ALBERT

All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

X
feed icon rss

Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
Filter
  • Articles  (16,122)
  • Elsevier  (10,037)
  • National Academy of Sciences  (3,915)
  • Oxford University Press  (1,747)
  • Annual Reviews  (423)
  • International Union of Crystallography
  • 2020-2023
  • 2000-2004  (13,602)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (2,520)
  • 1935-1939
  • 1925-1929
  • 2004  (13,602)
  • 1969  (2,520)
  • Medicine  (16,122)
Collection
  • Articles  (16,122)
Source
Publisher
Years
  • 2020-2023
  • 2000-2004  (13,602)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (2,520)
  • 1935-1939
    • +
Year
Journal
Topic
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    UNRAVELING THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN MOTOR NEURON DEGENERATION IN ALS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 27 (2004), S. 723-749 
    Details
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Although Charcot described amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) more than 130 years ago, the mechanism underlying the characteristic selective degeneration and death of motor neurons in this common adult motor neuron disease has remained a mystery. There is no effective remedy for this progressive, fatal disorder. Modern genetics has now identified mutations in one gene [Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1)] as a primary cause and implicated others [encoding neurofilaments, cytoplasmic dynein and its processivity factor dynactin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)] as contributors to, or causes of, motor neuron diseases. These insights have enabled development of model systems to test hypotheses of disease mechanism and potential therapies. Along with errors in the handling of synaptic glutamate and the potential excitotoxic response this provokes, these model systems highlight the involvement of nonneuronal cells in disease progression and provide new therapeutic strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144244
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MAPS IN THE BRAIN: What Can We Learn from Them? (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 27 (2004), S. 369-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In mammalian visual cortex, neurons are organized according to their functional properties into multiple maps such as retinotopic, ocular dominance, orientation preference, direction of motion, and others. What determines the organization of cortical maps? We argue that cortical maps reflect neuronal connectivity in intracortical circuits. Because connecting distant neurons requires costly wiring (i.e., axons and dendrites), there is an evolutionary pressure to place connected neurons as close to each other as possible. Then, cortical maps may be viewed as solutions that minimize wiring cost for given intracortical connectivity. These solutions can help us in inferring intracortical connectivity and, ultimately, in understanding the function of the visual system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144226
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OXIDATIVE STRESS, TOXICOLOGY, AND PHARMACOLOGY OF CYP2E1 * (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 44 (2004), S. 27-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This review describes some of the biochemical and toxicological properties of CYP2E1, especially as it relates to alcohol metabolism and toxicity and the establishment of human hepatoma HepG2 cell lines that overexpress human CYP2E1. Ethanol, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and iron were found to be cytotoxic in HepG2 cells that overexpress CYP2E1. GSH appears to be essential in protecting HepG2 cells against the CYP2E1-dependent cytotoxicity, and GSH levels were elevated owing to a twofold increase in activity and expression of glutamate cysteine ligase. We suggest that this up-regulation of GSH synthesis was an adaptive response to attenuate CYP2E1-dependent oxidative stress and toxicity. Induction of a state of oxidative stress appears to play a central role in the CYP2E1-dependent cytotoxicity. Mitochondrial membrane potential decreased in the CYP2E1-expressing HepG2 cells, and this decrease shared similar characteristics with the developing toxicity. Alcohol-dependent liver injury is likely to be a multifactorial process involving several mechanisms. We believe that the linkage between CYP2E1-dependent oxidative stress, mitochondrial injury, and GSH homeostasis contribute to the toxic actions of ethanol on the liver.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121704
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE INTEGRATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS: Understanding Dose-Response (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 44 (2004), S. 111-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) studies have proven to be powerful and instructive tools, particularly in elucidating important aspects of human pharmacology. Nevertheless, they remain imperfect tools in that they only allow researchers to indirectly extrapolate, through computational modeling, the dynamic processes of drug action. Furthermore, neither tool alone provides a complete nor necessarily relevant picture of drug action. This review explores the utility and applications of PK and PD in the study of drugs, provides examples of lessons learned from their application to studies of human pharmacology, points out some of their limitations, and advances the thesis that these tools ideally should be employed together in an integrated approach. As we continue to apply these tools across the continuum of age and disease, they provide a powerful means to enhance our understanding of drug action, drug interactions, and intrinsic host factors that influence pharmacologic response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121347
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN CARCINOGENESIS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 44 (2004), S. 239-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chemical carcinogenesis follows a multistep process involving both mutation and increased cell proliferation. Oxidative stress can occur through overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species through either endogenous or exogenous insults. Important to carcinogenesis, the unregulated or prolonged production of cellular oxidants has been linked to mutation (induced by oxidant-induced DNA damage), as well as modification of gene expression. In particular, signal transduction pathways, including AP-1 and NFkappaB, are known to be activated by reactive oxygen species, and they lead to the transcription of genes involved in cell growth regulatory pathways. This review examines the evidence of cellular oxidants' involvement in the carcinogenesis process, and focuses on the mechanisms for production, cellular damage produced, and the role of signaling cascades by reactive oxygen species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121851
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE ROLE OF CALPAIN IN ONCOTIC CELL DEATH (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 44 (2004), S. 349-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Numerous lines of evidence demonstrate that calpains, a family of 14 Ca2+-activated neutral cysteine proteases, are involved in oncotic cell death in a variety of models. At this time, the biochemistry of most calpains and the specific roles of different calpains in physiology and pathology remain to be determined. A number of calpain substrates have been identified in cellular systems, including cytoskeletal proteins, and recent studies suggest that calpains mediate the increase in plasma membrane permeability to ions and the progressive breakdown of the plasma membrane observed in oncosis through the proteolysis of cystokeletal and plasma membrane proteins. Further, a number of reports provide evidence that the mitochondrial dysfunction observed in oncosis may be mediated by a mitochondrial calpain of unknown identity. Finally, a number of diverse calpain inhibitors have been developed that show cytoprotective properties in cellular systems and in vivo following diverse insults. It is suggested that future research be directed toward elucidation of the role(s) of specific calpain isozymes in physiological and pathological conditions; identifying and linking specific calpain substrates with altered cellular functions; and developing cell-permeable, potent, isozyme-selective calpain inhibitors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121804
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ANALYSIS OF GABAA RECEPTOR FUNCTION AND DISSECTION OF THE PHARMACOLOGY OF BENZODIAZEPINES AND GENERAL ANESTHETICS THROUGH MOUSE GENETICS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 44 (2004), S. 475-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: GABAA receptors are molecular substrates for the regulation of vigilance, anxiety, muscle tension, epileptogenic activity, and memory functions, and the enhancement of GABAA receptor-mediated fast synaptic inhibition is the basis for the pharmacotherapy of various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Two kinds of GABAA receptor-targeted mutant mice have been generated: (a) knockout mice that lack individual GABAA receptor subunits (alpha1, alpha5, alpha6, beta2, beta3, gamma2, delta, and rho1) and (b) knockin mice that carry point mutations affecting the action of modulatory drugs [alpha1(H101R), alpha2(H101R), alpha3(H126R), alpha5(H105R), and beta3(N265M)]. Whereas the knockout mice have provided information primarily with respect to the regulation of subunit gene transcription, receptor assembly, and some physiological functions of individual receptor subtypes, the point-mutated knockin mice in which specific GABAA receptor subtypes are insensitive to diazepam or some general anesthetics have revealed the specific contribution of individual receptor subtypes to the pharmacological spectrum of diazepam and general anesthetics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121429
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MEMBRANE TRAFFICKING OF G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 44 (2004), S. 559-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) modulate diverse physiological and behavioral signaling pathways by virtue of changes in receptor activation and inactivation states. Functional changes in receptor properties include dynamic interactions with regulatory molecules and trafficking to various cellular compartments at various stages of the life cycle of a GPCR. This review focuses on trafficking of GPCRs to the cell surface, stabilization there, and agonist-regulated turnover. GPCR interactions with a variety of newly revealed partners also are reviewed with the intention of provoking further analysis of the relevance of these interactions in GPCR trafficking, signaling, or both. The disease consequences of mislocalization of GPCRs also are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121558
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PREDICTING HUMAN DRUG GLUCURONIDATION PARAMETERS: Application of In Vitro and In Silico Modeling Approaches (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 44 (2004), S. 1-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cytochrome P450 (CYP) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), which both exist as enzyme "superfamilies," are together responsible for the metabolism of most hepatically cleared drugs. There is currently intense interest in the development of techniques that permit identification of the CYP and UGT isoform(s) involved in the metabolism of a newly discovered drug, and hence prediction of factors likely to alter elimination in vivo. In addition, the quantitative scaling of kinetic parameters for a metabolic pathway assumes importance for identifying newly discovered drugs with undesirable in vivo pharmacokinetic properties. Although qualitative and quantitative in vitro-in vivo correlation based on data generated using human liver tissue or recombinant enzymes have been applied successfully to many drugs eliminated by CYP, these strategies have proved less definitive for glucuronidated compounds. Computational (in silico) modeling techniques that potentially provide a facile and economic alternative to the in vitro methods are now emerging. This review assesses the utility of in vitro and in silico approaches for the qualitative and quantitative prediction of drug glucuronidation parameters and the challenges facing the development of generalizable models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121546
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROPATHOLOGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 44 (2004), S. 87-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The developing central nervous system (CNS) is more vulnerable to injury than the adult one. Although a great deal of research has been devoted to subtle effects of developmental exposure, such as neurobehavioral changes, this review instead focuses on a number of chemicals that have been shown, in several experimental models as well as humans, to cause morphological changes in the developing nervous system. Chemicals that are discussed include methylmercury (MeHg), lead (Pb), antiepileptic drugs, and ethanol. Additionally, the issue of silent neurotoxicity, i.e., persistent morphological and/or biochemical injury that remains clinically unapparent until later in life, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121424
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ERBB RECEPTORS: Directing Key Signaling Networks Throughout Life (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 44 (2004), S. 195-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The epidermal growth factor (EGF)-related peptides bind the ErbB receptors, inducing the formation of different homo- and heterodimers. Receptor dimerization promotes activation of the intrinsic kinase, leading to phosphorylation of specific tyrosines located in the ErbB's cytoplasmic region. These phosphorylated residues serve as docking sites for a variety of signaling molecules whose recruitment stimulates intracellular signaling cascades, which ultimately control diverse genetic programs. Particular ligand-receptor complexes have essential roles in embryonic development as well as in the adult. Finally, ErbB receptors are being pursued as therapeutic targets because aberrant ErbB activity has been observed in many human cancers. In this review, we discuss these data in more detail, illustrating the importance of tightly regulated ErbB signaling throughout life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121440
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PROTEIN SULFENIC ACIDS IN REDOX SIGNALING (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 44 (2004), S. 325-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reactive (low pKa) cysteine residues in proteins are critical components in redox signaling. A particularly reactive and versatile reversibly oxidized form of cysteine, the sulfenic acid (Cys-SOH), has important roles as a catalytic center in enzymes and as a sensor of oxidative and nitrosative stress in enzymes and transcriptional regulators. Depending on environment, sometimes the sulfenic acid provides a metastable oxidized form, and other times it is a fleeting intermediate giving rise to more stable disulfide, sulfinic acid, or sulfenyl-amide forms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121735
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NEUROGENESIS IN THE ADULT BRAIN: New Strategies for Central Nervous System Diseases (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 44 (2004), S. 399-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New cells are continuously generated from immature proliferating cells throughout adulthood in many organs, thereby contributing to the integrity of the tissue under physiological conditions and to repair following injury. In contrast, repair mechanisms in the adult central nervous system (CNS) have long been thought to be very limited. However, recent findings have clearly demonstrated that in restricted areas of the mammalian brain, new functional neurons are constantly generated from neural stem cells throughout life. Moreover, stem cells with the potential to give rise to new neurons reside in many different regions of the adult CNS. These findings raise the possibility that endogenous neural stem cells can be mobilized to replace dying neurons in neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, recent reports have provided evidence that, in some injury models, limited neuronal replacement occurs in the CNS. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms controlling adult neurogenesis and discuss their implications for the development of new strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121631
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SEX DIFFERENCES IN PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 44 (2004), S. 499-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The importance of reviewing and studying sex-based differences in pharmacologic parameters is demonstrated by the increasing data on gender variation in drug efficacy and toxicity profiles. Sex-based differences in the four major factors that contribute to interindividual pharmacokinetic variability-bioavailability, distribution, metabolism, and elimination-are theorized to stem from variations between men and women in factors such as body weight, plasma volume, gastric emptying time, plasma protein levels, cytochrome P450 activity, drug transporter function, and excretion activity. Sex-determined variations in pharmacodynamics have traditionally been more difficult to study, but a number of recent studies have explored these differences. This review examines the biologic basis of differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics between the sexes and summarizes studies that have addressed these differences. As an example, sex-based variation in the efficacy and toxicity of antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients is explored more thoroughly to illustrate some of the factors underlying sex-based differences in drug therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121453
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CRF AND CRF RECEPTORS: Role in Stress Responsivity and Other Behaviors (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 44 (2004), S. 525-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Since corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) was first characterized, a growing family of ligands and receptors has evolved. The mammalian family members include CRF, urocortinI (UcnI), UcnII, and UcnIII, along with two receptors, CRFR1 and CRFR2, and a CRF binding protein. These family members differ in their tissue distribution and pharmacology. Studies have provided evidence supporting an important role of this family in regulation of the endocrine and behavioral responses to stress. Although CRF appears to play a stimulatory role in stress responsivity through activation of CRFR1, specific actions of UcnII and UcnIII on CRFR2 may be important for dampening stress sensitivity. As the only ligand with high affinity for both receptors, UcnI's role may be promiscuous. Regulation of the relative contribution of the two CRF receptors to brain CRF pathways may be essential in coordinating physiological responses to stress. The development of disorders related to heightened stress sensitivity and dysregulation of stress-coping mechanisms appears to involve regulatory mechanisms of CRF family members.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121410
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cancer Chemotherapy (1969)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 9 (1969), S. 51-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.09.040169.000411
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adrenergic Mechanisms (1969)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 9 (1969), S. 119-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.09.040169.001003
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 118
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological and Pharmacological Aspects of the Paltelet (1969)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 9 (1969), S. 95-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.09.040169.000523
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 119
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Central Synaptic Transmission-Microelectrophoretic Studies (1969)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 9 (1969), S. 209-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.09.040169.001233
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 120
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxicology of Ethanol (1969)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 9 (1969), S. 379-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.09.040169.002115
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 121
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The BCR-ABL Story: Bench to Bedside and Back (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 247-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The twenty-first century is beginning with a sharp turn in the field of cancer therapy. Molecular targeted therapies against specific oncogenic events are now possible. The BCR-ABL story represents a notable example of how research from the fields of cytogenetics, retroviral oncology, protein phosphorylation, and small molecule chemical inhibitors can lead to the development of a successful molecular targeted therapy. Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, STI571, or CP57148B) is a direct inhibitor of ABL (ABL1), ARG (ABL2), KIT, and PDGFR tyrosine kinases. This drug has had a major impact on the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) as well as other blood neoplasias and solid tumors with etiologies based on activation of these tyrosine kinases. Analysis of CML patients resistant to BCR-ABL suppression by Imatinib mesylate coupled with the crystallographic structure of ABL complexed to this inhibitor have shown how structural mutations in ABL can circumvent an otherwise potent anticancer drug. The successes and limitations of Imatinib mesylate hold general lessons for the development of alternative molecular targeted therapies in oncology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104753
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 122
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunological Memory to Viral Infections1 (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 711-743 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The purpose of immunological memory is to protect the host from reinfection, to control persistent infections, and, through maternal antibody, to protect the host's immunologically immature offspring from primary infections. Immunological memory is an exclusive property of the acquired immune system, where in the presence of CD4 T cell help, T cells and B cells clonally expand and differentiate to provide effector systems that protect the host from pathogens. Here we describe how T and B cell memory is generated in response to virus infections and how these cells respond when the host is infected again by similar or different viruses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104527
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 123
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    T Lymphocyte-Endothelial Cell Interactions (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 683-709 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Human vascular endothelial cells (EC) basally display class I and II MHC-peptide complexes on their surface and come in regular contact with circulating T cells. We propose that EC present microbial antigens to memory T cells as a mechanism of immune surveillance. Activated T cells, in turn, provide both soluble and contact-dependant signals to modulate normal EC functions, including formation and remodeling of blood vessels, regulation of blood flow, regulation of blood fluidity, maintenance of permselectivity, recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes, and antigen presentation leading to activation of T cells. T cell interactions with vascular EC are thus bidirectional and link the immune and circulatory systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104639
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 124
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self- and Nonself-Recognition by C-Type Lectins on Dendritic Cells (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 33-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly efficient antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that collect antigen in body tissues and transport them to draining lymph nodes. Antigenic peptides are loaded onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules for presentation to naive T cells, resulting in the induction of cellular and humoral immune responses. DCs take up antigen through phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and endocytosis via different groups of receptor families, such as Fc receptors for antigen-antibody complexes, C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) for glycoproteins, and pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), for microbial antigens. Uptake of antigen by CLRs leads to presentation of antigens on MHC class I and II molecules. DCs are well equipped to distinguish between self- and nonself-antigens by the variable expression of cell-surface receptors such as CLRs and TLRs. In the steady state, DCs are not immunologically quiescent but use their antigen-handling capacities to maintain peripheral tolerance. DCs are continuously sampling and presenting self- and harmless environmental proteins to silence immune activation. Uptake of self-components in the intestine and airways are good examples of sites where continuous presentation of self- and foreign antigens occurs without immune activation. In contrast, efficient antigen-specific immune activation occurs upon encounter of DCs with nonself-pathogens. Recognition of pathogens by DCs triggers specific receptors such as TLRs that result in DC maturation and subsequently immune activation. Here we discuss the concept that cross talk between TLRs and CLRs, differentially expressed by subsets of DCs, accounts for the different pathways to peripheral tolerance, such as deletion and suppression, and immune activation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104558
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 125
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunity to Tuberculosis (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 599-623 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Only 5 to 10% of immunocompetent humans are susceptible to tuberculosis, and over 85% of them develop the disease exclusively in the lungs. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected humans, in contrast, can develop systemic disease that is more quickly lethal. This is in keeping with other evidence showing that susceptible humans generate some level of Th1 immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Tuberculosis in mice is also exclusively a lung disease that is progressive and lethal, in spite of the generation of Th1-mediated immunity. Thus mouse tuberculosis is a model of tuberculosis in susceptible humans, as is tuberculosis in guinea pigs and rabbits. Inability to resolve infection and prevent disease may not be a consequence of the generation of an inadequate number of Th1 cells but of an intrinsic deficiency in macrophage function that prevents these cells from expressing immunity. If this proves to be true, vaccinating susceptible humans against tuberculosis will be a difficult task.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104635
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 126
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemokines in Innate and Adaptive Host Defense: Basic Chemokinese Grammar for Immune Cells (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 891-928 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Chemokines compose a sophisticated communication system used by all our cell types, including immune cells. Chemokine messages are decoded by specific receptors that initiate signal transduction events leading to a multitude of cellular responses, leukocyte chemotaxis and adhesion in particular. Critical determinants of the in vivo activities of chemokines in the immune system include their presentation by endothelial cells and extracellular matrix molecules, as well as their cellular uptake via "silent" chemokine receptors (interceptors) leading either to their transcytosis or to degradation. These regulatory mechanisms of chemokine histotopography, as well as the promiscuous and overlapping receptor specificities of inflammation-induced chemokines, shape innate responses to infections and tissue damage. Conversely, the specific patterns of homeostatic chemokines, where each chemokine is perceived by a single receptor, are charting lymphocyte navigation routes for immune surveillance. This review presents our current understanding of the mechanisms that regulate the cellular perception and pathophysiologic meaning of chemokines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104543
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 127
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular Defects in Human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency and Approaches to Immune Reconstitution (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 625-655 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mutations in nine different genes have been found to cause the human severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome. The products of three of the genes-IL-2RG, Jak3, and IL-7Ralpha-are components of cytokine receptors, and the products of three more-RAG1, RAG2, and Artemis-are essential for effecting antigen receptor gene rearrangement. Additionally, a deficiency of CD3delta, a component of the T-cell antigen receptor, results in a near absence of circulating mature CD3+ T cells and a complete lack of gamma/delta T cells. Adenosine deaminase deficiency results in toxic accumulations of metabolites that cause T cell apoptosis. Finally, a deficiency of CD45, a critical regulator of signaling thresholds in immune cells, also causes SCID. Approaches to immune reconstitution have included bone marrow transplantation and gene therapy. Bone marrow transplantation, both HLA identical unfractionated and T cell-depleted HLA haploidentical, has been very successful in effecting immune reconstitution if done in the first 3.5 months of life and without pretransplant chemotherapy. Gene therapy was highly successful in nine infants with X-linked SCID, but the trials have been placed on hold due to the development of a leukemic process in two of the children because of insertional oncogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104614
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 128
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase: Diverse Roles in Immune Cell Activation (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 563-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cells of the immune system carry out diverse functions that are controlled by surface receptors for antigen, costimulatory molecules, cytokines, chemokines, and other ligands. A shared feature of signal transduction downstream of most receptors on immune cells, as in nonhematopoietic cell types, is the activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). The mechanism by which this common signaling event is elicited by distinct receptors and contributes to unique functional outcomes is an intriguing puzzle. Understanding how specificity is achieved in PI3K signaling is of particular significance because altered regulation of this pathway is observed in many disease states, including leukemia and lymphoma. Here we review recent advances in the understanding of PI3K signaling mechanisms in different immune cells and receptor systems. We emphasize the concept that PI3K and its products are components of complex networks of interacting proteins and second messengers, rather than simple links in linear signaling cascades.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104721
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 129
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autoimmune and Inflammatory Mechanisms in Atherosclerosis (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 361-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The present review focuses on the concept that cellular and humoral immunity to the phylogenetically highly conserved antigen heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is the initiating mechanism in the earliest stages of atherosclerosis. Subjecting arterial endothelial cells to classical atherosclerosis risk factors leads to the expression of HSP60 that then may serve as a target for pre-existent cross-reactive antimicrobial HSP60 immunity or bona fide autoimmune reactions induced by biochemically altered autologous HSP60. Endothelial cells can also bind microbial or autologous HSP60 via Toll-like receptors, providing another possibility for targetting adaptive or innate immunological effector mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104644
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 130
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Role of Complement in the Development of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 431-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Complement has both beneficial and deleterious roles in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). On the one hand, patients with SLE present with decreased complement levels and with complement deposition in inflammed tissues, suggestive of a harmful role of complement in the effector phase of disease. On the other hand, homozygous deficiency of any of the classical pathway proteins is strongly associated with the development of SLE. There are two main hypotheses to explain these observations. The first invokes an important role for complement in the physiological waste-disposal mechanisms of dying cells and immune complexes. The second hypothesis is based around the role of complement in determining the activation thresholds of B and T lymphocytes, with the proposal that complement deficiency causes incomplete maintenance of peripheral tolerance. These two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. In addition, there is evidence for a contribution from other genetic factors in determining the phenotype of disease in the absence of complement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104549
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 131
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Role of Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) Proteins in Regulation of the Immune Response (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 503-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytokines are an integral component of the adaptive and innate immune responses. The signaling pathways triggered by the engagement of cytokines with their specific cell surface receptors have been extensively studied and have provided a profound understanding of the intracellular machinery that translates exposure of cells to cytokine to a coordinated biological response. It has also become clear that cells have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to prevent excessive responses to cytokines. In this review we focus on the suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of cytoplasmic proteins that completes a negative feedback loop to attenuate signal transduction from cytokines that act through the janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway. SOCS proteins inhibit components of the cytokine signaling cascade via direct binding or by preventing access to the signaling complex. The SOCS proteins also appear to target signal transducers for proteasomal destruction. Analyses of genetically modified mice in which SOCS proteins are overexpressed or deleted have established that this family of negative regulators has indispensable roles in regulating cytokine responses in cells of the immune system as well as other tissues. Emerging evidence also suggests that disruption of SOCS expression or activity is associated with several immune and inflammatory diseases, raising the prospect that manipulation of SOCS activity may provide a novel future therapeutic strategy in the management of immunological disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.091003.090312
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 132
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetics, FACS, Immunology, and Redox: A Tale of Two Lives Intertwined (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 1-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104727
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 133
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Dynamic Life of Natural Killer Cells (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 405-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Natural killer (NK) cells play important roles in immunological processes, including early defense against viral infections. This review provides an overview of the dynamic in vivo life of NK cells from their development in the bone marrow to their mature peripheral responses and their ultimate demise, with particular emphasis on mouse NK cells and viral infections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104711
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 134
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transcriptional Control of Early B Cell Development1 (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 55-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The generation of B-lymphocytes from hematopoietic stem cells is controlled by multiple transcription factors regulating distinct developmental aspects. Ikaros and PU.1 act in parallel pathways to control the development of lymphoid progenitors in part by regulating the expression of essential signaling receptors (Flt3, c-Kit, and IL-7Ralpha). The generation of the earliest B cell progenitors depends on E2A and EBF, which coordinately activate the B cell gene expression program and immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene rearrangements at the onset of B-lymphopoiesis. Pax5 restricts the developmental options of lymphoid progenitors to the B cell lineage by repressing the transcription of lineage-inappropriate genes and simultaneously activating the expression of B-lymphoid signaling molecules. LEF1 and Sox4 contribute to the survival and proliferation of pro-B cells in response to extracellular signals. Finally, IRF4 and IRF8 together control the termination of pre-B cell receptor signaling and thus promote differentiation to small pre-B cells undergoing light-chain gene rearrangements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104807
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 135
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Asthma: Mechanisms of Disease Persistence and Progression (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 789-815 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When asthma is diagnosed, eosinophilic inflammation and airway remodeling are established in the bronchial airways and can no longer be separated as cause and effect because both processes contribute to persistence and progression of disease, despite anti-inflammatory therapy. Th2 cells are continually active in the airways, even when disease is quiescent. IL-13 is the key effector cytokine in asthma and stimulates airway fibrosis through the action of matrix metalloproteinases on TGF-beta and promotes epithelial damage, mucus production, and eosinophilia. The production of IL-13 and other Th2 cytokines by non-T cells augments the inflammatory response. Inflammation is amplified by local responses of the epithelium, smooth muscle, and fibroblasts through the production of chemokines, cytokines, and proteases. Injured cells produce adenosine that enhances IL-13 production. We review human and animal data detailing the cellular and molecular interactions in established allergic asthma that promote persistent disease, amplify inflammation, and, in turn, cause disease progression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104716
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 136
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RAGs and Regulation of Autoantibodies (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 485-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Autoreactive antibodies are etiologic agents in a number of autoimmune diseases. Like all other antibodies these antibodies are produced in developing B cells by V(D)J recombination in the bone marrow. Three mechanisms regulate autoreactive B cells: deletion, receptor editing, and anergy. Here we review the prevalence of autoantibodies in the initial antibody repertoire, their regulation by receptor editing, and the role of the recombinase proteins (RAG1 and RAG2) in this process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104707
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 137
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunological Memory to Viral Infections1 (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 711-743 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The purpose of immunological memory is to protect the host from reinfection, to control persistent infections, and, through maternal antibody, to protect the host's immunologically immature offspring from primary infections. Immunological memory is an exclusive property of the acquired immune system, where in the presence of CD4 T cell help, T cells and B cells clonally expand and differentiate to provide effector systems that protect the host from pathogens. Here we describe how T and B cell memory is generated in response to virus infections and how these cells respond when the host is infected again by similar or different viruses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104527
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 138
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of T Cell Viability (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 765-787 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The factors affecting T cell viability vary depending on the type and status of the T cell involved. Naive T cells die via a Bcl-2/Bim dependent route. Their deaths are prevented in animals by IL-7 and contact with MHC. Activated T cells die in many different ways. Among these is a pathway involving signals that come from outside the T cell and affect it via surface receptors such as Fas. Activated T cells also die through a pathway driven by signals generated within the T cell itself, a cell autonomous route. This pathway involves members of the Bcl-2 family, in particular Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bim, and probably Bak. The viability of CD8+ and CD4+ memory T cells is controlled in different ways. CD8+ memory T cells are maintained by IL-15 and IL-7. The control of CD4+ memory T cells is more mysterious, with roles reported for IL-7 and/or contact via the TCR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104554
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 139
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autoimmune and Inflammatory Mechanisms in Atherosclerosis (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 361-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The present review focuses on the concept that cellular and humoral immunity to the phylogenetically highly conserved antigen heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is the initiating mechanism in the earliest stages of atherosclerosis. Subjecting arterial endothelial cells to classical atherosclerosis risk factors leads to the expression of HSP60 that then may serve as a target for pre-existent cross-reactive antimicrobial HSP60 immunity or bona fide autoimmune reactions induced by biochemically altered autologous HSP60. Endothelial cells can also bind microbial or autologous HSP60 via Toll-like receptors, providing another possibility for targetting adaptive or innate immunological effector mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104644
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 140
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrins and T Cell-Mediated Immunity (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 157-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Integrin receptors mediate adhesive events that are critical for a specific and effective immune response to foreign pathogens. Integrin-dependent interactions of lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to endothelium regulate the efficiency and specificity of trafficking into secondary lymphoid organs and peripheral tissue. Within these sites, integrins facilitate cell movement via interactions with the extracellular matrix, and promote and stabilize antigen-specific interactions between T lymphocytes and APCs that are critical for initiating T cell-activation events. In this review, we discuss the role of integrins in T cell-mediated immunity, with a focus on how these receptors participate in lymphocyte recirculation and T cell activation, how antigen stimulation regulates integrin activity, and how integrins define functionally unique subsets of T cells and APCs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104649
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 141
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Naturally Arising CD4+ Regulatory T Cells for Immunologic Self-Tolerance and Negative Control of Immune Responses (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 531-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Naturally occurring CD4+ regulatory T cells, the majority of which express CD25, are engaged in dominant control of self-reactive T cells, contributing to the maintenance of immunologic self-tolerance. Their depletion or functional alteration leads to the development of autoimmune disease in otherwise normal animals. The majority, if not all, of such CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells are produced by the normal thymus as a functionally distinct and mature subpopulation of T cells. Their repertoire of antigen specificities is as broad as that of naive T cells, and they are capable of recognizing both self and nonself antigens, thus enabling them to control various immune responses. In addition to antigen recognition, signals through various accessory molecules and via cytokines control their activation, expansion, and survival, and tune their suppressive activity. Furthermore, the generation of CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells in the immune system is at least in part developmentally and genetically controlled. Genetic defects that primarily affect their development or function can indeed be a primary cause of autoimmune and other inflammatory disorders in humans. Based on recent advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of this T cell-mediated immune regulation, this review discusses how naturally arising CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells contribute to the maintenance of immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of various immune responses, and how they can be exploited to prevent and treat autoimmune disease, allergy, cancer, and chronic infection, or establish donor-specific transplantation tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141122
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 142
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drugs and Enzyme Induction (1969)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 9 (1969), S. 21-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.09.040169.000321
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 143
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Action of Drugs on Movement of Ocular Fluids (1969)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 9 (1969), S. 85-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.09.040169.000505
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 144
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drugs Affecting Smooth Muscle (1969)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 9 (1969), S. 147-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.09.040169.001051
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 145
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanisms of General Anesthesia by Non-Hydrogen-Bonding Molecules (1969)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 9 (1969), S. 259-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.09.040169.001355
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 146
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of Cell Culture in Pharmacology (1969)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 9 (1969), S. 393-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.09.040169.002141
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 147
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New Substances of Plant Origin which Increase Nonspecific Resistance (1969)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 9 (1969), S. 419-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.09.040169.002223
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 148
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Central Memory and Effector Memory T Cell Subsets: Function, Generation, and Maintenance (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 745-763 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The memory T cell pool functions as a dynamic repository of antigen-experienced T lymphocytes that accumulate over the lifetime of the individual. Recent studies indicate that memory T lymphocytes contain distinct populations of central memory (TCM) and effector memory (TEM) cells characterized by distinct homing capacity and effector function. This review addresses the heterogeneity of TCM and TEM, their differentiation stages, and the current models for their generation and maintenance in humans and mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104702
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 149
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple Roles of Antimicrobial Defensins, Cathelicidins, and Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin in Host Defense* (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 181-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mammals generate a diverse array of antimicrobial proteins, largely represented by defensins or cathelicidins. The direct in vitro microbicidal activity of antimicrobial proteins has long been considered an important innate immune defense, although the in vivo relevance has only very recently been established for certain defensins and cathelicidins. Mammalian defensins and cathelicidins have also been shown to have multiple receptor-mediated effects on immune cells. Beta-defensins interact with CCR6; murine beta-defensin-2 in addition activates TLR4. Cathelicidins act on FPRL1-expressing cells. Furthermore, several defensins have considerable immunoenhancing activity. Thus, it appears that mammalian antimicrobial proteins contribute to both innate and adaptive antimicrobial immunity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104603
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 150
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ubiquitin Ligases and the Immune Response (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 81-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ubiquitin (Ub)-protein conjugation represents a novel means of posttranscriptional modification in a proteolysis-dependent or -independent manner. E3 Ub ligases play a key role in governing the cascade of Ub transfer reactions by recognizing and catalyzing Ub conjugation to specific protein substrates. The E3s, which can be generally classified into HECT-type and RING-type families, are involved in the regulation of many aspects of the immune system, including the development, activation, and differentiation of lymphocytes, T cell-tolerance induction, antigen presentation, immune evasion, and virus budding. E3-promoted ubiquitination affects a wide array of biological processes, such as receptor downmodulation, signal transduction, protein processing or translocation, protein-protein interaction, and gene transcription, in addition to proteasome-mediated degradation. Deficiency or mutation of some of the E3s like Cbl, Cbl-b, or Itch, causes abnormal immune responses such as autoimmunity, malignancy, and inflammation. This review discusses our current understanding of E3 Ub ligases in both innate and adaptive immunity. Such knowledge may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic approaches for immunological diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104813
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 151
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Starting at the Beginning: New Perspectives on the Biology of Mucosal T Cells (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 217-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gastrointestinal tract is the central organ for uptake of fluids and nutrients, and at the same time it forms the main protective barrier between the sterile environment of the body and the outside world. In mammals, the intestine has further evolved to harbor a vast load of commensal bacteria that have important functions for the host. Discrimination by the host defense system of nonself from self can prevent invasion of pathogens, but equivalent responses to dietary or colonizing bacteria can lead to devastating consequences for the organism. This dilemma imposed by the gut environment has probably contributed significantly to the evolutionary drive that has led to sophisticated mechanisms and diversification of the immune system to allow for protection while maintaining the integrity of the mucosal barrier. The immense expansion and specialization of the immune system is particularly mirrored in the phylogeny, ontogeny, organization, and regulation of the adaptive intraepithelial lymphocytes, or IEL, which are key players in the unique intestinal defense mechanisms that have evolved in mammals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104522
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 152
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISM OF NITROGLYCERIN ACTION AND TOLERANCE: Is This Old Mystery Solved? (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 44 (2004), S. 67-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Organic nitrates such as nitroglycerin (NTG) have been used as potent vasodilators in medicine for more than a century, but their biochemical mechanisms of action, particularly in relation to tolerance development, are still incompletely defined. Numerous candidate enzymes for NTG metabolism, as well as a multiplicity of tolerance mechanisms, have been proposed in the literature, but a consolidating hypothesis that links these phenomena together has not appeared. Here, we outline a "thionitrate oxidation hypothesis," which attempts to link nitrate bioactivation and tolerance development in an overall mechanism. We also attempt to compare and contrast the proposed mechanism against existing theories of nitrate action and tolerance. Interactions between organic nitrates, which have been thought of as endothelium-independent agents, and the vascular endothelium and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121646
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 153
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IDENTIFICATION OF THE MAJOR STEPS IN BOTULINUM TOXIN ACTION (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 44 (2004), S. 167-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Botulinum toxin is a uniquely potent substance synthesized by the organisms Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium baratii, and Clostridium butyricum. This toxin, which acts preferentially on peripheral cholinergic nerve endings to block acetylcholine release, is both an agent that causes disease (i.e., botulism) as well as an agent that can be used to treat disease (e.g., dystonia). The ability of botulinum toxin to produce its effects is largely dependent on its ability to penetrate cellular and intracellular membranes. Thus, toxin that is ingested or inhaled can bind to epithelial cells and be transported to the general circulation. Toxin that reaches peripheral nerve endings binds to the cell surface then penetrates the plasma membrane by receptor-mediated endocytosis and the endosome membrane by pH-induced translocation. Internalized toxin acts in the cytosol as a metalloendoprotease to cleave polypeptides that are essential for exocytosis. This review seeks to identify and characterize all major steps in toxin action, from initial absorption to eventual paralysis of cholinergic transmission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121554
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 154
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DARPP-32: An Integrator of Neurotransmission (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 44 (2004), S. 269-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, Mr 32 kDa (DARPP-32), was identified initially as a major target for dopamine and protein kinase A (PKA) in striatum. However, recent advances now indicate that regulation of the state of DARPP-32 phosphorylation provides a mechanism for integrating information arriving at dopaminoceptive neurons, in multiple brain regions, via a variety of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neuropeptides, and steroid hormones. Activation of PKA or PKG stimulates DARPP-32 phosphorylation at Thr34 and thereby converts DARPP-32 into a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1). DARPP-32 is also phosphorylated at Thr75 by Cdk5 and this converts DARPP-32 into an inhibitor of PKA. Thus, DARPP-32 has the unique property of being a dual-function protein, acting either as an inhibitor of PP-1 or of PKA. The state of phosphorylation of DARPP-32 at Thr34 depends on the phosphorylation state of two serine residues, Ser102 and Ser137, which are phosphorylated by CK2 and CK1, respectively. By virtue of its ability to modulate the activity of PP-1 and PKA, DARPP-32 is critically involved in regulating electrophysiological, transcriptional, and behavioral responses to physiological and pharmacological stimuli, including antidepressants, neuroleptics, and drugs of abuse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121415
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 155
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS AND HYPERALGESIA (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 44 (2004), S. 371-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Physiological and pharmacological evidence both have demonstrated a critical role for voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) in many types of chronic pain syndromes because these channels play a fundamental role in the excitability of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Alterations in function of these channels appear to be intimately linked to hyperexcitability of neurons. Many types of pain appear to reflect neuronal hyperexcitability, and importantly, use-dependent sodium channel blockers are effective in the treatment of many types of chronic pain. This review focuses on the role of VGSCs in the hyperexcitability of sensory primary afferent neurons and their contribution to the inflammatory or neuropathic pain states. The discrete localization of the tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant channels, in particular NaV1.8, in the peripheral nerves may provide a novel opportunity for the development of a drug targeted at these channels to achieve efficacious pain relief with an acceptable safety profile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121627
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 156
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MIXED-LINEAGE KINASES: A Target for the Prevention of Neurodegeneration (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 44 (2004), S. 451-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway is critical for naturally occurring neuronal cell death during development and may be important for the pathological neuronal cell death of neurodegenerative diseases. The small molecule inhibitor of the mixed-lineage kinase (MLK) family of kinases, CEP-1347, inhibits the activation of the JNK pathway and, consequently, the cell death in many cell culture and animal models of neuronal death. CEP-1347 has the ability not only to inhibit cell death but also to maintain the trophic status of neurons in culture. The possible importance of the JNK pathway in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases provides a rationale for the use of CEP-1347 for the treatment of these diseases. CEP-1347 has the potential of not only retarding disease progression but also reversing the severity of symptoms by improving the function of surviving neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121840
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 157
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Myocardial Aging and Senescence: Where Have the Stem Cells Gone? (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 29-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Heart failure remains a leading cause of hospital admissions and mortality in the elderly, and current interventional approaches often fail to treat the underlying cause of pathogenesis. Preservation of structure and function in the aging myocardium is most likely to be successful via ongoing cellular repair and replacement, as well as survival of existing cardiomyocytes that generate contractile force. Research has led to a paradigm shift driven by application of stem cells to generate cardiovascular cell lineages. Early controversial findings of pluripotent precursors adopting cardiac phenotypes are now widely accepted, and current debate centers upon the efficiency of progenitor cell incorporation into the myocardium. Much work remains to be done in determining the relevant progenitor cell population and optimizing conditions for efficient differentiation and integration. Significant implications exist for treatment of pathologically damaged or aging myocardium since future interventional approaches will capitalize upon the use of cardiac stem cells as therapeutic reagents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.140723
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 158
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viral-Based Myocardial Gene Therapy Approaches to Alter Cardiac Function (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 49-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: In recent years there has been a rapid expansion in our understanding of the molecular biology that underpins human physiology. In the heart, elegant molecular pathways have been elucidated, and derangements in these pathways have been identified as factors in cardiac disease. However, as our understanding has grown, we have recognized that there exist only relatively crude tools to effect changes in molecular pathophysiology. The ultimate promise of gene therapy is to correct the molecular derangements that cause illness. To bring this promise to fruition in the clinical arena, many problems need to be solved, and chief among these remains reliable and robust delivery of genes to the target organ. To this end, viral vectors have been utilized with success more frequently than any other method of gene delivery. The use of these vectors in the heart has already offered promising novel benefit for human ischemic heart disease, and studies in animal models have given glimpses of hope that gene therapy may provide future therapeutic benefit in heart failure by improving cardiac function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.141555
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 159
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oral Rehydration Therapy: New Explanations for an Old Remedy (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 385-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Diarrheal diseases are among the most devastating illnesses globally, but the introduction of oral rehydration therapy has reduced mortality due to diarrhea from 〉5 million children, under the age of 5, in 1978 to 1.3 million in 2002. Variations of this simple therapy of salts and sugars are prevalent in traditional remedies in cultures world-wide, but only in the past four decades have the scientific bases for these remedies begun to be elucidated. This review aims to provide a broad understanding of the cellular basis of oral rehydration therapy. The features integral to the success of oral rehydration therapy are active glucose transport in the small intestine, commensal bacteria, and short-chain fatty acid transport in the colon. The review examines these processes and their regulation and considers new approaches that might supplement oral rehydration therapy in controlling diarrheal diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032902.134726
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 160
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular and Integrative Physiology of Intestinal Peptide Transport (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 361-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Intestinal protein digestion generates a huge variety and quantity of short chain peptides that are absorbed into intestinal epithelial cells by the PEPT1 transporter in the apical membrane of enterocytes. PEPT1 operates as an electrogenic proton/peptide symporter with the ability to transport essentially every possible di- and tripeptide. Transport is enantio-selective and involves a variable proton-to-substrate stoichiometry for uptake of neutral and mono- or polyvalently charged peptides. Neither free amino acids nor peptides containing four or more amino acids are accepted as substrates. The structural similarity of a variety of drugs with the basic structure of di- or tripeptides explains the transport of aminocephalosporins and aminopenicillins, selected angiotensin-converting inhibitors, and amino acid-conjugated nucleoside-based antiviral agents by PEPT1. The high transport capacity of PEPT1 allows fast and efficient intestinal uptake of the drugs but also of amino acid nitrogen even in states of impaired mucosal functions. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of PEPT1 occurs in response to alterations in the nutritional status and in disease states, suggesting a prime role of this transporter in amino acid absorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.144149
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 161
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Learning Mechanisms in Addiction: Synaptic Plasticity in the Ventral Tegmental Area as a Result of Exposure to Drugs of Abuse (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 447-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: One of the central questions in neurobiology is how experience modifies neural function, and how changes in the nervous system permit an animal to adapt its behavior to a changing environment. Learning and adaptation to a host of different environmental stimuli exemplify processes we know must alter the nervous system because the behavioral output changes after experience. Alterations in behavior after exposure to addictive drugs are a striking example of chemical alterations of nervous system function producing long-lasting changes in behavior. The alterations produced in the central nervous system (CNS) by addictive drugs are of interest because of their relationship to human substance abuse but also because these CNS alterations produce dramatic, easily observed alterations in behavior in response to discrete stimuli. Considerable study has been given to behavioral and biochemical correlates of addiction over the past 50 or more years; however, our understanding of the cellular physiological responses of affected CNS neurons is in its infancy. This review focuses on alterations in cellular and synaptic physiology in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in response to addictive drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.112534
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 162
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of Renal K Transport by Dietary K Intake (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 547-569 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Extracellular K must be kept within a narrow concentration range for the normal function of neurons, skeletal muscle, and cardiac myocytes. Maintenance of normal plasma K is achieved by a dual mechanism that includes extrarenal factors such as insulin and beta-adrenergic agonists, which stimulate the movement of K from extracellular to intracellular fluid and modulate renal K excretion. Dietary K intake is an important factor for the regulation of K secretion: An increase in K intake stimulates secretion, whereas a decrease inhibits K secretion and enhances absorption. This effect of changes in dietary K intake on tubule K transport is mediated by aldosterone-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the protein tyrosine kinase (PTK)-dependent signal transduction pathway is an important aldosterone-independent regulatory mechanism that mediates the effect of altered K intake on K secretion. A low-K intake stimulates PTK activity, which leads to increase in phosphorylation of cloned inwardly rectifying renal K (ROMK) channels, whereas a high-K intake has the opposite effect. Stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation also suppresses K secretion in principal cell by facilitating the internalization of apical K channels in the collecting duct.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.112025
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 163
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alterations in SP-B and SP-C Expression in Neonatal Lung Disease (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 601-623 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The hydrophobic surfactant proteins, SP-B and SP-C, have important roles in surfactant function. The importance of these proteins in normal lung function is highlighted by the lung diseases associated with abnormalities in their expression. Mutations in the gene encoding SP-B result in severe, fatal neonatal lung disease, and mutations in the gene encoding SP-C are associated with chronic interstitial lung diseases in newborns, older children, and adults. This work reviews the current state of knowledge concerning the lung diseases associated with mutations in the SP-B and SP-C genes, and the potential roles of abnormal SP-B and SP-C expression and genetic variation in these genes in other lung diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.134711
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 164
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of the Size of the Human Muscle Mass (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 799-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: This review is divided into two parts, the first dealing with the cell and molecular biology of muscle in terms of growth and wasting and the second being an account of current knowledge of physiological mechanisms involved in the alteration of size of the human muscle mass. Wherever possible, attempts have been made to interrelate the information in each part and to provide the most likely explanation for phenomena that are currently only partially understood. The review should be of interest to cell and molecular biologists who know little of human muscle physiology and to physicians, physiotherapists, and kinesiologists who may be familiar with the gross behavior of human muscle but wish to understand more about the underlying mechanisms of change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.052102.134444
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 165
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CONTROL OF CENTRAL SYNAPTIC SPECIFICITY IN INSECT SENSORY NEURONS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 27 (2004), S. 29-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Synaptic specificity is the culmination of several processes, beginning with the establishment of neuronal subtype identity, followed by navigation of the axon to the correct subdivision of neuropil, and finally, the cell-cell recognition of appropriate synaptic partners. In this review we summarize the work on sensory neurons in crickets, cockroaches, moths, and fruit flies that establishes some of the principles and molecular mechanisms involved in the control of synaptic specificity. The identity of a sensory neuron is controlled by combinatorial expression of transcription factors, the products of patterning and proneural genes. In the nervous system, sensory axon projections are anatomically segregated according to modality, stimulus quality, and cell-body position. A variety of cell-surface and intracellular signaling molecules are used to achieve this. Synaptic target recognition is also controlled by transcription factors such as Engrailed and may be, in part, mediated by cadherin-like molecules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144143
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 166
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    VISUAL MOTOR COMPUTATIONS IN INSECTS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 27 (2004), S. 679-696 
    Details
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: With their relatively simple nervous systems and purpose-designed behaviors and reflexes, insects are an excellent organism in which to investigate how visual information is acquired and processed to guide locomotion and navigation. Flies maintain a straight course and monitor their motion through the environment by sensing the patterns of optic flow induced in the eyes. Bees negotiate narrow gaps by balancing the speeds of the images in their two eyes, and they control flight speed by holding constant the average image velocity as seen with their two eyes. Bees achieve a smooth landing on a horizontal surface by holding the image velocity of the surface constant during approach, thus ensuring that flight speed is automatically close to zero at touchdown. Foraging bees estimate the distance that they have traveled to reach a food source by integrating the optic flow experienced en route; this integration gives them a visually driven "odometer." Insects have also evolved sophisticated visuomotor mechanisms for pursuing prey or mates and possibly for concealing their own motion while shadowing objects of interest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144343
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 167
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BIOMEDICAL IMAGING AND BIOENGINEERING (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 1-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.062403.131947
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 168
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ENGINEERING SYNTHETIC VECTORS FOR IMPROVED DNA DELIVERY: Insights from Intracellular Pathways (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 397-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Significant progress has been made in the area of nonviral gene delivery to date. Yet, synthetic vectors remain less efficient by orders of magnitude than their viral counterparts. Research continues toward unraveling and overcoming various barriers to the efficient delivery of DNA, whether in plasmid form encoding a gene or as an oligonucleotide for the selective inhibition of target gene expression. Novel components for overcoming these hurdles are continually being incorporated into the design of synthetic vectors, leading to increasingly more virus-like particles. Despite these advances, general principles defining the design of synthetic vectors are yet to be developed fully. A more quantitative analysis of the cellular uptake and intracellular processing of these vectors is required for the rational manipulation of vector design. Mathematical frameworks with a more conceptual basis will help obtain an integrated perspective on these complex systems. In this review, we critically examine the progress made toward the improved design of synthetic vectors by the strategic exploitation of intracellular mechanisms and explore newer possibilities to overcome obstacles in the practical realization of this field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140203
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 169
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TISSUE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF THERAPEUTIC CLONING (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 27-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Few treatment options are available for patients suffering from diseased and injured organs because of a severe shortage of donor organs available for transplantation. Therapeutic cloning, where the nucleus from a donor cell is transferred into an enucleated oocyte in order to extract pluripotent embryonic stem cells, offers a potentially limitless source of cells for replacement therapy. Scientists in the field of tissue engineering apply the principles of cell transplantation, material science, and engineering to construct biological substitutes that will restore and maintain normal function in diseased and injured tissues. The present chapter reviews recent advances that have occurred in therapeutic cloning and tissue engineering and describes applications of these new technologies that may offer novel therapies for patients with end-stage organ failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.012204.115707
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 170
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BREAST TISSUE ENGINEERING (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 109-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Tissue engineering has the potential to redefine rehabilitation for the breast cancer patient by providing a translatable strategy that restores the postmastectomy breast mound while concomitantly obviating limitations realized with contemporary reconstructive surgery procedures. The engineering design goal is to provide a sufficient volume of viable fat tissue based on a patient's own cells such that deficits in breast volume can be abrogated. To be sure, adipose tissue engineering is in its infancy, but tremendous strides have been made. Numerous studies attest to the feasibility of adipose tissue engineering. The field is now poised to challenge barriers to clinical translation that are germane to most tissue engineering applications, namely scale-up, large animal model development, and vascularization. The innovative and rapid progress of adipose engineering to date, as well as opportunities for its future growth, is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140032
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 171
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FUNCTIONAL EFFICACY OF TENDON REPAIR PROCESSES (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 303-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Despite various attempts to repair and replace injured tendon, an understanding of the repair processes and a systematic approach to achieving functional efficacy remain elusive. In this review the epidemiology of tendon injury and repair is first examined. Using a traditional paradigm for repair assessment, the biology and biomechanics of normal tendon, natural healing, and repair are then explored. New treatment strategies such as functional tissue engineering are discussed, including a functional approach to treatment that involves the development of in vivo functional design parameters to judge the acceptability of a repair outcome. The paper concludes with future directions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140240
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 172
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TISSUE ENGINEERING OF LIGAMENTS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 131-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Tissue engineering is emerging as a significant clinical option to address tissue and organ failure by implanting biological substitutes for the compromised tissues. As compared to the transplantation of cells alone, engineered tissues offer the potential advantage of immediate functionality. Engineered tissues can also serve as physiologically relevant models for controlled studies of cells and tissues designed to distinguish the effects of specific signals from the complex milieu of factors present in vivo. A high number of ligament failures and the lack of adequate options to fully restore joint functions have prompted the need to develop new tissue engineering strategies. We discuss the requirements for ligament reconstruction, the available treatment options and their limitations, and then focus on the tissue engineering of ligaments. One representative tissue engineering system involving the integrated use of adult human stem cells, custom-designed scaffolds, and advanced bioreactors with dynamic loading is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140037
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 173
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MICRO-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY-CURRENT STATUS AND DEVELOPMENTS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 185-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The recent rapid increase in interest in tomographic imaging of small animals and of human (and large animal) organ biopsies is driven largely by drug discovery, cancer detection/monitoring, phenotype identification and/or characterization, and development of disease detection methods and monitoring efficacies of drugs in disease treatment. In biomedical applications, micro-computed tomography (CT) scanners can function as scaled-down (i.e., mini) clinical CT scanners that provide a three-dimensional (3-D) image of most, if not the entire, torso of a mouse at image resolution (50-100 mum) scaled proportional to that of a human CT image. Micro-CT scanners, on the other hand, image specimens the size of intact rodent organs at spatial resolutions from cellular (20 mum) down to subcellular dimensions (e.g., 1 mum) and fill the resolution-hiatus between microscope imaging, which resolves individual cells in thin sections of tissue, and mini-CT imaging of intact volumes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140130
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 174
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MOLECULAR MACHINES (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 363-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Molecular machines are tiny energy conversion devices on the molecular-size scale. Whether naturally occurring or synthetic, these machines are generally more efficient than their macroscale counterparts. They have their own mechanochemistry, dynamics, workspace, and usability and are composed of nature's building blocks: namely proteins, DNA, and other compounds, built atom by atom. With modern scientific capabilities it has become possible to create synthetic molecular devices and interface them with each other. Countless such machines exist in nature, and it is possible to build artificial ones by mimicking nature. Here we review some of the known molecular machines, their structures, features, and characteristics. We also look at certain devices in their early development stages, as well as their future applications and challenges.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140143
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 175
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ROBOTICS, MOTOR LEARNING, AND NEUROLOGIC RECOVERY (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 497-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Robotic devices are helping shed light on human motor control in health and injury. By using robots to apply novel force fields to the arm, investigators are gaining insight into how the nervous system models its external dynamic environment. The nervous system builds internal models gradually by experience and uses them in combination with impedance and feedback control strategies. Internal models are robust to environmental and neural noise, generalized across space, implemented in multiple brain regions, and developed in childhood. Robots are also being used to assist in repetitive movement practice following neurologic injury, providing insight into movement recovery. Robots can haptically assess sensorimotor performance, administer training, quantify amount of training, and improve motor recovery. In addition to providing insight into motor control, robotic paradigms may eventually enhance motor learning and rehabilitation beyond the levels possible with conventional training techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140223
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 176
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ADVANCES IN HIGH-FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 157-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Among advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the increase of the magnetic field strength is perhaps one of the most significant. The use of high magnetic fields for in vivo magnetic resonance is motivated by a number of considerations. Advantages are increases in signal-to-noise ratio, blood-oxygenation level-dependent contrast, and spectral resolution, while disadvantages include potential reduction of contrast in anatomic imaging owing to lengthening of T1 and effects of susceptibility of high fields. To address these challenges, technical advances have been made in various aspects of MRI, allowing high-field MRI to provide exquisite morphological and functional details in clinical and research settings. This review provides an overview of technical issues and applications of high-field MRI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140017
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 177
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MECHANICAL BIOEFFECTS OF ULTRASOUND (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 229-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Ultrasound is used widely in medicine as both a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Through both thermal and nonthermal mechanisms, ultrasound can produce a variety of biological effects in tissues in vitro and in vivo. This chapter provides an overview of the fundamentals of key nonthermal mechanisms for the interaction of ultrasound with biological tissues. Several categories of mechanical bioeffects of ultrasound are then reviewed to provide insight on the range of ultrasound bioeffects in vivo, the relevance of these effects to diagnostic imaging, and the potential application of mechanical bioeffects to the design of new therapeutic applications of ultrasound in medicine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140126
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 178
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OCULAR BIOMECHANICS AND BIOTRANSPORT (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 249-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The eye transduces light, and we usually do not think of it as a biomechanical structure. Yet it is actually a pressurized, thick-walled shell that has an internal and external musculature, a remarkably complex internal vascular system, dedicated fluid production and drainage tissues, and a variety of specialized fluid and solute transport systems. Biomechanics is particularly involved in accommodation (focusing near and far), as well as in common disorders such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, myopia, and presbyopia. In this review, we give a (necessarily brief) overview of many of the interesting biomechanical aspects of the eye, concluding with a list of open problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140055
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 179
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic Regulation of Potassium Channels (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 131-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Potassium (K+) channels exist in all three domains of organisms: eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes. In higher animals, these membrane proteins participate in a multitude of critical physiological processes, including food and fluid intake, locomotion, stress response, and cognitive functions. Metabolic regulatory factors such as O2, CO2/pH, redox equivalents, glucose/ATP/ADP, hormones, eicosanoids, cell volume, and electrolytes regulate a diverse group of K+ channels to maintain homeostasis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.041002.142720
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 180
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and Function of Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels1 (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 161-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: A vast number of proteins are involved in synaptic function. Many have been cloned and their functional role defined with varying degrees of success, but their number and complexity currently defy any molecular understanding of the physiology of synapses. A beacon of success in this medieval era of synaptic biology is an emerging understanding of the mechanisms underlying the activity of the neurotransmitter receptors for glutamate. Largely as a result of structural studies performed in the past three years we now have a mechanistic explanation for the activation of channel gating by agonists and partial agonists; the process of desensitization, and its block by allosteric modulators, is also mostly explained; and the basis of receptor subtype selectivity is emerging with clarity as more and more structures are solved. In the space of months we have gone from cartoons of postulated mechanisms to hard fact. It is anticipated that this level of understanding will emerge for other synaptic proteins in the coming decade.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.050802.084104
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 181
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sleep and Circadian Rhythms in Mammalian Torpor (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 275-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Sleep and circadian rhythms are the primary determinants of arousal state, and torpor is the most extreme state change that occurs in mammals. The view that torpor is an evolutionary extension of sleep is supported by electrophysiological studies. However, comparisons of factors that influence the expression of sleep and torpor uncover significant differences. Deep sleep immediately following torpor suggests that torpor is functionally a period of sleep deprivation. Recent studies that employ post-torpor sleep deprivation, however, show that the post-torpor intense sleep is not homeostatically regulated, but might be a reflection of synaptic loss and replacement. The circadian system regulates sleep expression in euthermic mammals in such a way that would appear to preclude multiday bouts of torpor. Indeed, the circadian system is robust in animals that show shallow torpor, but its activity in hibernators is at least damped if not absent. There is good evidence from some species, however, that the circadian system plays important roles in the timing of bouts of torpor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.115313
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 182
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic Rate and Body Temperature Reduction During Hibernation and Daily Torpor (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 239-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Although it is well established that during periods of torpor heterothermic mammals and birds can reduce metabolic rates (MR) substantially, the mechanisms causing the reduction of MR remain a controversial subject. The comparative analysis provided here suggests that MR reduction depends on patterns of torpor used, the state of torpor, and body mass. Daily heterotherms, which are species that enter daily torpor exclusively, appear to rely mostly on the fall of body temperature (Tb) for MR reduction, perhaps with the exception of very small species and at high torpor Tb, where some metabolic inhibition may be used. In contrast, hibernators (species capable of prolonged torpor bouts) rely extensively on metabolic inhibition, in addition to Tb effects, to reduce MR to a fraction of that observed in daily heterotherms. In small hibernators, metabolic inhibition and the large fall of Tb are employed to maximize energy conservation, whereas in large hibernators, metabolic inhibition appears to be employed to facilitate MR and Tb reduction at torpor onset. Over the ambient temperature (Ta) range where torpid heterotherms are thermo-conforming, the Tb-Ta differential is more or less constant despite a decline of MR with Ta; however, in thermo-regulating torpid individuals, the Tb-Ta differential is maintained by a proportional increase of MR as during normothermia, albeit at a lower Tb. Thermal conductance in most torpid thermo-regulating individuals is similar to that in normothermic individuals despite the substantially lower MR in the former. However, conductance is low when deeply torpid animals are thermo-conforming probably because of peripheral vasoconstriction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.115105
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 183
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent Advances in Carrier-Mediated Intestinal Absorption of Water-Soluble Vitamins (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 419-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Significant progress has been made in recent years toward understanding the mechanisms and regulation of intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins from the diet, especially those that are transported by a specialized carrier-mediated mechanism (i.e., ascorbic acid, biotin, folate, riboflavin, thiamin, and pyridoxine). The driving force involved in the uptake events and the molecular identity of the systems involved have been identified for a number of these vitamins. In addition, information about regulation of the uptake process of these micronutrients by intracellular and extracellular factors has been forthcoming. Furthermore, the 5' regulatory region of the genes that encode a number of these transporters has been characterized, thus providing information about transcriptional regulation of the transport events. Also of interest is the identification of existence of carrier-mediated mechanisms in human colonocytes that are capable of absorbing some of the vitamins that are synthesized by normal microflora of the large intestine. Although the contribution of the latter source of vitamins toward overall host nutrition is not clear and requires further investigations, it is highly likely that it does contribute toward the cellular homeostasis of these vitamins in the localized colonocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.144611
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 184
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions in the Developing Lung (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 625-645 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Classical experiments in embryology have shown that normal growth, morphogenetic patterning, and cellular differentiation in the developing lung depend on interactive signaling between the endodermal epithelium and mesenchyme derived from splanchnic mesoderm. These interactions are mediated by a myriad of diffusible factors that are precisely regulated in their temporal and spatial expression. In this review we first describe factors regulating formation of the embryonic foregut. We then discuss the experiments demonstrating the importance of tissue interactions in lung patterning and differentiation. Finally, we detail the roles that a few key signaling systems-fibroblast growth factors and their receptors, sonic hedgehog and Gli genes, Wnt genes and beta-catenin, and BMP4-play as mediators of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the developing lung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.135749
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 185
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Extracellular Cyclic AMP-Adenosine Pathway in Renal Physiology (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 571-599 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Many cell types in the kidney express adenosine receptors, and adenosine has multiple effects on renal function. Although adenosine is produced within the kidney by several biochemical reactions, recent studies support a novel mechanism for renal adenosine production, the extracellular cAMP-adenosine pathway. This extracellular cAMP-adenosine pathway is initiated by efflux of cAMP from cells following activation of adenylyl cyclase. Extracellular cAMP is then converted to adenosine by the serial actions of ecto-phosphodiesterase and ecto-5'-nucleotidase. When extracellular cAMP is converted to adenosine near the biophase of cAMP production and efflux, this local extracellular cAMP-adenosine pathway permits tight coupling of the site of adenosine production to the site of adenosine receptors. cAMP in renal compartments may also be formed by tissues/organs remote from the kidney. For example, stimulation of hepatic adenylyl cyclase by the pancreatic hormone glucagon increases circulating cAMP, which is filtered at the glomerulus and concentrated in the tubular lumen as water is extracted from the ultrafiltrate. Conversion of hepatic-derived cAMP to adenosine in the kidney completes a pancreatohepatorenal cAMP-adenosine pathway that may serve as an endocrine link between the pancreas, liver, and kidney.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.111604
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 186
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE AMYGDALA MODULATES THE CONSOLIDATION OF MEMORIES OF EMOTIONALLY AROUSING EXPERIENCES (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 27 (2004), S. 1-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Converging findings of animal and human studies provide compelling evidence that the amygdala is critically involved in enabling us to acquire and retain lasting memories of emotional experiences. This review focuses primarily on the findings of research investigating the role of the amygdala in modulating the consolidation of long-term memories. Considerable evidence from animal studies investigating the effects of posttraining systemic or intra-amygdala infusions of hormones and drugs, as well as selective lesions of specific amygdala nuclei, indicates that (a) the amygdala mediates the memory-modulating effects of adrenal stress hormones and several classes of neurotransmitters; (b) the effects are selectively mediated by the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA); (c) the influences involve interactions of several neuromodulatory systems within the BLA that converge in influencing noradrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic activation; (d) the BLA modulates memory consolidation via efferents to other brain regions, including the caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, and cortex; and (e) the BLA modulates the consolidation of memory of many different kinds of information. The findings of human brain imaging studies are consistent with those of animal studies in suggesting that activation of the amygdala influences the consolidation of long-term memory; the degree of activation of the amygdala by emotional arousal during encoding of emotionally arousing material (either pleasant or unpleasant) correlates highly with subsequent recall. The activation of neuromodulatory systems affecting the BLA and its projections to other brain regions involved in processing different kinds of information plays a key role in enabling emotionally significant experiences to be well remembered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144157
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 187
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE* (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 27 (2004), S. 279-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The medial temporal lobe includes a system of anatomically related structures that are essential for declarative memory (conscious memory for facts and events). The system consists of the hippocampal region (CA fields, dentate gyrus, and subicular complex) and the adjacent perirhinal, entorhinal, and parahippocampal cortices. Here, we review findings from humans, monkeys, and rodents that illuminate the function of these structures. Our analysis draws on studies of human memory impairment and animal models of memory impairment, as well as neurophysiological and neuroimaging data, to show that this system (a) is principally concerned with memory, (b) operates with neocortex to establish and maintain long-term memory, and (c) ultimately, through a process of consolidation, becomes independent of long-term memory, though questions remain about the role of perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices in this process and about spatial memory in rodents. Data from neurophysiology, neuroimaging, and neuroanatomy point to a division of labor within the medial temporal lobe. However, the available data do not support simple dichotomies between the functions of the hippocampus and the adjacent medial temporal cortex, such as associative versus nonassociative memory, episodic versus semantic memory, and recollection versus familiarity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144130
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 188
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PLASTICITY OF THE SPINAL NEURAL CIRCUITRY AFTER INJURY* (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 27 (2004), S. 145-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Motor function is severely disrupted following spinal cord injury (SCI). The spinal circuitry, however, exhibits a great degree of automaticity and plasticity after an injury. Automaticity implies that the spinal circuits have some capacity to perform complex motor tasks following the disruption of supraspinal input, and evidence for plasticity suggests that biochemical changes at the cellular level in the spinal cord can be induced in an activity-dependent manner that correlates with sensorimotor recovery. These characteristics should be strongly considered as advantageous in developing therapeutic strategies to assist in the recovery of locomotor function following SCI. Rehabilitative efforts combining locomotor training pharmacological means and/or spinal cord electrical stimulation paradigms will most likely result in more effective methods of recovery than using only one intervention.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144308
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 189
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SENSORY SIGNALS IN NEURAL POPULATIONS UNDERLYING TACTILE PERCEPTIONAND MANIPULATION (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 27 (2004), S. 53-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: For humans to manipulate an object successfully, the motor control system must have accurate information about parameters such as the shape of the stimulus, its position of contact on the skin, and the magnitude and direction of contact force. The same information is required for perception during haptic exploration of an object. Much of these data are relayed by the mechanoreceptive afferents innervating the glabrous skin of the digits. Single afferent responses are modulated by all the relevant stimulus parameters. Thus, only in complete population reconstructions is it clear how each of the parameters can be signaled to the brain independently when many are changing simultaneously, as occurs in most normal movements or haptic exploration. Modeling population responses reveals how resolution is affected by neural noise and intrinsic properties of the population such as the pattern and density of innervation and the covariance of response variability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131032
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 190
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TISSUE GROWTH AND REMODELING (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 77-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The growth and remodeling of a tissue depends on certain features in the history of its mechanical environment as well as its genetic makeup. The mechanical environment influences the tissue's developing morphology, the process of simply increasing the size of existing morphological structures, and the formation of the proteins of which the tissue is constructed. The relationships between genetic information, various epigenetic mechanisms and tissue development are discussed. The developmental growth and remodeling of most structural tissues are enhanced by the use of those tissues and retarded by their disuse. The mechanical or mathematical modeling of tissue growth and development using cellular automata models and continuum mechanical models is reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140250
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 191
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MECHANOTRANSDUCTION AT CELL-MATRIX AND CELL-CELL CONTACTS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 275-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Mechanical forces play an important role in the organization, growth, maturation, and function of living tissues. At the cellular level, many of the biological responses to external forces originate at two types of specialized microscale structures: focal adhesions that link cells to their surrounding extracellular matrix and adherens junctions that link adjacent cells. Transmission of forces from outside the cell through cell-matrix and cell-cell contacts appears to control the maturation or disassembly of these adhesions and initiates intracellular signaling cascades that ultimately alter many cellular behaviors. In response to externally applied forces, cells actively rearrange the organization and contractile activity of the cytoskeleton and redistribute their intracellular forces. Recent studies suggest that the localized concentration of these cytoskeletal tensions at adhesions is also a major mediator of mechanical signaling. This review summarizes the role of mechanical forces in the formation, stabilization, and dissociation of focal adhesions and adherens junctions and outlines how integration of signals from these adhesions over the entire cell body affects how a cell responds to its mechanical environment. This review also describes advanced optical, lithographic, and computational techniques for the study of mechanotransduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140040
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 192
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MUSCARINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR KNOCKOUT MICE: Novel Phenotypes and Clinical Implications * (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 44 (2004), S. 423-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs; M1-M5) play key roles in regulating the activity of many important functions of the central and peripheral nervous system. Because of the lack of ligands endowed with a high degree of receptor subtype selectivity and the fact that most tissues or cell types express two or more mAChR subtypes, identification of the physiological and pathophysiological roles of the individual mAChR subtypes has proven a difficult task. To circumvent these difficulties, several laboratories recently employed gene-targeting techniques to generate mutant mouse strains deficient in each of the five mAChR subtypes. Phenotyping studies showed that each mutant mouse line displayed characteristic physiological, pharmacological, behavioral, biochemical, or neurochemical deficits. The novel insights gained from these studies should prove instrumental for the development of novel classes of muscarinic drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121622
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 193
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allergy and Drug Sensitivity of Skin (1969)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 9 (1969), S. 457-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.09.040169.002325
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 194
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Essential Pharmacology (1969)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 9 (1969), S. 1-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.09.040169.000245
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 195
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemotherapy of Leprosy (1969)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 9 (1969), S. 37-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.09.040169.000345
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 196
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ganglionic Transmission (1969)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 9 (1969), S. 135-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.09.040169.001031
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 197
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacology of Motor Nerve Terminals (1969)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 9 (1969), S. 173-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.09.040169.001133
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 198
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone (1969)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 9 (1969), S. 327-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.09.040169.001551
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 199
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drugs and Uric Acid (1969)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 9 (1969), S. 345-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.09.040169.002021
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 200
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation Techniques for Pharmacologically Active Substances (Animal) (1969)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 9 (1969), S. 407-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.09.040169.002203
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...