ALBERT

Notes: Abstract It is assumed that waves of configurational change of cell surface proteins can pass over the length of columnar cells in a multicellular membrane, thus passing across the membrane. It is expected that waves of change in fluidity of surface water and of Na+ vs K+ complexing preference by cell surface proteins will result from the waves of change in surface protein configuration. The entire wave process is called a chemiperistaltic wave, and is a natural extension of the concepts embodied in the association-induction hypothesis of Ling. It is shown that chemiperistaltic waves may transport Na+ across multicellular membranes through extracellular space between cells in a manner which is consistent with the experiments of Cereijidoet al. (1968) on frog skin. Equations for transport of Na+ by chemiperistaltic waves are derived for an idealized membrane. It seems possible that Na+−K+ activated ATPase may represent the isolated form of the cell surface protein in which chemiperistaltic waves are propagated or that an actomyosin-like protein may be involved.

Notes: Abstract Much of recent work to determine primary structures of nucleic acids and proteins employs the “fragmentation” or “overlap” stratagem. Typically, a preparation of a given polymer with unknown sequence is purified and then subjected to an enzyme known to cut the polymer at certain specific sites. The quantities and sequences of the resulting fragments are determined. For RNA primary sequences, pancreatic ribonuclease and T1 ribonuclease are ordinarily used as fragmenting enzymes. A technique is described for evaluating such fragment data. It has the following properties: It is easily determined whether or not the fragment data is inconsistent. It is always possible to determine the first and last nucleotides of the unknown sequence from the data of two limit digests. Consistent data from two limit digests can always be fitted into a convenient conceptual framework developed within the theory of graphs. In most cases, partial digest information can be used to modify the framework constructed from two limit digests, as such information is obtained. An efficient analysis of all fragment data in this conceptual framework can always be made. One can detect inconsistencies and can generate the entire list of polymer sequences consistent with the fragment data.

Notes: Abstract The effect of convective flow on the distribution of a diffusing substance that is being consumed is analyzed. For the mammalian cornea, one of the few tissues where convection, diffusion and consumption simultaneously exist, the effect of convection on the distribution of oxygen is shown to be small.

Notes: Abstract A previous study (Bull. Math. Biophysics,31, 417–427, 1969) on the definitions of stability of equilibria in organismic sets determined byQ relations is continued. An attempt is made to bring this definition into a form as similar as possible to that used in physical systems determined byF-relations. With examples taken from physics, biology and sociology, it is shown that a definition of equilibria forQ-relational systems similar to the definitions used in physics can be obtained, provided the concept of stable or unstable structures of a system determined byQ-relations is considered in a probabilistic manner. This offers an illustration of “fuzzy categories,” a notion introduced by I. Bąianu and M. Marinescu (Bull. Math. Biophysics,30, 625–635, 1968), in their paper on organismic supercategories, which is designed to provide a mathematical formalism for Rashevsky's theory of Organismic Sets (Bull. Math. Biophysics,29, 389–393, 1967;30, 163–174, 1968;31, 159–198, 1969). A suggestion is made for a method of mapping the abstract discrete space ofQ-relations on a continuum of variables ofF-relations. Problems of polymorphism and metamorphosis, both in biological and social organisms, are discussed in the light of the theory.

Notes: Abstract A model of left ventricle is described which takes into account the physiologic variations of thickness, a function of time and distance prior to and during ejection, by assuming that the prolate spheroids are confocal at a given instant. The hyperbolic segment of arc between innermost and outermost spheroids, confocal with the latter, defines a so-called functional thickness, for which a derivation is given. Results show that this model operates in a range of eccentricity wherein thickness change per unit internal volume change are greatest.

Notes: Abstract Petrobius brevistylis Carpenter lives in the rocky supralittoral of the island Helgoland. Eggposition lasts from June to July, embryonic development one year. The superficial cleavage begins immediately after eggposition. Within a few days, a blastoderm is formed which gives rise to a cuticle consisting of different layers. At the rear tip of the egg a round germ disc develops and spreads out. The germ band gives rise to the primordia of antennae, mandibles, and maxillae — the first signs of segmentation. Most of the blastoderm differentiates into the serosa, while the amnion temporarily covers the ventral side of the embryo. When the serosa shrinks the amnion spreads out over the yolk surface. Details of the formation of the extremities of head, thorax, and abdomen are described. The hypopharynx arises rather late on the mandible segment. Neither lingua nor superlinguae are homologous to the extremities. At the first abdominal segment a pair of pleuropodia are formed, which disappear shortly before hatching. The germ band moves from the rear tip of the egg to the ventral part (blastokinesis), where it sinks into the yolk; parts of the yolk form an amniotic cavity. Mesoderm formation takes place by immigration of cells from a proliferation zone at the back of the germ band. The mesoderm lamella divides into several somites which form coelomic cavities entering into the extremities. Ten abdominal coelomic sacs are formed. The eleventh segment contains a solid mesodermal mass. In the head, a solid mesodermal mass occurs in the premandibular segment, and a pair of large coelomic sacs in the antenna segment. The labrum reveals an unpaired mesoderm. A pair of suboesophageal bodies are formed in the premandibular segment. The stomodaeum caves in early during development; at the end of the development it has a rectangular shape. The proctodaeum breaks through the unsegementated abdominal mesoderm and later on turns to the front; it has evidently a cuticular membrane separating it from the yolk. A front and a back tentorium are formed by paired invaginations on the mandible and labium segments; they do not fuse. The ventral nerve chain develops from large neuroblasts. The neuropile is situated at the dorsal side of the ganglions. Eleven abdominal ganglions are formed. During early developmental stages a median cord can clearly be recognized. The brain develops from 3 protocerebral lobes, the deutocerebrum, and the tritocerebrum. The prosocerebrum, the third protocerebral lobe, forms the pons cerebralis, the central body, and the corpora ventralia with the commissure.

Notes: Abstract The cytoplasm inside the shell of the monothalamous foraminiferAllogromia laticollaris is loosened and disrupted by a continuous vacuolar system (lacunary system), which extends through the entire cell. This system is separated from the cytoplasm by the cell-membrane and is directly connected to the outer medium (sea-water) across the shell-opening; it is therefore extracellular space. In extreme cases, most of the space inside the shell of cells with extended rhizopodia (reticulopodia) is filled with sea-water. The disruption of the cytoplasm is even more visible at a higher magnification: Numerous fine anastamosing cytoplasmic strands, partly with a diameter of only about 20 mµ, extend through these sea-water filled vacuolar spaces (lacunes). In this way an extreme enlargement of the cell-surface inside the shell is attained. Consequently, the lacunary system must be of importance for exchange processes (respiration, digestion) at this inner cell-surface. In addition, this system serves as a reservoir for the rhizopodia-material, not melted into a compact mass together with the cytoplasm inside the shell during rhizopodia withdrawal, but stored in the form of strands. Since the cytoplasm inside the shell, as well as within the reticulopodia, always exists in a vacuolar strand-like form, extension and withdrawal of the rhizopodia can take place without essential changes of the cytoplasmic structure and, therefore, can occur very fast. Within the shellA. laticollaris shows four differently structured cytoplasmic regions. In cells with extended reticulopodia these regions can be characterized by the different degree of extension of the lacunary system. The nucleus is surrounded by an extremely thin cytoplasmic layer and lies, often nearly isolated, within a large lacune of the vacuolar system. The transparent, flexible shell, consisting partly of acid mucopolysaccharides, is composed of filament-like structural elements embedded in a glue-like substance.

Notes: Abstract The monosiphonous filaments of the Australian speciesChaetomorpha darwinii are most conspicuous in regard to the dimensions of their cells, which resemble strings of large and glistening pearls. Some 20 germlings could be isolated from samples ofCallipsygma wilsonii andRhipiliopsis peltata which were kindly sent to me by Mrs.S. C. Ducker, Melbourne. In culture they developed into mature gametophytes or sporophytes of 10–60 cm length. Developmental studies revealed a life cycle of isomorphic generations.Ch. darwinii is a most suitable object for investigations on growth and cell-physiology. Cells increase in length and width simultaneously. The growth process is confined to an aequatorial zone; since cross-walls and adjacent parts of the side walls lack the capacity for growth, the cells become increasingly barrel-shaped. The growth rate is distinctly influenced by the daily rhythm of illumination. The cell wall ofChaetomorpha species hitherto investigated in this regard is finely lamellated, with microfibrils crossing at a distinct angle (Frei &Preston 1961a). This structure is the prerequisit for the simultaneous elongation and enlargement of the cell, and thus provides the basis for spiral-growth observed in severalChaetomorpha-species (Frei &Preston 1961b,Kornmann 1968). Filament growth is exponential and results from the steady growth of all its cells which divide periodically. The cell-division exemplifies centripetally sectioning, with the margin of the iris-like cross-wall advancing steadily at an average speed of 17µ/h. Normally growingChaetomorpha cells show no morphological polarity; their protoplast is concentrated in an aequatorial girdle. When plasmolized, the protoplast remains attached to the upper cross-wall (Frei &Preston 1961a). A similar polarity-phenomenon was observed in quite a normally occuring process: the protoplasmatic layer containing nascent swarmers withdraws from the side walls and the lower cross-wall. A dark-coloured, folded sack remains attached to the upper cross-wall, until the zoids become motile spontaneously. Further manifestations of polarity are: the expansion of the basal cell in alga fragments and the subdivision of the filamentous thallus into segments of four cells whose height differs in a regular sequence.

Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the complex behaviour ofHomarus gammarus attacking the pelecypodMytilus edulis and the gastropodBuccinum undatum; both molluscs inhabit the same nearshore environment asH. gammarus. The molluscs were chosen from a variety of prey animals ofH. gammarus in order to demonstrate formation of characteristic shell-fragments recognized by paleozoologists as traces of the meals of littoral decapods. Significant structural details of the shell-fragments are illustrated. Other shell-fragments produced by preying decapods, which often gnaw the hard shells after the meal, are not so easy to identify, although the behaviour patterns of littoral decapod crustaceans are generally quite similar.

Notes: Abstract Zygotes ofBryopsis hypnoides, maintained in modified Schreiber-solution, germinate into a rhizoidal protonema with a single nucleus; the nucleus diameter increases up to eight times that of vegetative nuclei in the multinucleate thallus. The giant nucleus contains a long sinuous nucleolus similar to that ofAcetabularia. The protonema becomes multinucleate prior to the formation of the plumose thalli. The division of the giant nucleus has been observed: Chromosomes in mitotic configuration, apparently diploid, become visible at the periphery of a large dumbbell-shaped spindle formed by the dividing nucleolus. Subsequently, the giant nucleus dissolves and dismisses two small nuclei, which propagate mitotically. Further observations deal with the persistence of the nucleolus during mitosis, chromosome number, gamete formation, and gamete copulation.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Scythrops novaehollandiae: Sehr selten im westlichen Teil der Insel. Als Wirte ließen sich nachweisen:Corvus florensis (fütterte Junges vonScythrops) undCorvus m. macrorhynchos. Eudynamys scolopacea malayana: überall häufig. WirtCorvus m. macrorhynchos, anscheinend nichtCorvus florensis, obgleich im gleichen Biotop und zur gleichen Jahreszeit brütend. Chalcites malayanus subsp.: neu für Flores nachgewiesen. Bisher einziger WirtGerygone fusca sulphurea. Cacomantis variolosus sepulcralis: überall häufig. Bei weitem bevorzugter Wirt istSaxicola caprata fruticola. Centropus bengalensis sarasinorum: sehr häufig. Nester in der fürCentropus typischen Weise in hohem Grase oder Gebüsch. Vogelgelege meist aus 3 Eiern. 4er und 2er Gelege selten.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Ptyonoprogne rupestris unterscheidet sich im Bereich der Mauser vonHirundo rustica vor allem durch den Umfang der Jugendmauser. Diese beschränkt sich bei der Felsenschwalbe auf die Erneuerung der Körperfedern und erfolgt in den ersten Wintermonaten. Erst wenn der Vogel nahezu ein Jahr alt ist, nämlich Ende Juni oder im Juli, beginnt mit Ausfall von H 1 die Vollmauser, zur gleichen Zeit wie die Vollmauser der älteren Jahrgänge. Dagegen hat die junge Rauchschwalbe keine gesonderte Körpermauser. Sie legt die jugendlichen Körperfedern zugleich mit den jugendlichen Flugfedern ab. Diese erste Vollmauser beginnt, wennHirundo rustica etwa 4 Monate (Sommer-Mauserer) oder etwa 7 Monate (Winter-Mauserer) alt ist. Bei einjährigen und älteren Felsenschwalben kann die Vollmauser schon kurz vor der Ablage des Geleges beginnen. Die Erneuerung der Handschwingen wird während des Brutcyclus und darüber hinaus fortgesetzt und dauert etwa 4 Monate, in einem theoretischen Regelfall also von Ende Juni bis Ende Oktober. In der Sequenz des Ausfalles der Hand-, Arm- und Steuerfedern sowie im Tempo der Flügelmauser stimmtPtyonoprogne rupestris mitHirundo rustica überein. Das gilt auch für die Sequenz der Schwanzmauser.

Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Das gut überschaubare Kontrollgelände, ein im wesentlichen artenreicher Auewald, ist 37,5 ha groß und liegt im Bereich der unteren Werre (Ravensberger Mulde), 1,5 km nordöstlich vom Bahnhof Löhne. 2. Im Zeitraum 1963–1968 waren 49 Brutvorkommen (41 Normalbruten, 5 Ersatzbruten, 2 Umpaarungsbruten und 1 Zweitbrut) zu verzeichnen, deren Niststellen im überwiegenden Maße (39) lokalisiert wurden. 3. Der zeitliche Abstand (1. Ei) von 32 kontrollierten Normalbruten im o. a. Zeitraum erstreckt sich vom 1. 5. (1968) bis zum 20. 5. (1963), der der Ersatzbruten vom 12. 5. (1966) bis zum 31. 5. (1967). Das 1. Ei einer Umpaarungsbrut wurde am 9. 6. (1964), das der Zweitbrut am 7. 6. (1968) gelegt. Bei der Umpaarungs- und Zweitbrut fanden Brutverschachtelungen statt. Die Zweitbrut als Folge extrem günstiger Witterung ist die Ausnahme. Bei 10 vernichteten Normalbruten wurden 5 Ersatzbruten angelegt. Diese erfolgten, wenn die Dezimierung der Normalbruten spätestens Anfang des letzten Maidrittels stattfand. Die letzten bebrüteten Eier der Brutperioden 1963–1968 fand ich am 23. 6. (1964) bei einer Umpaarungsbrut und am 21. 6. (1968) bei der Zweitbrut vor, die letzten Nestlinge verließen bei der Umpaarungsbrut am 3. 7. und bei der Zweitbrut am 2. 7. das Nest. 4. Die Eizahl bei 30 kontrollierten Normalbruten betrug 1× 6, 25× 5 und 4× 4, im Mittel 4,9, die von 5 Ersatzbruten 4× 5 und 1× 4. Die Eizahl von einer kontrollierten Umpaarungsbrut und der Zweitbrut betrug übereinstimmend 3.

Notes: Zusammenfassung An 6 Waldlaubsängern, 9 Berglaubsängern, 23 Zilpzalpen und 37 Fitisen, die von Hand aufgezogen und dann unter natürlichen Lichtbedingungen einzeln in Registrierkäfigen gehalten worden sind, ist die Gefiederentwicklung, die Jugendmauser, die Gewichtsentwicklung und die Zugunruhe vergleichend untersucht worden. Alle Arten ergänzen das im Nest angelegte Kleingefieder nach dem Ausfliegen durch eine zweite Federgarnitur, die sich bevorzugt am Rande der schon vorhandenen Fluren entwickelt. Beim Berg- und beim Waldlaubsänger wachsen alle diese Federn während einer zweiten Federwachstumsphase, die zwischen die Entwicklungszeit des Nestlingsgefieders und die Jugendmauser eingeschoben ist; beim Fitis und beim Zilpzalp entstehen während dieser Phase nur Teile der zweiten Federgarnitur, der Rest wird in der Mauserzeit angelegt (Abb. 4). — Die Jugendmauser erstreck sicht beim Fitis sowie beim Berg- und Waldsänger auf das im Nest angelegte Kleingefieder. Allein der Zilpzalp erneuert zusätzlich alle Federn der zweiten Garnitur, die während der zweiten Federwachstumsphase angelegt worden sind, ferner die inneren 3–5 Armschwingen und einen Teil der oberen Armdecken. — Kurz vor oder bald nach Abschluß der Jugendmauser setzt die Zugunruhe ein, begleitet von einem mehr oder weniger drastischen Anstieg des Körpergewichtes (Abb. 7). Die verschiedenen Funktionen variieren sowohl im Hinblick auf ihren zeitlichen Ablauf als auch im Hinblick auf ihren Umfang von Art zu Art erheblich. Diese Unterschiede lassen sich Unterschieden im Zugverhalten zuordnen. Dabei haben sich folgende Regelhaftigkeiten ergeben: (1) Die Arten, die im Herbst früher wegziehen, unterschieden sich von den später wegziehenden Arten u. a. in folgenden Eigenschaften: Die zweite Federwachstumsphase und die Jugendmauser beginnen und enden früher; die Dauer der Jugendmauser ist kürzer (Abb. 3); während der Mauser werden weniger Federn erneuert; sie beginnen in jüngerem Alter mit der Depotfettanlagerung und sie werden früher zugunruhig (Abb. 7); nach Zugunruhebeginn erhöhen sie ihre tägliche Zugunruhemenge schneller; relativ zum Zugunruhebeginn beginnen sie früher ihr Körpergewicht zu erhöhen; relativ zum Mauserende beginnen sie später mit der Zugunruhe (Abb. 6); zumindest die Zeitpunkte von Mauserbeginn und Mauserende sowie des Beginns des Gewichtsanstieges zeigen eine geringere interindividuelle Variabilität; ebenso streuen sowohl die Maximalgewichte als auch die Dauer, die Menge und der Maximalwert der Zugunruhe interindividuell weniger. (2) Die Arten, die weiter ziehen unterscheiden sich von den weniger weit ziehenden Arten in folgenden Merkmalen: Ihr mittleres Maximalgewicht liegt höher (Abb. 7) und die Menge und der Maximalwert ihrer Zugunruhe ist größer. Die mögliche biologische Bedeutung dieser Korrespondenzen wird erörtert. abSummary 6 Wood Warblers, 9 Bonelli's Warblers, 23 Chiffchaffs and 37 Willow Warblers were handraised and then kept under natural light conditions in separate registration cages where locomotor activity was automatically measured. Comparative investigations of plumage development, postjuvenile moult, body weight and migratory restlessness were conducted. All species complete the fledgling plumage by a second set of feathers growing at the edges of the perylae. In the Bonelli's Warbler and in the Wood Warbler, all these feathers grow during a second phase of feather development inserted between the fledgling plumage development and the juvenile moult. In the Willow Warbler and in the Chiffchaff only some of these feathers develop during this period, the rest appearing during the moult phase (Abb. 4). During the juvenile moult, the Bonelli's Warbler, the Wood Warbler and the Willow Warbler replace only the body feathers developed in the nest. Only the Chiffchaff replaces in addition, all the feathers of the second set, the 3 to 5 innermost secondaries and some of the inner wing coverts. — Shortly before, or soon after the end of the juvenile moult, migratory restnessless sets in, accompanied by a drastic increase in body weight (Abb. 7). The several factors investigated vary from species to species in onset, duration and extend. These differences can be related to differences in migratory behaviour. The following relationships have been found: (1) Species which start autumn migration early differ from species which are later migrants in the following manner: The second phase of feather development and the juvenile moult begin and end earlier; the duration of juvenile moult is shorter (Abb. 3); during the moult, fewer feathers are replaced; obesity and migratory restlessness start at an earlier age (Abb. 7); the rate of increase in migratory restlessness after the onset of migration is accelerated; the onset of obesity relative to the onset of migratory restlessness is advanced; migratory restlessness starts later in relation to the end of the juvenile moult (Abb. 6); there is less interindividual variation in the onset and end of moult, in the maximum weights and in the duration, amount and maximum values obtained for migratory restlessness The species migrating further differ from those with a shorter migratory route in that their mean body weight is greater (Abb. 7), as is the amount and maximum value obtained for their migratory restlessness. The possible biological significance of these relationships is discussed.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Schlußfolgerungen, dieStegmann (J. Orn. 109, 1968, p. 441–445) für die verwandtschaftliche Stellung der Flughühner auf Grund seiner eigenen Untersuchungen und an Hand anderer Quellen zieht, werden kommentiert. Es wird gezeigt, daß einige dieser Schlußfolgerungen nur auf morphologischen Merkmalen beruhen und mit den zu anderen Resultaten gelangten ethologischen und physiologischen Untersuchungsergebnissen nicht zu vereinbaren sind. Außerdem erscheint es unwahrscheinlich, daß die Flughühner, deren Ursprung von bodenlebenden Nestflüchtern unbestritten ist, auf dem „Umweg“ über die baum- und felsbewohnenden nesthockenden Tauben erst sekundär wieder zu bodenbewohnenden Nestflüchtern geworden sind. Es gibt kein einziges Flughuhn-Merkmal, das diese Hypothese stützen könnte.

Notes: Summary Pied Flycatchers settle in different places in successive years. The distances (from their birth- or previous breeding-places) at which ringed birds have been recovered in the following year are shown in columns e, f, g and h of the Table as cumulative recovery percentages. The results are divided according to the age and sex of the birds, and are shown also in the diagram. The following points should be noted: 1. Females returning for the first time (when one year old) show only moderate “Ortstreue“, and may settle up to at least 80 km from their birthplaces. 2. Males returning for the first time show the same degree of “Ortstreue“ as the one-year-old females, and have been found up to 50 km from their birthplaces. 3. Mostly older females show greater “Ortstreue“ than one-year-old females, though in some cases they may move as far or further than the young birds (up to 143 km). 4. Older males show marked “Ortstreue“ (the furthest recovery has been at only 700 m). 5. The mean distance of first-settlement of one-year-old birds (both male and female) is 4.5 km from their birthplace; the mean movement distance of older females is 2 km from their previous breeding-place, and that of older males is only 140 m. 6. Earlier conclusions on the dispersion of the Pied Flycatcher need to be modified and refined in the following way: The first-settlement of one-year-old males takes place as far from the birthplace as that of one-year-old females. Only after their first year do males show marked “Ortstreue“, and then differ in behaviour from females, which may move at any age.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Im östlichen Niedersachsen wurden in offener Kulturlandschaft und hauptsächlich auf Bäumen an einer Landstraße Bruten der Ringeltaube kontrolliert und die Nester erstiegen. Die Fluchtdistanz beim Brüten und Hudern ist nur wenig vom Brutstadium, viel mehr aber vom jeweiligen Verhältnis Mensch—Ringeltaube abhängig und betrug im Mittel bei Nestern auf Straßenbäumen ca. 2,9 m (n = 90), dagegen anderwärts ca. 5,6 m (n = 18). Der Abflug des flüchtenden Vogels erfolgt plötzlich und geräuschvoll, entweder ungefähr in Nesthöhe oder schräg nach unten und niedrig über den Boden hin, und hierbei erfolgt oft Flügellahmstellen. Bezüglich der Intensität des Flügellahmstellens sind 2 Stufen unterscheidbar: a) Schwache Ausprägung: langsames Dahinflattern mit etwas angewinkelten Flügeln ohne Bodenberührung. b) Starke Ausprägung: unregelmäßiges Flattern im Laufen oder Stehen am Boden, oft mit Unterbrechungen und kombiniert mit Stufe (a). — Das Verhalten wurde maximal über eine Strecke von 300 m und bis zu 5 min. lang ausgeführt. Flügellahmstellen erfolgte in 53 von 104 Fällen der Flucht vom Nest — bei noch leerem Nest oder Eiern in 1/3, bei Nestlingen in 2/3 der Fälle. Bei 43 vollständigen Beobachtungen entsprach es 24mal der Stufe (a) und 19mal der Stufe (b) (Tabelle). Verglichen mit Angaben aus England wurde das Flügellahmstellen im östlichen Niedersachsen etwa 10mal häufiger beobachtet. Es wird daher ein ethologischer Unterschied zwischen den morphologisch sehr ähnlichen Populationen angenommen und zu weiteren Untersuchungen aufgefordert.

Notes: Summary The moults and weights in captivity of sixCarduelis flammea cabaret and twoC. f. flammea are described. The birds started to moult on dates between 10 and 31 July, took 46–69 days to moult completely, and 44–58 days to replace their primaries. On average, the secondaries and the inner three primaries ofcabaret each took 14 days to grow, and the outer primaries took progressively longer, the outermost taking 21 days. Growth rates varied for different feathers. Within each race equivalent feathers in different birds took approximately the same time to grow, but those of the largerC. f. flammea took slightly longer, on average, than those ofcabaret. In both races, primaries 4–7 were shed at longer intervals than the rest, and the last three secondaries at shorter intervals than the first three. All the tail feathers are shed over 7–11 days, and incabaret the outer one took 20 days to grow at 2.4 mm per day. Inflammea it is longer and took 21 days to grow at 2.7 mm per day. The number of body feathers dropped varied greatly from day to day, but birds that shed their primaries at comparatively long intervals also dropped their body feathers more slowly. On all aspects on which comparative data are available, the moults of these captive Redpolls are closely similar to those of the wild birds studied byEvans (1966, 1969) andEvans et al. (1967). In contrast, the weights and fat contents of captive birds were much higher than those of free-living Redpolls, both before and after moult, but were similar during moult. Two captive birds killed for analysis a month after moult, contained much more fat (4.6 gm. and 2.0 gm.) than has been recorded from wild Redpolls (maximum 1.9 gm.). It is suggested that the reduction of fat during the moult of captive birds is the result of a distinct physiological condition prevailing at this time that prevented excessive fat-storage. However, fat deposition in captive birds in the autumn (presumably equivalent to premigratory fattening in wild birds) began a few days before the end of moult (whenever this occurred) and took 5–10 days to complete.

Notes: Zusammenfassung An 17 handaufgezogenen Lummen im Alter von 3–12 Wochen wurde das Jagdverhalten untersucht. Die Lummen waren imstande, ohne jeden Elternkontakt, frühestens im Alter von 25 Tagen erfolgreich zu jagen, jedoch vorerst nur langsam schwimmende Fische. Es wurde festgestellt: Je rascher sich der Fisch fortbewegt, desto häufiger wird er an der hinteren Hälfte gefaßt. Stets wird er kopfvoran verschlungen. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf ihre biologische Bedeutung diskutiert.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Beteiligung der Geschlecher am Brüten bzw. Hudern der Jungen beim Kaptäubchen (Oena capensis L.) wurde an insgesamt fünf Nestern 2–11 Tage lang beobachtet. Die Beobachtungen wurden in Barberspan in Transvaal (26 ° 35′S, 25° 35′ E) im September durchgeführt. Beide Geschlechter brüteten, der Täuber im Mittel von 9.30 bis 15.30 Uhr WOZ, die Täubin die übrige Zeit (Abb. 1). Die Brutablösung erfolgte nach einem einheitlichen Schema, die genauen Zeiten jedoch konnten von Tag zu Tag variieren, zudem ergaben sich Unterschiede von Nest zu Nest. In keinem Falle wurde mehr als zweimal täglich abgelöst. Die Ergebnisse werden mit dem von anderen Taubenarten Bekannten verglichen (Abb. 2). Auch bei anderen untersuchten Arten finden nur zwei Brutablösungen pro Tag statt, zumindest nachdem das Gelege vollzählig ist und bis einige Tage nach dem Schlüpfen der Jungen. Davon abweichende Berichte lassen sich auf Gefangenschaftsbedingungen oder Störungen und abnorme Verhältnisse zurückführen. Bei allen Taubenarten ist die Bebrütungszeit des Täubers in den Nachmittag hinein verschoben: Die Mitten seiner Brutschicht liegen in praktisch allen Fällen nach dem Mittagszeitpunkt. Diese Asymmetrie der Ablösezeiten zum Sonnentage beruht nicht auf einer entsprechend späten Lage der Aktivitätszeit der Tauben: Die Mitten der Aktivitätszeiten von Brieftauben lagen während des ganzen Jahres im Mittel vor dem wahren Mittag (Abb. 3). — Bisher liegen zu wenig genau protokollierte Beobachtungen über die Zeitpunkte der Ablösung unter sonst vergleichbaren Bedingungen vor, um sichere Aussagen darüber machen zu können, ob es in der Länge der Brutschicht des Täubers artspezifische Unterschiede gibt. Einige Befunde sprechen dafür. Der genaue Zeitpunkt der Brutablösung hängt von beiden Partnern ab. Es wird die Hypothese vertreten, daß die Brutablösung dadurch zustande kommt, daß beim Täuber die Bebrütungsstimmung am Vormittag ansteigt und am Nachmittag wieder absinkt, während für die Täubin das Umgekehrte gilt. Eine Reihe von Befunden und Überlegungen sprechen dafür, daß Bebrütungsstimmung und damit die Ablösezeiten von der endogenen circadianen Periodik abhängen, die durch den Wechsel von Tag und Nacht mit dem örtlichen Sonnentag synchronisiert ist. Für Beginn und Ende der täglichen Aktivität frei lebender Vögel fandAschoff regelhafte Abhängigkeiten von der geographischen Breite und von der Jahreszeit, die sich auf im Labor gefundene Gesetzmäßigkeiten der synchronisierten circadianen Periodik zurückführen ließen. Es gibt Hinweise darauf, daß sich auch für die Zeiten der Brutablösung bei Tauben ähnliche regelhafte Abhängigkeiten finden lassen (Abb. 4). Bisher liegen aber nicht genügend genau protokollierte Beobachtungsdaten vor, um eine solche Annahme zu prüfen. Weitere Beobachtungen, vor allem bei der gleichen Art in verschiedenen Breiten und am gleichen Ort zu verschiedenen Jahreszeiten, wären dringend erwünscht. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, daß solche Beobachtungen neben den geographischen Koordinaten des Beobachtungsortes und dem Datum auch noch Angaben über die benutzte Zeit enthalten sollten, da biologisch sinnvolle Aussagen nur bei Bezug auf die Wahre Ortszeit gemacht werden können und die amtlichen Zonenzeiten Änderungen unterworfen sind (Beispiel: Sommerzeit).

Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein flügger Jungvogel vonChloris sinica minor (Temm. & Schleg.), der am 15. Mai 1969 in einem Park in Tokio gefunden wurde, war einflügelig geboren. Wie in einigen anderen bekannt gewordenen Fällen fehlte der linke Flügel; für diese Erscheinung wird der Terminus „Asinistrismus“ vorgeschlagen. Die Entwicklung des Sternums, des Schultergürtels und der Brust-und Armmuskeln wurde untersucht und wird beschrieben; während derM. pectoralis keine Degeneration zeigte, waren die Armmuskeln schlecht entwickelt, jedoch noch zu identifizieren. Ähnliche Fälle entgehen oft deswegen der Feststellung, weil die einflügelig geborenen Vögel nicht lange überleben.

Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Der extrem regenreiche und kühle April ließ ♂♂ und ♀♀ nur zögernd eintreffen. 2. Viele ♀♀ wurden wahrscheinlich in klimatisch günstigeren Räumen auf dem Zuge „festgehalten“, so daß im Brutareal 3 unverpaarte ♂♂ übrigblieben. 3. Durch die schwach entwickelte Vegetation wurden die Vögel entgegen ihrer früheren Gewohnheit (Nester im Schutz von Brennesseln) gezwungen, diese unter Brombeergerank (von 7 Nestern 5) anzulegen. 4. Durch unzureichende Stimulanz der Brutnachbarn erfolgte nicht wie in früheren Jahren eine Synchronisation des Legebeginns (Streuung des 1. Eies vom 7.5.–16.5. = 10 Tage). 5. Das verstärkte Auftreten von Vierergelegen ist auffällig (3 × 4 und 4 × 5). Im Mittel betrug die Eizahl der 7 Normalbruten 4,6 (bei früher 30 kontrollierten Normalbruten im Durchschnitt 4,9). 6. Feuchtkühle Witterung insbesondere während der Bebrütungs- und Nestlingszeit (2. Maihälfte und 1. Junihälfte) bewirkte eine erhebliche Dezimierung der Bruten (3 Eier unbefruchtet oder Keimling frühzeitig abgestorben, 3 Embryonen im hohen Entwicklungszustand zugrunde gegangen, desgleichen 2 juv. im Nest, insgesamt also ein Ausfall von 8 Vögeln). Von 32 Eiern (7 Bruten) gingen 8 (= 25 %) zugrunde. Im geschlossenen Brutareal wurden nur 18 Nestlinge (1963 = 35) flügge.

Notes: Abstract This paper contributes to the systematics, the ecology and the biology of sexual reproduction of psammobiontic macrostomid Turbellaria from a sandy beach on the eastern shore of the island Sylt. The anatomy of a new species,Paromalostomum proceracauda, is described. The cuticular structures of the genital apparatus ofParomalostomum fusculum Ax,P. dubium (de Beauchamp) andHaplopharynx rostratus Meixner are analyzed.P. fusculum is one of the most frequent turbellarians living in the sandy flats (Sandwatt) in front of the Litoralstation of the Biologische Anstalt Helgoland in List. This species shows obvious seasonal differences in it's vertical distribution. In summer,P. fusculum lives in the upper 4 cm of the sand while in winter, the animals move to the deeper strata of the sediment, were they are more protected from low temperatures.P. fusculum has an annual life-cycle. The period of reproduction lasts from May to July. The new generation hibernates in the state of male maturity and attains female maturity in spring. After the period of egg-shedding, large animals individuals are seldom found; it is supposed that they die after spawning. The mechanism of egg-shedding and the structure of the egg are described. The egg-shells ofP. fusculum are distinguished from those ofP. dubium by the presence of opercula.

Notes: Abstract In these ecological studies of the sheltered beaches of the bay of Arcachon (France), the author distinguishes and locates four traditional zones: slikke, upper slikke, schorre and parhalian zone. Animal communities and edaphic structures of each zone are treated in detail. In the slikke, four fundamental facies are distinguished:Zostera nana zones, bare sands (such asArenicola sands),Nereis diversicolor slime andScrobicularia slime. Each facies is analyzed with regard to its amount of water, porosity, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen content, as well as its hypsometric distribution. With respect to the fauna of sand and slime slikkes, the importance of the endogeous macrofauna, its infralittoral characteristics and the low degree of mobility of its species are emphasized. In the upper slikke five facies are described:Bledius spectabilis clay sands,Corophium volutator slimy sands,Bledius arenarius porous sands,Spartina maritima areas and micro cliffs. Again, abiotic characteristics and animal communities of each facies are studied successively. The importance of edaphic structures for the distribution of animal communities, and vice versa, is stressed. For instance, the amphipodCorophium volutator and the coleopteranBledius spectabilis build tubes with firm and permanent inner surfaces only in certain types of sediment: yet, while theBledius spectabilis tubes are dense and watertight, those ofCorophium volutator are less tight and often flooded. Thus, the presence of the insect allows a supralittoral fauna to establish itself, whereas that of the amphipod is, in contrast, accompanied by a mediolittoral fauna resistant to flooding. In the schorre and parhalian zone, endogeous macrofauna elements are entirely absent; the vagrant epigeous species exhibit considerable degrees of mobility, migrating according to tidal rhythms. In summer, the schorre zone shelters both marine supralittoral or halobiotic species as well as adlittoral “haloxene” species which, coming from the parhalian zone, are attracted by the trophically rich Puccinellietum. In winter, however, frequent floodings of the schorre force the fauna to retreat to the parhalian zone for shelter. A classification is presented of the facies studied, based on the amount of water ecologically usable by their respective macrofaunas. The relationships between slikke, upper slikke, schorre and parhalian zone on the one hand, and the intertidal zones on the other are illustrated in the form of a synopsis. Finally, a comparison is made between animal communities of sheltered and of partly sheltered beaches.

Notes: Abstract According to references in paleontological literature, the tubicolous polychaeteLanice conchilega Pallas arranges its burrows in a direction corresponding to the water current. The fan-shaped branches of the small tree-like upper end of the tube, which extends over the surface of the ground, lie transverse to the main direction of the water current. This fact is verified by aquarium experiments. The new investigations expand our knowledge on feeding habits ofLanice conchilega and the mode of tube-building hitherto described neither adequately nor correctly.

Notes: Abstract Antibiotic components and intensity activities have been determined in several seaweed species. In order to obtain suitable preparations revealing antibacterial activities, several methods have been tested with respect to stability and desiccating the material. Antibiotic properties have been determined in preparations of 9 Chlorophyceae, 16 Rhodophyceae, and 16 Phaeophyceae using as criterion populations growth of 4 gram-positive and 2 gram-negative bacteria strains. The most potent antibiotic properties occur in Chlorophyceae. Among the Rhodophyceae tested, onlyChondrus crispus, Laurencia pinnatifida, Delesseria sanguinea, and — to a lesser degree —Rhodomela confervoides show considerable antibiotic activities. Among the Phaeophyceae, antibacterial potentials occur inHalidrys siliquosa, Fucus, Laminaria digitata, andDesmarestia viridis. The antibiotic compounds of Rhodophyceae and Chlorophyceae are mainly hydrophilic, whereas those of Phaeophyceae are in part extractible with hydrophobic solvents.Dumontia incrassata contains volatile compounds with a low antibiotic activity. The antibacterial properties ofDumontia incrassata are due to acidification of the culture medium by sulfuric acid, diffusing from the thalli into the agar.

Notes: Abstract Mixtures of iodinated iodohydric acid and chloralhydrate are used to stain and simultanously macerate dinoflagellate carapaces. The cells can be flattened by squashing.Cachonina niei Loeblich (1968), first reported from California (USA), is recorded for the North Sea and described in detail. The organism known under the name ofProtoceratium reticulatum (Clap. & Lachm.) is shown to posses characteristics (e. g. a sulcus), which place it into the genusGonyaulax; its correct name isG. grindleyi Reinecke (1967).

Notes: Abstract Considering an incomplete growth curve of the codGadus morhua,Knight (1968) questioned the asymptotic curvature of growth in fishes, which easily may be shown in complete growth curves illustrating the attainment of maximum size. It is also possible to calculate maximum size employing theFord-Walford formula. Maximum size, calculated in this manner, may also be used in theBertalanffy function. For other mathematical growth formulations different maximum sizes would be obtained. The numerical value of the maximum size depends upon the mathematical interpretation of the growth process. Therefore it always represents a mathematical parameter without biological meaning. It is shown that data ofKetchen (Forrester 1966) on growth in ♂ ♂ of the flat fishEopsetta jordani may be much better represented by the new growth formula (Krüger 1965) than by theBertalanffy function.

Notes: Abstract During rearing experiments withProrocentrum micans andCeratium furca (Dinophyta) under different conditions of temperature, light and nutrients, the role of industrial waste water of a titaniumdioxide factory has been examined. The waste water contains primarily H2SO4 and FeSO4 (for details consult Table 1); it is scheduled for discharge in early 1969 in quantities of some 1,200 tons per day into a North Sea area about 12 nautical miles north-west of Helgoland. The organisms were cultivated in bottles containing limited volumes of test liquid, and in chemostats, over periods of a few weeks. Growth rates of populations exposed to different waste water concentrations served as criterion of possible toxic effects of the industrial waste water. The experiments revealed distinct sublethal effects in dilutions (parts waste water : parts seawater of 32‰ S) down to 1 : 50,000(Ceratium furca), and 1 : 32,000(Prorocentrum micans). At 1 : 5,000 only a portion of the population(Prorocentrum micans) survives; the remaining cells stagnate reproduction at a given constant cell density. The specific toxic effects of the different components of the waste water are discussed. Further experiments are necessary to increase our knowledge on the biological consequences of the discharge of waste water into the North Sea, and to develop methods for the assessment of the effects of unknown toxic agents by means of culture experiments.

Notes: Abstract Five species of the genusCephalothrix and two species of the genusOtotyphlonemertes are described from European coasts and the North American Pacific coast. Four species ofCephalothrix and one species ofOtotyphlonemertes are new to science. Pseudocnids, situated in the proboscis of theCephalothrix-species are identified as genuine products of Nemerteans. A low number of nephridia is characteristic for the new species of the genusCephalothrix. The phylogenetical development of the nephridia within the Palaeonemertini is discussed. Three newCephalothrix-species have setae at the proboscis.

Notes: Abstract Effects of single exposures of X-radiation on survival were studied inGammarus duebeni, G. salinus andG. zaddachi under constant conditions of temperature (150 C) and salinity (10 ‰). Effects on moulting were investigated inG. duebeni. The amphipods were irradiated with doses between 625 and 20,000 R.G. salinus andG. zaddachi are equally radioresistant (LD50/30 : 1,700 R) but less resistant thanG. duebeni (LD50/30(males) : 3,900 R; LD50/30(females) : 3,500 R). At high doses, half of the test individuals die within a few days; at medium doses survival time is dose-independent; at lower doses survival time again increases with decreasing doses up to dose-ranges (below 1,250 R forG. duebeni, 1,000 R forG. salinus andG. zaddachi), at which only a few individuals die before their natural death. Subadult gammarids are less resistant;G. duebeni of 4 to 7 mm body length have a LD50/30 of 2,200 R. Death distribution after medium doses indicates that at least two mechanisms are involved in acute mortality. A first mortality maximum occurs shortly after irradiation; subsequently, mortality decreases for a few days, and is followed by another maximum. At lower doses no individual dies during the first critical period. Shortening of survival time at higher doses results from survival of fewer individuals to the second critical period. Few or no moults occur inG. duebeni irradiated with 20,000 R following the second day after irradiation and after the 30th day in those individuals irradiated with 2,500 to 10,000 R; moulting is delayed after exposure to 5,000 to 10,000 R. Individuals ofG. duebeni taken from the field during the mild winter 1966/67 were more resistant to radiation, and moulting was less affected, than in laboratory-reared amphipods, or in those collected in the field during other seasons. Besides on irradiation dose, survival time of an individual depends on the time of its moulting in the course of an experiment.

Notes: Abstract Nematocysts of 36 actinian species of the North Sea, Mediterranean and Red Sea were studied by phase contrast and electron microscopy. Spirocysts differ from nematocysts in having, just after discharge, a single thread of secretion (“Quellfaden”) entwining the tube in left turns. Haplonemes and heteronemes are redefined. In undischarged condition, heteronemes have a basal shaft (“Achsenkörper”) of greater diameter than the thread. The everted shaft of heteronemes bears coarse armature abruptly reduced on the thread. The tube of haplonemes, however, is of nearly uniform diameter (isorhizes) or broader at the basis (anisorhizes). The length of the spines is proportional to the respective diameter of the tube. Other categories of haplonemes are eliminated. Haplonemes have a wider distribution than generally believed. They are not known as yet from the scapus of many Acontiaria and from the tentacles of some individuals within the Hormathiidae. The categories, proposed byWeill (1934), of microbasic and macrobasic mastigophores and amastigophores are substituted by the categories of b- and p-rhabdoides. Within the Actiniaria p-rhabdoides differ from b-rhabdoides by having an unarmed thread, invaginated into the funnelshaped opening at the distal end of the uneverted shaft. The thread of b-rhabdoides, however, always bears spines. The shaft of some rhabdoides can be divided into a folded proximal part (“Faltstück”) and a distal mainpart (“Hauptstück”). The two parts differ in structure and armature. These rhabdoides tend to throw out the mass of spines in a dartlike structure if discharge is hampered. Several new variations and categories of b- and p-rhabdoides are presented; their taxonomic value is demonstrated by some examples.

Notes: Abstract Individual cells of the monothalamous foraminiferAllogromia laticollaris Arnold were fedSaccharomyces cerevisiae orSchizothrix calcicola after starvation periods of 14–24 hours. The fed cells were then examined electron-microscopically after different time intervals. Food organisms, “grasped” by the reticulopodia, are enclosed by a network of numerous cytoplasmic sub-strands and transported extracellularly into the shell-covered cell-body by means of cytoplasmic streaming of rhizopodia. The prey (yeast cells) is not completely surrounded by cytoplasm, i. e., a food vacuole is not formed. Inside the cell-body, yeast cells remain within the lacunary system; they are distributed throughout the cell. Special food vacuoles do not occur within the cell-body either; food particles are broken down within the lacunes of the vacuolar system. Thus, digestion takes place in an extracellular milieu. The numerous fine cytoplasmic strands, extending through the sea-water filled lacunes, must be regarded as of great importance for exchange processes, especially for the resorption of digested substrates. This extracellular digestion within the cell-body ofA. laticollaris parallels digestion in the digestive tract of higher animals. Indigestible food residues are removed by a reversal of the ingestion processes.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Paarungsbalz vonPodiceps nigricollis konnte eingehend beobachtet werden. Während der Aufforderungshaltung und zu Beginn der Einladehaltung schwimmt das ♂ hinter dem ♀ umher, dabei sich häufig putzend, bis es zur Kopulation aufspringt. Während dieser und beim darauffolgenden Lauf über den Rücken des ♀ ertönt das Paarungsduett. Zum Abschluß vollführen beide Partner eine Nachbalz.

Notes: Zusammenfassung In den letzten Jahren (1953–1967) trat der Zwergschnäpper auf Helgoland zahlreicher auf als in früherer Zeit. Diese Tatsache wird in Zusammenhang mit der Arealerweiterung dieser Art gebracht. Es wurden insgesamt 102 Vögel beringt (Herbst 68, Frühjahr 31). Unter diesen befanden sich nur 6 als Männchen erkennbare (mehr oder minder ausgefärbte) Exemplare.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Von den 3 Gesangsformen der Schamadrossel werden der fanfarenartige, obertonarme Motivgesang und der fließende, obertonreiche Ruhegesang auch ohne auslösende Reize zu ihren festgelegten Tageszeiten vorgetragen; für den motivgesangähnlichen, leisen Kampfgesang ist ein Artgenosse erforderlich. Keine Schamadrossel behält das, was sie erlernt hat, unverändert bei; bereits die Jungen beginnen, wenn sie selbständig sind, den normalerweise vom Vater erlernten Gesang zu verändern. Das Variieren geschieht ohne feste Regel; nur im Frühgesang gibt es eine eigene Kompositionstechnik. Die bis in Einzelheiten gehenden formalen Übereinstimmungen mit menschlicher Musik erfüllen im Gesang der Schamadrossel biologische Funktionen. Im Revier- und Kampfgesang ahmen sich die Gegner unter Ausschmückungen ihres Gesanges nach; es kommt zu regelrechten Schimpfduellen, durch die Kämpfe entschieden werden können. Die Kompositionstechnik des Frühgesangs dient dazu, gleichgestimmte, paarungsbereite Partner zusammenzuführen. Paarungsbereitschaft allein genügt jedoch nicht; beide Geschlechter müssen ähnliche Motive besitzen. Ist die Paarbildung vollzogen, vermeiden es beide Partner, die Motive des anderen in dessen Gegenwart zu singen. — Eigene Motive aus dem Schnabel eines Artgenossen sind der stärkste kampfauslösende Reiz. — Im Laufe der Brutzeit übernimmt der eine Partner das Repertoire des anderen; bei Trennung können sich beide zurückrufen, indem einer Motive des Partners singt, gewissermaßen dessen Namen nennt. Schamadrosseln ahmen nicht nur den Gesang von Artgenossen nach, sondern passen ihren Gesang auch an künstliche akustische Reize an. So passen sie die Klangfarbe ihres Gesangs an die Klangfarbe, ihr Gesangstempo an die Geschwindigkeit und die Lautstärke des Gesang an die Dynamik des Reizes an. Eine Anpassung des Gesangs an Musikstücke konnte ebenfalls gezeigt werden. In weiteren Experimenten konnte festgestellt werden, daß die rhythmische Gliederung der Motive durch die Atmung zustande kommt, daß ferner Schamadrosseln beim Ein- und Ausatmen singen und ihre Atemfrequenz an rhythmische Reize anpassen. An der Klangfarbe der flötenden Töne im Motivgesang erkennen sich Schamadrosseln als Artgenossen; Partner und Reviernachbarn erkennen sich darüber hinaus persönlich am Gesang. In der Diskussion werden formale, ausdrucksmäßige und stammesgeschichtliche Gemeinsamkeiten von Vogelgesang und Musik erörtert.

Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem etwa 2000 km2 großen Untersuchungsgebiet in der Rhön wurde die Bedeutung der Wasserscheiden beim Ortswechsel der Wasseramsel(Cinclus c. aquaticus) untersucht. Von Oktober 1964 bis Juli 1968 konnten außer Altvögeln 325 Wasseramseln im Nest beringt werden. 55 wurden wiedergefangen, davon 9 in anderen Flußsystemen. Diese Vögel haben mit Sicherheit die Wasserscheiden, die die Flußsysteme begrenzen, überflogen. Vier weitere Wiederfunde (1 diesj., 3 ad.) und fünf von anderen Beringern bestätigten ebenfalls den Überflug der Wasserscheiden. Auch Beobachtungen zum Flugverhalten und Aufenthalt der Jungvögel weisen auf Abwanderung über die Gebirge hin. Wasserscheiden werden nicht zufällig überflogen, sondern regelmäßig von einem Teil der Jungvögel. Es findet ein ständiger Austausch junger Wasseramseln über die Gebirgszüge hinweg zwischen benachbarten und in geringerem Umfang zwischen entfernteren Flußsystemen statt. Wasserscheiden sind keine Ausbreitungsschranken, die die Populationen der verschiedenen Niederschlagsgebiete wirksam voneinander trennen. Nach Feststellungen in der Schweiz darf auch ein regelmäßiges Überfliegen der hochgelegenen Wasserscheiden der Alpen angenommen werden.

Notes: Zusammenfassung für A und B 1) Infolge des Mangels an ortsansässigen Beobachtern ist die Avifauna weiter Teile Griechenlands noch immer als ungenügend erforscht anzusehen (s. Skizze). 2) Für Zwergscharbe, Seidenreiher, Sichler, Kleines Sumpfhuhn, Grauspecht und Sumpfrohrsänger werden erstmals Brutnachweise aus Griechenland mitgeteilt. Krauskopfpelikan, Schwarzstorch, Graugans und Trauerseeschwalbe brüten weiterhin in Griechenland. Einige Arten besiedeln ein größeres Areal, als bisher angenommen wurde: Zwergrohrdommel, Rallen- und Nachtreiher, Löffler, Moorente, Austernfischer, Stelzenläufer, Rohrschwirl, Bartmeise und Halbringschnäpper auch den Westen des Landes; Buntspecht (lokal?), Weißrückenspecht und Beutelmeise die Peloponnes; Spornkiebitz, Cistensänger und Feldlerche — vielleicht auch der Häherkuckuck — Inseln der Ägäis. An Gewässern Nordgriechenlands wurden einige bedeutende, bisher unbekannte Brutkolonien verschiedener Reiherarten, von Löffler, Sichler und der Weißbartseeschwalbe sowie eine weitere Großkolonie der Schwarzkopfmöwe festgestellt. Für Krickente, Kolbenente und Raubseeschwalbe liegen nunmehr Bruthinweise vor.

Notes: Summary Two species of trematodes occur in the gall-bladder of European Laro-Limicolae and Anatids. One of them,Gymnophallus deliciosus, is fairly rare in the North Sea area. The second one,G. choledochus, is very common. Its length is about 1 mm, it may live up to several months and in heavy infections causes severe pathogenic changes in the gall-bladder. This fluke has a peculiar life-history in which two kinds of trematode life-cycles are combined with each other. The first intermediate host ofG. choledochus is the cockle. In it the sporocysts — simple sac-like trematode larvae — give rise to fork-tailed cercariae leaving the cockle in spring and summer, penetrating in polycheats where they become infectious metacercariae. Eating the polychaets the bird, such as gull or wader, becomes infected with the fluke. So far this life-cycle represents a normal type of trematode life-history. In the other part of the year, though, a shortened development-cycle is adopted. In late autumn and winter the cercariae in the sporocysts loose their tails and as metacercariae remain there until the cockle gets eaten by a suitable host. The biological purpose of these two alternative cycles is evident. In the first cycle which is the primary one in evolution only worm-eating birds could be infected. Then the second cycle developed in which the cockle remained the only intermediate host. With this step bivalve-eating birds can be infected, too. From the fact thatG. choledochus is not yet adapted very well to Anatids can be seen that the shortened winter cycle is the younger one. Though eating much more bivalves than do gulls or waders less trematodes develope in Anatids and most of them do not become adult but remain small and immature.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Während zweier Reisen nach Ostafrika wurden freilebende Populationen zweier Paradieswitwenarten(Steganura paradisaea undSt. obtusa) und der Strohwitwe(Tetraenura fischeri) an drei Stellen in Tanzania (Nord-Paré-Berge, Mikumi National Park, Iringa) beobachtet. Alle drei Arten besiedeln das jeweilige Verbreitungsgebiet ihrer Wirtsvögel in größeren oder kleineren Populationen von kolonieartigem Charakter. Diese Kolonien können weit zerstreut liegen. Weite Gebiete, in denen die zugehörigen Wirtsvögel häufig sind, wurden von den Witwen nicht besiedelt. Die Männchen vonSteganura paradisaea verteidigen tagsüber große Reviere, aus denen jeder männliche Artgenosse vertrieben wird. Zum Imponierflug steigt das Männchen mit gleichmäßig schnellen Flügelschlägen 20–100 m in die Luft und streicht dann geradlinig, in stark verlangsamtem Flug weite Strecken zurücklegend, über dem Revier dahin. Überfliegt ein Rivale das Revier, so steigt das Männchen auf, setzt sich unter ihn und begleitet ihn bis zur Reviergrenze. Während der Brutzeit des Jahres 1966 waren in dem Wohngebiet einerSteganura-para-disaea-Population von 15 Nestern des Wirtsvogels(Pytilia melba) 13 mit Eiern oder Jungvögeln jener Art belegt (86,7 %). Im gleichen Gebiet waren 1969 von 36 Nestern des Wirtes 34 parasitiert (94,5 %). Kurz vor Sonnenuntergang versammeln sich Männchen und Weibchen einer Population zur abendlichen „Schwarmstunde“. Die Vögel fliegen im Schwarmverband und gehen gemeinsam auf Nahrungssuche. Die Aggressivität der tagsüber streng territorialen Männchen ist während der Schwarmstunde stark herabgesetzt. Im Gebiet der nördlichen Paré-Berge leben zwei Formen des Buntastrild(kirki undpercivali) nebeneinander. Die dortige Paradieswitwenpopulation parasitiert jedoch nur eine dieser beiden(percivali). Die sich aus diesem Befund ergebenden Fragen werden diskutiert. Die Jungvögel vonSteganura paradisaea schlüpfen im allgemeinen früher und sind beim Schlupf größer als die Jungvögel des Wirtsvogels im gleichen Nest. Sie betteln ausdauernder und hartnäckiger und wachsen schneller heran als jene. Trotzdem konnte keine Benachteiligung der eigenen Jungen durch die brutpflegenden Buntastrilde festgestellt werden. Die jungen Paradieswitwen verlassen am 16. Lebenstage das Nest. In Gebieten, in denenSteganura paradisaea undSteganura obtusa nebeneinander leben, können sich die Reviere der Männchen beider Arten überschneiden.Steganura obtusa hat keinen Imponierflug; ein Rivalenbegleitflug konnte wegen der geringen Individuenzahl der beobachteten Population nicht festgestellt werden. Ein Männchen balzte eine Taube(Streptopelia spec.) an und versuchte mit ihr zu kopulieren. In der stationären Balz der beiden Paradieswitwenarten finden sich Elemente aus dem Funktionskreis der Jungenpflege. Das Männchen vonSteganura paradisaea kopiert, stark ritualisiert, einen bettelnden Jungvogel. Das Männchen vonSt. obtusa demonstriert dem Weibchen einen aktiven Fütterungsakt. Die stammesgeschichtliche Herkunft der Elemente und ihre Signalwirkung werden diskutiert. Verbreitung, Populationsdichte, Revierverhalten und Balz der Strohwitwe(Tetraenura fischeri) werden beschrieben. Während der Brutzeit des Jahres 1969 waren innerhalb einer Population des Wirtsvogels(Uraeginthus ianthinogaster) 11 von 15 Nestern durch die Strohwitwe parasitiert (73,3 %). Die junge Strohwitwe verläßt am 16. Lebenstage das Wirtsvogelnest.

Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Der Ortolan ist am Rande der westfälischen Bucht im wesentlichen abhängig von drei Landschaftsfaktoren: dunklem Sandboden (Plaggen-Esch), Getreidebau, massiertem Vorkommen der Stiel-Eiche(Quercus robur). 2. Seine Ankunft erfolgt hauptsächlich in der letzten Aprildekade, truppweise oder einzeln, und zieht sich bis Mitte Mai hin. Die ersten ♂♂ können bis zu 8 Tage vor den frühesten ♀♀ beobachtet werden. 3. Zusammenhänge zwischen Landschaftsstruktur und Revierverhalten werden erörtert. Reviergrößen betrugen in einigen Fällen 2–3 ha. Ortstreue ist bis zu 4 Jahren nachgewiesen (1 ♂). 4. Der Lokaltyp des Reviergesanges wird kurz beschrieben. Unterschieden werden Vollgesang und Subsong. Weitere Angaben über den Gesang beeinflussende Faktoren, seine Tages-und Jahresperiodik. 5. Eine Flugweise von geringem Ritualisierungsgrad, jedoch mit charakteristischer Sonder-strophe, wird als „Schauflug“ beschrieben und stellt wahrscheinlich einen Territorialflug dar. 6. Weitere der Revierbehauptung dienenden Flugweisen werden als „Revier-Hüpfflug“ und „Revier-Rundflug“ beschrieben. 7. Rivalisierende ♂♂ zeigen „Verfolgungsflüge“ oder „Verfolgungsjagden“. Beschrieben werden außerdem Drohen (mit Schwanzspreizen), Kampf und Beschwichtigung (Flügelzittern, Aufforderungshaltung etc.). 8. Wichtigste Formen des Balzverhaltens sind Halmbalz, Schnabel-hoch-Balzstellung des ♂, Flügelzittern und Nistplatzflug. 9. Der Nestbau erfolgt durch das ♀ allein; vielfach begleitet das ♂. Das Nest wird in (2–)3 Tagen fertiggestellt. 10. Bis auf eine Ausnahme (Kartoffelfeld) standen alle Nester in Roggen oder Gemengegetreide. 11. Unterschieden werden kann bei den meisten Nestern ein grober Außenbau von einem feineren Mittel- und Innenteil. Allen Nestern fehlt ein eigentlicher Unterbau. Wurzeln (von Gramineen) sind das am häufigsten verwendete Material. 12. Es überwiegen bei weitem Gelege mit 5 Eiern (je 1 Fall mit 4 und 6). Vollgelege streuten über den Monat Mai mit Schwerpunkten in der mittleren und letzten Maidekade. 13. Die Eiablage begann 1–2 Tage nach Fertigstellung des Nestes; sie erfolgte in Abständen von 1 Tag jeweils in den frühen Morgenstunden (ca. 5–7 Uhr). 14. In mindestens 2 Fällen begann die Bebrütung mit Ablage des vorletzten Eies. 15. Das arithmetische Mittel der Einzelbrütezeiten des ♀ (verschiedene Brutpaare, ohne witterungsbedingte Extreme) betrug 28,2 Minuten. 16. ♀♀ legten Brutpausen von $$\overline x = 7,56$$ Min. ein. Sie verbringen diese Pausen häufig in Begleitung des ♂. Brütende ♀♀ sitzen fest. Mehrere ♂♂ nächtigten im Getreide in Nestnähe. 17. Die Brutdauer betrug in zwei Fällen 11 bzw. 11–12 Tage. 18. Das Hudern beschränkt sich bei trockenem Wetter hauptsächlich auf den 1.–4. Nestlingstag. Hudernde ♀♀ verleiten gelegentlich. 19. Es füttern in der Regel beide Gatten; bei manchen Bruten ist jedoch — bis zum Auslaufen der Jungen — nur das ♀ beteiligt. 20. Die Zahl der Fütterungen steigerte sich von 4–8 Fütterungen/h in den ersten 6 Nestlingstagen bis zu 12–16 Fütterungen/h am 9. Nestlingstag. 21. Die Nestlingsnahrung bestand ausschließlich aus Insekten, in den ersten 6 Nestlingstagen vorzugsweise aus Raupen. 22. Anflüge zum Nest erfolgen meist von bestimmten Ästen der Anflugbäume aus. Nestfeinde werden durch 3 verschiedene Warnrufe angezeigt. Ein „Luftwarnruf“ scheint zu fehlen. 23. Die Nestlingsdauer betrug 9–10 Tage (3 Fälle). Nach dem Auslaufen zerstreuen sich die Jungen im Getreide und werden meist jeweils nur von einem Elternteil gefüttert. Etwa 4 Tage später sind sie flugfähig und wahrscheinlich selbständig. 24. Im Beobachtungszeitraum gab es stets nur eine Jahresbrut. Die Frage der Zweitbruten wird diskutiert. 25. ♂ ♂, die erfolgreich gebrütet haben, verstummen meist nach der Brut. Ledige ♂ ♂ singen z. T. noch im Juli in den Hackfruchtfeldern. Im Zeitraum von etwa Mitte Juli bis Mitte August halten sich fast alle Vögel extrem verborgen. Ab 2. Augustdekade werden wieder rufende und „Subsong“ singende Ortolane einzeln und in kleinen Verbänden auf den abgeernteten Feldern angetroffen. Der Abzug erfolgt wahrscheinlich in der letzten Augustdekade.

Notes: Summary Calculations are made for the components of the field for electrostatic models of a fixed charge and dipole square sheet. The contributions to the field in certain nonaxial positions indicate that the components of the fieldincrease as a function of distance until they reach amaximum where they thendecrease in the normal manner. In the axial position, the field decreases as a function of position confirming analyses described in previous articles of comparisons of axial symmetric charge and dipole fields.

Notes: Summary This example is provided so that non-theorists may see actual applications of the theory previously described. This study considered directly some of the components of Field Sparrow breeding success as a measure of habitat suitability, and found these to vary in a way which was inconsistent with hypotheses that territorial behavior either cues, or limits density. This study provides a valid example of how the problem can be approached and offers a first step in the eventual identification of the role of territorial behavior in the habitat distribution of a common species.

Notes: Summary This example is provided so that non-theorists may see actual applications of the theory previously described. The Dickcissel sex ratio is employed as an indirect index of suitability. A sex ratio index was found to be correlated positively with density. This is consistent with the hypothesis that territorial behavior in the males of this species limits their density. This study provides a valid example of how the problem can be approached and offers a first step in the eventual identification of the role of territorial behavior in the habitat distribution of a common species.

Notes: Abstract Houseflies kept under conditions of protein starvation and fed on metal-free sugar excrete Na and K in a ratio different from the intra-cellular ration; potassium excretion is negligible as compared to Na. This has been attributed partly to losses in blood Na and largely to retention of intra-cellular K. When K was injected into the circulation of houseflies it was completely eliminated from the blood within 6 minutes of injection by active transfer in muscle and perhaps nerve cells. It was then excreted and normal K level was restored 2 hours later.

Notes: Abstract A series of experiments were conducted to define temperature limits for puparial mortality. Median lethal temperatures and population tolerance were estimated for a variety of puparial ages and test conditions, including both single and repeated exposures. It is concluded that in the Zambezi Valley and middleveld of Rhodesia high temperatures may contribute to overall field mortality, but no such contribution would be expected from low temperatures experienced in puparial sites.

Notes: Abstract The distribution and biology of Tribolium castaneum Herbst on temperature gradients varying in steepness was studied. It was found that the distribution of adults, eggs and pupae differed markedly on a shallow (0.08° C per cm) and steep (0.23° C per cm) gradient. However, this was not the case for the egg to adult developmental period, survival and eclosion pattern of adults. Clearly, some difference between adult distributions, or egg distributions, in gradient environments does not necessarily result in a noteworthy difference in biology though this possibility is not precluded.

Notes: Abstract Stimulation of the segmental nerve bundle of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana caused a short increase in heartbeat rate of the isolated heart. The amount of rate increase was related sigmoidally to the stimulation frequency. Very low frequency stimulation of the segmental bundle caused initial slowing of the heartbeat rate. The cardio-accelerating property of cockroach blood and of lateral cardiac nerve cord extracts could not be compared with in vitro stimulation of the segmental nerve. The blood factor was heat-stable, dialyzable and did not withstand ashing. The factor was not a simple ion imbalance, and acted both on the cardiac neurons and the denervated myocardium by causing an increase in activity. The effect of the blood factor could be reproduced by assay of of low concentrations of a molecule with calcium-chelating properties. Since the cardio-acceleration had no specific site of action, and its effects could be reproduced by moleccules with calcium-chelating abilities, the so-called cardio-excitatory factors were considered artifacts until their actions are more clearly defined in vivo.

Notes: Abstract The influences of maternal age on egg hatchability in the laboratory, and on larval survival on host plants in the field of the European corn borer were studied. Maternal age had no effect on egg fertility, but the failure of fully developed embryos to hatch increased with the increase of the female's age. On host plants, the number of surviving larvae hatched from eggs laid by 2-day old moths was higher than those from eggs laid by 6-day old moths. But the influence of maternal age was apparent only during early larval life; it was not apparent in the later larval stages, possibly because the weaker larvae had been eliminated within the first few days after hatch. The maternal influence on larval survival was more pronounced among the young larvae living on a borer-resistant host than among those on a borer-susceptible host. The general implication of this observation is discussed.

Notes: Abstract It was found that ether extract of males and females of T. granarium contains a repellent substance active on T. castaneum. Statistical analysis of the response to concentrations varying from 10-7 to 100 beetles per cc, indicated a threshold response to female extract in the range of 10-4 to 10-3 beetles per cc. The response threshold to male extract was higher by two log units. The concentration that produced the maximal response to male extract was 3.1 beetles per cc and to female extract, 0.7 beetles per cc. It seemed that a greater quantity of the substance was excreted by females than by males. Comparing the two types of extracts (male or female), or extracts (either male or female) and solvent (control), or comparing the response of T. castaneum to live beetles (males and females of T. granarium), we found that repulsion was stronger from the female than from the male extract. With regard to the response and its intensity, the amount of pheromone excreted by live beetles is less than the quantity of pheromone extracted from the same number. The olfactory response of T. castaneum to the active substance varies as a function of time. For both sexes it ceases after 15 min, but the rate of response is more rapid to female (50% response after 0.8 min) than to male extract (3.3 min), and the level of response to female extract is higher for the whole duration of the experiment (up to 1.5 hrs). The behaviour of different-sized groups indicates topothigmotaxis as well as somatothigmotaxis in T. castaneum, both of which influence the intensity of the olfactory response. The fact that T. castaneum preyed on specimens of T. granarium only when the active substance had evaporated from their bodies (following death), suggests the possibility that the substance acts as a defensive one. The discussion shows that this material is not specific; nor is it a conventional sex-attractant. There is strong support for the hypothesis that it is a substance with a defensive rôle.

Notes: Abstract Emigrants of Hyalopterus pruni (flying outdoors) are attracted to colour plates in the range of orange-yellow-green with an optimum at yellow, but only when these colours are unsaturated tints — i.e. when they are mixed up with white lead. (Maximum alighting occurred at a reflection of about 35%, in the range of 320–460 nm). Leaf areas of Phragmites communis Tr. (9.5×9.5 cm) attracted twice as many landings as beet leaves (Beta vulgaris L.) From this it is concluded that a limited degree of alighting on a specific hostplant is caused by specific adaptation to the unsaturated colour of the hostplant, Phragmites. In contrast to H. pruni, Aphis fabae prefers the more saturated colours and Beta-leaf to those of Phragmites.

Notes: Abstract Implantation of corpora allata early in the fifth instar of female larvae of Locusta migratoria results in a faster development both during the last instar and the adult somatic growth period. The adult locusts attain a significantly higher maximum wet weight. The increase in dry weight, however, is smaller than in control insects. So the high titer of corpus allatum hormone results in a considerably higher water content. In CA-implanted locusts the growth of the indirect dorsal longitudinal flight muscles is inhibited and the protein content is lower as compared with control specimens. Especially the differentiation of these muscles is strongly inhibited. A hypothesis for a regulation of the indirect flight muscle development by the changing titer of the corpus allatum hormone is proposed. During the second part of the adult period investigated the high titer of the corpus allatum hormone strongly diminishes the growth of the fat body, but the protein content is not altered in comparison with the normal developing fat body. The data reveal that the influence of an induced high titer of corpus allatum hormone on protein metabolism in the flight muscles is different from that in the fat body.

Notes: Abstract Wide variations in total soluble nitrogen occurred in different leaves of Brussels sprout plants. These variations were partly the result of leaf age (leaf position) and partly the result of different fertiliser application to the plants. The fecundity of Brevicoryne brassicae and Myzus persicae caged on such leaves also varied greatly and was correlated with total soluble nitrogen within leaves of the same age, but not between leaves of different ages. The value of total soluble nitrogen concentrations, based on analysis of leaf tissue, for indicating plant suitability for aphids is discussed as well as the difference in response of the two aphid species to experimental conditions favouring proteolysis in the leaf.

Notes: Abstract The duration of the teneral stage in M. persicae was closely related to temperature, but experiments involving the reciprocal transfer of newly moulted alatae reared on bean or chinese cabbage to leaves of the other host plant, or to dry filter paper, showed that it was also influenced both by the environmental conditions in which the aphids were reared and by the surface on which they were placed at the final moult.

Notes: Abstract Mosquito populations in southern England were sampled by animal baited, carbon dioxide and light traps. Cylindrical traps baited with rabbits caught both zoophilous and ornithophilous species, but very few individuals were caught when they were baited with chickens. Direct bait catches, however, showed that ornithophilous species were not attracted to rabbits outside traps. Many more species were caught in Trinidad traps baited with dry ice than in cylindrical traps. A New Jersey light trap caught unfed females and males of a few species, many common species were not attracted to light.

Notes: Abstract The growth curve, nucleic acid and protein content of the various life stages of Aedes aegypti were studied. The larvae of this mosquito were treated with sterilizing doses of the chemosterilants apholate and hempa, and their effects on the above parameters were also investigated. The body-weight increased gradually in the earlier instars and showed a sharp rise from late-fourth instar to the pupa. Adults weighed less than the pupae. Females weighed more than the males. In the controls, DNA and RNA content generally followed the growth curve. RNA content was more than DNA up to the late-fourth instar and the ratio reversed in the later stages. Protein content also followed the growth curve except in adult female, where it was more than in the pupa. In general the treatment with the chemosterilants, apholate and hempa did not seem to alter RNA, DNA and protein content in the whole insect.

Notes: Abstract The respiration of larvae of Tenebroides mauritanicus exposed to reduced pressures in air was measured in a specially designed chamber by means of gas chromatography. Both O2 uptake and CO2 output were progressively reduced as the pressure was lowered from 200 to 35 mm Hg. There were differences in the amounts of gases exchanged when the insects were exposed under dry or moist conditions. When expired CO2 was allowed to accumulate, in some experiments it had a marked stimulating effect on O2 uptake between 60 and 200 mm. The respiratory quotient at the various pressures was calculated and the values found under different conditions of pressure and moisture are discussed.

Notes: Abstract Extracellular electrophysiological recording from olfactory receptors in the antennae of tobacco hornworm larvae (Manduca sexta (Johan.)) has revealed that cells respond differentially to different odors by changing latency, rate of increase of frequency of firing, rate of adaptation, and alternation of frequency increase and decrease. The resulting temporal patterns of spike activity could function as a code to allow for discrimination among various plant odors.

Notes: Abstract Starved desert locust ‘hoppers’ respond to wind-borne grass odour by turning and moving upwind toward the odour source. The conclusion from previous work, that this orientation reaction depends on unequal olfactory stimulation of the two antennae (osmotropotaxis), has been re-examined in further experiments. “Agitating” hoppers, by handling them singly or by tumbling a crowd of them together just before releasing them in a wind tunnel, induced rapid upwind movement by both starved and fed hoppers even in the absence of grass odour. Repeated agitation led to increasing locomotor excitability accompanied by increasing upwind bias. Bilateral antennectomy depressed activity, but agitated antennaless hoppers also moved upwind with an without grass odour, provided they were very starved. Vaselining or amputating one antenna, or fixing the two antennae in a crossed-over position, impaired but did not prevent upwind-orientated movement in response to grass odour. It is concluded that the normal upwind movement in response to grass odour is not osmotropotaxis but anemotaxis: the grass odour activates the insects and at the same time switches on their positive orientation reaction to the wind itself. A “repellent” odour also activates the insects and induces anemotaxis, which is now negative. Thus a variety of stimuli which excite locomotor activity simultaneously switch on anemotaxis, either positive or negative.

Notes: Abstract Even the odors of many non-hostplant leaves have a phagostimulative function besides attraction for the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Consequently, the odor by itself emanating from any plant leaves can not give a significant cue for discriminating acceptable plants from non-acceptable ones. Finding of plant leaves from a certain distance and stimulation of feeding by odors were achieved through the functions of olfactory receptors in the antenna and maxillary palpus, respectively. The sugar and inositol receptors in the lateral hair and the bitter-substance receptor in the medial hair on the maxilla play relatively important roles in the response to various plant juices. The response pattern of these three receptors roughly correlates with the feeding response. The maxillary palpus has chemoreceptors which are sensitive to some olfactory and gustatory stimulants such as n-butyl propionate, morin, β-sitosterol, etc. and in addition, it exerts an inhibitory influence upon feeding unless the amount of feeding stimulants in the diet reaches a certain sufficient level. In addition to synergistic interactions at the receptor sites, which were previously reported for the responses of the bitter-substance and salt receptors in the maxilla, antagonistic interactions were also observed. Some constituent occurring in Artemisia vulgaris leaves, of which the active principle was not identified chemically, was found to inhibit specifically the maxillary sugar receptor activity. The feeding response is influenced considerably by the amounts or ratios of the feeding stimulants. Accordingly, synergistic or antagonistic interaction of the mixture of chemical stimuli, rather than individual stimuli, is a significant determinant of the palatability of the diet. Compared with Hyphantria cunea, the feeding behavior of Bombyx is characterized especially by the high sensitivities for many kinds of feeding deterrents associated with various non-hostplants.

Notes: Abstract The effects of some chemical substances on feeding response were studied in the larvae of Pieris brassicae L. Some synergistic effects between feeding stimulants were found. The larvae appeared to be highly sensitive to deterrents. In the medial sensillum styloconicum of the maxillae a chemoreceptor is present which is stimulated by a wide range of specific feeding inhibitors among which many belong to the alkaloids. Some physiological properties of the deterrent sensitive receptor are given and its significance in food selection behaviour is discussed.

Notes: Abstract Most sucking bugs secrete a salivary phenolase, at least some together with a diphenolic substrate. No function for this system has yet been demonstrated, but phytopathological fungi also secrete phenolases, and there is evidence that attacks both by sedentary insects and by fungi stimulate a defence mechanism in plants based on the oxidation of phenols to quinones. Details of the interaction are uncertain, but it seems possible that some of the toxic reactions of plants to the feeding of sucking insects are similar biochemically to the toxic or hypersensitive reactions of plants to invading fungi. Insect galls are classically associated with “tannins”, and phenols have been implicated particularly in the resistance of plants to cecidogenic insects such as the grape phylloxera and the woolly aphis. It is suggested that the production of quinones by the oxidation of phenols was evolved by plants as a non-specific mechanism that resists invading organisms, and that the further oxidation of the quinones to non-toxic polymers is a means by which some invading organisms have overcome this resistance. Stimulation of the growth of some of the plant's cells as a by-product of the interaction is biochemically possible and is suggested as an explanation of how cecidogenesis by insects has evolved.

Notes: Abstract Digestibility and nutrient composition of foodstuffs, be they plant or not, and the nutritional requirements of insects vary. The qualitative nutritional requirements among insects are quite similar. Therefore, qualities of foodstuff as measured by its ability to promote or support growth, etc. depend on how well the nutrient composition of foodstuff made available by digestion fits the nutritional requirements of the insect. This is better seen using synthetic diets rather than plants. From such investigations it is found that, provided all essential nutrients are present, the proportions of essential nutrients in a foodstuff contribute more to nutritional quality than do the absolute amounts of nutrients. Thus, nutrient balance per se can affect: rate of food consumption and efficient utilization; parasites with respect to host food; rate of growth and development as such, and with respect to temperature; and food selection in an insect.

Notes: Abstract Studies of nutritional requirements of phytophagous insects have led to the general opinion that these requirements are qualitatively more or less similar, but quantitatively vary widely according to the species. This implies that certain combinations of non-specific nutritive substances, such as in artificial diets, can in principle support growth of insects, provided that the same dietary constituents also elicit feeding in the insects. An artificial diet composed of ordinary nutritive substances evokes feeding in newly hatched larvae of the oligophagous Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, which, however, grow only moderately on it. Improved growth can be achieved by the application of high temperature treatment to the diet, viz. by autoclaving. The same type of diet treated in the same way supports growth of Pieris brassicae (L.). Both species can be reared non-aseptically on an artificial diet without the aid of crude plant material or plant extracts for two generations. This finding may confirm the above-mentioned principles.

Notes: Abstract Polymorphism in aphids is the general rule. The occurrence and succession of their different morphs in nature has been related to numerous factors. Whereas some of these factors may already influence the morph of the generation exposed to them, others express themselves only in subsequent generations. Major, and sometimes exclusive, importance has been attached to environmental temperature and daylength acting directly on the aphids to induce the production of sexual morphs, and to interactions between aphids in the development of winged individuals or in the production of alate progeny. Although various physiological conditions of the hostplants of aphids have for decades been implicated in the development of winged populations, unequivocal evidence that hostplants do play a role in morph determination has not until recently been obtained. Evidence that dietary factors are indeed involved is currently being obtained by using chemically defined artificial diets. Although non-dietary factors may largely determine which of several genetically possible morphs predominantly express themselves, it is now quite clear from the studies to be reported that dietary factors can have a modifying and sometimes even a dominant effect on the processes affecting the morphological expression of aphids.

Notes: Abstract Certain plants contain substances with insect hormone like activity. These hormone analogues may influence insect-plant interactions like some other factors such as nutritional requirements, chemoreception, toxicity, etc. Experimental evidence indicates that an external supply of the hormonal substances, which comes from the plant without respect to the physiological control mechanisms, disturbs the precise synchronization of insect development and leads to the appearance of malformed creatures unable to survive and reproduce. We distinguish two types of hormonally active plant substances; a) Those with insect juvenile hormone activity, which are mainly aliphatic or monocyclic sesquiterpenes of farnesane or bisabolane types, and b) Substances with moulting hormone activity, which are polyhydroxy-steroid compounds related to ecdysone. The isoprenoid compounds with juvenile hormone activity occur in various plants. One of the most common ecdysone analogues of plant origin seems to be the 20-hydroxy ecdysone or ecdysterone. Hormonal activity of the plant substances is similar to, or higher than that of ecdysone. Whole series of ecdysone analogues have been isolated from various unrelated plants. In some cases they occur in extremely large quantities.There are some indications that they do act when fed in the diet. Plants which are known to contain analogues of insect hormones are more or less resistant, especially against susceptible insects. It does not seem impossible that certain plants have interacted in their evolution with insect feeders by using hormonomimetic materials — a method which we have not appreciated until now.

Notes: Summary Engineering Geological Problems During the Foundation of the Biggetal Power Plant on Karstified Devonian Reef Limestones in the Sauerland, and Their Solution In the northern foundation of the powerstation of the Biggetalsperre in Sauerland inclined marly slate with intercalated parts of reef knolls of different distribution is existing. These marly slate shows partly heavy decalcification. But the reef knolls exclusively were cavernous. The corner of an essential part of the powerstation was situated above a collapsed underground karstbridge, now filled with gravel. Therefore this part was constructed with cantilever and the weight had to be borne by the noncavernous rock neighboured in the south. The appearance of karstificated reef knolls without any preferred orientation seemed to be a danger for the stability of the rock in the south, that had to bear the total weight of the construction. This danger existed also in undercutting the solid rock. Beyond it the strata fell in the direction of the karst holes and therefore some sedimentary complexes of this rock incline to sliding. To prevent this a systematic injection program was started, the injection material consisting of 70% cement, 25% sand and 5% bentonite. The most important conclusions for construction in rock are that it is necessary to distinguish between the karstification of homogeneous limestone and rock with reefknollfacies. To obtain a solid foundation in such rock sufficient geological investigations are necessary. A tight teamwork between geologists and engineers during the planning period and the time of construction is as neccessary as to accomodate the construction on the speciality of karst.

Notes: Summary Determination of Stress in Rock with Linear or Non-Linear Elastic Characteristics A non-linear law of elasticity is proposed in which each principal stress is expressed as the summation of two series, one a function of the dilatory (hydrostatic) or octahedral normal strain and the other of the deviatory or octahedral shear strain. The constants in the series can be obtained from a simple uniaxial compression or tension test on the material. These expressions can be used to determine the stress from strain readings in rock having non-linear stress-strain characteristics and the application of these expressions when using the CSIR triaxial strain cell in such rock is demonstrated.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Gefügeanalytische Untersuchungen in Massengesteinen und ihre Bedeutung für die Lösung felsmechanischer Probleme Korngefügeanalytische Untersuchungen in Massengesteinen gestatten es, die freiäugig nicht erkennbare, felsmechanisch jedoch recht wirksame Regelung dieser Gesteine zu erfassen und für die Lösung felsmechanischer Probleme zu nutzen. Rückschlüsse auf Restspannungszustände sind möglich.

Notes: Résumé Araucaria cookii donne les premières bisflavones optiquement actives de la série des amentoflavones. Une analyse complète des spectra de RNM des substances de cette série a été faite. Les déplacements méthoxyliques induits par le solvant s'ajoutent aux résultats de l'analyse de RNM et les confirment.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe von 5-Bromuracil wurde die prinzipielle Fähigkeit vonEscherichia coli 15 arg− t − u −, Basenanaloge des Pyrimidins für die Synthese ihrer Nukleinsäuren zu verwenden, gezeigt. Ein Einbau der Triazinverbindungen Atrazin und Prometryn in die Nukleinsäuren vonE. coli 15 arg− t − u − findet nicht statt, unabhängig, ob die Mikroorganismen in komplettem oder Basen-defizitärem Nährmedium wuchsen.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach In-vitro-Inkubation von Nebennierenschnitten eines Rhesusaffen mit 1-14C-acetyl-CoA und 7 α-3H-Pregnenolon konnte man Pregnenolon, DHEA und Progesteron isolieren, die alle sowohl3H-als auch14C-Aktivität enthielten. Es ergaben sich Hinweise für verschiedene Biosynthesewege für Pregnenolon und DHEA.

Notes: Résumé Les auteurs montrent qu'il n'existe pas d'inter-férences et de réaction croisée entre la thyréostimuline et l'hormone placentaire, la HCSM (human chorionic somato-mammotropine hormone) lors des déterminations respectives de ces hormones par test radioimmunologique. L'HCSM n'est donc pas responsable de l'augmentation de la TSH plasmatique observée au cours de la grossesse.

Notes: Summary Application of ACh on the isolated perfused retina of the frog elicited spikes of the optic nerve. The extent of this spike activity depended on the amount of ACh applied. The retinal response to ACh was varied by prostigmine and atropine as expected by their pharmacological properties. From these experiments it cannot be concluded that ACh is acting on the synapses of the firing ganglion cells directly.

Notes: Riassunto In questo lavoro vengono riportati dati numerici e morfologici sul cariotipo di diverse specie di Pesci Teleostei (Tinca tinca, Carassius auratus, C. carassius, Scardinius erythrophtalmus, Anguilla anguilla), ottenuti mediante culture in vitro.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Beim amerikanischen WelsMystus vittatus (Bloch) wurde festgestellt, dass die Radiojodaufnahme der Schilddrüse nach Hypophysektomie durch Cortison und Sexualhormone wieder normalisiert werden kann.

Notes: Résumé L'apparition de caractères mâles localisés à la tête et à la nuque a été observée chez des poules génétiquement femelles après des applications successives de thymidine tritiée pendant la période de l'ovogenèse.

Notes: Résumé La présence d'un ganglion cardiaque a été recherchée chez des araignées par une étude histologique. Dans 11 familles, un ganglion cardiaque a été mis en évidence dans la région dorsale moyenne de la surface externe du cœur. La présence régulière d'un ganglion dans les familles étudiées indique qu'il existe très probablement chez toutes les araignées.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Ladungen, eine Folge der Karboxylgruppen an Zellophanmembranen, können durch Methylierung entfernt werden. So behandelte Membranen zeigen eine beträchtliche Verminderung ihrer Elektroendosmosis und sind daher für Multimembranelektrodekantation sehr geeignet.