ALBERT

Notes: The General Inquirer: A Computer Approach to Content Analysis, by Philip J. Stone, Dexter C., Dunphy, Marshall S. Smith, Daniel M. Olgilvie, with associates.The Territorial Imperative: A Personal Inquiry into the Animal Origins of Property and Nations. The Modern Metropolis: Its Origins, Growth, Characteristics, and Planning, selected essays of Hans Blumenfeld, edited by Paul D. Spreiregen. Geography of Market Centere and Retail Distribution, by Brian J. L. Berry. Migration and Metropolitan Growth: Two Analytical Models, by Ira S. Lowry.

Notes: Book Review in this Article: Spatial Analysis: A Reader in Statistical Geography, by Brian J. L. Berry and Duane F. Marble (eds.). The Economic Impact of TVA, by John R. Moore (ed.). Programming Investment in the Process Industries: An Approach to Sectoral Planning, by David A. Kendrick. Urbanization in Newly Developing Countries, by Gerald Breese. Investments for Capacity Expansion - Size, Location and Time Phasing, by Alan S. Manne (ed.). Linear and Convex Programming., By S.I. Zukhovitskiy and L.I. Avdeyeva.

Notes: In The Present Paper The Author Reviews The Results Of An Investigation Aimed At Estimating The relative level of stocks in Hungary in terms of international comparisons. Though international comparison was limited by scarcity of data, it has still become evident that stocks as a whole, compared to production and sales, seem to be unnecessarily high. The investigation has been carried out in relation both to the level of stocks and their rate of increase.The global volume and building of stocks, however, did not give a satisfactory explanation, and the investigation had to be extended to the individual groups of stocks separately. In order to facilitate the comparison, stocks were classified into the following groups: agricultural stocks, goods in process, industrial finished goods and manufactures held by users, and retail stocks. The classification was based on the different function of the individual groups. This classification of stocks could be compared only with the data of the U.S A.The international comparison revealed that both the volume and the rate of increase of stocks in Hungary is unreasonably high. They are high even if we consider that the growth rate of the economy in Hungary was greater than in any of the countries examined.The author refers to the fact that the stock problem was one of the starting issues in the economic research process which led to the reform of the Hungarian economic management system introduced on 1st January 1968.

Notes: The national income and product account (United Nations concept) in current prices itemized by distributive shares and by type of expenditure is given for the period 1929–1937. The national income by industrial origin and the reproducible national wealth are computed for the year 1930. Differences between the U.N. and the material concept are explained by means of the 1939 data.The national product series in real terms are computed (a) by means of the price deflation of the types of expenditure, and (b) as the physical output of goods and services by industrial origin (since 1926). Major changes In distributive shares are explained with the help of Price-cost analysis.The national product in real terms attains the lowest point in 1935 and not in 1933, as the industrial production and foreign trade series indicate. The structure of gross national expenditure reveals the same pattern of shifts, as is well known from other industrially developed countries during the business cycle.The development of national product by industrial origin, however, reveals some conspicuous singularities. Especially the uninterrupted increase in trade services (in terms of both persons engaged and turnover in constant prices) is an anomaly in the period of 1929–1937.Further, the Increase of rent (due to the gradual abolition of rent control), contrasting with the general fall of prices, led to a major shift in the distribution of national income during the early thirties. The other remarkable change resulting mainly from the changing price structure was the decrease of the farmers' share in national income.The production, transportation and distribution series in real terms reveal some time-lags. These result partly from the shift from the foreign to the home market, partly from the compensatory effects of stock movements, and partly from the delayed adjustment of consumers to declining income.

Notes: This paper presents a new annual series for United Kingdom gross national product, at current and constant prices, calculated from the expenditure side. These results differ significantly from previous estimates in that they go back to the beginning of the railway age on an annual basis and also in that the constant price estimates involve a detailed deflation of the main components of expenditure on consumption and capital formation. The implications of the new results are summarised, with particular reference to rates of growth and relative price changes, and an appendix describes the sources of the estimates.

Notes: With few exceptions, only cormmodity flows and values which can be determined by means of commodity flows (flows of goods and services) are calculated in constant prices in the official national accounts of the Federal Republic of Germany. Figures an the industrial origin and the final use of the national product are published, the former according to thirty industries, the latter according to the major types of uses of which in particular private consumption expenditure has been further analysed.The computations at constant prices are based on market prices and not on factor costs. It is only on this basis that a uniform valuation of the production and the expenditure side can be made since the turnover tax, which is the most important indirect tax, is contained in the elements of final demand in varying shares and cannot be eliminated (the tax is part of the price and has cumulative effect).The computation at constant prices presupposes a breakdown of the values in current prices according to quantities and prices. This raises a number of problems, e.g. because seller and buyer may consider differing aspects-production costs, technical attributes, etc., on the one hand, and use etc., on the other hand. In part there exist only vague ideas, or no ideas at all, as to what is to be considered-from a theoretical point of view-as quantity and price. In other cases the two values can only with great difficulties, if at all, be quantified, or there exists no market price and only the production costs are available. The author deals in greater detail with differences in quality and new commodities, the determination and treatment of quantities and prices for services, in particular for trade services (services attached to goods), the computation of government services at constant prices considering the development of productivity in public service, the determination of the values calculated as balances, above all the treatment of changes in the terms of trade for net exports of goods and services, the computation of the contributions of industries to the gross domestic product and, finally, the reconciliation of the production and the expenditure side.In a third section the author deals with index formulae and the base year. In the majority of cases values are deflated; partly, however, they are currently adjusted by means of volume and quantity data. On the production side the two methods are in part combined.In a concluding section a survey is provided of the computation methods used in the Federal Republic of Germany and on the available material for the computations. Mention is made of depreciation at constant prices.

Notes: A quarterly macro-econometric model of Japan's postwar economy has been constructed for the period 1954–1965 FY on the basis of standardized quarterly national income accounts. The model is designed for facilitating short-term economic forecasting and formulating adequate fiscal and monetary policy. Longer-term factors such as labor mobility, technical progress, etc., were also considered in the model.The model consists of fifty-three equations related to most of the macroeconomic variables in both money and real terms, and the equations were estimated in principle by the limited information maximum likelihood method. Principal exogenous variables related to policy instruments are government expenditures including transfers, parameters of tax functions, interest rate, and prices and fares controlled by the government, etc. In formulating the model, non-linear specifications were used whenever found necessary.Results of our testing on its predictive capability indicated fairly satisfactory performances for our observation period and also for 1966 FY. Multipliers related to fiscal and monetary policy were also obtained, indicating the dynamic characteristics of the Japanese economy, in particular, represented by dynamic business fixed investment, as compared with corresponding multipliers of the U.S. models.Although the model is exploratory and to serve as a core for a more disaggregated “Master Model,” the usefulness of the model for our purposes and the workability of our quarterly national accounts data for model-building have been recognized. The quarterly data, however, still remain to be improved especially in regard to consistency between income and expenditure and integration with flow-of-funds accounts.

Notes: The measurement and inter-spatial comparison of Latin American real income levels calls for techniques which depart substantially from the conventional procedure of applying such official or free market exchange rates as happen to prevail in any given period. The reasons are varied, the main ones being that in an area such as Latin America prices are notoriously volatile, their structure differs radically from that encountered in other parts of the world, and the exchange rate system is characterized by frequent and usually irregular revisions, while in certain countries a multiple exchange rate system applies and no single factor is available for conversion purposes. In addition, there exists the problem common to all developing countries that the rates to a large extent reflect the exchange value of a limited number of export commodities vis-à-vis a wide range of imported goods and in no way typify the internal-external price relationship for the bulk of production which by its nature fails to enter into international trading transactions.The author has endeavoured to circumvent these difficulties by adopting the often-discussed “purchasing power parity” approach whereby national accounts data are converted into a common monetary denominator (in this case, the U.S. dollar) expressed in “real” or quantitative terms which as far as possible eliminate inter-spatial price differences. Results are presented and analyzed, first for the base year 1960, and then for the period 1955–1964 at the level of main expenditure sectors as well as for the total gross domestic product.To the extent that available statistics permitted, results for Latin American countries are also related to the United States and certain countries in Western Europe, a main objective being to determine the approximate dimension of the incomes “gap” and to ascertain whether this is increasing, decreasing or remaining very much unchanged in size.

Notes: The main purpose of the study is to determine the savings potential of urban and rural households in India and in the process determine the possible savings and consumption functions separately for urban and rural areas.Four different possible functions have been used for determining the savings behaviour of the households both at the aggregate level and at the per capita level. The rural households, according to the results, have an extremely low rate of saving with income elasticity of saving of less than unity. For the urban households on the other hand, the income elasticity of saving is high enough to suggest the possibilities of considerably high savings potential.To understand the consumption behaviour of these households, the long-run and the short-run marginal propensities to consume and the marginal propensities to consume out of‘permanent’ or ‘normal’ income and ‘transitory’ income have been worked out. For the urban sector none of these give encouraging enough results and the analysis has been extended to examine whether other factors like prices and household assets are of any significance. Whereas for the rural sector, Milton Friedman's theory of ‘permanent’ or ‘normal’ income is somewhat substantiated, other factors like ‘transitory’ income, prices and assets appear to inthence urban consumption behaviour though no single one of them substantially enough. A negligible effect of ‘permanent’ income on urban consumption behaviour is, on the other hand, very clearly suggested by the results.Household consumption and savings have next been projected using the above results to determine the possible levels for the next three years. The results suggest that the rate of domestic savings likely to be achieved by the end of the Third Five Year Plan (1965–66) falls short of the targets laid down.

Notes: This review article initially summarizes some of the highlights of the volume Why Growth Rates Differ, including the use of income shares as weights for the various factor inputs and some of the major factual conclusions drawn from the inter-country comparisons. Some of the main factors in differences in income levels and differences in growth rates are then reviewed.In appraising the contribution of the volume, the monumental task is emphasized. This study illustrates the adaptability of the approach which Denison developed initially in The Sources of Economic Growth. The volume meets many of the questions and criticisms raised of his earlier study, and should encourage a shift of the discussion from methodology towards the substance of the empirical results.The volume introduces some shifts in emphasis on the importance of different factors in growth. The role of demand variations and the contribution of capital is considered, but the evidence in the volume gives less emphasis on the importance of these factors than earlier work by others in both the United States and Europe. The volume gives some emphasis to shifts out of agriculture and the self-employed in the high postwar growth in many individual European countries. It considers the effects of reductions in trade barriers, and follows the view of most economists in playing this down. Advances in knowledge are also considered.Those who are interested in questions of economic growth, past and future, and economic policy in this area will find much in this volume for study and reflection.

Notes: This study assesses the relationship of education and economic growth, economic development and economic progress in aggregate, in structural and in micro-economic terms on the basis of one hundred years of Canadian experience. Education is considered as a factor of input. The contribution made by knowledge resulting from additional education expands the capacity to produce, and increases the demand for goods and services and the desire for greater leisure. The dual function of education is stressed: the demand and supply effect. Education is examined both as a cause and a consequence of economic growth, economic development and economic progress, through its contribution to the quality of the labour force, earning capacity, both individual and national, productivity, the rate of economic growth and the character of economic development.The Canadian experience suggests that educational progress generally occurred in line with economic development during the first eight decades, with the real take-off in educational advancement only occurring in the last two decades, when the nation reached the stage of technological maturity and high mass-consumption. Among the reasons for the lower ratio of gross national product devoted to education in the first eight decades were the low priority attached to education, the emphasis on investment in physical capital because of its shorter pay-off period than investment in human capital, and the heavy reliance on a substantial flow of immigrants who had obtained their education and training abroad. A distinct change occurred, however, in the last two decades, partly as a result of new technological challenges and partly as the result of changes in private and public attitudes, as the recognition of the rewards of education in terms of individual advancement and social progress led to a greater willingness to devote an increasing proportion of the nation's resources to investment in human capital, long pay-off periods notwithstanding.

Notes: Cet article résume brièvement les méthodes utilisées par le Service de la statistíque yougoslave dans le calcul du revenu national aux prix constants. En ce qui concerne l'industrie, la méthode utilisée consiste à multiplier le revenu net par unité dans l'annCe de base (distribué par type) par les quantités produites dans l'année en cours. Cet article discute également des autres méthodes possibles, et fait ressortir les raisons qui se trouvent à la base des choix effectués.La partie finale examine la validité des mesures obtenues; elle met en garde contre la tentation de procéder a des interprétations de caractére normatif sur la base de prix déterminés par voie administrative ou sujets a d'autres types de distortions. Des données, classées par industrie et par région, sont fournies pour la periode 1952–1965.

Notes: Human capital concepts and measures have been applied and misapplied to an increasing variety of economic problem areas, two of which are examined.One of these is measurement of human capital gains and losses through migration. First requirements here are specification of the gaining or losing entities and of the relevant welfare functions. Alternatives in these respects are outlined. It is then argued that an appropriately adapted Fisherian present-value assessment of human capital is normally the correct measure. Replacement costs are a legitimate substitute only for young migrants with little cumulated learning through experience and even then they have usually been fallaciously applied. Probability adjustments for migration and re-migration are required in both cost and present-value assessments of human capital effects of migration-relevant policy alternatives, but the nature of those adjustments differs with the measurement approach used.For longitudinal analysis of contributions of human capital to economic growth, all measures of human capital stocks are inappropriate. A first principle of such analysis is measurement of resource inputs as flows. A coordinate principle requires that disaggregation be carried as far as necessary to distinguish essentially homogeneous categories of labor inputs. Though a way of separating out the schooling versus on-the-job-experience components of human capital is illustrated, it requires some strong assumptions. Splitting men into abstracted human capital components is better avoided in growth analysis. Furthermore, categorization of labor-force sub-groups could equally well provide the basis for rate-of-return assessments of marginal changes in the pace of investments in humans. Such assessments would incorporate the main elements of capital theory except valuation of the capital asset itself.Ultimately, human resource measurements for use in major public policy decisions relating to either growth or migration (or both) must incorporate modifications or error components that allow for development phenomena that elude marginal assessments. Among developing countries especially, a consideration of educational diffusion processes and dynamic productivity scale effects, for example, could have critical measurement and policy implications.

Notes: In my article I have taken up different expressions for the terms of trade in foreign trade, and especially I have been interested in a breakdown of total gain into two parts, namely the part due to the terms-of-trade effects and the part due to the price level effects. I have also taken up the inter-sectoral gain from terms of trade and the relation to the terms of trade in foreign trade. Besides the usual index for terms of trade-the ratio between output prices and input prices-I have also introduced another index for terms of trade corresponding to the relation between the output price index and an index consisting of a weighted average of input prices and prices for final demand. Finally I have tried to give some emperical findings which should throw light on the development of the Danish terms of trade for the period 1949 to 1964.

Notes: This article discusses the revival of interest in research on cyclical behavior in the socialist countries, and the resulting shifting requirements placed upon the national income accounts. The first section discusses the economic experience and the institutional factors leading to this shift in emphasis. The second section deals with the use of national accounts in cyclical analysis, with particular reference to the Czechoslovak experience. The third section extends the discussion to the use of national accounts data for economic forecasting. The final section discusses the theory of economic fluctuations under socialism, and compares it with cyclical behavior in capitalist economies.

Notes: The system of social accounts described in this article is based on the following five principles:(1) Producers of goods and services are working organizations which represent groups of people or individuals organized for the purpose of earning a living by producing goods and services that satisfy individual or collective needs. Business, government, profit and nonprofit, corporate and unincorporated working organizations are treated in a uniform way.(2) Since the behaviors of the market and non-market sectors differ considerably, these two sectors are consistently separated throughout the accounting system.(3) There are four basic activities: (a) production, (b) consumption, (c) investment, and (d) income redistribution. These call for four separate accounts: (a) Working Organizations, (b) Households, (c) Community, including government and certain non-government institutions, and (d) Accumulation. The fifth account, Rest of the World, serves for balancing purposes.(4) The same classifications of transactions are used for activities and institutions, making possible complete matching of social product and financial flows accounts.(5) The system strives to achieve the maximum analytical flexibility. Some of its possibilities are visible from the classification of industries: A. Market (Material) Sector: 1. Agriculture, II. Forestry, III. Mining and Manufacturing, IV. Construction, V. Transportation, VI. Trade and Catering, VII. Handicrafts; B. Non-Market (Non-Material) Sector: VIII. Housing and Communal Economy, IX. Education, Culture, and Social Welfare, X. Public Services Social Organizations (Political, Religious, etc.), Finance and Insurance, Public Administration and Judiciary, National Defence. Sector A corresponds to the material definition of social product. Sectors A + B correspond to the SNA definition. Sectors A + B minus Industry × reflects the welfare definition. Further, Industries I-IV produce goods, V-VII market services, VIII and IX non-market services with welfare content, X intermediate nonmarket services, V-X all services.

Notes: In a number of underdeveloped countries today, adequate statistics for estimating national output by traditional national accounting methods are unavailable or unreliable. However, many of these same countries do publish data on monetary variables at an early stage in their development. These data can now be used to estimate national income.In this study the money supply was defined to include all currency in circulation, private deposits subject to check at all banks and postal systems, all government deposits, and unused overdrafts less float. The national accounts data were taken from United Nations sources and data supplied by various foreign statistical offices. To make the accounts more comparable in terms of coverage and to limit reported income to the monetized sector of the economy, non-monetary imputations were deleted.The monetary and national accounts data were combined in a multiple, stepwise regression. National income was used as the dependent variable and money supply and other data were used as the independent variables. The final estimating equations explained about 96 per cent of the variation in income between countries. Other tests were conducted using the currency ratio, transactions velocity, population, and per capita consumption. However, these variables did not augment the explanatory power of the regression equations.When the equations were used to estimate national income for twenty-two under-developed countries, the derived estimates showed a high degree of concordance with reported income where it existed for comparative purposes. The results indicate that monetary data can be used to estimate national income for underdeveloped countries with a relatively high degree of accuracy, between countries, and from year to year within a country.

Notes: Study of relationships between outputs, inputs, prices, and final demands in the United States can be strengthened by: (1) eliminating disparities in official measures of output (mainly the Index of Industrial Production and Real Gross National Product), and (2) obtaining agreement on the conceptual framework for studying these relationships.Real Gross Product has provided a consistent framework for study of productivity and prices for the total economy and for broad industry groups, but has not easily permitted the analysis of commodity detail particularly for intermediate commodities. Industrial Production, on the other hand, has considerably extended the detailed analysis of commodity output but has not provided a basis for systematic analysis of productivity and prices within a consistent framework for the total economy.This paper illustrates the effect of some of the disparities between Industrial Production and Gross Product in manufacturing on the analysis of relations between prices and output and prices and productivity. This is done for the 1954–1958 period when benchmark data are available for both measures. Inconsistencies for a number of industries cause difficulties in analyzing the interplay of demand and cost influences on price changes; for example, industries which rise above average in output and below in price in one measure are not the same as those in similar price-quantity relationships in the other measure.The paper concludes by recommending improvements in data and concept in order to eliminate some of the disparities and to enable analysts to reap the benefits of both types of measures of real output.

Notes: Because of the recent public concern over the brain drain, this study attempts to measure the U.S. gain of highly skilled manpower. The paper discusses the serious short-comings of the data on gross immigration of scientists and engineers provided by the U.S. immigration authorities as a measure of true U.S. gains. In a case study of Swedish scientists and engineers it was found, for example, that whereas the U.S. data showed a gain of 106 Swedish scientists and engineers over a number of years, the net figure was only 26 after adjustment for remigration and the application of the proper OECD education criteria.The paper then reports the findings of a statistical study which uses the stock data on U.S. scientists in the National Register of Scientific and Technical Personnel to estimate the number of foreign born in this stock and analyse their characteristics with respect to age, educational attainment, and employment preferences.It was found that nearly 7 percent of all U.S. scientists are of foreign origin (foreign born and foreign secondary education), whereas 11.5 percent of all scientists with a Ph.D. are of foreign origin. The percentage among Ph.D. holders is highest in meteorology (22.3), followed by linguistics (18.7), physics (17.1) and statistics (14.6).The greatest percentage of scientists comes from Canada (10.4 per thousand), followed by Germany (8.3 per thousand) and the United Kingdom (6.7 per thousand). However, after adjustment of these data for the different sizes of the total foreign born population from each country in the U.S., it turns out that by this measure the greatest shares of scientists are supplied by the Japanese, followed by the Austrian-Swiss, Benelux and Canadians.The analysis of the age composition of all foreign born reveals that in the age groups that were 20–29, 45–54, and 65 and over in 1964 foreigners represent a smaller than average share, probably reflecting war casualties and education completed at a later age. Germans and Austrians are heavily concentrated in the group 55–64 years old in 1964, suggesting that a great share of scientists from these countries may have been victims of a brain push.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Technics are described for isolating and maintaining Tintinnopsis sp. in vitro. The principal factors which have made cultivation possible appear to be low temperature, a mixture of live algal foods, and control of the bacteria in the medium. A constant supply of material in good physiologic condition is now available for nutritional and developmental studies.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Supraspecific taxa of the ciliate Order Tintinnida Corliss, 1955 are indexed by 304 entries; genetic type species are cited with reference to the original citation. The accompanying bibliography of 133 entries includes those publications cited in the index. Authors for several type citations are corrected, as is authorship of some genera, and a new type designation is made for Parundella to replace the previous erroneous designation. Genera present in the fossil record are so indicated.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Antisera were developed in rabbits against homogenized antigens prepared from 3 axenic lines of Trichomonas gallinae: JB(VI), the 6th isolate of the very virulent Jones' Barn strain which was kept frozen in liquid nitrogen and was fully pathogenic for pigeons at the time at which it was employed for immunization; JB (VI)C, a substrain derived from JB(VI), but attenuated during continuous in vitro cultivation for 1 year; and JB(V)C, a substrain of the 5th isolate of the Jones' Barn strain attenuated during continuous in vitro cultivation for over 3 years. Globulin fractions of the antisera were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and fractionated on DEAE-cellulose columns to yield highly specific fractions. Intact, formalin-fixed flagellates of each line were stained on slides with each labelled antiserum under standardized conditions. Fluorescence emitted by individual organisms was measured with the aid of a special microfluorimetric apparatus. Experiments involving direct staining, one-step inhibition, and cross-absorption methods indicated the presence of unique and cross-reacting antigenic systems in each of the 3 lines of trichomonads. The 2 substrains attenuated in the course of prolonged in vitro cultivation, altho antigenically similar, could be readily differentiated from each other. Further, both of them appeared to contain more antigenic systems than the still fully virulent JB(VI) parasites.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Guanine-8-3H is not a specific label for nucleic acids in Euglena gracilis (strain SM-L1, streptomycin-bleached), but is incorporated into all biochemical fractions. Autoradiographic results show that guanine is metabolized in, both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of these Eugelna, but nuclear metabolism of guanine occurs only at a very low level in carbon-limited cells. Further, carbon-limited Euglena incorporate less total guanine than do control Euglena in a comparable time period. However, the majority of label incorporated into the nucleic acid fraction of the carbon-limited cells is incorporated into RNA.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The leishmania-leptomonad transformation of Leishmania donovani occurs in 20–40 hr in vitro at 27 C in the absence of cell division. The rate and extent of the process depend on the available nutrients. A source of amino adds and glucose (or sucrose) are required. Several basic or acidic amino acids can substitute for all amino acids present in the complete medium. Leishmanial forms freshly isolated from hamster spleen have a QO2 (μM O2/min/107 cells) of 0.29 ± 0.01 at 27 C in phosphate buffered saline with glucose. This respiration is sensitive to KCN, antimycin A, and Na amytal, and hence is probably cytochrome dependent. The QO2 remains constant for 5–6 hr and then increases 5–7 fold by 20–30 hr of incubation at 27 C in the proper medium. The transformation is inhibited in terms of morphogenesis and increase in respiration by Actinomycin D, puromycin and mitomycin C. Appearance of new soluble antigens during the transformation was found by gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Previous claims of a specific amino add-nitrogen requirement for growth of Hemiselmis virescens have been disproved. The photosynthetic cryptomonad grows well on ammonium ion (at subtoxic concentrations) as sole N-source but cannot utilize nitrate-or nitrite-N. Although the organism utilizes glycine efficiently, other amino acids are poor N-sources, and only L-glutamine, L-cysteine, L-cystine, and L-tryptophan gave evidence of limited growth. Glycine peptides, derivatives (sarcosine, hippuric acid), and homologous relatives (β-alanine, taurine) gave no growth. Among other amino compounds tested, only D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine supported some growth. Urea and some of its derivatives (alloxan, parabanic acid) were efficiently utilized, while other derivatives (biuret, guanidine, hydantoin, hydantoic acid, allantoin, creatinine) failed to support growth. All purines tested (adenine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, guanine, uric acid) gave moderate to good growth, while the pyrimidines cytosine, uracil, thymine were not utilized. No dark growth was obtained from any of the compounds supporting phototrophic growth. The capacity for efficient utilization of glycine, urea, and some of the purines may have ecologic significance.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Certain of the ultrastructural and biochemical changes occurring during the first 25 hr of starvation in Tetrahymena pyriformis were studied. Ultrastructurally, numerous profiles of degenerating mitochondria were seen in the early stages of starvation. The presence of oxidizable substrate such as glucose and acetate did not prevent this degeneration. Numerous large nucleoli were formed, many of which seemed to be passing into the cytoplasm as forming autophagic vacuoles. There was a transient increase in Oil Red O-positive bodies, presumably lipid (triglycerides). The extent and duration of this increase were pronounced in the presence of acetate. The lipid droplets appeared to arise within the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum. Lipid reserves were apparently utilized prior to carbohydrates, as the disappearance of lipid droplets preceded glycogen utilization, both in the presence of acetate and in the absence of exogenous substrate. A considerable loss of cellular protein also occurred. In cells from inorganic medium supplemented with glucose, glycogen occupied much of the cell, leaving only islands of cell organelles. Acid phosphatase was localized, ultrastructurally, mainly in autophagic vacuoles which contained mitochondria and other cell organelles, and in association with small, double-membraned structures which seemed to be sequestering small areas of cytoplasm. Such sequestered areas also appeared within larger autophagic vacuoles. Residual bodies containing concentric whorls of myelin-like membranes surrounding a more solid core accumulated during starvation. Acid phosphatase activity decreased in amount but not in specific activity. The specific activity of cathespin doubled or tripled, but there was little change in total enzyme.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Eimeria callospermophili was found in 6 species of ground squirrels and the white-tailed prairie dog. The hosts included Spermophilus armatus from Utah and Montana, S. richardsoni from Montana and Wyoming, S. beecheyi from California, S. lateralis and S. variegatus from Utah, and S. tridecemlineatus and Cynomys leucurus from Wyoming. Infections were generally transmissible from each species of ground squirrel to S. armatus and S. richardsoni. Oocysts from C. leucurus caused infections in S. armatus and S. richardsoni. No infections were found after inoculation of E. callospermophili oocysts into least chipmunks (Eutamius minimus), Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), or laboratory rats; however, excystation occurred in these animals. Resistance to infection did not develop in S. armatus, S. richardsoni, or S. variegatus, but did occur after 5 or more infections in S. lateralis. Eimeria callospermophili had little or no effect on the host in S. armatus, S. lateralis, or S. variegatus, but caused bloody diarrhea in severely infected individuals of S. richardsoni.The oocysts had an oocyst residuum consisting of several distinct bodies, which later coalesced to form a large homogeneous body. Each sporozoite had an unusually large refractile body. In experimentally infected specimens of S. armatus the prepatent period and patent period lasted for 5 and 9 days, respectively. Mature 1st-generation schizonts, first seen 2 days after inoculation, had 8–12 merozoites. Mature 2nd-generation schizonts, first seen 3 days after inoculation, had an average of 18 merozoites which were smaller than those of the 1st generation. Mature gametes were 1st seen 4 days after inoculation. Mature microgametocytes were only slightly larger than mature macrogametes.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The conclusion drawn in 1921 that the large nuclei in the cytoplasmic cortex of Glugea cysts are not vegetative nuclei of the microsporidan but nuclei of the hypertrophied host cell was based on the discovery of early developmental stages in the mesenchyme of stickleback larvae experimentally fed Glugea spores. This observation had been made on serial sections from experiments done in 1912. The intracellular development of the microsporidan could be followed up in this material only thru the 1st stages of schizogony. Renewed infection experiments, done still in 1921 on a much broader basis, have fully confirmed the previous findings, as briefly stated in 1922. On this material, the intracellular development of G. anomala has been followed up in recent years from uninucleate host cells 7 μ in diameter, interpreted as wandering cells in the mesenchyme, until they became macroscopic multinucleate cysts, in which schizogony and sporogony of the microsporidan produced innumerable vegetative stages and spores of Glugea. The details of the developmental processes are described in the present paper.The multinucleate host cell and the intracellular parasites together form one of the symbiotic complexes for which the term “xenom” or “xenoma” has been used by me since 1949. By a sequence of amitotic nuclear divisions, the uninucleate host cell in the Glugea xenomas of Gasterosteus becomes plurinucleate in contrast to the usual structure of other xenomas of fish.Already in 1921, I thought that the host cell in the Glugea xenomas may have phagocytic properties. The observation of accumulation of granules from pigment cells in some of the Glugea xenomas has now verified this supposition.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Eimeria eumopos n. sp. (Coccidiida, Eimeriidae) from a Colombian bat Eumops trumbulli (Chiroptera, Molossidae) is described. This is the first recorded coccidium in a bat from the western hemisphere, and the sixth bat coccidium species described to date. The unsporulated oocysts in the bat feces are 30.9–24.0 by 28.9–23.2 μ (near 28.8 × 26.1 μ). Their outstanding feature is the pronounced pitting of the thick brownish oocyst wall.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. An electron microscope study of Plasmodium coatneyi in the rhesus monkey supplied information on the fine structure of trophozoites, gametocytes and of the host cell. The trophozoites resemble other mammalian malaria parasites. They do not have typical protozoan mitochondria, but instead a concentric double-membraned organelle, which, it is assumed, performs mitochondrial functions. They feed on the host cell by pinocytosis, engulfing droplets of erythrocytes thru invaginations of the plasma membranes at any region of the cell or thru the cytostome. Digestion of hemoglobin takes place in small vesicles pinched off from the food vacuole proper.Gametocytes can be clearly distinguished into macro- and microgametocytes. Macrogametocytes are covered by 2 plasma membranes, the inner one appearing thicker in some places. The cytoplasm is filled with Palade's particles and has numerous vesicles of endoplasmic reticulum and toxonemes. In microgametocytes most of the inner membrane is thickened, the cytoplasm has few Palade's particles and vesicles of the endoplasmic reticulum and does not have toxonemes.Erythrocytes with trophozoites are irregularly scallop-shaped and have elevated points with knob-like protrusions covered by a double membrane. If these protrusions are sticky they might be in part responsible for clumping and arresting the schizonts and segmenters in the capillaries. The host cell contains numerous Maurer's clefts which in some instances are continuous with the membranes of the parasite suggesting that they might originate from them.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Mice, segregated in groups according to sex and age from 5 to 21 weeks, and randomly presented, were inoculated in one continuous process with a trypanosome suspension prepared from a Trypanosoma brucei subgroup stabilate of such a dilution that about 50% of the mice might be expected to become infected. No statistically significant difference occurred between groups, either with regard to sex or to age.Significant alterations in the proportions of mice infected did, however, occur in relation to inoculation order. The inoculation process occupied 12–197 minutes after removal of the stabilate from −79 C storage. Essentially, infectivity rose initially to a peak between 30 and 80 minutes, and then fell off, but was not abolished at the end of the experiment.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Culture forms of Trypanosoma lewisi grown at 27 C in a diphasic blood agar medium resemble in structure the stage found in the invertebrate host. Cultures inoculated with approximately 1 × 106 trypanosomes/ml attain maximum populations of 2–7 × 107 organisms/ml after 5–6 days of incubation. The stationary phase persists 6–15 days. The decline of the population is of relatively long duration with approximately 1 × 106 viable organisms/ml present after 90 days. Variations in growth were attributed to the preparation of defibrinated heated rabbit blood incorporated into the culture medium.With inocula of 3.0 × 105 trypanosomes/ml there was a lag in growth not observed with larger inocula. Trypanosomes incubated at elevated temperatures had altered growth curves compared to organisms at 27 C. Agitation of cultures did not affect the growth or stationary phases, but hastened the population decline.Heated and unheated 5% (v/v) normal rat serum incorporated in the liquid phase of the medium altered the growth of the organisms. Heated serum caused a decrease in the population and an extended lag phase. The effects on growth were more marked with unheated serum suggesting that both heat-stable and labile components affect growth.Antisera from rats injected with live culture forms included in the liquid phase inhibited, while antisera from rats 24 days after infection with the blood stream forms had no effect on the growth of the culture forms. Antisera from rabbits immunized with sonicates of culture forms also altered the growth of the organisms in culture. Rabbit antisera prepared by immunization with sonicates of dividing and non-dividing blood stream forms had no effect on the in vitro growth. Antisera from animals immunized with rat blood and culture medium were also without effect. The immunologic implications of the data are considered and discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Observations were made on the fine structure of Paramecium bursaria and its intracellular Chlorella symbionts. Emphasis was placed on the structure of the algae and structural aspects of the relationship between the organisms.The algae are surrounded by a prominent cell wall and contain a cup-shaped chloroplast which lies just beneath the plasma membrane. Within the cavity formed by the chloroplast are a large nucleus, a mitochondrion, one or more dictyosomes, and numerous ribosomes. The chloroplast itself is made up of a series of lamellar stacks each containing 2–6 or more thylakoids with a granular stroma and starch grains intercalated between the stacks. The thylakoid stacks of mature algae are frequently more compact than those of recently divided algae. A large pyrenoid is located within the base of the chloroplast. It is made up of a granular or fibrillar matrix surrounded by a shell of starch. The matrix is bisected by a stack of 2 thylakoids. Prior to the division of the chloroplast the pyrenoid regresses; pyrenoids subsequently form in the daughter chloroplasts thru condensation of the matrix material and the reappearance of a starch shell. This shell appears to be formed by the hollowing-out of starch grains already present in the chloroplast stroma. Accordingly, in this case, starch moves from the stroma to the pyrenoid.The algae are located thruout the peripheral cytoplasm of the Paramecium. Each alga is located in an individual vacuole except immediately following division of the algae when the daughter cells are temporarily located in the vacuole which harbored the parental cell. Shortly thereafter the vacuole membrane invaginates, thereby isolating the daughter algae into individual vacuoles. Degenerating symbiotic algae are seen; because these are frequently found in vacuoles with bacteria, they are presumed to be undergoing digestion. Due to the conditions of culture these algae could have been either of intracellular or extracellular origin.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Electron-microscopic observations were performed on 2 species of Volvox, one similar to V. globator, the other to V. aureus. The former has distinct protoplasmic connections in the adult coenobium and specific structures, named “medial bodies,” in the connections just at the intersection with the middle lamella. The medial body is disk shaped, about 800 mμ in diameter, and is composed of 3 parts, 2 dense outer layers and an intermediate less dense zone. In the latter species, the connection and medial body were not seen. On the other hand, it was commonly seen in both of them that in younger, dividing gonidia neighboring protoplasts were connected with each other by protoplasmic bridges. The bridges are undoubtedly formed due to incomplete cell separation in the division of a gonidium. The structural difference in the adult coen***bium between the 2 species emerges just after inversion of the coenobium. In the globator type the medial body appears just after inversion, and the connection remains unruptured all thru life. In the aureus type, it seems that the connections are withdrawn or degenerate immediately after inversion. It is discussed whether protoplasmic continuity is really maintained by the connection or not in the freeswimming coenobium of Volvox.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Plasmodium lophurae hemozoin (malaria pigment) is a heme-containing protein which is distinctly different from hemoglobin and hematin by immunologic, spectrophotometric, fingerprint, heme-iron, gel filtration, and starch gel electrophoretic analyses. The calculated average molecular weight of P. lophurae hemozoin is ca. 40,000. Hemozoin contains at least 3 antigenic components and shows some indication of cross-reaction with hemoglobin.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. In tryptone media, optimal growth of nonphotosynthetic Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris on glucose occurred with 1% (w/v) glucose at pH 3.5, and required a previous adaptive period in glucose medium.In short term metabolic experiments, glucose uptake was greatly stimulated by small concentrations of tryptone or succinate; effects of shaking suggested that CO2 has a similar stimulatory effect. Glucose utilization was highly dependent on glucose concentration, with an apparent threshold at about 2 mM and increasing steeply with glucose concentration above this value. In tracer experiments, about 90% of the glucose carbon consumed was assimilated, and about 10% released as CO2.Glucose did not stimulate respiration even during rapid glucose utilization. Tracer studies indicated oxidation of endogenous substrates was depressed by an amount which just compensated for the respiration due to glucose.The conditions which allowed rapid glucose utilization by “resting”E. gracilis var. bacillaris were the same as those known previously to be required for growth on glucose. It was therefore concluded that these factors act directly on the main pathways of glucose metabolism.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Changes accompanying aging of stationary cultures of Ochromonas danica were examined with the electron microscope. The cultures included light- and dark-grown populations ranging in age from 3 days to 5 weeks. Cells from the youngest cultures contained minimal amounts of lipid and a distinct leucosin vacuole. After 1 week, the number of lipid globules in the cytoplasm increased. The amount of lipid increased progressively in cells from older cultures until the leucosin vacuole was obliterated by the coalescing spheres. Cells from cultures older than 3 weeks showed a general breakdown of cytoplasmic integrity. An area of pinocytotic activity was also present; a relationship between this anterior region and blebs arising from the cell membrane is suggested.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Dissections of Triatoma infestans and Rhodnius prolixus at various intervals after experimental infection with insect Trypanosomatidae of the genera Blastocrithidia and Crithidia (B. euschisti, C. luciliae, C. acanthocephali and C. mellificae) disclosed the protozoa to be surviving and in most instances undergoing reproduction in the experimental bugs for as long as 2 months following infection. Epimastigotes and amastigotes were seen in bugs infected with B. euschisti and choanomastigotes and amastigotes were observed in insects experimentally infected with the Crithidia. Since C. acanthocephali and C. luciliae were from clones, this is the 1st finding of these 2 structural types in this genus using cultures originating from a single choanomastigote.In view of the loose host specificity of the insect Trypanosomatidae as further emphasized by this work, it would appear that the necessity is increased for field workers in trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis areas of the world to become well acquainted with the infective potentialities of the insect trypanosomatids of their areas for the vectors of Trypanosoma and Leishmania along with the possible association in nature of these vectors with insects which might harbor insect-limited Trypanosomatidae.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Antisera were developed in rabbits against 3 axenic lines of Trichomonas gallinae: JB(VI), the 6th isolate of the very virulent Jones' Barn strain, which was kept frozen in liquid nitrogen and had its full pathogenicity for pigeons when it was employed for immunization; JB(VI)C, a substrain derived from JB(VI), but attenuated during continuous in vitro cultivation for 1 year; and JB(V)C, a substrain of the 5th isolate of the Jones' Barn strain attenuated during continuous in vitro cultivation for over 3 years. All antisera were reacted on gel diffusion slides with varying concentrations of homologous and heterologous antigens. Two groups of precipitin bands, arbitrarily labeled A and B, were seen on the slides. Analysis of these bands revealed the common genetic makeup of the 3 trichomonad lines with respect to the group A bands. However, the group B antigenic system was strong in the attenuated JB(VI)C and JB(V)C substrains, and very weak in the fully pathogenic JB(VI) strain. These differences are discussed in the light of their possible relationship to pathogenicity.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Broad scope investigations have allowed a study of the intestinal parasitic protozoa of the Kenya baboon Papio doguera in its natural habitat as well as an opportunity to follow the intestinal protozoan populations in these primates held in captivity. Samplings indicate that the amoebae found in the baboon are essentially the same as those which commonly occur in man. Balantidium coli is frequent in wild baboons but is self-limiting in animals after a few weeks in captivity. The flagellates Chilomastix mesnili and Giardia lamblia were detected in captive but not in wild baboons; the presence of the latter constitutes a new record for Papio doguera.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Experimental observation of the pathogenicity of some strains of Hartmannella plus the observation of human meningo-encephalitis due to small amebas which had a structure compatible with that of Hartmannella in the tissues has suggested the concept of respiratory amebiasis followed by cerebral and other complications.Until recently no cultural evidence was available to identify positively the amebas in the human cases. This report summarizes the isolation of Naegleria sp. (HB-1) from human spinal fluid by mouse inoculation followed by tissue culture of the infected mouse brain. C. Butt and his associates, who submitted this material to us, isolated the Naegleria on agar medium with Escherichia coli without antibiotics at 37 C.The new isolate failed to grow on the medium previously suggested by us for Hartmannella. HB-1 is virulent for laboratory animals and has a structure in the tissues which more resembles the amebas in the human tissue than the amebas in experimental Hartmannella infections of mice. Naegleria and Hartmannella are both potential pathogens for normal animals and man. A clinical laboratory method to detect Naegleria as well as Hartmannella is herein suggested.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Reticulocytosis, stimulated by the destruction of red blood cells by phenylhydrazine, altered the course of infection of both Plasmodium chabaudi and P. berghei in the mouse. P. chabaudi, lacking a preference for reticulocytes, was adversely affected when young cells were present in abundance. Parasitemias diminished and most of the animals survived the otherwise fatal infection. P. berghei preferentially invaded reticulocytes to the extent that the parasitemia became contained largely in the reticulocyte population. This was accompanied by a delay in time to death.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Uronema nigricans, a hymenostome ciliate, is redescribed by modern technics. Anatomic studies were made on 4 strains treated primarily with the Chatton-Lwoff silver impregnation technic. Particular attention was given to the buccal apparatus and its importance to generic assignment in the order Hymenostomatida.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A hyperparasite probably related to some lower protistan was found in the cytoplasm of Entamoeba suis Hartmann. These were very minute bodies with a central Feulgen-positive dot, the nucleus, and a bordering cytoplasmic ring with an alcian blue-positive reaction. This organism appeared to interfere with the synthesis of DNA & RNA in the host amoeba as reflected in its relative stainability with Feulgen or pyronin-methyl green. The suggestion is that the parasitized amoebic cysts were most likely rendered nonviable.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Cell-free preparations from Crithidia jasciculata carried out protein synthesis as measured by 14C-leucine uptake (optimum ∼ 10 mM Mg++) and poly U-directed 14C-phenylalanine uptake (optimum ∼ 16 mM Mg++). Characteristics of the system and sucrose density-gradient patterns of ribosomes were investigated. The charging and transfer reactions—the 2 main steps in protein synthesis—were inhibited by stilbamidine, hydroxystilbamidine, pentamidine, quinapyramine (Antrycide), and suramin.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Cohnilembus verminus, a marine hymenostome ciliate, is described from a culture taken at Eniwetok. Anatomic studies were made on specimens treated primarily with the Chatton-Lwoff silver impregnation technic.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Autoradiographic studies on DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in isolated macronuclei of Blepharisma intermedium in vitro are described. Isolated macronuclei incubated in a medium containing RNA precursors incorporated cystidine and uridine into RNA. Uptake of cystidine was greater than that of uridine. Addition of ATP did not appreciably affect the uptake of precursors into RNA. Actinomycin D (5 μg/ml) blocked incorporation of cystidine and uridine. It is concluded that in isolated macronuclei of Blepharisma, RNA precursors are 1st converted into triphosphates and then incorporated into RNA thru DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Light and electron microscope studies of the “cyst” of Besnoitia jellisoni indicate that it consists of an extracellular wall, a large, sometimes multinucleate, host cell, and an intracellular vacuole containing the parasites. The “cyst” wall has fine fibrils and small dense granules embedded in an election-lucid matrix. The wall may be formed from a secretion of the enclosed host cell. The plasma membrane of the host cell is very irregular, being modified into microvillar or pseudopodial extensions. Small vesicles and invaginations of the plasma membrane indicate mioropinocytosis. The one to several large lobular nuclei lie in a thick area of cytoplasm which is filled with rough endoplasmic reticulum and many mitochondria with lamellar cristae. The parasite-containing vacuole is limited by a vacuolar membrane which has many blebs suggesting a transfer of materials into the vacuole.The “cyst” organisms are crescentic or piriform and are enclosed by a pellicle consisting of outer and inner membranes. Twenty-two subpellicular fibrils extend longitudinally adjacent to the inner membrane from the anterior polar ring to a posterior ring. A micropyle is situated laterally in the pelliole near the level of the nucleus. A conold and several associated paired organelles are present at the anterior end. Microuemes, more abundant in older organisms, are also present in the anterior portion of the parasite. A Golgi apparatus lies adjacent and anterior to the nucleus. One or more mitochondria with saccular cristae, ovoid glycogen bodies, free ribosomes and occasional vacuoles are also present. Organisms within the “cyst” multiply by endodyogeny.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. In chemically defined media, pH 6.4–6.8, supplementation with glycerol permitted growth equal to that with a carbohydrate supplement. In a pH 5.4 medium described in detail, containing L-glutamic acid 0.25%, supplementation with L-serine (essential for this strain), especially when further supplemented with proline, likewise permitted growth nearly equal to that with carbohydrate. These results are discussed in relation to the question of which components of peptone act as substrates and the resemblances of the Tetrahymena pattern of substrate utilization to that of metazoa.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The structural changes leading to the formation of motile microgametes from a single immobile intracellular gametocyte have been examiued in the electron microscope. After pigeon blood infected with Haemoproteus columbae was exposed to the air at room temperature for a few minutes axonemes appeared in the parasite's cytoplasm and the cytoplasm itself appeared less dense. The axonemes were connected with bundles of intranuclear microtubules that were perhaps spindle fibers. No conventional kinetosomes or centrioles have been observed.After the microgametocyte left the erythrocyte, it assumed the shape of a polarized slug or a dumb-bell. Half of the organism was surrounded by a single membrane and filled by part of the nucleus. The other half was surrounded by the remains of the multiple membranes of the gametocyte and contained pigment granules, mitochondria, axonemes and nuclear extensions. The axonemes and nuclear extensions were segregated at the periphery of the cell, exterior to the gametocyte's inner membrane, and were assembled in situ into microgametes. The mature microgamete appeared to peel off from the gametocyte, leaving a residual body.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Cryoprotectants were tested in both complex and semidefined media for the trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata. Near log-phase or end-of-log-phase cultures were frozen for 24–48 hr at ∼ -20 C, then warmed in air to room temperature. Immediate motility was correlated with viability. The best protectant of the 83 tested was glycerol at ∼ 10% (w/v). Survival without cryoprotectant was rare. Outstanding cryoprotectants (perhaps also useful solvents for drugs poorly soluble in water) were: ethylene glycol; 2,2′-dioxyethanol (diethylene glycol); 1,2,4-butanetriol; 1,4-cyclohexanediol; dimethylsulfoxide; propylene glycol; and N-acetylethanolamine. Several sugars were active, e.g., D-arabinose, sucrose, and sorbitol. Trypanosomes tolerated cryoprotectants much less; tolerance was better in growth media than in suspension media. Trypanosoma gambiense was grown in blood-enriched media + 2-2.5% glycerol, suspended in 20% (w/v) glycerol. then frozen; this permitted 3-week survival. T. conorhini survived 4 weeks after growth in media containing glycerol 2.5%+ ethylene glycol 4%+ rutin 1.0 mg per 100 ml.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The encystment and excystment of Colpoda steinii was examined by electron microscopy. Cellular organelles including cilia are retained in the cyst without any fundamental alteration in structure. During encystment, the cell becomes surrounded by 2 coats, the inner of which is the more substanial and regular and is about 1600 A or more thick. It is probably formed in the main from material contained in bodies which have no obvious structure and which may be seen in the cell during cyst formation. Discharging vacuoles containing sheet-like material, probably derived from ingested bacteria, are particularly visible during encystment but probably play no direct role in the formation of the main cyst coat. During excystment, this coat is eroded away and, when it becomes thin enough, the motile cell bursts its way out.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Studies that accounted for all the cilia and cirri in sample specimens from several populations of Pleurotricha Lanceolata show the extent to which ciliary and cirral patterns can vary within a species. It is suggested that these variations may account for some of the conflicting descriptions of this species in the literature.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Growth of streptomycin-bleached Euglena gracilis depends in part on the availability of phosphorus. Maximum cell density on a defined medium is reached at a phosphorus (supplied as inorganic phosphate) concentration of 4–5 μ/ml. At lower concentrations, the cells apparently deplete the medium of phosphorus. Inorganic phosphorus at 〉 1 mg/ml inhibits growth in terms of cell density per ml and generation time. Phosphorus-limited cells survive for at least 6–7 days and are able to undergo mitosis following a lag period when returned to phosphorus-containing medium. The majority of inorganic 32P incorporated by these Euglena ends up in the hot trichloroacetic acid soluble fraction and in the ethanol-ether soluble fraction.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis in the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium lophurae and its host cell, the duck erythrocyte, were investigated in vitro. Pyrimidine synthesis, as measured by the incorporation of C14-NaHCO3 into cytosine, uracil and thymine was slight in uninfected duck erythrocytes, whereas infected erythrocytes and erythrocyte-free parasites had high rates of incorporation of NaHCO3 into these bases. In addition, orotidine-5′-monophosphate pyrophosphorylase and thymidylate synthetase, 2 enzymes of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, were found in cell-free extracts of the plasmodia. Purine synthesis was measured by determining the extent of incorporation of C14-Na-formate into adenine and guanine. Uninfected and infected erythrocytes had similar rates of Na-formate incroporation into adenine. whereas free parasites incorporated little of this compound into adenine, or guanine. On the other hand, the incorporation of Na-formate into guanine was 54% higher in infected erythrocytes than in uninfected erythrocytes.It is suggested that P. lophurae synthesizes purines to a limited extent, and derives most of its purines from the host erythrocyte. The greater incorporation of Na-formate into guanine by infected cells, and its low incorporation into free parasites may be accounted for by parasite conversion of host cell adenine (in the form of ATP) into guanine. Pyrimidine biosynthesis in infected cells can be accounted for by de novo synthesis by the parasite itself.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Synchronization of cell division in axenic cultures of the free-living ciliated eukaryote Tetrahymena pyriformis (W) may be achieved equally as well by a sudden increase in irradiance, DD→LL (switch-up), or by a sudden decrease in irradiance, LL→DD (switch-down), provided that the irradiance transition occurs after a critical time in the late ultradian exponential growth phase. Circadian division indices (∼24 hrs) are associated with infradian generation times (GT〉〉24 hrs).

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A multi-unit automatic sampling device for investigation of microbial growth under a wide variety of conditions is described. The kinetics of asynchronous population growth for batch cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis (W) at several temperatures show that there are 2 distinct growth phases: an exponential ultradian growth phase that is strongly temperature dependent and a non-stationary growth phase, the infradian phase, that shows little or no temperature dependence over the range from 15–27 C.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A Puerto Rican isolate of the colorless, marine, superficially athecate, extremely euryhaline, marine dinoflagellate Cryptothecodinium cohnii grows well in simple defined acidic media prepared from a dry mix. Long-lasting inocula are prepared as biphasic cultures. Refrigerated slants last for months and the organisms resume motility in minutes when slants are flooded with distilled water at room temperature.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. In a preliminary search for a phototactic response in Tetrahymena, we discovered instead an autotactic phenomenon of pattern formation produced by motile free-swimming cells in a dense culture. This pattern of cell aggregation is remarkably similar to the Bénard-cell patterns of classical physical chemistry, and reminiscent of the streaming patterns of motile microorganisms.In a study of light effects on the rate of pattern formation, we found that it has an endogenous circadian component, and is strongly dependent on cell concentration.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The changes in young, 6-day-old to adult (13-day-old) forms of T. lewisi during the course of infection in rats are attended by some changes in mitochondrial enzyme activities. The most significant differences between the 2 forms are in the content of isocitric dehydrogenases (2 distinct enzymes are present), and in the ability to carry out oxidative phosphorylation. In the mitochondria of adults there is a significant decrease in the ability to form ATP.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. An investigation of day-to-day changes in adult form antigens of T. lewisi in the rat shows that adult antigens, 2 of which are present in trace amounts in young forms, suddenly appear in large amounts in 9-day-old trypanosomes. An additional antigen is formed on the 13th day. In addition, 2-day-old trypanosomes contain some antigens not present in 6-day-old forms. The combined results of the present paper and a previous one indicate that there are antigenically 3 distinct stages of T. lewisi in the rat: 1- to 3-day-old, 4- to 8-day-old, and 9- to 14-day-old forms. From 9- to 11-day-old trypanosomes, there is a form containing both young and adult antigens.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A new coccidium Sivatoshella lonchurae n. gen., n. sp. (Coccidia, Eimerüdae) is described from the gut of the passeriform birds Lonchura malabarica (Linn.) and L. punctulata (Linn.). Endogenous stages of the parasite conform to those of the family Eimerüdae. Oocysts are spherical, 36–38 μ (avg. 37.5 μ) in diameter. Wall 3.6 ä thick, 4-layered; outermost layer thin transparent and colorless; next, slightly broader and light green; 3rd, thinner and light yellow; innermost dark black. Oocyst residuum absent. Micropyle absent. Sporocysts 28–29 μ long and 18 μ wide. They are 2 broad pear-shaped bodies with Steida body and a prominent substeidal body at the narrow pole. Sporocyst residuum present as minute refractile globules embedded in a dark matrix. Sporozoites broad, comma-shaped, with one large vacuole at the broad pole and nucleus at the center of the body. Sixteen sporozoites in each sporocyst, arranged at the periphery of the residual mass. Sporulation time: 24–48 hours at 31 C. Habitat: duodenum and small intestine of Lonchura malabarica (Linn.) and L. punctulata (Linn.). Locality: Calcutta, W. Bengal, India.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Two new species of small amebae, Hartmannella biparia n. sp. and Hartmannella quadriparia n. sp., were 1st observed in the freshwater mollusks Bulinus globosus and Biomphalaria pallida, respectively. The amebae multiplied in cytoplasmic vacuoles in host cells, particularly in foci in the mantle collar, foot, and intestinal wall. Both amebae had functional contractile vacuoles while within host cells. H. biparia emerged from intracytoplasmic vacuoles in pairs, H. quadriparia in fours, suggesting characteristic reproductive stages.H. biparia had limax-type motility by smooth lobopodia, was 22 μ long; with vesicular nucleus 3 μ and central endosome 1.5 μ, multiplied by binary fission and formed spherical, smooth-walled cysts 11 μ in diameter. H. quadriparia had limax-type motility by lobopodia with fine, acute projections; was 10 μ long, with vesicular nucleus 2 μ and central endosome 0.75 μ, multiplied and formed spherical, smooth-walled cysts 5 μ in diameter. Neither species multiplied in cysts outside the host. H. biparia was found infecting 12 species and experimentally transferred to 4 more species of freshwater snails; H. quadriparia was found in one species and experimentally transferred to 6 other species.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. After 1914 protozoologists have generally agreed that Pleistophora gigantea (Thélohan, 1895) Swellengrebel, 1911, Ichthyosporidium giganteum (Thélohan, 1895) Swarczewsky, 1914, and I. phymogenes Caullery and Mesnil, 1905, are identical. Because no polar filament was found in the spores, however, some authors have followed Swarczewsky in considering this species to be a haplosporidan, while others have persisted in thinking it a microsporidan. Using preserved material that Swellengrebel saved from a tumor on which he based his studies, we have found a polar filament in the spores both with the PAS reaction and with the electron microscpe. This new information removes the only basis for the doubt which some authors have entertained, that Thélohan and Sweliengrebel correctly considered the parasite to belong to the Microsporida. Since Pleistophora gigantea is believed to be identical with I. phymogenes, recently selected by Sprague as type species of genus Ichthyosporidium Caullery and Mesnil, 1905, then Ichthyosporidium, originally assigned to the Haplosporida, must be regarded as a microsporidan genus. Whether it is distinct from all other microsporidan genera is a matter needing further consideration.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The structure and cytochemistry of encystment and excystment of Blepharisma stoltei Isquith are described.The encystment process may be subdivided into 4 stages: (i) in the precystic stage the buccal apparatus overlaps about the posterior, (ii) in early encystment, the buccal apparatus is resorbed and an ectocyst is secreted, (iii) an interwall space, endocyst, and plug are secreted during late encystment, and (iv) the resting cyst stage typically has disc-like structures on the ectocyst, and a vacuole in the macronucleus.In excystment, 6 distinct stages may be defined: (i) partial kineties are formed in early excystment, (ii) permanent kineties give rise to anlagen of the buccal apparatus during stomatogenesis, (iii) the organism elongates and reforms the vegetative shape in late excystment, (iv) some cysts then divide, (v) the redeveloped organism is liberated thru the plug pore, and (vi) the postcystic stage resembles the vegetative form except for its size and lack of pigmentation.Cortical structures, extracellular membranes, and the macronuclear membrane are composed of protein-lipids. Unbound protein and RNA are found in the cytoplasm thruout the cystic cycle. DNA is present only in the nuclei. Polysaccharides, 1st found in the cytoplasm, are shifted to the plug in encystment. The plug material disappears during excystment, while PAS positive granules appear in the cytoplasm.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Fine structure of Pentatrichomonas hominis is described in the light of previous light microscopic findings. The relationships among kinetosomes #1-#4 and R are like those previously reported orhomonas gallinae, and the same is true of the rootlet filaments associated with the several kinetosomes. The kinetosome (I) of the independent flagellum is situated just behind the reflection of the sigmoid filaments of kinetosome #2 onto the pelta and parallels these filaments for a considerable distance. The peltaraxostylar junction consists of 3 layers: the capitulum of the axostyle (outer, the pelta (intermediate, and the sigmoid rootlets of kineto some #2 (inner). The pelta overlaps the axostylar capitulum to a variable extent. The parabasal body consists of elongate and flattened cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum surrounded by numerous small vesicles. There are 2 typically cross-striated parabasal filaments, filament 2 probably contributing most, if not all, the material to the slender, periodic organelle that underlies the parabasal body and usually does not extend far beyond the posterior end of the nucleus. The periodic costa is paralleled by paracostal granules, but there are few, if any, paraxostylar granules. The ultrastructure of the costa appears to be a network of flattened hexagons, with a single fibril projecting thru each of the hexagonal areas. The major cross-striations are made up largely of densely-stained filaments which are occasionally cut in cross section. The undulating membrane consists of a cytoplasmic fold extending from the dorsal surface of the organism and of the attached part of the recurrent flagellum, which is closely applied to the fold. The segment of the membrane dorsal to the flagellum, presumably the “accessory filament,” contains the marginal lamella, a membrane folded upon itself and with periodicity virtually indistinguishable from that of the rootlet filament of kinetosome #1.