ALBERT

Description: From a bryological point of view Greenland is not well known in detail. Unlike Siberia or Arctic America, it is not known through a few large collections, but through multitudes of mostly relatively small gatherings. In this arctic island that is almost 2000 miles long and extends from below 60° N.lat. to nearly 84° N.lat., travel and logistics are difficult. Consequently no over-all study of the whole island has been made, although many collections have been achieved through casual or intensive studies of small areas. Like the other contributions to the knowledge of the bryoflora of Greenland this paper will only deal with a rather limited area; the Angmagssalik district on the East coast of Greenland, ranging from 65° N.lat. to 67°20' N.lat. In 1887 Lange and Jensen published the first and until now the only comprehensive review of specimens and publications on the Musci of Greenland. In their paper the first moss collection from the Angmagssalik area was reported, made in 1884-1885 in the course of ethnographical studies by Gustav Holm (Sphagnum girgensohnii and Polytrichum juniperinum), the first European to visit this part of East Greenland.

Description: A palynological assemblage obtained from marly limestones of the Dutch Lower Muschelkalk is discussed. A qualitative analysis has disclosed its great resemblance to Upper Bunter (Röt) assemblages ; however, differences in quantitative composition were demonstrated. Utilizing palynological data new information can be added to the knowledge of the European Middle Triassic flora.

Description: Although algology deals with a large group of plants, widespread and of a great morphological diversity, the history of this branch of botany is fairly young. Linnaeus (1753) listed in his Species Plantarum under the heading “Cryptogamia—Algae” only five genera of plants which are still accepted as algae at the present time. Under the same heading he also described a number of liverworts, lichens and sponges and a few other things.

Description: Studies in the Moraceae showed that Acanthinophyllum should be regarded as congeneric with Clarisia, and that Clarisia spruceana and Aliteria sagoti are conspecific with Clarisia ilicifolia. Some characters of the inflorescences and seeds and the position of Clarisia and its relationships with Trophis and Sorocea are discussed.

Description: In February and early March, 1961, the senior author spent three weeks on a small savanna in the approximate centre of Suriname, South of Tafelberg, (map 1). He was accompanied by Mr. W. H. A. Hekking. The time was spent in exploring the flora of the savanna and the adjacent forest. As a detailed study of the vegetation of the savannas of northern Suriname was then in progress, several extensive papers being in preparation (Heyligers, 1963; Van Donselaar, 1965; Van Donselaar-Ten Bokkel Huinink, 1966), it was felt that a more thorough inventory of the vegetation and the flora of the savanna might be rewarding. When a general impression of the plant-cover of the area had been obtained, eight representative sample-plots were selected, their vegetation was analyzed and described after the method of the French-Swiss school of phytosociology, and pits were dug in the soil down to bedrock, samples being taken in every distinctive-looking layer. This work was carried out jointly by the senior author and W. H. A. Hekking; part of the floristic exploration was also done by or with Dr. R. M. Tryon, Harvard Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass. The results are here presented. It was felt that in order to integrate them with those obtained elsewhere in Suriname, the collaboration of a specialist familiar with the Suriname savannas in general was required. This was the junior author’s task, who, after his prolonged work on the savannas of northern Suriname, later expanded his work to those of the southern part of the country. The preliminary results of the last-named study are in the press; more detailed field work is in progress as this paper goes to the press.

Description: When revising the Icacinaceae from SE. Asia and Malesia recently, my interest was drawn again to the genus Lophopyxis Hook. f. Designated by its author (1887) tentatively as a member of the Euphorbiaceae, it was rejected from this family by Pax as early as 1890. Engler (1893) transferred Lophopyxis to the Icacinaceae as the type of a new subfamily Lophopyxidoideae. Hallier f. (1910) disputed Engler’s view and retained it in the Euphorbiaceae, from which it was excluded again by Pax & Hoffmann in 1931. A possible place in the Rhamnaceae and Flacourtiaceae was considered and rejected by Gilg in 1918; Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr. & van Steenis (1966) likewise rejected the former, though its alliance with the Rhamnaceae was firmly expressed by Airy Shaw (1966). Other authors, as Pierre quoted by Boerlage (1890), inserted Lophopyxis in the Saxifragaceae, Schumann (1898) in the Olacaceae, and Ridley (1922) in Bentham’s Olacineae. In more recent times the genus was referred again to the Icacinaceae by Schellenberg (1923) and Kanehira (1931), but excluded from that family by Hallier f. (1921) and Sleumer (1942). Dahl (1955), discussing the pollen morphology of Lophopyxis, stated that the range of pollen forms known to exist within the Euphorbiaceae could include that of Lophopyxis. Erdtman in the newest edition of his ‘Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy’ (1966) still placed it under Euphorbiaceae. Hutchinson (1959), and subsequently Scholz (1964), place it in the Celastraceae. Though Lophopyxis fits in the general circumscription of the Celastraceae, and shares the winged fruit with the subfamily Tripterygioideae, it cannot be placed in the latter, which all have basal ovules, whilst Lophopyxis has pendent (and certainly epitropous) ones. If placed in the Celastraceae, it would keep an isolated position, as, for instance, does Siphonodon. There is thus no certainty as to the right place of this genus, whose gross morphology, wood anatomy, embryology, and pollen morphology is so well known to-day, in one of the established plant families. It therefore seems justified to regard it as the type of a family of its own within the Geraniales-Sapindales-Celastrales. Suggested already by van Tieghem (1897) and Pierre (1897) casually as Lophopyxidacées’, the family was formally described by Pfeiffer (1951) who raised Engler’s Lophopyxidoideae to family rank, and recently conceived by Airy Shaw (1966).

Description: The previous subdivision of Freycinetia Gaud. ( Pandanaceae) into two parts, Sect. Oligostigma Warb. and Sect. Pleiostigma Warb. (now called Sect. Freycinetia) has because of numerous additions to our knowledge of the genus become obsolete. Fifteen new sections are proposed, based on natural species-groups, and the original two sections are restricted and redefined. Species not yet adequately known may be termed Freycinetiae imperfectae, when only staminate specimens are known, or incertae sedis. A map showing the distribution of the genus is included.

Description: During a collecting trip to Thailand, as a member of the Thai-Dutch botanical expedition 1965/1966, I was struck by the excessive amount of mucilage sometimes present on the circinnate fronds of several leptosporangiate ferns. This was especially evident in representatives of the monotypic fern family Plagiogyriaceae and the Thelypteroid ferns. The mucilage is secreted by a multitude of minute glandular hairs. In mature leaves the hairs are shrivelled and easily overlooked, or even have disappeared. Moreover, usually only herbarium specimens are available for investigation.

Description: This study forms a part of biological, oceanographical, and sedimentological investigations carried out in the Ria de Arosa (NW. Spain) 1962—1964. Details of the aim and scope of these investigations have been set forth by Brongersma and Pannekoek (1966). The present paper deals with the macroscopic algae of this region. Firstly, it was attempted to obtain a complete survey of the floristic composition. These data were utilized in a study of algal phytogeography (van den Hoek and Donze, 1967). Secondly, a rough description of the intertidal vegetation types and zonation patterns is given. Thirdly, the local distribution of species and vegetation types is outlined with respect to the main environmental factors. Fourthly, a rather detailed picture of the depthdistribution of many species is given.

Description: The elevation effect is defined as the phenomenon that mountain plants occur only on mountains which attain a certain minimum altitude peculiar to the species, but that they generally descend below this critical altitude on the higher mountains. It can also be expressed in figures as the difference between the minimum altitude of the peaks and that of the lowest known locality. If for example a species occurs from 1500 m upwards, but only on mountains whose highest peak exceeds 2200 m altitude, the effect amounts to 2200—1500 = 700 m. First observed for one plant on the volcanoes of Java by Backer & van Slooten (1924), it was assumed applicable to all Malesian mountain plants by van Steenis (1934). It was further elucidated by him (1961) by a number of computed examples; he abandoned the earlier idea that it had something to do with the ‘Massenerhebungseffekt’ (mountain mass-elevation effect) and gave an explanation for the elevation effect by assuming that each mountain plant occupies a zone of permanent establishment, on both sides bordered by a zone of temporary localities, the critical altitude being the lower contour of the permanent establishment (fig. 1). In other words, mountain plants can only descend to their lowest localities on peaks whose summits fall at least partly in the zone of permanent establishment, ensuring a constant upper source for descending diaspores. If the explanation is correct, the elevation effect must be universally valid for all mountain plants, and not only for those on volcanoes. Encouraged by an observation of a New Zealand Ranunculus by Fischer (1965), which was said to occur only on mountains with a minimum peak altitude, the author has tested the alpine flora of Switzerland on the occurrence of the elevation effect. For this purpose he has drawn a map of Switzerland at the 2000 m contour by which it became divided into 121 ‘mountain islands’ exceeding that altitude (list p. 278, Karte 1). Then 23 species of mountain plants were selected responding to the conditions that they occur largely above 2000 m, that they are fairly common, that they are not expressly bound to very narrow ecological conditions, and finally that they are homogeneous and do not show infraspecific differentiation (see list on p. 280). The proper scoring was done in II herbaria in Switzerland, public and private, from many thousands of sheets of which the label carried an altitudinal notation, in a few cases supplemented by data from local monographs. The complete survey of altitudinal data, with their frequencies for each species has been compiled in table 1; for four species these data have been figured in graphs illustrating more clearly the tailing off of frequencies at both higher and lower altitudes. For each species a detailed account is given of the number of specimens examined, their distribution over the various ‘mountain islands’, data found in literature, lowest ‘mountain island’ on which the species is found, a list of the lower localities, and finally a discussion of the results. It appears that each of the 23 species examined shows the elevation effect and that there is no reason to doubt its general validity, even for arimals. All occur only on mountains with a minimum altitude and all descend on the ‘mountain islands’ to a distinctly lower altitude. The elevation effect in metres for each species, as computed by the difference between the height of the lowest ‘mountain island’ on which it occurs and the lowest locality known, is reproduced in table 2 on p. 312. The explanation adhered to is that the scarce lowest localities are, for their maintenance, entirely dependent on the continuous supply of diaspores from the permanent, higher situated populations. On the higher mountains there is a continuous supply from this source, but this is absent on the mountains not reaching above the minimum altitude. The elevation effect is influenced in detail by various ecological factors among which the most important are: temperature, soil, physiognomy of the vegetation, autecology of the species, dispersal biology, and man. These factors have all been discussed separately. It appears that the lowest localities always occur on sites which deviate in some way or other very locally from the surrounding biotope, by lower temperature, more open vegetation, etc. Such ‘enclaves’ show characteristics of higher situated zones; they are for example streamborders, glaciers, deep ravines, waterfalls, etc.

Description: Herba perennis, gracilis, caule repente valde furcato. Rami erecti vel suberecti, quadrangulares, e gemmis axillaribus emergentes, straminei, squamosi, simpliccs et infra glabrescentes, corymbose furcati et glandulari-pubescentes, sursum altitudine 10—20 cm attingentes. Folia simplicia, exstipulata, sessilia, ad basin connata, opposita, paribus sursum gradatim minoribus et in bracteas transeuntibus, lamina lineari-lanceolata vel elliptico-lanceolata, acuta vel ad basin paulum angustata, apice acuminata, integra, margine paulum incrassata et incurva, coriacea, utrinque glabra, infra pallida, 5—20(—25) x 2—5(—6) mm; nervi praeter medium nervum eminentem obscuri. Flores albi, 5—6 mm longi, ad nodos singulos in axilla folii unius solitarii, cymas terminales foliosas corymbosas paniculatas efformantes. Bracteae foliosae, sed vulgo foliis minores, 5—10 mm longae, pedicello tereti, gracili, erecto-patente, glandulari-pubescente, 3—10 mm longo; bracteolae nullae. Sepala 5, usque ad basin libera, lanceolato-oblonga, acuminata, integra, marginibus angustis scariosis, utrinque glabra, e basi 3-nervia, nervo medio eminenti ad apicem in mucronem parvum desinente, nervis duobus lateralibus languidis cum nervo medio sub ipso apice convergentibus, 5—6 X 1.5—1.8 mm. Petala 5, libera, subsessilia, oblanceolata, ad apicem in lobos ovatos, subacutos, 0.6—0.8 mm longos breviter bifida, 5.0—5.5 mm longa, sepalis aequalia vel paulo breviora. Stamina fertilia 5, staminodiis 5 alternantia, disco paulum 5-lobo glandulari annulari insidentia; filamenta gracilia, cum petalis alternantia, ad basin paulum dilatata, 4 mm longa; antherae subbrunneae, oblongae, 1 mm longae; staminodia linearia, theca vacua minuta albida 2 mm longa, i.e. staminibus fertilibus dimidio breviora. Ovarium ovoideum, subsessile vel omatum brevi gynophoro, 1—5 ovulatum, apice cupulari, discoideo, circum stylos tumescente; styli terni (raro bini), filiformes, glabri, 2.5—2.8 mm longi; stigma simplex. Capsula ovoidea, calyce multo brevior, seminibus 1—5, usque ad medium circum apicem incrassatum in valvulas 6 ovatas subacutas dehiscens. Semina compressa, rubro-brunnea, fere levia, 1 mm longa. Perennial, slender herb, with creeping, much branched stems. Branches erect or suberect, 4-angled, springing from the axillary, straw-coloured, scaly buds, simple and glabrescent below and corymbosely branched and glandular-pubescent upwards, attaining a height of 10—20 cm. Leaves simple, exstipulate, sessile, connate at base, arranged in opposite, equal pairs, becoming smaller and passing into bracts upwards; lamina linear-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute or slightly narrowed to the base, acuminate at the apex, entire, with slightly thickened, incurved margin, coriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, pale beneath, 5—20(—25) X 2—5(—6) mm; nerves obscure except prominent midrib. Flowers white, 5—6 mm long, solitary at each node in the axil of one leaf, forming terminal, leafy, corymbose, panicled cymes. Bracts leaf-like, but usually smaller than leaves, 5—10 mm long, pedicel terete, slender, erecto-patent, glandular-pubescent, 3—10 mm long; bracteoles o. Sepals 5, free to the base, lanceolateoblong, acuminate, entire with narrow scarious margins, quite glabrous inside and outside, 3-nerved from the base, middle prominent nerve terminating into a small mucro at the apex and two faint lateral nerves converging with the midnerve just below the apex, 5—6 X 1.5—1.8 mm. Petals 5, free, subsessile, oblanceolate, shortly 2-fid at the apex into ovate, subacute, 0.6—0.8 mm long lobes, 5.0—5.5 mm long, as long as or slightly shorter than the sepals. Fertile stamens 5, alternating with 5 staminodes, inserted on slightly 5-lobed, glandular, annular disc; filaments slender, alternating with petals, slightly dilated at the base, 4 mm long; anthers brownish, oblong, 1 mm long; staminodes linear, with minute, whitish, empty anther-sacs, 2 mm long. Ovary ovoid, subsessile or with short gynophore, 1—5 ovuled, with cupular, disclike, swollen apex around the styles; styles 3 (rarely 2), filiform, glabrous, 2.5—2.8 mm long; stigma simple. Capsule ovoid, much shorter than the calyx, 1—5-seeded, dehiscing up to the middle around the thickened apex into 6 ovate, subacute valves. Seeds compressed, reddish-brown, nearly smooth, 1 mm long.

Description: The Dermaptera of the northern part of South America have been little studied. The Dermaptera fauna of Columbia and Ecuador to the east of this region has been investigated to some extent, but records of this order from the western countries are very sparse indeed. Prior to BOESEMAN (1954) only two species were known from Surinam, whilst 10 species have been recorded from Guyana, and 13 species from French Guiana. These totals obviously represent only a very small proportion of the true fauna, and BOESEMAN (1954) recorded a further 9 species from Surinam, so bringing the total known species from all the Guyanas to 26.

Description: Until recently biological research in the sea off Suriname had not received much attention. There was no fishery in the open sea and there was no incentive to investigate this unknown world. But in the last twenty years, experiments have gradually led to serious study of the subject. Before the second world war, schooner fishing in the open sea to catch red snapper fish, as already carried out off (British) Guyana, was tried by the Curaçao Trading Company in Paramaribo, but this experiment was not a success. During the war, a study of the local fisheries became urgent, to find out how far Suriname was able to supply the people with protein food.

Description: The material studied was mainly collected by Drs. P. H. VAN DOESBURG, Jr. during his stay in Surinam and during a visit to Venezuela. In addition, specimens from the Western Hemisphere brought together in the Rijksmuseum at Leiden by various collectors and some samples taken in Surinam by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK have been studied. Some specimens in the author’s collection, with unknown collector were also examined. The material has been deposited at the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden (LM); the Zoologisch Museum at Utrecht (UM) and the collection of the author (N). The collection of Drs. P. H. VAN DOESBURG now belongs to the Leiden Museum and is consequently indicated LM too.

Description: 1. Uca rapax of Curaçao showed a daily colour rhythm. The animal is dark during the day and light during the night. This rhythm persisted in animals which were placed in constant darkness for 110 days, and in those which were placed in constant illumination for 40 days. The latter condition caused a gradual phase shift of the maximum darkening from 12 (noon) to 3 AM within a period of 18 days. The maxima and minima of animals kept in constant darkness were higher than in control animals. No correlation between tide levels and colour change was found. 2. Eyestalk extracts were found to contain a pigment dispersing activity. There was no difference in the amount of dispersing material between the extracts of eyestalks removed either in daytime or at night. Males reacted more strongly upon injection of eyestalk extracts than females. 3. Blood taken from eyestalkless or normal animals had no dispersing activity, although a “non-specific” dispersing activity can be demonstrated in blood kept outside the body for 45 minutes.

Description: On the existing geological maps of the South-Central Pyrenees such as those of Dalloni (1910, 1930), Misch (1934), Almela & Rios (1947) and Alastrue, Almela & Rios (1957) the units distinguished and the colours used represent stratigraphie time intervals. Many stage boundaries, however, fall at levels which may lie anywhere in a homogeneous rock sequence. To overcome this difficulty the practice up to now has been to substitute the nearest marked lithological change for the unmappable time-stratigraphic limit. This simplification hardly matters in small-scale geological maps (scales of 1 : 175,000 and 1 : 200,000). The errors introduced become unjustifiable, however, when mapping on scales of 1 : 10,000 to 1 : 50,000. Pronounced facies changes and diachronism as have been shown to apply to many of the deposits under consideration (Souquet, 1967), add a further complication. Mapping of the Central Pyrenees has been undertaken by the Geological Institute of the University of Leiden and to date the first six, 1 : 50,000, map sheets of the projected series of ten maps have been published. In the course of field studies carried out by the present authors in the South-Central Pyrenees, a lithostratigraphic subdivision was developed which is here published in a condensed form. The subdivision is largely based on physical criteria, recognizable in the field. The units distinguished are formations in the sense of the Code of Stratigraphical Nomenclature (1961).

Description: A new Androstrobus from the Jurassic of Yorkshire is described and compared with other, earlier identified, Androstrobus species.

Description: The Brokopondo Lake in the interior of Surinam began to form when on 1 February 1964 the dam in the Surinam River near Afobaka was closed. The lake was intended to cover an area of about 150.000 ha and to have a maximal depth of about 47 m. The basin, largely occupied by forest, was not cleared beforehand. During the initial stage the water in the flooded forest was characterised by a very high content of organic matter and the absence of oxygen. As the water level rose, differentiation between a hypolimnion and an epilimnion developed. The oxygen content of the epilimnion was high. During the first three years of its existence the lake attained an area of about 84.000 ha and a maximal depth of 38 m. Within this period eight aquatic plant species became numerous in the lake. Special attention was paid to Eichhornia crassipes and Ceratopteris pteridoides. In April 1966, when the lake covered about 78.000 ha, the former had colonized 53%, the latter 21 % of this area. Since September 1966 both diminished greatly, Eichhornia as a result of artificial control, Ceratopteris for unknown reasons. Floating pieces of decaying wood became overgrown by a variety of plant species, 27 of which were recorded. Mixed vegetations of water and marsh plants developed, free-floating mats ( Eichhornia being the matrix), patches attached to partly submerged tree tops, and belts along the shore. Twentytwo species were observed as constituents of these floating vegetations.

Description: A pollen-morphological study has been carried out on the American Costoideae, a subfamily of the Zingiberaceae ( Costus L., Dimerocostus O. Kuntze, and Monocostus K. Schum.). Four pollen types and two subtypes could be established on the basis of size, exine and apertural characters. These types are: Costus lima type, Costus warmingii type, Costus congestiflorus type and Dimerocostus type. It is assumed that the pollen grains of the genus Costus are pollen morphologically more advanced than the grains of Dimerocostus and Monocostus.

Description: The views of previous authors on the elm fall, especially backgrounded by Tauber’s (1965) theory on differential pollen dispersion, are discussed. Five possible explanations are given: climate, competition and edaphical factors, human influence, diseases, selective pollen filtering. For the time being the present author concludes that the most probable explanation for the elm fall is human influence, eventually in interaction with a change in climate. Depending on local, edaphic and ecological conditions, the various factors which may be held responsible for the elm fall, are probably of unequal importance for different regions.

Description: This study was undertaken, in April 1964, at the suggestion of Prof. Dr. J. Lanjouw. The need for such a revision, was, however, stressed by the authors of the subtribe, viz. PAX et K. HOFFMANN, who, while delimiting these genera, remarked that the Systematics of both the (main) genera of this subtribe (viz. Paronychia and Herniaria) required a thorough study. By that remark they implicitly wanted to convey the difficulties encountered in studying the two genera. As a matter of fact theirs is the only account covering the whole group. There is no previous review of all the species of Paronychia, and CORE’s account (1941 of the 21 North American species is the only study of this genus. Herniaria has been studied by F. N. WILLIAMS (1896) and F. HERMANN (1937), but both the accounts are brief and sketchy reviews, and cannot be described as revisions. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to clear up the taxonomic position of these genera. The study was greatly facilitated by the extensive collections made by various workers (in some areas for the first time in history) in recent years, particularly during the past two or three decades. It is indeed immensely gratifying to note that well over 13500 herbarium sheets (about 10500 of them obtained on loan from nearly 45 herbaria) were available for study. A thorough examination of such a vast collection has necessitated a re-evaluation most of the infra-generic groupings, and, moreover, resulted in a considerable increase in the number of species belonging to the two main genera. Of the nine genera originally included by PAX et HOFFMANN in this subtribe, viz. Sphaerocoma, Corrigiola, Gymnocarpos, Lochia, Sclerocephalus, Paronychia, Siphonychia, Herniaria and Philippiella, only eight are retained in this account, the ninth (i.e. Siphonychia) is merged with Paronychia. The latter is subdivided (for the first time) into three subgenera (Siphonychia, Paronychia and Anoplonychia); the subgenus Paronychia includes 57 species of which all but one belong to the section Paronychia. The latter in turn comprises 5 sub-sections and 8 series, all of them being set up for the first time. The second major subgenus, Anoplonychia, includes 48 species grouped into two sections and four subsections. In all there are 29 species being described for the first time (20 in Paronychia, 7 in Herniaria and 2 in Corrigiola) in addition to a number of infra-specific taxa. These figures, however, do not include the taxa published by me in two earlier papers (1966, 1967). In spite of the extensive collecting, however, most of the new species as well as the infra-specific taxa are known from one or a few gatherings only, and are, accordingly, described in this account as endemics. Obviously, in some of these cases more material is highly desirable. Some regions are still rather poorly known or botanized. This is particularly true of Central and Eastern Turkey, NE Spain, and parts of Morocco, Ethiopia, Peru and Chile. Moreover, leaving aside matters of taxonomic interest, which I have endeavoured to clarify in this account, there still remain some problems which require further investigation. The main genera require population studies, and the evidence available so far for hybridization needs to be substantiated. Similarly, cytotaxonomic and experimental studies are needed to help solve some of the problems concerning the delimitation of the infra-specific taxa, especially in the genus Herniaria. Another highly intriguing matter that requires further investigation concerns the correct interpretation of the petals which in most of the genera of this group are filiform structures resembling staminodia, but in two of the genera (viz. Corrigiola and Sphaerocoma) they are quite well-developed. Yet another issue that still remains to be settled, though on a much broader scale, is the long-standing controversy as to whether or not these genera, along with the other members of the subfamily Paronychioideae, are sufficiently distinct from the rest of the family Caryophyllaceae so as to justify their inclusion in a separate family. This is a matter that cannot be settled by the study of a small group of genera, or a small tribe of a large family. I have, therefore, not gone into this problem, and have followed the treatment of PAX & HOFFMANN in the disposition of this group of genera.

Description: In 1902 Raciborski (6) described an epiphyte of huge dimensions from New Guinea under the name of Platycerium wandae. In 1908 van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh (I) described the well-known P. wilhelminaereginae, also a large-sized epiphyte occurring in that region.

Description: This taxonomic revision includes all Ochnaceae from South and Southeast Asia, Malesia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. A much wider species concept is applied than in most previous works: 20 species in 10 genera are accepted for the area treated, whereas 199 specific synonyms are listed. A few taxa have been accepted at infra specific level among which Brackenridgea palustris ssp. kjellbergii Kanis is new. It is shown that some old specific names have been overlooked in the past and that the traditional concepts of some species have not been in accordance with the original concepts. All names, currently used for Asiatic species of Ochna L. and Gomphia Schreb. are no longer accepted here, O. jabotapita L. and G. serrata (Gaertn.) Kanis being the correct names for the respective type species. O. fascicularis Blanco is made the type of a distinct section Notochnella (v. Tiegh.) Kanis in the genus Brackenridgea A. Gray. A short history of the taxonomy is given and a partly new suprageneric subdivision of the Ochnaceae is subsequently proposed. Two subfamilies are recognised: the Ochnoideae comprising the tribes Ochneae and Elvasieae Rchb., and the Sauvagesoideae Lindl. including the tribes Sauvagesieae, Euthemideae Planch., and Lophireae Rchb. The Ochneae are newly subdivided in the subtribes Ochninae and Ouratinae (v. Tiegh.) Kanis, and the Sauvagesieae in the subtribes Sauvagesinae and Luxemburginae (Planch.) Kanis.* Some general remarks are made about morphological characters in the family, including some new characters of the pollen. An attempt is made towards a better understanding of the inflorescence types. It is assumed that the genera Ochna and Gomphia migrated from Africa into Asia. Other genera in Southeast Asia, Malesia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands are regarded as long established, because of the more or less relict-like nature of their areas.

Description: When working up the material of Biophytum (Oxalidaceae) present in the Rijksherbarium at Leyden I came upon an African specimen which according to the African Floras should be B. sensitivum (L.) DC. It differed, however, considerably from the Asian representatives of that species. Being curious to know whether B. sensitivum (L.) DC. occurs in Africa, which appeared to be important for its geographical distribution in conjunction with my revision of the Oxalidaceae for the Flora Malesiana, I could borrow, thanks to the kind cooperation of the directors of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and Brussels, a large amount of African material of ‘B. sensitivum’, in all approximately 40 and 150 sheets respectively.

Description: As the preparation of an annotated check list of the marine Mollusca of Surinam (Dutch Guiana) will take some more years, it was thought appropriate to publish a preliminary report on the bivalves. This report consists of a list of 126 species with a few notes containing, i.a., the description of seven new species, and a discussion of the local distribution of the marine bivalves. Of the 126 species listed seven are described as new, viz., Nucula surinamensis, Crenella abbotti, Periploma coquettae, Tivela geijskesi, Diplodonta (Sphaerella) rehderi, Lucina (Parvilucina) clenchi, and Mactra (Micromactra) surinamensis.

Description: Mrs. EVELINE DU BOIS-REYMOND MARCUS found the turbellarian described below, which belongs to the Umagillidae (Neorhabdocoela, Dalyellioida), in a vial of Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK’S collection of Caribbean polyclads. The species of Syndesmis are known to live in the body cavity and the intestine, especially the rectum, of sea-urchins, so that the present specimens might have been evacuated together with the faeces. The last revision of the Umagillidae (STUNKARD & CORLISS 1951) was followed by papers of WESTBLAD (1953), HICKMAN (1955, 1956), HICKMAN & OLSEN (1955), and HYMAN (1960). Their results suggest continuing the key of STUNKARD & CORLISS. AS the present species has a simple, not H-shaped, intestine, paired testes, and paired ovaries, the supplement to this KEY is restricted to STUNKARD & CORLISS’ numbers 1-15 of the subfamily Umagillinae.

Description: When the author beheld the tranquility and the magnitude of a Caribbean mangrove-lagoon for the very first time, he was so much impressed by the wealth and the complexity of this habitat that he could not but devote his special attention to a number of simple Cassiopeas, lazily pulsating amidst the turtle-grass. Moreover these Bonairean animals challenged him to further research, because at first view, their appearance showed some striking differences from a description given some years before by STIASNY, with reference to Cassiopeas collected by VAN DER HORST on Curaçao. The result was a lengthy paper “Zur Kenntnis der Scyphomedusen-Gattung Cassiopea” (1933). The present article may be considered as a continuation, except for one thing; several subjects discussed in the first publication will here be omitted. Special attention, however, has been given to the number & shape of radial vessels, and to a few striking characteristics of oral arms & vesicles, which may be considered as being of supra-specific and infraspecific taxonomical value respectively. – Thanks are due to H. C. OBREEN (1958) and MIEKE GODERIE (1966) for their kind assistance within the scope of their student’s practical course in taxonomy.

Description: Professor Dr. DIVA DINIZ CORRÊA, Head of the Department of Zoology of the University of São Paulo, was able to work at the “Caraïbisch Marien-Biologisch Instituut” (Caribbean Marine Biological Institute: Carmabi) at Curaçao from December 1965 to March 1966, thanks to a grant received from the Government of the Netherlands. There she collected 26 species of Polyclads, and took notes of their shapes and colours. Furthermore Dr. PIETER WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, of Utrecht, sent us a large collection of polyclads from the Caribbean area, gathered on his trips from 1930 to 1964. He had also collected in 1963 in the Miami area. We received some samples from the latter area from Prof. Dr. CORRÊA and Prof. Dr. FREDERICK M. BAYER, of Miami. Drs. LILIANA FORNERIS, WALTER NARCHI, and SÉRGIO DE ALMEIDA RODRIGUES, all of São Paulo, gave us interesting Brazilian material.

Description: From the following bibliography, most of the publications directed to the general public, such as articles in newspapers, etc., as well as part of the book-reviews, have been omitted. The topics are divided over six headings: Hirudinea, Echinodermata, Opisthobranchia, History of Biology, Museology, and Miscellaneous. The author is indebted to Dr. J. H. Stock, of the Zoölogisch Museum, Amsterdam, for several additions and remarks.

Description: The myicolid copepod Pseudomyicola spinosus is reported from 22 new hosts (pelecypods) in Bermuda and the West Indies, from 1 new host (a pelecypod) in Madagascar, and from an ascidian (Pyuridae) in Curaçao (probably an accidental association). P. spinosus is redescribed, based on specimens from Isognomon alatus in Bermuda. Among 316 P. spinosus from Bermuda, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Barbados, Brazil, Senegal, Madagascar, and Jugoslavia the dimensions of the body and caudal ramus varied widely. The ornamentation of the anal segment showed four different conditions of spination, and sometimes included an extra long ventral setule on either or both sides. The specimens studied are regarded as one species, P. spinosus, without apparent subspecific differences. The following are considered as synonyms of P. spinosus: P. glaber Pearse, 1947, Myicola tageli Pearse, 1947, P. anomalocardiae Narchi, 1965, and P. mirabilis Humes, 1959.

Description: Extensive reports on losses in zoo animals are very rare. As fas as we know only London, Paris, Philadelphia and Washington give yearly reports. Of these London and Paris give very complete information. One of the reasons that so few zoos publish their results may be that it is always more pleasant to give information about successes than about failures. In our opinion, however, it is no use to disguise the truth and for other zoos it can be very useful to have the opportunity to compare results. The period described in this paper is part of an important era in the history of our zoo, a period of reconstruction, rebuilding and, of increasing the collection. This period will last another 10-15 years or so as at that time the really old and worn-out buildings will have been replaced and appropriate facilities for the veterinarian will have been achieved. At the same time this period has seen great advances in veterinary care. The Cap-Chur pistol in use in our zoo since 1960 made injection possible of any animal at any time. The increasing arsenal of therapeutics and the international contacts by way of the international symposia on diseases of zoo animals have contributed largely to a better medical care of zoo animals. Thus prevention of diseases is becoming more and more important. In our opinion the effective disinfectant halamid (Chloraminum) plays an important rôle in this respect.

Description: In the summer of 1966 three students, bachelors in botany, of the State University of Utrecht, Netherlands, made botanical investigations in the Angmagssalik area (65° N.lat.-67°20' N. lat.) in South-east Greenland. The main purpose was to carry out floristical and ecological investigations, while special attention was paid to the altitudinal belts in the vegetation on mountain slopes. The fieldwork will be continued in 1968. From the botanical collection the lichens were identified by the author and are listed here, except some critical species of which the determinations have not been finished yet. The number of samples collected amounts to ca. 300, most of them taken from vegetation analyses. All samples will be incorporated in the Herbarium of the State University of Utrecht, Netherlands.

Description: The flora of the southern Surinam savannas (not completely known but probably so for the greater part) consists of 314 species collected so far. Ten of these were not found in any other region, 6 belong to the southern Guianan element, 14 to the Guianan element, the rest have a wider distribution. Fourty of the species occur in this region on the northern limit of their area and 18 of these even reach their northernmost station here. Among the 290 species collected on savannas in central Amazonia 82 species were found also on the savannas of southern Surinam. Northern Surinam, with a total of 288 recorded savanna species, has 183 species in common with southern Surinam. This floristic contrast can be correlated for about half of the differentiating species with ecological or geographic factors. The geographic spectra of the two regions are greatly similar.

Description: In the Netherlands the distinction of the species Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl (Syn.: S.marginata (DC.) Kittel) and Spergularia marina (L.) Grisebach (Syn.: S.salina J. et C. Presl) is not always easy. These taxonomical difficulties gave cause to investigate the variability of these two halophilous species. From a nomenclatorical study it appeared that S.media and S.marina are the legitimate names (Chapter I). The variability of both Spergularia-species has been studied by means of population samples (Chapter II). The seeds of S.media and S.marina vary from unwinged to broadly winged; however, the variation per plant is limited, the plants mostly producing in their proximal capsules either unwinged to rudimentary or narrowly winged, or only broadly winged seeds. These differences in the width of the seed wing are apparently genetically controlled. In general the winged seeds are larger than the unwinged seeds. The most important diagnostic characters of both Spergularia-species are (a) the number of stamens: in S.media (0-)10, in S.marina (0-)2-5 (-10) and (b) the diameter of the flower: in S.media (7-)10-12(-13) mm, in S.marina (4-)5-7(-8) mm Both species show a reduction of the androecium; the total number of stamens and staminodes of S.media is always 10, but when staminodes are present the diameter of the flower is smaller; flowers 7-8 mm in diam. always have a considerable number of staminodes. S.marina rarely has staminodes: if present there are at most only three of them. Other diagnostic characters are the length of the bracts and the position of the stigmas. In Chapter II the variability is correlated with the geographic distribution and the environment. The distribution of S.media on the outside of the dikes can be correlated with the salinity of M(ean) H(igh) W(ater). The limit of distribution upstream in the estuaries is found near the transition of Polyhalinicum to Mesohalinicum (see page 72). S.media is a differential species of the order Glauceto-Puccinellietalia. In some respects this species shows an independent behaviour in its relation to the other species of this order. S.media occurs in a zonation of vegetation in the Artemisietum maritimae and not in the Puccinellietum maritimae and vice versa. In sandy regions S.media is found in the zonation below Puccinellia maritima. Populations of S.media with a high frequency of plants producing unwinged seeds are found in open pioneer vegetation, on sandy soil in an extreme and unstable environment (see photo 2, page 81) or in intensively grazed vegetations (also on clayey soils). Populations of S.media composed of plants that produce exclusively winged seeds, are found in closed vegetation on clayey soil in a less extreme and more stable environment (see photo 1, page 81). In the population complex of S.media there is apparently an ecotypical differentiation. Populations composed of plants producing exclusively unwinged seeds do not occur in the Netherlands, the pressure of selection probably not being strong enough. On the isle of Römö (Denmark) and according to reports in the literature also elsewhere in Europe and North-Africa there are populations exclusively composed of plants with unwinged seeds. As the genetically controlled variability of the size of the seeds and the seed wing is largest in relative extreme and unstable environments, the variability decreases when the environment becomes less extreme and more stable. This also happens when the environment becomes very extreme. When population of extreme and less extreme environments are compared, the population density is higher, and the mean age of the individuals lower, in the first case. The distribution of S.marina on the outside of the dikes can be correlated with the salinity of M(ean) H(igh) W(ater). In the Mesohalinicum (see page 72) S. marina is found on the level of M.H.W., in the Polyhalinicum and Buhalinicum S.marina occurs at a higher level with regard to M.H.W. Upstream in the estuaries the limit of distribution is found mostly near the transition between Mesohalinicum and Oligohalinicum. S.marina is a differential species of the alliance Puccinellio-Spergularion. The species occurs in the subordinate associations with high presence. In one locality in the Netherlands, (see photo 3, page 110), namely in the eastern part of Terschelling, a population of S.marina is found that for the greater part is composed of plants producing exclusively broadly winged seeds in their proximal capsules. In general it can be concluded that incidental factors have a considerable influence on the variation pattern in the Netherlands as a result of the small size of the local populations, the scattered habitats and the obligatory autogamy. As regards dissemination, S.media and S.marina are polychorous, namely anemochorous, hydrochorous, zoochorous and anthropochorous (Chapter IV). Both Spergularia-species show a number of differences in floral structure and floral ecology (see page 124 e.v.). S.media is, dependent on the circumstances, allogamous or autogamous; S.marina is almost invariably autogamous, very rarely allogamous. Both species do not hybridise (Chapter IV). The diploid number of chromosomes of S.media is 18 and of S.marina 36 (Chapter V). In Chapter VI a taxonomic description of S.media and S.marina is given and a key of all the Spergularia-species native in the Netherlands. The final conclusions of the general discussion (Chapter VII) are that S.media and S.marina are clearly distinguishable on morphological, cytological and also ecological grounds. The species are reproductively isolated. Both species are very variable. In the population complex of S.media a great deal of ecotypical differentiation is found. The local populations of S.media are not reproductively isolated, and the same applies to the local populations of S.marina. As the variation is clinal no infraspecific taxa are described.

Description: At least some of the species of the genus Caltha are polymorphic, showing not only a wide range of intraspecific morphological variation, but also considerable cytotaxonomic differentiation. A number of taxonomic problems are connected with this phenomenon. In a previous paper (Smit, 1967) a survey of the chromosome numbers of 46 Dutch populations was given. Two cytotypes of Caltha palustris were found, 2n = 32 and 2n = 56, respectively, with slight morphological differences and different ecological preferences.

Description: Some Dutch populations of Parnassia palustris L. were studied cytologically and morphologically. Diploid and tetraploid plants both belong to the subspecies palustris. The diploid plants were found in different places along the coast and in one locality in the province of Noord-Brabant. The tetraploids occur in the provinces of Overijssel and Gelderland.

Description: The Brinckheuvel Nature Reserve includes the most characteristic part of the geomorphological Sabanpasi (or Subgreywacke) landscape (see fig. 4), formed by low, elongate, parallel, gently sloping ridges. The centre of each ridge is crowned by a narrow rib (gravel rib) (see fig. 5). The gravel ribs are in general formed by residual soils of sandy loam covered with a thin layer of quartzite material. The flanks of the ridges are occupied by sandy colluvial soils separated by a layer of gravel from the residual subsoil. At the bases of these flanks there is alluvial soil (see fig. 5 and 9). Generally the residual and colluvial soils bear savanna vegetation, the alluvial soils bear xerophytic wood and mesophytic forest. In the savanna vegetation on the ribs and the flanks of the ridges twelve plant communities can be distinguished (see table I and II). The residual soils are hardly permeable; the colluvial soils, on the other hand, absorb rainwater quickly and soon dry up again. In the Nature Reserve there are three hills; Brinck Hill, Klaiber Hill and Lobles Hill. They rise about 30 m above the level of the vicinity and consist of unweathered subgreywacke rock; their tops are flat and have a cover of 6 m of very permeable, white sand (see fig. 6). In the places where the vegetation was burned in the last few years there is now a savanna vegetation in which fourteen plant communities can be distinguished (see table I and II). The rest of the tops of the hills is covered with xerophytic wood. The rainwater quickly seeps through the white sand cap to the unweathered subgreywacke, runs off sideways, and reappears at the foot of the cap (the so-called source level). On the greater part of the slopes of the hills the subgreywacke crops out, with little gullies and furrows that are filled with erosion material. Ca. 245 species of plants were collected on the savannas of the Brinckheuvel Nature Reserve. Except in places where the influence of fire was noticeable, the presence of a more or less impermeable soil layer at shallow depth is doubtless responsible for the existence of the savannas of the Nature Reserve. This layer makes it possible that the overlying permeable mass is alternately wet and dry, depending on the season. The degree to which this happens depends not only on the thickness of this permeable topsoil but also on the inclination of the surface. This may be illustrated by the following (see fig. 10): 1. Xerophytic forest is found on white sand caps and slopes of the three hills and on very high gravel ribs. In such places the rainwater disappears rapidly, either the soil is well drained (white sand caps), or because most of the water runs off on the surface owing to the sloping of the ground. The soil is never extremely wet. 2. Savanna scrub is found on less high residual ribs and on gently sloping land with a thick permeable topsoil. In both cases the soil can take up more water and hold it longer. The contrast between wet and dry is greater. 3. Savanna hushes and open vegetations are found on the parts with a more level and thin topsoil of permeable material. The topsoil is soon saturated with rainwater that can not or hardly drain off, but dries up relatively soon. The contrast between wet and dry is therefore even greater. 4. Exclusively open vegetations, finally, are found on flat savanna parts with a few cm deep soil situated on uneroded rock, e.g. at the source level of the three hills, beside or near great rock flats and on level residual ground covered with gravel. Here we find the greatest contrast between wet and dry. All this illustrates the fact that in the Sabanpasi savanna area the hydrology of the soil is one of the principal habitat factors. Therefore, more attention should be paid to this factor by a next investigation in the Brinckheuvel Nature Reserve.

Description: The chromosome numbers of 86 species of Angiospermae occurring in the Netherlands are reported.

Description: In my work for the Index Muscorum it became apparent that dating problems existed for publications of the years 1825-1827, which were important for the nomenclature of Musci. The article by Arnott, Nouvelle disposition méthodique des espèces de mousses, was indicated from 1825 in some sources, but the copy of the periodical consulted had the title—date 1827 and the fascicle conderned probably was issued in 1826, Bridel, Bryologia universa, had the internal date 16 Dec. 1826 in the preface, usually bound with vol.1 the year 1826 for this volume, therefore, could be doubted. Moreover a supplement to the same volume was apparently published later than the main text, but the date 1827, assigned to this part in the preparation of Index Muscorum, was not fully confirmed. Some of the 11 parts of Schwaegrichen, Species Muscorum ... Supplementum, had to be dated with more precision, in connection with other works, th than was possible during the work for the Index Muscorum. Within the framework of the project Bibliographic Huntiana of the Hunt Botanical Library, Pittsburgh, Pa., it was possible to select a chapter of botanical bibliography, and the bryological publications of these three years were chosen with the literature related thereto. An effort was made to trace every book containing names of Musci. Articles in periodicals were not checked as thoroughly as the books. To bridge the gap between 1825 and 1821, the last year studied by Dr. Sayre in her Dates of publications treating Musci ... , bryological publications of the years 1822-1824 were studied too, but no effort was made to treat this period exhaustively. The publications included in this thesis are described according to the method of descriptive bibliography, as developed by W.W. Greg, F. Bowers, and for botanical books by Allan Stevenson. This method is adapted to the problems of the books of the period, by omitting the description of some features (binding, type-font) and by using page references in the descriptions of the contents instead of signature references. Some refinements in the method are proposed and applied. A new key for determination of books of handmade paper, especially laid paper, is included, Information concerning the dates of publication was derived from the references to reviews and announcements in contemporaneous periodicals, collected by a team of workers of the Hunt Botanical Library; I checked the original sources in many cases which might be critical. Moreover I studied several manuscript collections in botanical libraries and in archives. Completeness in these two fields, reviews and manuscripts, of course, is impossible, but some important sources remained untapped because of time restrictions. The result is the first analytical bibliography of all publications on a plant group of a certain period, at least to my knowledge. A considerable number of dates of publication are given with more precision than was the case up to now. Some of the important solutions to special problems or new points which came to light are enumerated below. 1. The article of Arnott was published in no less than 5 variants. The first one certainly is the quarto separate, which has the title-date 1825. My research made it probable that this was issued in January 1826. The later variants may be of importance because of indirect references to Schwaegrichen and Gaudichaud. 2. The two volumes of Bridel: Bryologia universa, were indeed published in 1826 and 1827, as the titles indicate; however, the supplement to vol.1 and the preliminaries were published together with vol.2. 3. The several parts of Schwaegrichen’s supplements are placed in the chronological order with the other important publications. For some parts, however, more accurate dates would be welcome. 4. The relative dates of Greville: Flora Edinensis, and the relevant fascicle of his Scottish cryptogamic flora were better established than those used in the Index Muscorum. 5. The contents, of the fascicles of a number of books and periodicals were determined, mainly with the help of internal bibliographical evidence. These were in several cases not known to the last details, e.g. Hooker: Musci exotici and Exotic flora. Off-sets of fascicle-titles in a particular copy of the latter work were helpful in establishing the breaks and dates of some fascicles. 6. Some publications were found, of which the new names of Musci were overlooked in the bryological literature (Cambessèdes, Chevallier). 7. The first color prints of mosses, to my knowledge, are indicated: of protonema in T.F.L. Nees von Esenbeck, 1824, and of complete plants in Sommerfelt, 1826, and Chevallier, 1826. 8. Of several books cancellantia are described which were not yet indicated before, including some in the starting-point book, Hedwig: Species Muscorum frondosorum. 9. Wove paper, originally used for expensive paper states of books, apparently became available in larger quantities and at relatively lower prices in the period treated, since several books show a shift from laid to wove paper. Machine-made paper was not yet often used for books; I only saw this paper type with certainty in the Transactions of the Linnean Society [London] of 1827 (see Greville n.9). As a general result of this research I can discuss the development of bryology in the first three decades of the 19th century, stressing the application of the natural classification to bryophytes, and the diverse opinions on the life cycle of mosses.

Description: Through the efforts of Dr T. C. Whitmore and Mr G. F. C. Dennis large collections of trees from the Solomons have been accumulated in the past six years. Among them are some interesting collections of the genus Crossostylis, a truly oceanic-Pacific genus, ranging from the Tuamotos westwards as far as and including the Solomon Is. and New Caledonia. A map of its distribution has been given in ‘Pacific Plant Areas’ vol. I, map 23. Whitmore in his ‘Guide to the Forests of the British Solomon Islands’ 1966, p. 174, listed only C. cominsii Hemsl. from the Santa Cruz group. There appears, however, to be a second, undescribed species from the Solomons proper.

Description: Cultural and caryological investigations on Sphacelaria furcigera from Hoek van Holland give evidence of a slightly heteromorphic diplohaplontic life-history in this species. A relatively slender (13.5—31 μ) haploid gametophytic phase alternates with a more robust (19—41 μ) diploid sporophytic phase. Female gametophytes form plurilocular macrogametangia at 12˚ C and 4˚ C, male gametophytes form plurilocular microgametangia at 12˚ C and 4˚ C. Zygotes of female macrogametes and male microgametes grow into diploid sporophytes which form unilocular meiotosporangia at 4˚ C. Meiosis takes place in the initials of these sporangia. About 50 % of the spores produced by them grow into male gametophytes, about 50 % into female gametophytes. Propagules are formed at higher temperatures, i.e. at 12˚ C and 20° C. In nature gametangia are formed during the winter half of the year, and propagules during the summer half of the year. Female gametes can develop parthenogenetically into new female gametophytes, but also into haploid plants forming unilocular zoidangia instead of plurilocular macrozoidangia. Such plants are repeatedly formed and represent dead ends in the life-history of S. furcigera. The result of our investigations are summarized in fig. 4. Sphacelaria britannica Sauv. and S. saxatilis (Kuck.) Kuck. ex Sauv. are synonyms of S. furcigera Kütz.

Description: (1) Faunistic insect collecting was done in Suriname from September 1963 to December 1964 with two types of “malaise” traps. (2) Trapping was practised on nine localities in different habitats, operating from the seacoast near Paramaribo via the older coastal belt and the savanna region into the rainforest of the hilly interior. (3) During this operation, a total of about 90.000 insects was collected. There was but little variation in the proportions of the different orders of insects taken in the nine localities. This is explained by the mode of sampling. (4) The catches show the following relative abundance: Diptera 1/2, Hymenoptera 1/5, Lepidoptera 1/7, Coleoptera 1/20, Hemiptera 1/40, Orthoptera 1/50, others less than one percent. (5) The variation within the orders was: Diptera 36—72%, Hymenoptera 11—33%, Lepidoptera 8—37%, Coleoptera 1—11%, Hemiptera 1/2—9% and Orthoptera 1—4%. (6) Most of the collected insects belong to dayfliers, i.e.: Diptera, most of the Hymenoptera (Aculeata), Lepidoptera Rhopalocera and Odonata. Other species collected are active at night. The moths and micro’s were represented 10 times as many as the Rhopalocera, but the Nematocera formed only 1/6 of the Diptera. Among the flies 1/5 belonged to the Tabanidae.

Description: Along the coast of St. Martin, St. Eustatius and Saba the rocks above sea-level often show a number of differently coloured zones. This is clearly visible when the coast over a larger distance is formed by one type of rock, as for instance on Saba. In many places a light-coloured belt is seen above the zone with algal growth; still higher the rocks are dark-coloured (Fig. 11, 17 and 22). The uppermost part of the light-coloured zone indicates rather exactly the height of the waves at low tide (splash zone). The darkcoloured zone is wet from finely dispersed water (spray zone). Sometimes differently coloured zones are formed (Fig. 13) which may, however, be correlated with the above mentioned ones on account of their organisms. Below the algal zone on open coasts hardly any other zones can be discerned, since the various communities of plants and animals form here a mosaic-like pattern. On rocky bottoms in the sublittoral region next to the lithophilous algae many corals are present. When the rocks are covered with a thin layer of sand, a rich fauna of Gorgonids may be present; when this layer becomes thicker, the horny corals are replaced by seagrasses and psammophilous algae. From our data the following facts about the rocky coasts, from the supralittoral margin to the uppermost part of the sublittoral region, are obvious. A zonation for molluscs is distinctly visible. Tectarius tuberculatus and Littorina ziczac are found in the spray zone, which is usually recognizable by a dark colour, caused by microscopic bluegreen algae. The rocks in this zone as a rule are almost dry. Chitons are usually present at a somewhat lower level, in places which are constantly washed by the waves; generally they indicate the upper limit of the waves at low tide (e.g. Figs. 17 and 21). They are mostly found in a lightcoloured zone. In places where the rocks are not exposed to the sun, Chitons may occur at much higher levels than is normally the case, when, however, the rocks are scoured by sand they are scarce or absent. Nerita tessellata is common among the Chitons, but may also be found at a lower level among the highest algae. Under overhanging rocks, and also in other places without direct sunlight a characteristic algal vegetation is found, mainly consisting of Bostrychia-species and Polysiphonia howei; the Bostrychias at a somewhat higher level than Polysiphonia. Protected by overhanging rocks and reached by the waves at high tide Bostrychia tenella may form a continuous zone at about 10—20 cm above the water level, with Polysiphonia howei immediately below (Great Bay; Fig. 17). In some cases, however, the Bostrychias may be absent (Little Bay near Kay Bay Hill, and near Fort Amsterdam). Other species with a comparable life form may also be found at a high level in shady places, for instance Lophosiphonia cristata (Little Bay) or Loposiphonia spec. of which very large patches were found on St. Eustatius. Next to these species hardly any algal growth is observed in the littoral region of St. Martin, St. Eustatius and Saba: the high air temperatures and the strong sunshine cause a desiccation of all organisms in the tidal zone. Moreover, because of the oscillations of the mean sea-level during the year, the mortality of the highest algal growth may be considerable. In the zone, which is also washed by the waves at low tide, a moss-like algal vegetation may be found, with many intermingled species, such as: Polysiphonia ferulacea, Lophosiphonia cristata, Jania adhaerens, Cladophoropsis membranacea, Cladophora fuliginosa, Centroceras clavulatum, Valonia ocellata, Dilophus alternans, D. guineensis, Hypnea musciformis, H. spinella, Spyridia aculeata, Laurencia intricata, L. papillosa, L. microcladia, L. gemmifera, Caulerpa racemosa, Dictyosphaeria cavernosa, Dictyota spp., Padina sanctae-crucis, P. gymnospora, P. vickersiae, Grateloupia cuneifolia, G. filicina, Pocockiella variegata, Ulva fasciata, Gelidiella acerosa, Amphiroa fragilissima, Sargassum Stichothamnion antillarum, Pterocladia pinnata, spp., and Wrangelia argus. Combination of species may vary from place to place. On flat rocks, for instance beachrock plates, such species as Polysiphonia ferulacea, Lophosiphonia cristata, Jania adhaerens, Centroceras clavulatum may be predominant. On protruding rocks, as for instance coral limestone, Laurencia papillosa and also Padina sanctae-crucis may be abundantly present. This moss-like algal growth may be found in many places along the coast of the islands, particularly in places with strong wave-action. When the boulders rest in a sandy bottom and much sand is carried by the waves, in several places on the coast of St. Martin a vegetation has developed, consisting of Chondria tenuissima and Digenea simplex, together with a number of species partly mentioned already when describing the moss-like algal vegetation, for instance Padina sanctae-crucis, P. vickersiae, Bryothamnion triquetrum, Laurencia microcladia, L. papillosa, L. poitei, Polysiphonia ferulacea, and Sargassum spp. A clear distinction cannot be made between these two algal vegetations which grow about the same level, as the amount of sand carried by the waves varies from place to place. A number of algal species is very sensitive to the scouring sand: Pocockiella variegata and crustforming Lithothamnia are for instance absent in these places. A number of the algae present under these circumstances has adapted itself to this special habitat, for instance in developing long trichoblasts, which provide extra protection to the growing tips. In a few places a distinct zonation of the brown algae is observed, e.g. in Little Bay off Kay Bay Hill. Here zones are present of respectively Turbinaria turbinata (in the deeper water), Sargassum spec. and Padina sanctae-crucis (in the highest places). These species are found on horizontal or gently sloping places. Other kinds of algae, e.g. Laurencia papillosa and L. microcladia are mostly found on vertical rocks, together with Pocockiella and the crustlike Lithothamnia, which form together a mosaic, nearly completely covering the rock. Apparently the slope of the rock surface determines the establishment of these species. Our observations confirm that Turbinaria and Sargassum prefer exposed places, and Padina less exposed habitats. In many places crustlike Lithothamnia are numerous. On open coasts they may cover almost the entire rock surface below water level. Under overhanging rocks they may be found as high as the Chitons. In exposed places they form rock-covering mosaics together with Pocockiella; in protected places Lithothamnia are predominant; both species are absent in the proximity of corals. A zone of barnacles was observed in a few places. In most cases they are found on the flat upper side of rocks, together with Chitons and the highest algae. Echinometra lucunter is abundant in the zone of the highest algae, but may also occur at a lower level, to a depth of about 50 cm. In deeper water other species of sea urchins are found, e.g. Diadema antillarum, generally in large numbers, both on sandy and on rocky bottoms, and Lytechinus variegatus, mostly solitary in seagrass vegetations. The richest algal vegetation is found on moderately exposed coasts. When the swell is heavy, it tends to impoverish the flora, and the plants become short and compactly built, but even then they may become detached. In quiet water which is insufficiently renewed, the vegetation may be poorly developed too (cf. Guana Bay versus Baie de la Grande Case). In spite of the fact that the significance of the subsoil for marine organisms is fundamentally different from that for land-plant life, the type of rock may still be of influence on the algal vegetation: the possibilities for attachment may be different; niches or small rock pools may offer special habitat conditions. On smooth doleritic rocks in Great Bay near Fort Amsterdam, the algal vegetation for nine-tenths consists of Chaetomorpha media. Normally this species is firmly attached with a branched system of rhizoids, which is much less the case on smooth doleritic boulders where other algae are almost absent. The rocks of the Point Blanche formation also offer special conditions for attachment (Little Bay off Kay Bay Hill). When niches are formed, as for instance in coral limestone or the limestone cliffs of the Low Lands formation, favourable conditions are offered for sciophilous algae, such as Bostrychia and Polysiphonia howei. In tropical countries the difference in water absorption between porous course-crystalline rocks and fine-crystalline rocks is less reflected in the level in which the algal zones of the littoral region are found than in temperate regions (DEN HARTOG, 1959, p. 29). This is due to the high air temperatures, and fluctuations in mean sea-level. In the sublittoral region, different communities of plants and animals have developed in a certain relation to the type of bottom. Where the rocky coast forms a horizontal platform at a depth of a few meters, this may harbour several corals and Gorgonids, and also a number of lithophilous algae such as Amphiroa hancockii, Galaxaura spp., and Halimeda discoidea. In some localities corals, such as Millepora alcicornis, Eusmilia fastigiata, Porites porites, Acropora cervicornis, A. palmata, Agaricia agaricites and Montastrea are found up to rather high levels. Although corals are of general occurrence on St. Martin, St. Eustatius and Saba, the beaches of coral debris, well-known on Bonaire and Curaçao, are not present. This possibly may be explained by the fact that the sea around St. Martin is rather shallow, and the bottom over large areas consists of sand. When the seabottom consists of sand, the littoral region and the uppermost part of the sublittoral region may be devoid of algae. At a greater depth where the sandy bottom is more stable, vegetations of Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme and also of algae may develop. Especially Thalassia is important for accumulating sand: the Thalassia fields gradually rise and finally may protrude 30—50 cm or more above the surrounding seabottom (cf. Simson Bay and Mouth Piece Bay). In seagrass vegetations many species of algae are found; particularly representatives of the order Siphonales may be fairly abundant, also in bare sandy bottoms which are somewhat settled. A seagrass vegetation with algae is not only found on open sandy coasts but also in the lagoons, especially at their shallow entrances, where the water is more quiet than in open bays. The presence of numerous spherical-branched Lithothamnia among the Thalassia vegetation, at a depht of about 40 cm, near the entrance of Oyster Pond, is remarkable. The algal vegetations on the roots of Rhizophora in Oyster Pond and in the entrance of Fish Pond are exactly as described in the literature. In the littoral region Bostrychia binderi and Polysiphonia howei are common; in the uppermost part of the sublittoral region many other species are present, especially Acanthophora spicifera, together with Caloglossa leprieurii, Murrayella periclados and Ulva lactuca. In the rear part of the lagoons, and along the banks of lagoons completely shut off from the sea, the bottom is muddy and the salt content shows remarkable fluctuations. Only a few euryhalinic algal species are found in these shallow pools; especially Batophora oerstedi and Enteromorpha spp., in most cases attached to coral fragments, pieces of wood or shells.

Description: During general examination of the West Indian Coleoptera Cerambycidae small amounts of material from the Dutch West Indian islands of Curaçao, Bonaire and Aruba came to hand. Following this, Dr. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK of Utrecht, and Ir. COBBEN of Wageningen, searched their collections and produced fairly considerable numbers of specimens for examination. A personal search amongst the undetermined material in the Zoölogisch Museum, Amsterdam, produced more material, and a little more was found in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden. A small quantity of material from Curaçao, from Drs. B. DE JONG, was already in my collection, and this agglomeration of material, collected over a period of years, has given, I think, a reasonable preliminary sample to show the extent of the Cerambycid fauna of the triumvirate under consideration herein. The main affinities of the fauna of these islands appears to be with that of South America, several of the species being widely distributed in the Neotropics. However, there are considerable affinities of genera and species with those of the Antilles.

Description: During her stay at Curaçao from December 1965 to March 1966 Prof. Dr. DIVA DINIZ CORRÊA collected several groups of marine invertebrates. I should like to thank her for having entrusted me with the Polyplacophora and Archaeogastropoda for further study of radulae and spines.

Description: The collecting sites from which isopods were obtained are located around the island (see p. 84). Concentrated collecting at several depths was done in the San Juan area at Boca de Cangrejos and at La Parguera where the Institute of Marine Biology is located. Many collections were made by washing a substrate sample in a bucket of formalin sea water soon after collection. Motile animals such as isopods fall to the bottom of the bucket. Substrate samples taken with SCUBA techniques were carefully placed in a plankton net and transferred to a surface vessel without loss of specimens en route. The substrate was broken up to obtain the burrowers and discarded and the remaining liquid filtered through a No. 00 mesh plankton net. The filtrate was preserved in 70% ethanol and the isopods were removed later with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope and placed in vials in 70% ethanol. Isopods kept in formalin lose carbonate and are not easily identified. In all cases care was taken not to contaminate the environment with discarded formalin sea water.

Description: Recently DELAMARE DEBOUTTEVILLE & RENAUD-MORNANT (1965) described two new species of marine tardigrades, Florarctus heimi and F. salvati, for which they erected a new genus. The representatives of this remarkable genus are characterized by the possession of large, aliform expansions of the body, structures which were unknown among the Tardigrada. The two species were taken from coral sand from New Caledonia. Two specimens of an undescribed species, which undoubtedly belongs to the genus Florarctus, have now been found in a sample of coral sand from Curaçao. The sample, preserved in alcohol, was kindly put at the author’s disposal by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, who collected it during his investigations of the Piscadera Baai in 1964.

Description: Cosmopsaltria agatha Moulton is removed from the synonymy of Orientopsaltria montivaga (Distant) and reallocated in Orientopsaltria. The drawings of the male genitalia facilitate the distinction of both species.

Description: One of the more recent acquisitions of the Artis-Bibliotheek is an interesting edition of Buffon’s Histoire Naturelle. It is a copy of the edition by Pieter de Hondt in the Hague in 1750 (GENET-VARCIN et ROGER, 1954, nr. 148; NISSEN, 1966, nr. 677; TUIJN, 1967, Note II, nr. 1). As far as I have been able to ascertain, no copy of this edition has thusfar been in the possession of any dutch public library. Our copy, with book-plates of Grandjean d’Alteville (ROLLAND, 1954, p. 144) and André Gaultry, is composed of 3 volumes 4° bound together in leather. In connection with my supposition (l.c.) that no further volumes of this edition would have been published and that Schneider possibly would have taken over, now the opportunity offers itself to compare the de Hondt and Schneider editions and to look for differences between these editions and the original Paris edition, the first three volumes whereof appeared in 1749.

Description: Tomlinson has suggested (1961) that the palm-collector is a somewhat quixotic character. This statement is illustrated by a quotation from Bailey: “to procure material of the great palms is like setting forth to collect a windmill except that one does not have the advantage of steps built on the derrick”. In general, indeed, palms are unattractive to collect and to handle in the herbarium. The tribe of the Geonomoid palms, however, represents a rather pleasant exception being a group of unarmed and mostly rather small plants with often arundinaceous stems up to a few meters tall. Consequently they are more frequently collected and studied than other palms resulting in a large number of collections and publications. The first author dealing with these palms was Willdenow (1805). He established the genus Geonoma with two species based on Bredemeyer collections from Venezuela near Caracas. The next contribution to our knowledge of this group was Poitbau’s (1822) but he misinterpreted the proterandrous inflorescences as being unisexual. His genus Gynestum, including 5 species from French Guiana, was merged by Kunth (1841) into Geonoma. Contemporaneously with Poiteau and unaware of the efforts of the latter Martius (1823) published the results in Geonoma of his Brazilian itinerary.

Description: Humiria balsamifera (Aublet) St. Hil. var. balsamifera KH 3294, var. guianensis (Benth.) Cuatrecasas KH 2954, 3288, 3313. K: Widespread, but not common, in thickets. S: Northern and southern savannas, savanna scrub and savanna woods. R: Kaieteur savanna (var. guianensis).

Description: Rhizoma caespitosum. Culmus erectus, triqueter, laevis, inferne foliatus, 15-30 cm altus. Folia culmo multo breviora, viridia vel cinereo-viridia, 1½-2½ mm lata, breviter acuminata, apice scaberula vel sublaevia, vaginis brunnescentibus; ligulae latiores quam longiores, obtusae vel subacutae. Bracteae foliaceae, inflorescentia breviores longioresve, superiores baud vel breviter vaginatae, inferiores vagina usque ad 1½ cm longa instructae; vaginae antice appendicula membranacea in sicco facile destructa provisae. Spiculae 3-4, terminalis ♂, cylindrica, 1½ cm longa, 2 mm lata, laterales ♀, in superiore parte culmi dispositae, oblongo-cylindricae, usque ad 1½ cm longae, 3-4 mm latae, densiflorae, suprema sessilis, inferiores subsessiles vel breviter pedunculatae, erectae, pedunculis laevibus usque ad ½ cm longis. Glumae ♂ obovato-lanceolatae, obtusae vel subacutae, glumae ♀ ovatae, acutae vel breviter acuminatae, muticae, tenuiter membranaceae, in carina viridi trinerves, marginibus enerviis albohyalinis demum brunnescentibus. Utriculi glumas superantes, oblique erecti, obovati, obtuse trigoni, basi subcontracti, cum rostro 2½-3 mm longi, 1 mm lati, praeter nervos 2 marginales prominentes enervosi, virides vel maturitate brunnescentes, vix nitidi, apice in rostrum usque ad 1 mm longum marginibus parce scabrum vel laeve ore breviter bidentatum abrupte contracti, crura intus scabriuscula. Nux utriculum explens, obovato-oblonga, trigona, 1½ mm longa, 1 mm lata, vix rostrata. Stigmata 3. Crete, Nómos Chaniá: Distr. Kydónia, valley between Skinés and Néa Roúmata, on the bank of a brook in the maquis together with Carex remota, alt. 350 m, 6/5/1967, Gradstein & Smittenberg 304 (HOLOTYPE, U); id., on the bank of a brook in the “phrygana”, alt. 250 m, 5/5/1967, Gradstein & Smittenberg 277 (U, L, G); distr. Kíssamos, near Katsimatádos, schist-mountains, on the bank of a brook in the maquis, alt. 300 m, 17/4/1967, Gradstein & Smittenberg 148 (U, L).

Description: In a previous paper (Gadella c.s. 1966) a list of chromosome numbers of flowering plants of S. France and Spain was published. Unfortunately, one of the plants was misidentified. Collection number 61, collected near Javea, Monte Mongo, Alicante (Spain), was incorrectly assigned to Cirsium acarna (L.) Moench. The plant was considered to be a Cirsium in view of the plumose pappus. The chromosome number of a number of plants grown from this seedsample turned out to be 2n = 22, a number not found earlier in any Eurasiatic species of Cirsium. Moore & Frankton (1963) studied several North American species of the genus Cirsium and pointed out that in the North American representatives of Cirsium the chromosome numbers 2n = 34, 32, 30, 28, 26, 24, 22, 20, 18 were present, whereas the Eurasiatic species exclusively show multiples of n = 17.

Description: In the genus Dicranostyles two new species (D. guianensis and D. solimoesensis) and one new variety (D. villosa Ducke var. lasiocalyx) are described.

Description: The recognition of both Thuringian macroscopic plant remains ( Ullmannia bronni, Ullmannia frumentaria, Quadrocladus orobiformis, etc.) and miospores (Lueckisporites virkkiae, Nuskoisporites dulhuntyi, Falcisporites zapfei, Klausipollenites schaubergeri, etc.) in the Upper Palaeozoic deposits of the Estérel evidences the presence of Upper Permian sediments as well as an important centre of Late Permian volcanic activity in southern France.

Description: As delimited by Polunin (1951), the Arctic is situated on the Northern hemisphere North of (1) a line 50 miles North of the coniferous forest line, (2) the Northern limit of microphanerophytic growth, or (3) the Nordenskjöld line, according to the formula V = 9-0,1K. According to this delimination the whole of Greenland belongs to the arctic region. Within the Arctic a subdivision in low- and high-arctic regions is usually recognized. Larsen (1960) marks this transition on the East coast of Greenland near Cape Dalton. Low-arctic East Greenland thus stretches from 60° to 69°30' N. lat. The Angmagssalik area in Southeast Greenland ranges from circa 65° to 67°20' N. lat. Between the Sermilik and the Kangerdlugssuatsiak fjords to the West and East, Denmark Strait to the South and the extensive nunatak area Schweitzerland, merging into the central Greenland ice-cap to the North, the Angmagssalik area in stricter sense (35°45' – 38° W. long., 65°30'-66°20' N. lat.) is the largest ice-free region of low-arctic East Greenland and must therefore, and for its isolated and central situation, be regarded as highly representative.

Description: 1) 148 Dutch mints were assembled, partly from botanical gardens and partly from 12 sources throughout the country, and were cytologically investigated. 2) New chromosome numbers were found for M. arvensis (2n=24) and for M.x dumetorum (2n=72), and fourteen counts were in agreement with the literature. 3) Brief notes on the assembled species and hybrids are given. The distinction of pure and hybrid cytotypes in M. spicata, its variety crispata, and M. rotundifolia seems noteworthy. 4) One form seems to be a new Mentha hybrid, presumably M. rotundifolia x crispata. 5) Some relationships between cytological and morphological aspects are discussed, especially in M. rotundifolia and M.x dumetorum.

Description: After the treatment of Jumelle in the Flore de Madagascar fam. 23 (1936) substantial additions were made and much material has accumulated. Instead of 7 species of Aponogeton distinguished by Jumelle, 11 are recognized in the present revision, among which 3 are new to science. Moreover it was found that the epithet of the laceplant — up till now fenestralis — has to be changed in madagascariensis. All names have been properly typified; all types could be examined by the author. Quite a few species were observed in cultivation, thanks to generous support from overseas. Special attention has been paid to a detailed examination of the seed structure and that of the embryo and also to flower dimorphism. Descriptions are given of all species and two keys are provided for their identification, one by several gross morphological characters and one based on the characters of the seed and embryo. No attempt has been made to provide a full bibliography of each species; this would have become very complicated by the fact that in former treatments not rarely sheets were assigned to species to which they do not belong. It appeared not useful to cite all these ‘sensus’ and ‘pro partes’. Of each species a distribution map was prepared. All examined sheets are enumerated in an identification list.

Description: This genus, like Anadendrum and Heteropsis, is intermediate between the subfamilies Pothoideae and Monsteroideae as constituted by Engler (1920, p.63). When Schott originally described the genus he placed it next to Anadendrum (Pothoideae). Engler (1879, p. 100) left it in the Pothoideae next to Heteropsis which followed Anadendrum. Later, Engler (1908, p. 118) transferred Amydrium to the Monsteroideae as a monotypic genus. In the same publication (p. 1) Engler established a new genus, Epipremnopsis, which he placed next to Anadendrum in the Pothoideae. In this treatment I propose to unite Epipremnopsis and its three species with the hitherto monotypic genus Amydrium. The species concerned are rather different from each other. Study of them in the wild and the herbarium suggested that they were congeneric. In a recent survey of aroid floral anatomy (Eyde et al., p. 481, 486, fig. 9—15, 27) it was found that Amydrium humile and Epipremnopsis media have virtually identical unilocular ovaries with a single, deeply intrusive placenta (since found in E. magnifica and zippeliana). This striking condition has arisen from a bilocular ovary by abortion of the opposing placenta. Among the other aroids this character in known only in the genus Epipremnum and is the fundamental difference separating it from its near relatives, Rhaphidophora and Scindapsus Amydrium is distinguished from Epipremnum by its lack of needlelike trichosclereids which are abundant in the flowers and fruits of Epipremnum.

Description: Nine species of Potentilla are recognized for the Malesian area, two more are insufficiently known. Of the nine species, one is new (P. hooglandii), a new variety is also described ( P. foersteriana var. ima). Duchesnea is considered congeneric with Potentilla. Although for Fragaria the same case could be made, it is kept separated for practical reasons and for reasons of nomenclatural stability. In Malesia two species occur, both introduced. Some reductions and nomenclatural rectifications will also be found in the present revision which is a precursor towards a revision of the Rosaceae for Flora Malesiana.

Description: Up to the present time Xenophya has been a monotypic genus known only from its type collection. It is closely related to the genus Alocasia from which it may be distinguished by its entirely persistent spathe and anatropous ovules. In Alocasia the upper part of the spathe quickly withers and is lost and the ovules are suborthotropous. Schott (Bonplandia 10, 1862, 148) described a Philippine plant as ‘Alocasia? (Schizocasta) portei’. Schizocasia cannot be considered as validly published here because the author did not accept the name (Art. 34, ICBN). Xenophya Schott (1863) was published by Schott and placed in the tribe Zomicarpeae of the subfamily Aroideae. Engler (in DC., Monogr. Phan. 2, 1879, 495) included Schizocasia portei as representing a monotypic genus but changed his mind in the Additamenta on page 645 and transterred the species back to Alocasia. Again, ‘Schizocasia’ was not validly published because the author did not accept the name. In the same publication Engler (p. 526—7) accepted Xenophya in the Zomicarpeae but expressed his great uncertainty about the placement of the genus. The genus Schizocasia was finally established by Engler (Bot. Jahrb. I, 1880, 185—6) based on a Papuan species, S. acuta. In this publication Engler comments how similar his plant is to Xenophya but it differs by the micropyles of the ovules of Schizocasia facing out and facing in in Xenophya. Finally, Engler (Pflanzenr. Heft 73 1920, 60) continued the placement of Xenophya in the Zomicarpeae but said in a note that it would be better placed in the Colocasioideae (where Schizocasia is placed). In the same publication Engler (Pflanzenr. Heft 71, 1920, 115) in his discussion of Schizocasia said that Schizocasia appears to be very similar to Xenophya but differs in the facing of its ovules and above all in its staminate flowers.

Description: The present paper includes a new definition of the genus Taenitis, the addition of five species to it (one of them new), a key to the known species, a description of each with citation of synonyms and of the more important previous literature. The genus was established for the very widely distributed and variable species T. blechnoides, which is one of the commonest terrestrial ferns of forest throughout Malesia. This species comprises a complex of forms, but the forms differ by such slight and subtle characters that they are not easily distinguished from dried specimens, and I have not attempted to distinguish them. The common character of all forms of the species is the presence of a longitudinal band of sporangia midway between the midrib and margin of each pinna, and the genus has hitherto been confined to species which have this character, the only variability in soral form being that the band of sporangia is sometimes not quite continuous.

Description: In 1959, Dr. H. A. VAN HOOF, being detached at the time as virologist to the Agricultural Experiment Station in Paramaribo, Surinam, sent to me a small collection of Cecidomyids for identification. The midges were bred from leaf galls on Hura crepitans L. and on Manihot utilissima Pohl. An examination showed that the gall midge from Hura was undescribed. According to HARRIS’ classification (1966), it belongs to the subfamily Cecidomyiinae, supertribe Cecidomyiidi, tribe Contariini. It resembles most the genus Zeuxidiplosis; however, it is different because of the wing venation, the insertion of the third palp segment, the somewhat triangular lobes of the ovipositor and because the female antennal segments do not have long necks and long circumfilar loops. Therefore I should like to introduce a new genus, Huradiplosis, based on the host plant on which the type-species occurs.

Description: Of the American species of Anax characterized by an unmarked frons, A. longipes Hagen (1861) was described from U.S.A. and A. concolor Brauer (1865) from the Amazon in Brazil. But soon after their description HAGEN (1890) was of the opinion that concolor Brauer was only a variety of longipes, in which according to him the odonatologists have taken the same stand. This conception is probably due to the fact that insufficient material of both species is studied. The motive for a reexamination of the two species was a comprehensive material of Anax concolor mostly collected in Suriname and on the Lesser Antilles. Additional specimens of A. longipes from the U.S.A. were received for comparison. The type specimens of both species could be examined but the difficulty was that the types of both species belong to different sexes. New descriptions of the imagines and of the larvae in their last instar are made, with a comparison of the most striking differences between the two species. Beside the morphological points of controversy in both imagines and larvae, there proved to be also a marked difference in their distribution: A. longipes occurs in U.S.A. entering Mexico, the Greater Antilles and Bahamas, while A. concolor occupies tropical South America to the Lesser Antilles and the Bahamas, and Central America. This study has demonstrated that Anax concolor is not a variety of A. longipes, but that both forms belong to different species.

Description: A stratigraphic analysis of the Lower Palaeozoic in the Bernesga-Porma area revealed relatively stable shelf conditions in the miogeosynclinal part of a geosyncline located further to the south (fig. 5). The Caledonian period might be represented by the synsedimentary volcanism (dolerites and tuffites) during the Ordovician and Silurian. With the onset of the Devonian, the shelf area became progressively less stable and is separated into the Bernesga and Esla sub-basins by the WSW-ENE trending Pardomino ridge (fig. 15). The Leonide facies south of the León line varies in composition and becomes thinner towards this line (fig. 14 and app. III and IV). The WNW-ENE trending Sabero-Gordón hinge line becomes apparent during the Upper Devonian; it separates an area of progressively steeper uplift and subsequent erosion in the northern Leonides from an area of continued subsidence and rapid sedimentation in the southern Alba and Corada sub-basins (fig. 16). The fundamental León, Sabero-Gordón and Pardomino lines were reactivated during the Lower Carboniferous (fig. 23) which is identified by shallow marine, condensed sequences and again during the deposition of the Upper Carboniferous flysch and molasse facies in tectonically controlled asymmetric basins (figs. 30 and 66). The Bretonic epeirogenic phase resulted in a ± 4° SSW tilt of the Leonides west of the Pardomino line (fig. 14) and further accentuated the outwedging of the strata. The geometry of the asymmetric folding and thrusting of the Leónides during the initial Sudetic folding phase is a direct consequence of the palaeogeography and facies boundaries recorded (fig. 63). Subsequent erosion of these culminations produced the coarse-grained material of the flysch facies, consisting of graded wackes and turbidites (fig. 65). The gradually climaxing Asturian folding phase migrated in time and space; the oldest tecto-facies are developed on top of the Visean Alba griottes south of the Sabero-Gordón line, while north of this line they are found on top of the Namurian (A) Caliza de Montaña Formation (fig. 31). The youngest fusulinid assemblages in the San Emiliano Formation south of the León line indicate the base of the Westphalian, while the youngest fossil determinations in the Lena Formation north of this line are indicative of the Upper Westphalian (app. V). The depositional environment changes from marine to paralic and finally to continental. In the Bernesga-Porma area, the Leonides consist of seven thrust units, which are more than 25 km long and approximately 2 km thick; the maximal recorded displacement is more than 3 km. These thrust units were back-folded and faulted before they were partly covered by Stephanian molasse facies, deposited in intramountainous basins in the back- and fore-deeps of the thrust-folds. In the disharmonically folded Piedrafita Unit parasitic and cascade folds occur (figs. 70 and 71); stretching of the competent beds (boudinage) and flattening of argillaceous beds (slaty cleavage) were also recorded (fig. 60). The Stephanian Matallana and Rucayo basins are mainly deformed by reversed faulting in the basement (fig. 72) during and after the molasse deposition (late-orogenic Saalic phase). Epithermal mineralizations and silicious mylonite lenses mark the most important fault zones. The large gap in the stratigraphic record (Stephanian-Upper Cretaceous) represents the period of structural adjustment and uplift of the Hercynian core of the Cantabrian Mountains. After the Upper Cretaceous transgression had ceased (fig. 39), a strong morphogenetic uplift (〉 1 km) related to the Savian phase (Oligocene) took place along a narrow E-W trending flexure zone (fig. 76). The extensive erosion resulted in the deposition of limestone conglomerates in torrential piedmont fans towards the down-warped León Basin (fig. 74). The geometry of the associated mountain flank thrusting was also studied from detailed gravity profiles covering the entire area (fig. 75). The tectono-stratigraphical evolution of the Bernesga-Porma area is sketched in figure 77.

Description: It is the aim of this publication to discuss some important morphological features of some Palaeozoic Rhynchonellida. Material has been investigated from Spain (Cantabrian Mountains), Czechoslovakia (mainly from the Barrandium), Germany (Eifel) France, Belgium and Gotland. Attention has been focused on the Uncinulidae, but representatives of other, related families have also been studied. Many of the given descriptions and interpretations can also be applied to other groups of Brachiopoda. A great number of the obtained data are used in a reconstruction of the phylogenetical tree of the Uncinulidae at the end of this publication. Using this some suggestions are made for a new classification of this family. The following topics are treated. Chapter II. Microscopic shell structure. The shape and course of the fibres in the secondary shell layer and the shell mosaics on the inner shell surface have been given special attention. According to Williams (1956, 1965, 1966) each fibre has been secreted by one outer epithelial cell (fig. 11). Proceeding from this observation an attempt is made to reconstruct the movements and modifications in the outer epithelium during the formation of the shell (e.g. fig. 35, 36). In many instances these movements turn out to be unexpectedly complicated, but in general a certain regularity in the pattern can be discerned (fig. 21, Pl. IV, V, VII). In some cases these movements are demonstrated to be determined to a certain extent by increases and reductions in the size of the epithelial cells in certain areas of the shell (fig. 24, 28, 29, e.g.). An appropriate terminology is developed to describe and interpret the phenomena in question. The course, size and shape of the fibres are found to be very useful features in brachiopod systematics. Chapter III. Marginal spines. The serial zigzag deflections in the commissures of young shells of most uncinulid species are known to convert at a certain growth stage into a combination of reduced zigzag deflections and a corresponding set of marginal spines. A morphological range can be framed from species with a well developed zigzag deflection and without marginal spines (e.g. Estonirhynchia estonica) to species with well developed marginal spines in combination with a completely rectimarginate commissure (e.g. Kransia parallelepipeda). Between these two extremes many transitions occur (cf. fig. 43, 44, 45, 46, 47). With the exception of a few species this morphological range appears to be in line with the succession of these fossils in time, so that it probably reflects a phylogenetical development. An attempt is made to analyse the function of the complex of marginal spines and zigzag deflections according to the principles put forward by Rudwick (1964) (with minor variations). An examination of the structure of the marginal spines shows that they have been surrounded by the mantle and that the mantle border has extended along the whole or part of the spines as a closed fold (fig. 58, 60, 63, 65, 66, 67). The marginal spines which occur in Hypothyridina cuboides appear to be very different in many respects from those in the genuine Uncinulidae (fig. 68, 69). Chapter IV. Articulation. The criteria introduced by Rudwick (1959) for the distinction between strophic and non-strophic shells are critically examined and some important corrections of his statements are made. In typically non-strophic species, such as Kallirhynchia concinna the presence of a dorsal palintrope is demonstrated (fig. 71, see also fig. 72 and 76). The distinction between strophic and non-strophic shells is evidently not so clear-cut as Rudwick suggests. Contrary to the expectations most of the Uncinulidae appear to be strophic. The hinge lines are only very short (fig. 73, 74, 75). Plethorhyncha altera and P. diana, however, appear to be perfectly non-strophic. The closure of the shell posterior to the hinge axis is a matter of great morphological and systematical interest. This function is mostly accomplished by a complex of elements of which the composition may vary greatly. In Glossinulus (Glossinotoechia) latus the following elements are involved: deltidium, lateral expansions of cardinal process, delthyrial margin, outer socket ridge, hinge line, squama, glotta. (fig. 78). An attempt is made to reconstruct the epithelium in the posterior part of the shell of Sphaerirhynchia wilsoni (fig. 79). Chapter V. Phylogeny and the Classification of the Uncinulidae. An attempt is made to reconstruct the phylogenetical tree of this family on the basis of 17 characters which have been described for 24 uncinulid species studied. With the phenetic distances and the time intervals as starting points evaluations are made of the cladistic affinities between all the 24 species. This has been carried out by means of a computer. A rough estimation is made of the anagenesis on the base of the cladistic affinities and the phenetical distances. The suggested phylogenetical tree displays three main lineages which are subparallel and must have arisen after a radiation in the Upper Silurian (fig. 81). The original genus Uncinulus appears to consist of two groups of species which belong to entirely different lineages and which differ greatly in many characters. This is sufficient reason to erect the new genus Kransia (see Appendix). It is suggested that future classifications of the Uncinulidae should be more consistent with the phylogeny of this taxon.

Description: Two sculptured shell festoons at the exterior of the Oostkerk (built 1647—1667) at Middelburg (Netherlands) are regarded as an expression of the 17th century admiration for the works of Nature, as is equally evident from pictures and poetry of that era.

Description: Five specimens of the echinoid, Pseudechinus novaeamsterdamiae (Döderlein, 1906), are here recorded from Gough Island. Some other species of the genus are discussed and numerical data on these and the Gough Island specimens have been tabulated.

Description: The six freshwater species of the family Hymenosomatidae are enumerated with indication of habitat and distribution; two belong to the genus Neorhynchoplax and four to Halicarcinus. One species, Halicarcinus angelicus, from the central mountain range of Papua is described as new. Details are given of type material of H. pilosus (A. Milne Edwards) from New Caledonia.

Description: In 1965 and 1966 four specimens of the South American moth, Antichloris eriphia (J. C. Fabricius, 1777) were met with in the Netherlands. They had been imported with bananas.

Description: Pendant longtemps — et pour des raisons pratiques évidentes — la systématique des Reptiles a été basée essentiellement sur la morphologie externe et sur les caractères ostéologiques; seuls ces derniers sont d’ailleurs accessibles aux paléontologistes. L’anatomie interne n’a guère été utilisée qu’au niveau des ordres ou, tout au plus, des sous-ordres, à l’exception de la langue et des muscles qui ont joué un rôle important dans la classification des Squamates. Enfin, l’histologie a été à peu près négligée. Il est certain que les parties molles, dont la forme varie parfois autant d’un individu ou d’une espèce à l’autre qu’entre les différentes familles, se prêtent moins aisément à la comparaison. D’autre part, l’examen histologique demande beaucoup plus de temps et, surtout, exige une dissection suivant immédiatement la mort. Cependant, au cours de ces dernières années, de nombreux travaux ont été consacrés à la morphologie comparée des glandes endocrines, si bien qu’il nous a semblé opportun d’en faire le point et de chercher ce que cette méthode peut apporter à la phylogénie et à la systématique des Reptiles. Faute de documents, nous n’y incluerons pas les tissus endocrines des gonades, ni la glande parathyroïde.

Description: In 1965 and 1966 four specimens of the South American moth, Antichloris eriphia (J. C. Fabricius, 1777) were met with in the Netherlands. They had been imported with bananas.

Description: Pendant longtemps \xe2\x80\x94 et pour des raisons pratiques \xc3\xa9videntes \xe2\x80\x94 la syst\xc3\xa9matique des Reptiles a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 bas\xc3\xa9e essentiellement sur la morphologie externe et sur les caract\xc3\xa8res ost\xc3\xa9ologiques; seuls ces derniers sont d\xe2\x80\x99ailleurs accessibles aux pal\xc3\xa9ontologistes. L\xe2\x80\x99anatomie interne n\xe2\x80\x99a gu\xc3\xa8re \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 utilis\xc3\xa9e qu\xe2\x80\x99au niveau des ordres ou, tout au plus, des sous-ordres, \xc3\xa0 l\xe2\x80\x99exception de la langue et des muscles qui ont jou\xc3\xa9 un r\xc3\xb4le important dans la classification des Squamates. Enfin, l\xe2\x80\x99histologie a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 \xc3\xa0 peu pr\xc3\xa8s n\xc3\xa9glig\xc3\xa9e. Il est certain que les parties molles, dont la forme varie parfois autant d\xe2\x80\x99un individu ou d\xe2\x80\x99une esp\xc3\xa8ce \xc3\xa0 l\xe2\x80\x99autre qu\xe2\x80\x99entre les diff\xc3\xa9rentes familles, se pr\xc3\xaatent moins ais\xc3\xa9ment \xc3\xa0 la comparaison. D\xe2\x80\x99autre part, l\xe2\x80\x99examen histologique demande beaucoup plus de temps et, surtout, exige une dissection suivant imm\xc3\xa9diatement la mort.\nCependant, au cours de ces derni\xc3\xa8res ann\xc3\xa9es, de nombreux travaux ont \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 consacr\xc3\xa9s \xc3\xa0 la morphologie compar\xc3\xa9e des glandes endocrines, si bien qu\xe2\x80\x99il nous a sembl\xc3\xa9 opportun d\xe2\x80\x99en faire le point et de chercher ce que cette m\xc3\xa9thode peut apporter \xc3\xa0 la phylog\xc3\xa9nie et \xc3\xa0 la syst\xc3\xa9matique des Reptiles. Faute de documents, nous n\xe2\x80\x99y incluerons pas les tissus endocrines des gonades, ni la glande parathyro\xc3\xafde.

Description: One of the more recent acquisitions of the Artis-Bibliotheek is an interesting edition of Buffon\xe2\x80\x99s Histoire Naturelle. It is a copy of the edition by Pieter de Hondt in the Hague in 1750 (GENET-VARCIN et ROGER, 1954, nr. 148; NISSEN, 1966, nr. 677; TUIJN, 1967, Note II, nr. 1). As far as I have been able to ascertain, no copy of this edition has thusfar been in the possession of any dutch public library. Our copy, with book-plates of Grandjean d\xe2\x80\x99Alteville (ROLLAND, 1954, p. 144) and Andr\xc3\xa9 Gaultry, is composed of 3 volumes 4\xc2\xb0 bound together in leather. In connection with my supposition (l.c.) that no further volumes of this edition would have been published and that Schneider possibly would have taken over, now the opportunity offers itself to compare the de Hondt and Schneider editions and to look for differences between these editions and the original Paris edition, the first three volumes whereof appeared in 1749.

Description: Extensive reports on losses in zoo animals are very rare. As fas as we know only London, Paris, Philadelphia and Washington give yearly reports. Of these London and Paris give very complete information. One of the reasons that so few zoos publish their results may be that it is always more pleasant to give information about successes than about failures.\nIn our opinion, however, it is no use to disguise the truth and for other zoos it can be very useful to have the opportunity to compare results. The period described in this paper is part of an important era in the history of our zoo, a period of reconstruction, rebuilding and, of increasing the collection. This period will last another 10-15 years or so as at that time the really old and worn-out buildings will have been replaced and appropriate facilities for the veterinarian will have been achieved. At the same time this period has seen great advances in veterinary care. The Cap-Chur pistol in use in our zoo since 1960 made injection possible of any animal at any time. The increasing arsenal of therapeutics and the international contacts by way of the international symposia on diseases of zoo animals have contributed largely to a better medical care of zoo animals. Thus prevention of diseases is becoming more and more important. In our opinion the effective disinfectant halamid (Chloraminum) plays an important r\xc3\xb4le in this respect.