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  • Articles  (3)
  • Innervation  (3)
  • Springer  (3)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Wiley
  • 1995-1999
  • 1965-1969  (3)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1940-1944
  • 1969  (3)
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  • Articles  (3)
Publisher
  • Springer  (3)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Wiley
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1965-1969  (3)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 102 (1969), S. 214-241 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Passer domesticus ; Receptor-like and secretory pinealocytes ; Innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Pinealorgan von Passer domesticus enthält Zellen mit innengliedartigem mitochondrienreichen Stift, der eine bulböse Zilie mit 9+0 Zilienfibrillen entsendet. Randzipfel solcher Zilien, die vielfach in Gruppen anzutreffen sind, können sich in etwa 200 Å starke Lamellen fortsetzen. Konzentrische und wirbeiförmige Lamellenzüge, die von mehreren solchen Zilien ausgehen, bilden im Lumen „markscheidenartige“ oder auch ungeordnete Membranenkomplexe. Ein direkter Zusammenhang mit Zilien konnte nur bei einem Teil dieser Lamellenkörper ermittelt werden. Der Bauplan der bulbösen Zilien entspricht den frühen Entwicklungsstadien des Photorezeptoren-Außengliedes. Es fehlen aber die für die letzteren so charakteristischen Membraninvaginationen; die Lamellenkomplexe der Vogelepiphyse haben eine ektopische Lage zur bulbösen Zilie. Oft finden sich an den Lamellenkörpern Degenerationszeichen. Diese degenerativ veränderten Strukturen erinnern an die Gebilde, die in den pinealen Lichtsinnesorganen der niederen Vertebraten aus zerfallenden Außengliedplättchen hervorgehen. Im Vergleich zu voll differenzierten pinealen Sinneszellen erscheinen die rezeptorenähnlichen Pinealocyten von P. domesticus rudimentär. Definitive funktionelle Schlüsse sind aus solchen morphologischen Vergleichen aber nicht möglich. Im Epiphysenstiel von P. domesticus verlaufen kräftige Nervenbahnen, die im Material dieser Studie ausschließlich aus marklosen Nervenfasern (Durchmesser 0,12–1,5 μm) bestehen. Diese Faserzüge sind von autonomen Nervenstämmchen zu unterscheiden, die perivasculär die bindegewebige Hülle des Pinealorgans durchsetzen und stellenweise an das Parenchym vordringen. Im Pinealorgan von P. domesticus findet sich auch ein Pinealocytentyp mit 800–1200 Å großen granulierten Vesikeln, die im Golgi-Apparat dieser Zellen entstehen. Die elektronenmikroskopischen und neurohistologischen Befunde werden mit Hinweis auf verhaltensphysiologische (Gaston und Menaker) und elektrophysiologische (Ralph und Dawson) Ergebnisse diskutiert. Da das Pinealorgan von P. domesticus nach Menaker eine zentrale Komponente der „biologischen Uhr“ beherbergt, sind Fragen nach einem sensorischen Eigenapparat und nach der sekretorischen Aktivität dieses Organs besonders aktuell.
    Notes: Summary The pineal organ of Passer domesticus contains cells with an inner segment, rich in mitochondria, from which a bulbous 9+0 type cilium originates. These cilia are often grouped together and may form 200 Å thick lamellae. Concentric or irregular whorl-like lamellar complexes arise from a number of such cilia. The structure of the bulbous cilia corresponds to that of early developmental stages of the photoreceptor outer segment. The characteristic membrane invaginations of the retinal cones are absent in the bulbous cilia of the avian pineal organ; the lamellar complexes have a position ectopic to the cilia. Signs of degeneration are present at the lamellar bodies. The degenerated forms resemble structures that arise from disintegrating outer segment plates in the pineal photoreceptor cells of lower vertebrates. The receptor-like pinealocytes of P. domesticus appear rudimentary when compared with the fully differentiated pineal sensory cells. Definitive functional interpretations are not possible from such morphological comparisons. In the pineal stalk of P. domesticus, nerve tracts are present consisting of unmyelinated fibers of 0.12–1.50 μm diameter. These nerve tracts differ from autonomic nerves that traverse perivascularly the connective tissue of the pineal capsule and in places enter the pineal organ. In the pineal organ of P. domesticus, a cell type is also found containing 800–1,200 Å diameter granular vesicles which originate in the Golgi complex. The electron microscopic and neurohistological findings are discussed with reference to experiments by Gaston and Menaker (i.e. the effect of pinealectomy on the circadian locomotor rhythm of P. domesticus) and to electrophysiological results of Ralph and Dawson. Since, according to Menaker, the pineal organ of P. domesticus “is a crucial component of the endogenous time-measuring system”, questions concerning the presence of a sensory apparatus and secretory activity in this organ assume a special significance.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Extraoccular muscles ; Innervation ; Nerve Section ; Motor Endplates ; Myoneural Junctions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The intramuscular nerves and myoneural junctions in the rat rectus superior, medialis and inferior muscles from 10 hours to about 10 days after section of the trigeminal and oculomotor nerves were studied with the electron microscope. Two different kinds of myoneural junctions are to be observed; one type derives from myelinated nerves and is similar to the ordinary myoneural junctions (motor end plates) of other striated skeletal muscles, while the other type derives from unmyelinated nerves, is smaller in size and has many myoneural synapses distributed along a single extrafusal muscle fibre. Section of the trigeminal nerve caused no changes in the myoneural synapses. After section of the oculomotor nerve degenerative changes occur in both the myelinated and unmyelinated nerves and in both types of myoneural junctions. In the axon terminals of both the myelinated and unmyelinated nerves the earliest changes are to be observed 10 to 15 hours after section of the nerve. First, swelling of the axoplasm, fragmentation of microtubules and microfilaments and swelling of mitochondria takes place, somewhat later agglutination of the axonal vesicles and mitochondria. The axon terminals are separated from the postsynaptic muscle membrane by hypertrophied teloglial cells about 24 hours after section of the nerve. The debris of the axon terminals is usually digested by the teloglial cells within 42 to 48 hours in both types of myoneural junction. Changes in the postsynaptic membrane are observed in the myoneural junctions of the unmyelinated nerves as disappearance of the already earlier irregular infoldings, whereas no changes take place in the infoldings of the motor end plates. The postsynaptic sarcoplasm and its ribosomal content increase somewhat. The earliest changes occur along unmyelinated axons 10 to 15 hours and along myelinated axons 15 to 24 hours after nerve section. The unmyelinated axons are usually totally digested within 48 hours, whereas the myelinated axons took between 48 hours and 4 days to disappear. The degeneration, fragmentation and digestion of the myelin sheath begin between 24 and 42 hours and still continues 10 days after the operation. The results demonstrate that in the three muscles studied structures underlying the physiologically well known double innervation of the extraoccular muscles are all part of the oculomotor system.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 102 (1969), S. 419-431 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prosobranchia ; Cephalic tentacles ; Receptor cells ; Innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Epithel der Kopfanhänge von elf marinen und Süßwasserprosobranchiern besteht aus prismatischen bis kubischen Stützzellen mit meist dichtem Mikrovillussaum und z.T. Pigmentgranula sowie Sinneszellen, die fast immer in Form sekundärer Sinneszellen vorliegen; nur bei Patella coerulea kommen vermutlich auch primäre Sinneszellen vor. Ihr Zytoplasma ist apikal durch glattwandige E. R.-Zisternen, helle Bläschen und Mikrotubuli gekennzeichnet. Außerdem tragen diese Zellen Zilien und stehen basal mit Nervenendigungen in Kontakt, die sich in drei Gruppen einteilen lassen: 1. Vermutlich cholinerge Endigungen mit optisch leeren Bläschen (Ø 600–800 Å). 2. Endigungen mit dense core vesicles (Ø 1000–1100 Å). Die Annahme, daß diese Endigungen biogene Amine enthalten, wird durch fluoreszenzmikroskopische Befunde gestützt. 3. Endigungen mit großen (Ø 3000–4000 Å) neurosekretorischen Elementargranula.
    Notes: Summary The epithelium of the cephalic tentacles of eleven marine and freshwater prosobranch snails consists of villus bearing supporting cells, which partly contain pigment granules, and sensory cells, which occur in form of secondary sensory cells with the exception of Patella coerulea which presumably possesses primary sensory cells. These receptor cells are characterized as chemoreceptors by apical cilia, smooth surfaced E.R., microtubulues and “empty” vesicles. At their bases they are in close contact with nerve endings which can be classified in three groups: 1. presumably cholinergic endings with clear vesicles (Ø 600–800 Å). 2. endings with dense core vesicles (Ø 1000–1100 Å). The assumption that these endings contain biogenic amines is supported by positive fluorescence microscopical tests. 3. Endings with big (Ø 3000–4000 Å) neurosecretory elementary granules.
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