pheromone ; (3R,6E)-7-methyl-6-nonen-3-yl acetate ; (E)-7-methyl-6-nonen-3-one ; (E)-7-methyl-6-nonen-3-ol ; (6E)-7-methyl-3-propyl-2,6-nonadienyl acetate ; 1-octen-3-ol ; repellent
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract When feeding on rolled oats, male square-necked grain beetles,Cathartus quadricollis (Guér.), produced the aggregation pheromone (3R,6E)-7-methyl-6-nonen-3-yl acetate, for which the trival name “quadrilure” is proposed. The pheromone was highly attractive to both sexes in a two-choice, pitfall olfactometer modified to retain responding beetles by placing a food stimulus (an oat flake) in the glass vials containing the experimental and control stimuli. TheS enantiomer of the pheromone was inactive. Males also produced small amounts of (E)-7-methyl-6-nonen-3-one, (E)-7-methyl-6-nonen-3-ol, and (6E)-7-methyl-3-propyl-2,6-nonadienyl acetate, but these compounds were inactive in the laboratory bioassay. Segregated males and females both produced (R)-(−)-1-octen-3-ol, which by itself was repellent to both sexes but did not diminish beetle response to the aggregation pheromone.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 529-536 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Dendroctonus ponderosae ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; pheromones ; trans-verbenol ; ipsdienol ; allelochemicals ; mixed-function oxidases ; monooxygenase inhibitors
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Female and male mountain pine beetles,Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, were treated topically with piperonyl butoxide or sesame oil, both of which are known to inhibit poly substrate monooxygenase activity. Beetles then exposed to vapors of the host monoterpenes α-pinene and myrcene were found to contain reduced levels of the pheromonestrans-verbenol and ipsdienol, as well as a buildup of monoterpene precursors. Polysubstrate monooxygenase enzymes appear to be at least partially responsible for the detoxification of host monoterpenes and for the production of terpene alcohol pheromones in this species.
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 635-651 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Rootworm adults ; Diabrotica spp. ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; attraction ; corn ; flight tunnel ; ethograms ; host finding ; bioassay
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Volatile chemicals from corn silks attractedDiabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte andD. barberi (Smith and Lawrence). The behavioral response of both species of beetles to the host plant was typified by four distinct phases: perception, random movement, orientation to the source, and search with reorientation. The perception phase was composed of stationary behaviors, while the random, orientation, and search phases were composed of directed and nondirected movements. Each of the movement phases had a characteristic response pattern composed of the ratio of upwind, lateral, and downwind walking and flight movements, which affected net displacement of the beetle in the flight tunnel. The perception phase occurred within and between the other phases and was responsible for initiating changes from one movement phase to another (based on the presence or absence of volatiles from corn silks). Host finding was flexible, and the response pattern fit a flow-chart type of response, rather than a single stereotyped sequence of behaviors.
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 11-20 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): European elm bark beetle ; Scolytus multistriatus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; control ; chlorpyrifos ; cacodylic acid ; trapping ; trap tree ; Dutch elm disease ; multilure ; attraction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract European elm bark beetles,Scolytus multistriatus (Marsh.), were strongly attracted to American elms,Ulmus americana L., baited with theS. multistriatus attractant, multilure, or killed by injection of the arboricide, cacodylic acid; a combination of the two treatments was most attractive. Comparisons of beetle catches on sticky bands affixed to the trees with samples of bark from the same trees showed that the number of beetles landing on cacodylic acid-treated trees was approximately 40 times greater than the number boring into them. Spraying the bark with the insecticide chlorpyrifos had no direct effect on attraction. No live bark beetle brood was found in trees that had been treated with cacodylic acid or chlorpyrifos, but trees that were only baited or left untreated (check) were attacked, killed, and colonized. We suggest that the contribution of the cacodylic acid trap tree technique to Dutch elm disease control will be enhanced by baiting treated trees with multilure and spraying their lower boles with 0.5% chlorpyrifos. This treatment will eliminate diseased and unwanted elms as potential breeding material and kill large numbers of elm bark beetles that might otherwise innoculate healthy elms with the Dutch elm disease fungus.
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 311-318 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): cucurbitacins ; defense compounds ; Diabrotica spp. ; Acalymma vittatum ; insect/plant interaction ; Tenodera aridifolia sinensis ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Orthoptera ; Mantidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Four species of diabroticites with different host specificities are shown for the first time to sequester cucurbitacins. While all beetles fed on an artificial diet (no cucurbitacins) were readily consumed by Chinese praying mantids, a significant proportion of adultDiabrotica balteata (72%),D. undecimpunctata howardi (46%), andD. virgifera virgifera (24%) fed on squash fruit containing cucurbitacins B and D were rejected. Moreover, even when adults did not feed on cucurbitacins, 21–24% ofAcalymma vittatum were rejected by the mantids which is consistent with larval sequestration of cucurbitacins. The mantids failed to learn to avoid any of the beetle species despite adverse effects associated with ingestion, i.e., uncoordination, regurgitation, etc. A cucurbitacin D metabolite accumulated and was sequestered for extended periods of time in the hemolymph of all four species. In addition, female beetles that had ingested cucurbitacins laid eggs containing substantial amounts of cucurbitacins.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1083-1092 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Chemical defense ; Zophobas atratus ; Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae ; defensive secretion ; gland recharge ; defensive quinone ; quinone production
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Beetles were milked of their abdominal defensive secretion at three different frequencies over the first 36 days of adult life. Secretion production decreased greatly with age from a maximum of 94 nmol/day at 4–6 days to a basal level of about 25 nmol/day at 30–40 days. Ethyl- and methylquinone comprised the bulk of the secretion and were most strongly affected by age. Benzoquinone was most strongly affected by milking frequency. An average adult produced an estimated 4445 nmol of total secretion in its 5-month life-span but had reservoirs large enough to store 11,000 nmol. Males produced more secretion than females because of their larger size and inherent sexual differences. As they aged, mated females showed a more rapid decrease in production that virgin females. The defensive system appears to be programed to charge glands rapidly with secretion early in adult life and fall of to a low recharge rate little affected by discharge.
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1441-1454 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Habitat selection ; habitat allelochemics ; chemical cues ; volatiles ; shore habitats ; arrestants ; short-range cues ; long-range cues ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; Hemiptera ; Saldidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Adults of 14 species of Carabidae and mixed nymphs and adults of two species of Saldidae, collected in habitats associated with a saline lakeshore, sedge fen, vernal pond, stream mud flat, salt spring, mud and sand river bank, pebble river bank, and a marine sand beach, aggregated in choice chambers above volatiles (allelochemics) collected from their habitats. In other tests adults of some carabid species responded to volatiles from habitats other than their own, and to arbitrarily selected individual components and mixtures of components of saline lakeshore volatiles. These results suggest that shore insects recognize habitat allelochemics and aggregate in areas where these compounds are emitted by resident microflora. It is proposed that some habitat allelochemics are short-range signals that indicate locations of microhabitats used by shore insects for behaviors such as feeding, mating, and resting; in contrast, long-range allelochemics allow these insects to select their habitats from a distance. This hypothesis provides a mechanism for explaining how different shore habitats are partitioned among different species of shore insects.
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1523-1539 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; western corn rootworm ; rootworm ; corn ; Zea mays ; kairomone ; volatile substances ; attractants ; carbon dioxide ; semiochemical
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Corn seedling volatiles collected cryogenically are highly attractive to western corn rootworm larvae,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in a laboratory bioassay. Carbon dioxide is known as an attractant for western corn rootworm larvae, and the amount of carbon dioxide in the cryogenic collections was measured with an infrared gas analyzer. In a choice test between a source containing carbon dioxide alone and a source containing corn seedling volatiles with an equal amount of carbon dioxide (verified by infrared gas analysis), western corn rootworm larvae chose the corn volatile source significantly more often than the side with carbon dioxide alone. This indicates that carbon dioxide is only one of the volatiles from corn seedlings that is behaviorally important and that other compounds of behavioral importance are present as well.
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 73-83 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Colorado potato beetle ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; feeding deterrents ; Solanaceae ; Solanum alkaloids ; chemo-receptors ; mouthpart sensilla ; tomatine ; solanine ; chaconine ; demissine ; leptine III
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Steroidal glycoalkaloids, found in species of the Solanaceae, elicit bursting activity in galeal and tarsal chemosensilla of adult Colorado potato beetles. The effect has an average latency of 6–12 sec, depending on the sensillum/alkaloid combination. A 20-sec alkaloid treatment is often suffficient to render galeal sensilla unresponsive to gamma-aminobutyric acid, normally an effective stimulant. The alkaloids have similar effects on galeal sensilla of larval Colorado potato beetles and on labellar chemosensilla of the blowfly. It is concluded that these compounds act independently of any specialized chemoreceptor in the Colorado potato beetle, and that association of the Colorado potato beetle with solanaceous plants has not led to evolution of a specific receptor forSolanum glycoalkaloids.
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1371-1387 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Asymmetric synthesis ; stereoisomers ; sex pheromone ; Diabrotica ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; (R)-2-methylbutyric acid ; HPLC ; diastereomers
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Details of the syntheses of the four stereoisomers of 8-methyl-2-decanol and its propanoate ester are given. The racemic ester, two of its stereoisomers, and one stereoisomer as an acetate are attractive to several species ofDiabrotica. The key steps in the syntheses involve high-performance liquid chromatograpic resolutions of diastereomers to achieve high configurational enrichment of each site and generation of (R)-2-methylbutyric acid by chemical degradation ofd-isoleucine.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1305-1317 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Douglas-fir beetle ; Dendroctonus pseudotsugae ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; monoterpenes ; volatiles ; frass ; cross-attraction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Volatiles were found to be distributed throughout adult Douglasfir beetles,Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, suggesting that the hindgut may not be the sole site of production. The volatile content of individual beetles increased dramatically with feeding; qualitative changes reflected the different bark habitats of newly emerged and established beetles. All detected volatiles were also found in beetle frass. Myrcene was the predominant monoterpene of emergent beetles and α-pinene of fed beetles. Linalool and bornyl acetate occurred in significant amounts after feeding, and diacetone alcohol and sulcatol were also detected for the first time. The presence of sulcatol explains the reported cross-attraction withGnathotrichus spp.cis-Verbenol was also found to occur in addition totrans-verbenol. The volatile content of male beetles was similar to that of females but amounts of individual compounds were less. Acetic acid was found in both emerged and fed beetles and in lesser amounts in frass, suggesting that microbial metabolism could be a potential source of volatile production.
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1495-1503 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Hylobius abietis ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; sex attraction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Factors eliciting copulatory behavior in mature maleHylobius abietis were studied in the laboratory. Dead female weevils were sexually attractive, while dead mature males and pentane-extracted female weevils were not. The sexual attractiveness of dead females declined with time after death. Pentane extracts of whole female weevils or of the anterior or posterior parts of their bodies elicited a copulatory response when applied to decoys. In contrast, extracts of hindgut or frass were inactive. Juvenile males were sexually attractive for about four weeks, after which their attractiveness gradually declined. The results indicate that the mating stimulant is present on the body surface of female and juvenile male weevils, and it can be extracted with pentane.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Dihydromatricaria acid ; triglyceride ; (Z)-dec-8-ene-4,6-diynoic acid ; glyceride ethers ; waxes ; antifeedant ; Chauliognathus lugubris ; Coleoptera ; Cantharidae ; accessory glands ; defense
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The soldier beetleChauliognathus lugubris is shown to contain triglycerides and glyceride ethers of 8-dihydromatricaria acid, and waxes of the C12 homolog, of this acid, as well as the previously reported free acid. The triglycerides contain one, two, or three dihydromatricariate moieties, with any remaining positions esterified with normal fatty acids. The glyceride ethers were monostearyl ethers of glycerol esterified with dihydromatricaria acid and oleic or linoleic acid. The waxes, which also include a dihydromatricaria chromophore in the alcohol moiety, occur only in the females and are present in paired accessory glands in the abdomen. The ethers are restricted to females and appear to be associated with developing eggs. The triglycerides are much more abundant in females than males. Triglycerides, glyceride ethers, and waxes represent about 95% of the dihydromatricariate moiety (average, ca. 590 μg) in females with free acid the remainder; in males free acid is present to over 50% (ca. 22 μg) and the remainder is triglyceride (ca. 15 μg). Larvae contain mainly tridihydromatricariate-substituted triglyceride and a smaller quantity of the free acid.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 465-472 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Benzoquinones ; defensive secretion ; 2-heptadecanone ; hepta-dec-10-en-2-one ; heptadecene ; 2-methoxyphenol ; nonadec-lO-en-2-one ; 2-pentadecanone ; pentadecene ; 2-pentanone ; Uloma tenebrionoides ; Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The defensive secretion ofUloma tenebrionoides (White, 1846) contains benzoquinone, 2-methylbenzoquinone (toluquinone), and 2-ethylben-zoquinone as in other tenebrionids, together with 2-methoxyphenol, pentadecene, heptadecene, 2-pentanone, 2-pentadecanone, 2-heptadecanone, heptadec-10-en-2-one and (Z)-nonadec-10-en-2-one. The latter four methyl ketones have not previously been identified in tenebrionid beetles, and the unsaturated ketones are novel arthropod chemicals.
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 2005-2018 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Colorado potato beetle ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; olfactory coding ; information processing ; olfactory receptors ; antennal lobe ; response profiles ; stimulus mixtures ; pheromones ; host plant odor ; semiochemicals
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Information processing in the olfactory pathway underlying the perception of semiochemicals by insects is discussed. Both the chemical message for mates and the message for food consist of blends of chemicals. Olfactory receptors in an insect species are tuned to the detection of those compounds which comprise such chemical messages for that species. The classification of receptors as specialists or generalists coincides with two concepts of information processing, i.e., labeled lines and across-fiber patterns, respectively. The olfactory code coming from antennal receptors inPieris brassicae larvae is a combination of labeled lines and across-fiber patterning. When antennae of adult Colorado potato beetles,Leptinotarsa decemlineata, are stimulated by binary mixtures of leaf odor components, the pattern of neural activities in the olfactory receptors shows some separation into two channels, quantitative versus qualitative detection. The separation is complete in the antennal lobe of this beetle.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1145-1151 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Himalayan cedarwood oil ; Cedrus deodara ; himachalol ; β-himachalene ; pulse beetle ; housefly ; Coleoptera ; Diptera ; Muscidae ; insecticide ; Musca domestica ; Callosobruchus analis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Chromatographic fractions of Himalayan cedarwood oil (Cedrus deodara) were bioassayed against the pulse beetle (Callosobruchus analis F.) and the housefly (Musca domestica L.). Almost all fractions showed insecticidal activity against both test species. Fractions I and V led to the highest mortality and also produced a quick knockdown effect. Fractions I and V, after rechromatography and purification, yielded himachalol (3%) and β-himachalene (31%), based on essential oil weight, respectively. Further evaluation of these two naturally occurring sesquiterpenes indicated 97.5% mortality at 0.56 μmol/insect against the pulse beetle. These biologically active natural products of plant origin may serve as a suitable prototypes for development of commercial insecticides.
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1427-1439 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Anthonomus grandis ; boll weevil ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; pheromone analog ; fluorinated analogs ; acyl fluoride ; olfaction ; electrophysiology ; isosteric replacement
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Analogs of the two geometrical isomers of the dimethylcyclohexylidene acetaldehyde component of the pheromone of the boll weevilAnthonomus grandis were synthesized in which the α-vinylic proton or the aldehydic proton were replaced by fluorine. These isosteric substitutions substantially alter charge distribution and reactivity of the enal system, as documented by spectroscopic changes and changes in reactivity. The electrophysiological activity of the (E)- and (Z)-acyl fluorides is two orders of magnitude lower than that of the natural aldehyde. In contrast, the EAG response of female antennae to the (E)- and (Z)-α-fluoro compounds show that the thresholds are quite similar to (and in one isomer lower than) those of the natural aldehyde isomers.
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1671-1686 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Trirhabda canadensis ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Solidago ; plant volatiles ; host finding ; olfaction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The responses of the goldenrod leaf beetleTrirhabda canadensis to host and nonhost volatile odors were tested in a Y-tube olfactometer in the laboratory. Beetles preferred host to nonhost odors and were sensitive to concentrations of host odor. Beetles distinguished between host and nonhost volatiles of only one of the two nonhostSolidago species; host volatiles were preferred to all nonhost volatiles at the family and order levels. In other words, all nonhosts above the genus level had similar effects on beetle responses. Although the odors of most nonhosts were neutral (i.e., neither attractive nor repellent) to the beetles as tested against air, this neutrality disappeared if the odors of two or more nonhosts were added to the host odor and beetles were given a choice between this mixture and pure host odor. Given this choice, they strongly preferred pure host odor, which suggests that diversity of odors per se is unattractive to the beetles. Beetles walked rather than flew to locate their hosts in the field, and their movements suggest that they used olfactory cues to locate hosts.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1553-1565 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Herbivory ; chemical quantitative variation ; specialist herbivore ; parasitism ; growth reduction ; Encelia farinosa ; Asteraceae ; Trirhabda geminata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Chaetonodexodes vanderwulpi ; Diptera ; Tachinidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Larvae of the monophagous herbivore,Trirhabda geminata, selectively eat particular plants and plant parts of its natural host,Encelia farinosa. Measurements of leaf damage and larval positions on branches through time support this observation. Time-lapse movie photography revealed that larvae are sufficiently mobile to search most of a plant in a 48-hr period and that aggregations were the result of larval activity and not directly the result of oviposition. Experiments withT. geminata larvae on artificial diets containing a range of natural concentrations of chemical extracts fromE. farinosa leaves showed that the larvae grew significantly slower and had a lower overall survivorship at the high concentration. Combining the results of all choice tests, larvae appeared unable to distinguish between high- and low-concentration agar diets. Considered individually, larval preferences for natural production concentrations changed as the season progressed. Early-season larvae preferred low-concentration leaves, while late-season larvae preferred high-concentrations. Measurements of chemical and nitrogen content of leaves selected by larvae in the field confirmed this pattern. Percent parasitism in field-collected larvae increased with season as the larval population decreased. This combination of slowed growth and increasing parasitism and predation is a putative defense strategy ofEncelia farinosa to prevent adaptation by a specialist herbivore to the total range of compounds elaborated.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 539-544 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Ammonia utilization ; l-canavanine catabolism ; Caryedes brasiliensis ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The seed predator,Caryedes brasiliensis [Bruchidae] generates appreciable ammonia in its dietary use and detoxification ofl-canavanine and its catabolic product,l-canaline.l-Canavanine is a toxic allelochemical ofDioclea megacarpa seeds, the food of the developing larvae. Bruchid beetle larvae rely upon glutamic acid dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase to use ammonia for glutamic acid synthesis from 2-oxoglutaric acid and conversion of the former to glutamine. These reactions provide the larvae with a means for metabolically eliminating ammonia. Proline serves as a carbon skeleton source for glutamic acid formation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Oryzaephilus surinamensis ; saw-toothed grain beetle ; Coleoptera ; Silvanidae ; attractant ; carobs ; Ceratonia siliqua ; volatiles ; vacuum distillation ; hexanoic (caproic) acid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Vacuum distillation of heat-treated carobs gave an aqueous, colorless, sweet-smelling distillate which was tested over a wide range of concentrations and found to be highly attractive to adultOryzaephilus surinamensis (L.). The materials responsible for the aroma were isolated from the distillate by saturating with sodium chloride and extracting into diethyl ether as separate acidic, neutral, and basic fractions. The extraction efficiency was checked by recombining portions of the three fractions and replacing the diethyl ether with water to give a “reconstituted distillate;” this was almost as attractive as the original distillate. Bioassay of aqueous solutions of the three separate fractions showed that the acidic was attractive, while the neutral and basic had little effect. The five major components of the acidic fraction were found to be acetic, isobutyric,n-butyric, 2-methylbutyric, and hexanoic (caproic) acids. Bioassay of these in aqueous solution, both separately and combined, showed that hexanoic acid was the most attractive and may be responsible for both the longer-lasting attractive effect of the carob distillate and for the effectiveness of carobs themselves used in bait bags to detect stored product insects.
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 767-779 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Host plant ; biological control of weeds ; Trirhabda bacharides ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Compositae ; Baccharis ; green leaf volatiles ; plant odor ; electroantennogram ; olfaction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded fromTrirhabda bacharides Le Conte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) females to 28 odorants and volatiles emanating from leaves of 26 plant species including three known host plants,Baccharis halimifolia L.,B. neglecta Britt, andB. salicina T. & G. (Compositae: Asterae). Antennal receptors were highly responsive to components of the green leaf volatile complex, especially 6-carbon saturated and monounsaturated alcohols andtrans-2-hexenal. EAGs elicited by heptanal were greater than those elicited by any other saturated aldehyde. Oxygenated monoterpenes were more active than monoterpene hydrocarbons. β-Bisabolol was the most active sesquiterpene. In general, EAGs to volatiles emanating fromBaccharis and other composite species were greater than those elicited by species from other families. Furthermore, when one considers only plants occurring in the environs ofT bacharides hostB. neglecta, EAGs elicited by its host plant were at least two times greater than those elicited by other coinhabiting plants.
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 999-1007 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Pine engraver beetle ; Ips pini ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; (+)-ipsdienol ; (−)-ipsdienol ; pheromone receptor ; response specificity ; electrophysiology ; interpopulational hybrid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Electrophysiological studies of pheromone receptor cells keyed to ispdienol were performed in laboratory-raised hybrids of the eastern and western populations of the pine engraver,Ips pini. As previously shown in the parental beetles, the receptor cells keyed to ipsdienol could be classified as two distinct types: one keyed to (+)- and one to (−)-ipsdienol. None of the 20 ipsdienol cells recorded from F1 hybrids were of an intermediate type. Recordings of the summated receptor responses (EAGs) showed no significant difference between parental beetles and hybrids. Similar results were obtained in reciprocal crosses, eastern females with western males and the reverse. Thus, there was no indication that sex-linked alleles determined the specificity of the ipsdienol receptor cell. The ratio between (+) and (−) cells was 14∶6 in the hybrids compared to 1∶12 in the western and 9∶12 in the eastern populations.
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1249-1261 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Pinus ponderosa ; Dendroctonus brevicomis ; pheromone ; attractant ; interruptant ; exo-brevicomin ; frontalin ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract After living ponderosa pines were baited with either female-infested bolts or synthetic pheromones,Dendroctonus brevicomis were caught on sticky screens throughout trapping periods of 15–46 days; however, large numbers of beetles were trapped during only a small portion (5–10 days) of these trapping periods. The most attractive portions of trees attacked contained 3–6 beetles dm2, in galleries ca. 2 cm long. Catch increased following addition of males to female-infested bolts, supporting the hypothesis that male-produced frontalin is an attractive pheromone of the western pine beetle. Catch at bolts removed from trees under attack was strongly dependent upon levels of boring activity. We found no evidence of interruption of the response to attractants during host colonization.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Sex pheromone ; Lasioderma serricorne F. ; cigarette beetle ; Coleoptera ; Anobiidae ; serricornin ; polyketide biosynthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A chemical study of the sex pheromone of the cigarette beetle was carried out. Seven components were isolated from active fractions of column chromatography of the female extract, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic evidence and confirmed by synthesis to be (4S,6S,7S)-4,6-di-methyl-7-hydroxynonan-3-one (serricornin) (I), 2,6-diethyl-3,5-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (anhydroserricornin) (II), 4,6-dimethylnonan-3,7-dione (III), 4,6-dimethylnonan-3,7-diol (IV), 4,6-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-4-nonen-3-one (V), (2S,3R)-2,3-dihydro-3,5-dimethyl-2-ethyl-6-(l-methyl-2-oxobutyl)-4H-pyran-4-one (serricorone) (VI) and (2S,3R)-2,3-dihydro-3,5-dimethyl-2-ethyl-6-(1-methyl-2-hydroxybutyl)-4H-pyran-4-one (serricorole) (VII). These structural features suggested that the occurrence of these components might be related to the polyketide biosynthesis. The behavioral bioassay and BAG experiments revealed the biological role of each component in the copulatory behavior of this insect.
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 113-122 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; western pine beetle ; pheromone ; attractant ; inhibitor ; exo-brevicomin ; frontalin ; myrcene ; verbenone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract exo-Brevicomin (E), frontalin (F), and myrcene (M) were released at two rates 10-fold apart with verbenone at four rates 10-fold apart, and without verbenone in plots with one trap on a vertical cylinder at the pheromone source and one trap on each of four cylinders 5 m away. Catch of the western pine beetleDendroctonus brevicomis decreased with increasing levels of verbenone at both release rates of EFM, but not all differences in catch were statistically significant. Significantly more beetles were caught at the high rate of EFM than at the low rate, combining all rates of verbenone. The percent of total beetles caught at the center trap tended to decrease with increasing rates of verbenone, but the only statistically significant differences were at the low rate of EFM.
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 189-198 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Dendroctonous brevicomis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; pheromone ; anemotaxis ; upwind orientation ; exo-brevicomin ; frontalin ; myrcene
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract In the first trap design, a rotating windvane was connected to a 30 × 30 × 30-cm “square box” sticky trap enclosing a synthetic pheromone source (exo-brevicomin, frontalin, and myrcene) at the windvane's rotation axis. A second design used the windvane attached to two tubular (19-cmdiam. × 30-cm) sticky traps each suspended 120 cm from the same pheromone source and opposingly aligned “downwind” and “upwind” of the windvane. Significantly more beetles of each sex ofDendroctonus brevicomis LeC. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) were caught on the downwind side compared to the upwind side of the square-box design. Even larger differences in catch, four times more males and 3.4 times more females, were found on the downwind tubular trap compared to the upwind one. The windvane trap design provides rigorous evidence that insects, especially bark beetles, orient upwind to pheromone sources (from at least 1.2 m downwind until reaching the source).
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 777-788 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; feeding deterrents ; host recognition ; host-adapted populations ; host races ; solanine ; tomatine ; atropine ; alkaloids ; chemoreception
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract We used a detailed analysis of feeding behavior to investigate the role of solanaceous alkaloids as sensory-based feeding deterrents for the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Experiments were conducted on three geographic, host-adapted populations of beetles to determine whether evolutionary changes in host use have been accompanied by behavioral adaptations to alkaloids. Solanine and tomatine, steroidal glycoalkaloids found in two regional host plants, did not reduce leaf consumption or significantly alter behavior patterns of newly emerged beetles, including those from populations that normally will not feed on plants containing the compounds. Atropine, a tropane alkaloid found in several taxonomically related nonhost species, caused a significant increase in sampling behavior (indicating direct action on the sensory system) and reduced acceptance of treated potato leaves. We propose that variable acceptance of host plants among regional populations ofL. decemlineata has evolved independently of adaptations to alkaloids at the sensory level. To establish that secondary compounds such as atropine influence host choice in nature, field observations are needed to confirm that beetles routinely encounter, and sample, nonhost species.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Dendroctonus frontalis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; pheromone ; frontalin ; electroantennogram ; bioassay ; pheromone trap ; pheromone analogs
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Antennal olfactory (electroantennogram) and laboratory and field behavioral tests were carried out on the response ofDendroctonus frontalis to its aggregation pheromone frontalin and analogs. The analogs were compounds modified by altering the position and methyl groups and/or by their deletion. Any modification to the frontalin structure significantly reduced both the antennal olfactory and behavioral response byD. frontalis. Beetle response, although significantly reduced, was elicited at the receptor level and in a laboratory bioassay by all analogs. However, only one analog (endo-5,7-dimethyl-Frontalin) elicited significant response from field populations of the beetle.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Electroantennogram ; grape borer ; Xylotrechus pyrrhoderus ; Bates ; Coleoptera ; Cerambycidae ; male sex pheromone ; (2S,3S)-octanediol ; (2S)-hydroxy-3-octanone ; optical isomers
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Electroantennograms were recorded from the grape borerXylotrechus pyrrhoderus in response to serial dilutions of male sex pheromone components, (2S,3S)-octanediol and (2S)-hydroxy-3-octanone, and to 100 μg of their optical isomers and host plant substances. Female antennae always responded more strongly than male antennae. Antennae of both sexes were highly sensitive to (2S)-hydroxy-3-octanone. F/M ratio (female to male EAG value) was greater for male sex pheromone components, especially (2S,3S)-octanediol, and their optical isomers than plant substances. Antennal sensitivity to optical isomers (2R,3R-octanediol and 2S,3R-octanediol) was lower than true pheromone components.
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 859-883 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Deleaster dichrous ; defensive secretion ; gland system ; iridodial adhesive ; isopropyl esters ; sec-butyl esters
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The phylogenetically primitive rove beetleDeleaster dichrous (Grav.) (Oxytelinae) has been shown for the first time to possess two pairs of neighboring abdominal glands which are depleted simultaneously on molestation. The morphology of these glands is described. The defensive constituents of theDeleaster glands were elucidated directly from the mixtures by gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopic methods and microchemical reactions. The paired whitish glands secrete iridodial, which polymerizes on exposure to air to form an adhesive that probably deters small predatory arthropods. The red gland system ofD. dichrous contains the toxicp-toluquinone and a variety of isopropyl andsec-butyl esters. Artificial quinoid ester mixtures simulating the secretion ofD. dichrous showed only weak effects on mortality ofLucilia larvae in comparison with more effective secretions of phyiogenetically derived Oxytelinae. The secretion of the primitive genusDeleaster is characterized chemotaxonomically by β, γ-unsaturated C12 acids and esters, which are postulated as precursors for the characteristic defensive compounds of the derived species, thus indicating a clear evolutionary trend at the micromolecular level.
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1071-1081 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Cryptolestes turcicus ; Coleoptera ; Cucujidae ; aggregation pheromone ; macrolide ; (Z,Z)-5,8-tetradecadien-13-olide ; (Z)-5-tetradecen-13-olide ; enantiomeric synergism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Two biologically active macrolides were isolated from Porapak Q-captured beetle and frass volatiles ofCryptolestes turcicus (Grouvelle) and identified spectroscopically as (Z,Z)-5,8-tetradecadien-13-olide (I) and (Z)-5-tetradecen-13-olide (II). Natural I was active alone and was synergized by inactive II. The pheromones were male-produced but attractive to both sexes. Pheromone production increased dramatically when insects were aerated on a food source. Pure (R)- and (S)-I were inactive, but mixtures of (R)- and (S)-I were active, the first reported instance of enantiomeric synergism in the Cucujidae.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Olfaction ; receptor cell ; chirality ; perception ; neurobiology ; pheromone ; enantiomer ; bark beetle ; electrophysiology ; Douglas-fir beetle ; Dendroctonus pseudotsugae ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; (+)-frontalin ; (−)-frontalin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Olfactory perception of pheromonal enantiomers by male and female Douglas-fir beetles,Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was investigated by electrophysiological techniques and behavioral bioassays. Electroantennograms (EAGs) and single-cell responses indicated both sexes to be more responsive to racemic frontalin and the (−)-enantiomer at lower dosages. At higher dosages, little difference was noted in responses to either enantiomer. However, response to the racemic mixture at higher dosages was slightly greater than responses to either enantiomer alone. In laboratory behavioral bioassays, responses to low concentrations of (−)-frontalin and the racemic mixture exceeded response to the (+)-enantiomer alone. At a higher concentration, responses to the racemic mixture or either enantiomer alone did not differ. The results indicate that separate enantiomer-specific acceptors may exist on the same pheromone receptor cell.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 199-212 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Temnochila chlorodia ; Trogositidae ; pheromone ; frontalin ; exo-brevicomin ; myrcene controlled release
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Each of the pheromone components of the Western pine beetle,Dendroctonus brevicomis LeC. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), exo-brevicomin (E) and frontalin (F), were released in the forest at various ratios 0.01∶1, 0.1∶1, or 1∶1 to a constant dose of the opposite component (E or F) plus the host monoterpene myrcene (M), which were each released at 1.5 mg/day. The components were released by a new method that combines the principles of chemical diffusion through a tube with mole percentage dilution of the chemical. Both sexes ofD. brevicomis were attracted similarly at comparable ratios (and release rates) of E or F and showed similar logarithmic relationships (r 2=0.92∓0.99). The bark beetle predator,Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Trogositidae) was apparently less sensitive to E thanD. brevicomis, being relatively less attracted to amounts of E equivalent to that released by 70 females, while none were attracted to that from seven females (while this rate still attracted significant numbers of conspecifics). The apparent insensitivity of bark beetles to extreme ratios between pheromone components in contrast to moths is discussed. The advantages of the diffusion-dilution method of releasing semiochemicals compared to previous methods of absorbents, wicks, capillary tubes, and semipermeable plastic membranes are also discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1737-1761 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Ips typographus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; individual variation ; 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol ; cis-verbenol ; trans-verbenol ; ips-dienol ; ipsenol ; α-pinene ; biosynthesis ; principal component analysis ; aggregation pheromone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The total amounts of, and proportions among, components of the aggregation pheromone produced byIps typographus were found to vary considerably among individuals excised from attacks on standing spruce trees. Chemical analyses of 392 individual male beetles were made by GC-MS. Both unmated and mated males had log-normal frequency distributions in their content of the pheromone components 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MB) andcis-verbenol (cV), since a large fraction of males had a low content. The amount of MB in male hindguts varied independently of cV and the other oxygenated monoterpenes, while the amount of cV covaried with the other pinene alcohols and showed a variation between beetles from different spruce trees. Mated males had, on average, lower amounts of MB than unmated, while the average content of cV in mated males varied with the resin content of their host trees. Ipsdienol and ipsenol were only found in mated males, but in less than 40% and 10%, respectively, of these mated males. Even-aged males exposed to α-pinene in the laboratory showed slightly less variation in the amounts of verbenols, and the variations in ratio between cV and tV were similar to those among males attacking the same spruce tree.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1087-1098 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Juvenile hormone analog ; juvenile hormone ; JH III,Ips paraconfusus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetles ; aggregation pheromones ; pheromones ; ipsenol ; ipsdienol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Topical application of the juvenile hormone analog, fenoxycarb, in acetone induced newly emerged male California five-spined ips,Ips paraconfusus Lanier, to become attractive to females, as measured by positive responses to male abdominal extracts in a laboratory bioassay. Two pheromones, ipsdienol and ipsenol, were detected by gas chromatography in the abdominal extracts of fenoxycarb-treated males. Pheromone production was minimal at a dose of 0.1 μg/insect of fenoxycarb, maximal at 10 μg, and was reduced to unmeasurable amounts at a dose of 100 μg. In comparison, peak production of pheromones was induced at a dose of 0.1 μg/insect of natural juvenile hormone (JH III). Treatment with 10 μg of fenoxycarb resulted in the occurrence of pheromones 12 hr after exposure, maximal pheromone content between 16 and 20 hr, and undetectable amounts after 36 hr. The demonstration that fenoxycarb is an active juvenile hormone analog for a bark beetle suggests that it may have practical utility in managing these insects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1177-1185 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ; Diabrotica barberi ; sex pheromone ; 8-methyl-2-decyl propanoate ; eugenol ; attractant ; repellant ; disruption ; diastereomers
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Small plots (18 × 18 m) were treated with grids of cotton wicks that contained semiochemicals for adultDiabrotica barberi Smith and Lawrence, the northern corn rootworm (NCR). In plots treated with eugenol (350 g/hectare), NCR were attracted to point sources of the compound, but there were no significant changes in numbers of either NCR orD. virgifera virgifera LeConte, the western corn rootworm (WCR), found on plants in the plots. In plots treated with 12.5 mg/hectare of 8R-methyl-2R-decyl propanoate (2R,8R-MDP, the apparent female-produced sex pheromone of NCR and WCR), males of both species were attracted to point sources, but beetles did not congregate within treated plots. With racemic 2,8-MDP at 1.0 g/hectare, male WCR were attracted into plots, but NCR of both sexes were strongly repelled. In a separate study, capture of beetles at pheromone-baited traps declined when the surrounding area contained wicks that emitted racemic 2,8-MDP. In treated plots, male WCR were relatively inefficient at finding pheromone sources. With NCR, emigration from plots could account totally for the observed 3- to 10-fold reduction in catch at 0.01–1.0 g/hectare.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Tribolium castaneum ; Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae ; red flour beetle ; olfactory behavior ; ethyl 9,12-octadecadienoate ; methyl octadecanoate ; methyl tetradecanoate ; methyl pentadecanoate ; ethyl tetradecanoate ; ethyl pentadecanoate ; ethyl octadecanoate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The olfactory responses of red flour beetles,Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), to methyl and ethyl ester of C14–C18 fatty acid prepared from tallow were studied. Methyl octadecanoate and ethyl octadecanoate discouraged aggregation of beetle adults. Ethyl 9.12-octadecadienoate acted as a repellent. Methyl pentadecanoate and ethyl tetradecanoate induced copulation at the level of 5 × 102 and 2 × 103 μg, respectively. The maximum response was observed at the level of 5 × 102 μg of the same compounds, and these compounds appear to stimulate males only.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1229-1238 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Boll weevil ; Anthonomus grandis ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; feeding stimulants ; cotton buds ; anthers ; phytol ; geranylgeraniol esters ; phytol oleate ; phytol dodecanoate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Column chromatography of the pentane extract of freeze-dried cotton buds or anthers yielded a wax-sterol ester fraction that exhibited potent feeding stimulant activity for the cotton boll weevil. The waxes of the wax-sterol ester mixture were responsible for the feeding activity. Saponification of the wax-sterol ester fraction yielded about 15% alcohols and 85% sterols. A C18∶1 alcohol, dihydrophytol, phytol, and geranylgeraniol constituted 15, 36, 26, and 23%, respectively, of the total alcohols, implicating certain of their long-chain esters as feeding stimulants. Several esters of dihydrophytol, phytol, and geranylgeraniol were identified among the waxes by GC-MS. Certain phytol, geranylgeraniol, and oleyl alcohol esters containing C12 to C26 acid moieties were synthesized and were found to induce high feeding stimulant activity in the cotton boll weevil.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Aggregation pheromone ; attractant ; (R * S *)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-heptanone ; (R * R *)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-heptanone ; sitophilure ; Sitophilus oryzae ; S. zeamais ; S. granarius ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A male-produced aggregation pheromone, common to the rice weevil,Sitophilus oryzae, and the maize weevil,S. zeamais, was isolated and identified from hexane extracts of highly absorbent paper disks exposed individually to young virgin male weevils. A combination of preparative column and gas-liquid chromatography of disk extracts yielded purified natural pheromone. When analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the structure of the natural pheromone, “sitophilure,” proved to be (R *,S *)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-heptanone, of unknown enantiomeric composition. Synthetic racemic pheromone was highly attractive to males and females of both rice and maize weevils. In addition, both sexes of the granary weevil,S. granarius (L.) were attracted to the racemic preparation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1307-1321 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Cucurbitacins ; Diabrotica spp. ; Acalymma vittatum ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; kairomone metabolism ; detoxification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Five species of diabroticites with different host-plant preferences produced an essentially identical array of metabolites when fed radiolabeled cucurbitacin B synthesized in vivo and purified fromCucurbita maxima Duchesne seedlings. All species excreted the bulk of the cucurbitacin (67,17-94.59% total dpm), permanently sequestered a small proportion of a cucurbitacin conjugate in the hemolymph (0.98–2.76%), and apportioned the remainder between the gut, the body, and the eggs (when present). Markedly different ratios between the excretory metabolites (i.e., polar vs. unmetabolized cuc) suggest thatDibrotica virgifera virgifera, a grass specialist, andAcalymma vittatum, a cucurbit specialist, have lower rates of metabolic alteration than the polyphagousD. undecimpunctata howardi, D. balteata, andD. cristata, which is associated with relict prairies. Mean life-spans ofD. balteata and D. v. virgifera and maleA. vittatum decreased significantly with continuous feeding onCucurbita fruit containing cucurbitacins (vs. fruit devoid of cucs). The longevity of femaleA. vittatum, however, was unaffected by the presence of cucurbitacins.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Dendroctonus ponderosae ; Ips pini ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; pheromone ; bark beetle ; ipsdienol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract In bioassays conducted with walking beetles in the laboratory (S)−(+)−, (R)-(−)-, and (±)-ipsdienol were attractive alone, but reduced the attraction of both sexes of the mountain pine beetle,Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, to extracts of female frass. Field trapping studies indicated that attraction ofD. ponderosae to a stimulus composed of myrcene +trans-verbenol +exo-brevicomin was significantly reduced with the addition of (±)- and sometimes (S)-(±)-ipsdienol. Thus, (S)-(+)-ipsdienol produced by males of this species may act as an antiaggregation pheromone. (S)-(+)-Ips-dienol is thought to function as a repellent allomone against the pine engraver,Ips pini (Say), in regions whereI. pini utilizes (R)-(−)-ipsdienol as an aggregation pheromone. However, in southwestern British ColumbiaI. pini was attracted to the (±)-ipsdienol used in field bioassays ofD. ponderosae, a finding consistent with the production of both enantiomers byI. pini in this region. When presented with the ternary semiochemical bait forD. ponderosae, (±)-ipsdienol was not attractive toI. pini. Thus, the activity of (S)-(+)-ipsdienol as a repellent allomone againstI. pini seems to be replaced in southwestern British Columbia by the inhibitory effects of myrcene,trans-verbenol,exo-brevicomin, or some combination thereof.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Microbial transformations ; microorganisms ; yeasts ; bark beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Ips typographus ; oxygenated monoterpenes ; α-terpineol ; bomeol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract When yeasts associated withIps typographus beetles were grown in an aqueous phloem medium for two days, the main oxygenated monoterpenes produced were α-terpineol and borneol. Terpinene-4-ol, myrtenol, andtrans-pinocarveol were also found but in lesser amounts. Of the six strains used in this study,Hansenula capsulata andCandida nitratophila produced the largest amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes. Addition of α-pinene to the phloem medium generally reduced the amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes, probably because this substance is toxic to all tested yeast species. OurCandida diddensii strain seemed to be particularly sensitive to α-pinene. None of the yeast strains producedcis-verbenol,trans-verbenol, or verbenone from the medium or from added α-pinene.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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