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  • Articles  (39)
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  • NDE  (39)
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  • Articles  (39)
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  • Springer  (39)
  • Institute of Physics
  • Oxford University Press
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  • 2020-2022
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (39)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress-wave attenuation in thin structures by ultrasonic through-transmission (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 1 (1980), S. 277-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Ultrasonics ; through-transmission ; composite materials ; attenuation ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The steady-state amplitude of the output of an ultrasonic through-transmission measurement is analyzed and the result is given in closed form. Provided that the product of the input and output transduction ratios, the specimen-transducer reflection coefficient, the specimen-transducer phase-shift parameter, and the material phase velocity are known, this analysis gives a means for determining the through-thickness attenuation of an individual thin sample. Multiple stress-wave reflections are taken into account, and so signal echoes do not represent a difficulty. An example is presented for a graphite fiber epoxy composite (Hercules AS/3501-6). Thus, the technique provides a direct method for continuous or intermittent monitoring of through-thickness attenuation of plate structures which may be subject to service structural degradation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00571808
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical modelling of the scattering of elastic waves in plates (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 4 (1984), S. 89-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: scattering ; elastic waves ; Lamb waves ; shear waves ; finite difference methods ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the application of finite difference methods to the calculation of the scattering of elastic waves. The emphasis is on cracklike defects in plates, and it is shown that a common numerical technique can span a range of wavelengths from Lamb waves to ultrasonic waves with many reflections from the surfaces of the plate. Quantitative results are given for the scattering of Lamb waves and ultrasonic shear waves from surface-breaking cracks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566400
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Defect identification and sizing by the ultrasonic satellite-pulse technique (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 1 (1980), S. 263-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Ultrasonics ; scattering ; diffraction ; defect characterization ; cracks ; voids ; pattern recognition ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Shape and size are the most important defect characteristics that need to be determined for the reliable prediction of the remaining service lifetime of a defective structure or part. The analytical and supporting experimental results presented in this paper concern a general, pattern recognition-based, ultrasonic defect identification and sizing method. The satellite-pulse technique (SPT) is based on the interpretation, in terms of defect types (shapes) and dimensions, of the separation in time of arrival between the readily detected specularly reflected pulse and its generally ignored tip-diffracted or tangentially scattered “satellite” contained in the received waveform. Calibration procedures were also developed that enable the ultrasonic examiner to read the time scale of the oscilloscope for equivalent crack depth or void diameter as appropriate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00571807
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some computational considerations in eddy-current NDE (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 4 (1984), S. 39-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Eddy current ; computer analysis ; numerical methods ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Theoretical calculations of eddy-current phenomena often involve the numerical evaluation of various integral expressions. A discussion of some of the possible evaluation methods and of the factors to be considered in choosing a method is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00711099
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrasonic reflection from a stressed interface (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 4 (1984), S. 3-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Ultrasonic ; stress measurements ; interfacial stress ; NiTi ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In seeking to develop an NDE technique for verifying the serviceability of NiTi couplers for plumbing unions, it was found that the reflection coefficient for a normally incident ultrasonic wave correlated with the stress level at the NiTi-tubing interface. Current theory pertaining to interface reflection is not complete but, even at present status, there is semiquantitative accord between theoretical predictions and normalized data for reflection coefficient versus stress level. These results are at fixed frequency and with comparable surface roughness. Variation of either frequency or surface roughness further affects the reflection coefficient. Current studies are being pursued to define this effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00711095
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The radiographic edge scattering distortion (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 4 (1984), S. 75-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: object scattering ; edge scattering ; knife edge ; neutron radiography ; buildup factor ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Previously described scattering based edge distortions in optical density scans obtained from a neutron radiographic knife-edge image have been here confirmed using analog Monte Carlo simulation. In an attempt to estimate the effects of additional object scatter on such artifacts, the effect on the edge response of diffusely incident neutrons has been determined both empirically and by Monte Carlo simulation. The diffuse neutron incidence has been found to diminish the relative magnitude of the distortion, offering explanation for the infrequent observation of the corresponding edge scattering halo artifacts. The potential of this edge distortion as a diagnostic indicator of the buildup factor in radiography is suggested and examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566399
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Remaining fatigue life prediction in the initiation regime using SAW NDE (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 1 (1980), S. 3-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: harmonic generation ; fatigue ; microcracks ; aluminum ; surface acoustic waves ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Harmonic generation of surface acoustic waves (SAW) is shown to be a useful tool for the detection of the initiation of surface cracks during fatigue of high strength aluminum alloys. A model that relates the length and density of microcracks to the amplitude of a SAW harmonic signal is described, and an associated coefficient of generation efficiency for the second harmonic amplitude is derived. A correlation between experimentally measured harmonic amplitude and remaining fatigue life is then demonstrated, which allows the mean remaining fatigue lifetime to be estimated to within 5% over the last 50% of the fatigue life for an Al 7075 alloy if the cyclic stress amplitude, but not the duration of fatigue, is known.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566227
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrasonic diffraction technique for characterization of fatigue cracks (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 1 (1980), S. 11-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: ultrasonic diffraction ; fatigue cracks ; crack closure ; crack surfaces ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes an ultrasonic diffraction technique for characterizing fatigue cracks. The angular field of energy scattered from a crack tip was computed. Using the theoretically predicted and experimentally verified optimum range of angles, we measured the crack profiles by the ultrasonic diffraction technique. Ultrasonic measurements agreed very well with direct destructive measurements. In addition, fatigue crack closure was detected and information on crack surfaces was obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566228
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methods for determining the depth of near-surface defects (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 1 (1980), S. 21-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: ultrasonics ; surface defects ; defect depth ; deconvolution ; correlation ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In previous work by the authors,(1,6) it was demonstrated that the presence of near-surface defects could be detected reliably, even though the defect echo was contained within the near-surface echo. The algorithm consists of examining the variation in the composite (near-surface plus defect) response after it has been deconvolved from a near-surface response known to be defect-free. This paper presents two algorithms that have been developed subsequent to the work presented in ref. (6) for estimating thedepth of a near-surface defect, given that its presence has already been detected. One algorithm uses complex frequency domain techniques, and the other uses time domain analysis. Both procedures operate on the surface-plus-defect signal, using reference signals containing surface-only and defect-only responses. The defect signal is extracted from the composite signal. Defect depth is then computed from the time difference between the centers of the front-surface and extracted defect responses. A mean absolute depth error of 0.015 in. was obtained by applying the algorithms to experimental data containing depths from 0.020 to 0.130 in. below the near-surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566229
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accept/reject decisions and failure prediction for structural ceramics: Application to failure from voids (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 1 (1980), S. 37-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: failure prediction ; accept/reject decisions ; ceramic materials ; ultrasonics ; fracture ; probabilistic model ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A general probabilistic method for reaching accept/reject decisions and failure prediction based on nondestructive evaluation procedures is described. The method is illustrated for ceramic materials that fail by the activation of microcracks located at void surfaces. The inspection procedure used for the analysis is the long wavelength ultrasonic method. The analysis indicates influences on the decision level and on the false-reject probability of variations in the signal-to-noise ratio and in the preexistent void population. The ultrasonic inspection is shown to exert a relatively minor influence on the false-reject probability, even for low signal-to-noise ratios, low stresses, and a widely dispersed void population, because of the intrinsic variability of the selected failure process. More encouraging results concerning the utility of NDE are anticipated to apply to other failure mechanisms in ceramics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566230
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analytical representation of transient ultrasonic phased-array near- and far-fields (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 1 (1980), S. 53-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: ultrasonic transducers ; phased array ; ultrasonic imaging ; impulse response ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The present contribution provides a method for the derivation of analytical near- and far-field expressions for the pressure step-function response of nonuniformly excited ultrasonic transducers modeled as pistons of arbitrary shape in an infinite rigid baffle. Explicit inversion of the Laplace transformed ultrasonic field using Cagniard's idea results in elementary functions or definite integrals of elementary functions, depending on the assumed nonuniform aperture distribution. The basic signal distortion is illustrated in terms of three-dimensional space-time plots of the pressure unit step-function response of a rectangular uniform aperture. The corresponding results for a phased-array transducer are also given. In addition, we investigate the pressure profile on the axis perpendicular to a uniform rectangular piston and its horizontal radiation pattern for different bandwidths of the exciting impulse.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566231
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acoustic measurements of stress fields and microstructure (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 1 (1980), S. 67-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: stress fields ; microstructure ; J integral ; stress intensity factor ; harness acoustic velocity ; acoustic elasticity ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A very precise system for measuring two-dimensional velocity fields in solid samples has been used for nondestructive measurements of both externally applied and residual inhomogeneous stresses in solids,J integrals, stress intensity factors of cracks, and hardness of quenched steel. The longitudinal velocity measurement is based on precise determination of the propagation transit time through the stressed solid specimen using a small diameter, water-coupled acoutic transducer, which is scanned mechanically over the sample. Changes in velocity are then related to changes of stress in the sample by the theory of acoustoelasticity. Similar measurements show a high degree of correlation between longitudinal velocity changes and changes in microstructure in steel samples. Applications to problems of solid mechanics and material science illustrate the utility of this nondestructive measuring technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566232
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    The relationship between radiating body forces and equivalent surface stresses: Analysis and application to EMAT design (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 1 (1980), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: ultrasonic waves ; EMAT ; surface stress ; NDE ; Green's function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the radiation from a body force shows that it is equivalent to the radiation from a series of surface stresses defined by the moments of the body force taken with respect to the depth coordinate. As the body force becomes localized near the surface, the zeroth moment of the force dominates the radiation and is often thought of as an equivalent surface stress. However, under certain conditions, this can vanish, and the other moments must be considered. It is found that, as the order of the moment of a particular force component increases, the resulting radiation patterns alternate between those characteristic of a compressive surface stress and those characteristic of a shear surface stress, which have considerably different angular variations. Results of experiments in the development of EMAT transducers for nondestructive testing that support these results are cited, and important consequences in the design of inspection systems are indicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566116
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    An acoustic emission energy analysis and its use to study damage in laminated composites (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 1 (1980), S. 225-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Acoustic emission ; energy analysis ; composite materials ; strength ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A new technique which uses the output of a true RMS voltmeter to measure the acoustic emission energy output of a transducer is presented. To demonstrate its use in a typical case, this procedure is used to measure acoustic emission energy during tensile tests on [0°/±30°/90°]s glass-epoxy laminate uniaxial and 10° off-axis tensile coupons. The test results were compared with numerical predictions of laminate response and acoustic emission energy. The experiments indicate that acoustic emission energy can be used to indicate the onset of ply and interlaminar failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00571804
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Defect characterization in the short-wavelength regime (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 1 (1980), S. 235-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Ultrasonics ; acoustic waves ; scattering ; diffraction ; defect characterization ; silicon nitride ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The scattering of acoustic waves by different types of spherical defects in a silicon nitride matrix is calculated by using Ying and Truell's scattering theory. The theoretical scattering results are interpreted using a ray tracing approach. Experiments were carried out at a high frequency (150–450 MHz) to characterize defects in silicon nitride. Time and space averaging, Wiener filtering, diffraction, and propagation loss corrections were used to remove the effect of the transducer response and propagation loss in the material from the scattered signal. Our experimental results indicate the presence of a new type of defect in silicon nitride. They give the type and size of voids, cracks, and Si inclusions in good agreement with measurements obtained after sectioning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00571805
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Separation and characterization of stress levels and texture in metal sheet and plate: I. Principles and preliminary experiment (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 4 (1984), S. 157-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Residual Stress ; ultrasonics ; metals ; EMATs ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract An approach is proposed for obtaining separate measures of stress anisotropy and texture in metal sheet or plate. The approach is based on the propagation characteristics ofSH n modes of ultrasonic waves. Experimental work has established that differences betweenSH 0 modes with orthogonal directions of propagation provide a measure of stress anisotropy that is insensitive to texture, with the restriction that the pseudosymmetry of the polycrystalline matrix of the sheet or plate is orthorhombic or higher. In the present work, it is argued that the differences between elastic constants associated with orthogonal directions of propagation of higher order modes should provide a meaningful measure of texture. The only requirement is that the texture be sufficiently well developed so that the following inequality is obeyed: ∣C′44−C′55∣〉0.002 $$\bar C$$ with $$\bar C$$ =1/2 (C′44+C′55). HereC′44 andC′55 are the effective shear moduli for planes normal to the sheet or plate surface and at right angles to each other. They are measurable by observing the differences between the phase velocities of theSH 0 and theSH n〉0 modes in the principal directions. By using Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs), the phase velocities can be deduced from the frequencies at which an SH mode of fixed wavelength is optimally excited. This approach has the advantage of being independent of specimen geometry and dimensions other than thickness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566221
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of ferromagnetic resonance probes to the characterization of flaws in metals (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 4 (1984), S. 51-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: eddy current testing ; magnetic particle testing ; magnetic sensor ; ferromagnetic resonance ; microwave frequency ; surface flaws ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This article presents some results obtained in the characterization of surface flaws by means of probes using ferromagnetic resonance of yttrium iron garnets (FMR probes). These experiments on artificial flaws show that FMR probes operate like eddy current probes for nonmagnetic materials and like magnetic field sensors for magnetic ones. Consequently, the working distance is larger for magnetic materials (1000–1500 µm) than for nonmagnetic ones (100–300 µm). FMR probes have good sensitivity to narrow flaws, good spatial discrimination, and are sensitive to flaw width and depth. Vector analysis allows the separation of distance and flaw effect by phase analysis on nonmagnetic materials. On magnetic materials this phase separation does not exist and another procedure is suggested. These results, and in particular those obtained on ferromagnetic materials, point to the possibility of replacing some eddy current or magnetic particle inspections by tests with ferromagnetic resonance probes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566396
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Concrete crack depth meter using nonlinear ADC (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 4 (1984), S. 127-131 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Concrete NDT ; NL-ADC ; crack depth measurement ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces the design and construction of an electronic hybrid signal processing meter that develops an output voltage proportional to the depth of a concrete crack. The circuit employs multiplication, squaring, and square-rooting functions by means of a special nonlinear ADC and counting scheme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566217
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  • 19
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    Transform techniques for analysis of thermal wave propagation in anisotropic composite materials (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 4 (1984), S. 149-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: NDE ; thermal waves ; anisotropy ; composites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A general formulation for solving the three-dimensional thermal diffusion equation in anisotropic media is presented. The method is based on two-dimensional Fourier transform techniques and can provide a physical insight into the problem. The analysis can easily be adapted to take into account arbitrary spatial variations of the excitation beam (i.e., a laser or an electron beam). Results obtained from propagation of thermal waves in composites are presented and followed by simulations for cases where the source function is defined. Propagation through an anisotropic slab is formulated and applied to specific cases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566220
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  • 20
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    Analytical solution for impedance change due to flaws in eddy current testing (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 4 (1984), S. 197-202 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Eddy current ; impedance ; flaw ; Green's function ; Born's limit ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Green's function is used in order to derive the analytical solution for the change in impedance due to a presence of the flaws in a conductor. This solution is applied to a cylindrical flaw and a spherical flaw whose radii are much smaller than the radius of the test coil. For both cases, the change in impedance is obtained within Born's limit.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566224
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  • 21
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    The interaction of ultrasound with contacting asperities: Applications to crack closure and fatigue crack growth (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 4 (1984), S. 203-212 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Acoustic diffraction ; acoustic transmission ; asperity contact ; crack closure ; fatigue cracks ; mode conversion ; NDE ; stress intensity factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The partial contact of two rough fatigue crack surfaces leads to transmission, reflection, diffraction, and mode conversion of an acoustic signal at those contacts. This paper reviews recent experimental and theoretical efforts to understand and quantify such contact on actual fatigue cracks in greater detail. It is shown that the size and density of individual contacts, or asperities, can be estimated from acoustic measurements. Furthermore, it is shown that this information is useful to provide the static stress across a partially closed crack as well as the “effective” stress intensity range which activates fatigue crack propagation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566225
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  • 22
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    Distributed strain measurement in a rectangular plate using an array of optical fiber sensors (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 4 (1984), S. 23-27 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Optical fiber sensor ; distributed strain ; sensor array techniques ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Single mode optical fiber waveguide has been used to determine the two-dimensional strain distribution on a simply supported rectangular plate. Each of the fifty individual fibers in the rectangular grid array attached to one surface of the plate yields a measurement of the strain integrated along the length of that fiber on the specimen. By using similar sensor information from all of the fibers, both the functional form and the amplitude of the distribution may be determined. Limits on the dynamic range and spatial resolution are indicated. Applications in the measurement of internal strain and the monitoring of physically small critical-structural components are suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00711097
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  • 23
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    An inverse problem technique for detecting irregular cavities in circular cylinders by infrared scanning (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 4 (1984), S. 133-140 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Thermography ; infrared scanning ; calibration ; inverse problem ; cavity detection ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract An inverse problem technique has been developed for detecting irregular cavities in circular cylinders. In this method, the cavity is considered a part of the unknown geometry of the investigated system, and the evaluated temperature is used to locate this geometry. An auxiliary problem is introduced in the solution of this problem; and in the solution, the cavity wall is located by forcing the temperature to satisfy the condition imposed at the cavity. The new methodology is validated by an experiment presented in this paper, and the test results indicate that this method is highly successful in locating cavities. The accuracy of the method is closely related to the accuracy of the temperature that can be measured at the surface. A small error in the surface temperature results in a slight cavity error for deep cavities, while a shallow cavity is not severely affected by a surface temperature error. This method is particularly attractive in detecting shallow cavities in nondestructive evaluation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566218
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  • 24
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    Electromagnetic crack detection in ferritic steel (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 4 (1984), S. 165-175 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Eddy current ; instrumentation ; probe design ; crack detection ; ferritic steel ; offshore ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The detection and sizing of fatigue cracks in ferritic materials, especially in offshore structures, is of major importance. This paper describes an eddy current system to detect such cracks, operating in an offshore environment with a search probe to electronic instrument separation of up to 600 m. An analysis of the various factors influencing the search coil behavior is given in terms of a mutually coupled primary and secondary electrical circuit; the component values of which are influenced by the coil design, induced electrical currents in the material, and any defects it contains. It is further shown that, with proper coil parameters, the phase variation in the phase angle of the coil complex impedance can be kept almost constant compared with the rapid variation occurring during lift-off. This behavior can be exploited in the instrumentation to give a clear vector display indication of the crack presence on less than ideal surfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566222
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    Acousto-optic method for nondestructive testing (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 4 (1984), S. 43-50 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Acousto-optic ; light diffraction ; ultrasonics ; phase measurements ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract An alternative method for nondestructive testing based on light diffraction by ultrasonic waves is presented. It enables us to make more accurate measurements of intensity and phase of reflected waves, and therefore detailed information about the reflecting system can be obtained. Applications are numerous but special attention is payed to examination of the quality of coupling systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00711100
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    Some effects of the shape of a small defect in eddy-current NDE (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 4 (1984), S. 59-63 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: eddy current ; theoretical models ; computer analysis ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Available theoretical models for predicting defect responses in eddy-current NDE apply only to defects of spheroidal shape. In this paper, the boundary-element integral-equation approach is extended to allow for defects of more irregular shape. Sample results for cylindrical and conical voids are presented and discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566397
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    Scattering of ultrasound in solids as visualized by the photoelastic technique (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 4 (1984), S. 65-73 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: ultrasonic scattering ; photoelastic visualization ; cylindrical cavities ; creeping wave ; cracks ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Our efforts in the past few years to visualize the scattering of ultrasound in solids by the photoelastic technique are briefly reviewed. Photoelastic photographs are presented showing the dynamic processes of scattering in glass of plane longitudinal or transverse waves by a cylindrical cavity or cavities as well as by two-dimensional surface-breaking or internal cracks. Phenomena like creeping and multiple scattering are clearly seen, in addition to some details which are not predicted by known theories.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566398
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    The effects of focusing and refraction on Gaussian ultrasonic beams (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 4 (1984), S. 107-123 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: ultrasonics ; transducers ; focusing ; refractior ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A scalar theory of the propagation of Gaussian ultrasonic beams through lenses and interfaces is presented. For radiation into a fluid, the Fresnel approximation is employed to derive the laws of propagation of Guassian beams (previously employed in the analysis of coherent optical systems). These are then generalized to situations commonly found in nondestructive evaluation by treating the effects of propagation through lenses and through curved interfaces at oblique incidence. A numerical example illustrates the ease with which insight into diffraction phenomena for complex geometries can be gained by this approach. The limitations imposed on the theory by aberrations and the scalar assumption are discussed, and the relationship of the Gaussian theory to the radiation of piston transducers is explored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566401
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    Flaw detection close to the interface using ultrasonic echography (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 4 (1984), S. 141-148 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Ultrasonic echography ; signal processing ; flaw detection ; nondestructive control ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The detection of flaws by ultrasonic echography becomes difficult when the flaw is at a shallow depth. The time delay between the interface and flaw echos is less than the width of the impulse-response time of the transducer, and the flaw echo generally has an amplitude much smaller than the dominating interface echo. When the surface is not too rough, the interface echo can be assumed to be known, and its comparison with the signal interface and flaw echo permits the detection of the flaw. In this article it is shown that signal processing techniques allow small flaws to be detected very close to the surface (∼0.5 mm). Two methods are proposed, the first one is based on the minimization of the mean-square error, and the second on the spectral substraction of the two echos.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566219
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    Eddy current solutions applicable to the problem of nondestructive inspection of flat and cylindrical surface layer (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 4 (1984), S. 29-38 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: NDE ; eddy currents ; surface layers ; stratification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Nondestructive inspection of flat and long cylindrical metallic-surface layers is conveniently dealt with using the results of wave propagations in a one-dimensionally stratified medium. Analytical solutions for some special profiles are obtained, and perturbation technique is used to obtain results for more frequently encountered profiles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00711098
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    Frequency domain methods for reducing transducer variability (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 1 (1980), S. 101-109 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: ultrasonic transducers ; NDE ; deconvolution ; signal processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A major objective of quantitative nondestructive evaluation is to formulate defect detection, classification, and sizing algorithms that are insensitive to variations in transducer characteristics, material type, and defect depth. With the data used in this research, ultrasonic signals were found to vary significantly with changes in the transducer and only secondarily with changes in material and depth. It is shown that the method for minimizing signal variations due to transducer and material changes is to deconvolve the test signal with respect to the transducer response from a reference defect in a block of the same material. Since depth variation primarily affects signal amplitude and has minor impact on shape, detection, classification, and sizing, insensitivity to depth is achieved by avoiding the use of amplitude-dependent parameters. The notion of a “standard transducer” is introduced. Its mathematical properties and methods of realization are given. It is shown how the effects of variability from different test transducers can be removed by signal processing. When these procedures are applied to the test transducer, the effect is to cause it to resemble the standard transducer and, thereby, to place all ultrasonic waveforms on a common basis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566118
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    Ultrasonic attenuation and velocity in AS/3501-6 graphite fiber composite (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 1 (1980), S. 137-148 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: composite material ; ultrasonic velocity ; ultrasonic attenuation ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The ultrasonic group velocity and attenuation were measured as a function of frequency for longitudinal and shear waves in the Hercules epoxy matrix (3501-6) and in the principal directions of the unidirectional Hercules graphite fiber epoxy composite (AS/3501-6). Tests were conducted in the frequency ranges 0.25–14 MHz and 0.5–3 MHz for longitudinal and shear wave modes, respectively. While the attenuation increased with frequency for all wave modes, the group velocity was independent of frequency for all wave modes. In studying the effects of transducer-specimen interface couplant and pressure, it was found that for each transducer, there exists a frequency-dependent “saturation pressure” corresponding to the maximum output amplitude of the signal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566121
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    On the acoustic emission due to the fracture of brittle inclusions (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 1 (1980), S. 149-155 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: acoustic emission ; fracture ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The far-field characteristics of the emission from a theoretical model for the fracture of brittle inclusions are presented in detail. The model is a circular crack growing at constant speed from zero size until it attains a prescribed size. The far-field radiation pattern is the same as that of a simple combination of force doublets, and some qualitative similarities between force doublets and acoustic dipoles are noted. The initial shape of the far-field pulses due to the growing stage and the stopping is determined, but difficulties arise in accounting for the diffraction of a surface wave on the crack faces generated by the stopping of the crack.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00567088
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    Elastic wave emission from damage processes (1980)
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    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 1 (1980), S. 215-224 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Acoustic emission ; slip ; microcracking ; deformations ; displacement field ; elastic waves ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The theory of elastic wave emission (i.e., acoustic emission; AE) from damage processes such as slip and microcracking is discussed. Analogous developments in the literature on earth-quake seismology and dynamic dislocation theory are noted and utilized. A general representation of the displacement field of an AE event is given in terms of the double-couple response to a distribution of “moment density tensor” in the source region. Results are specialized to a point source model and to a general far-field analysis of outgoing elastic waves, and conditions for validity of such representations and their low-frequency specializations are noted. Emitted wave fields are compared for tensile opening and slip events, and procedures which might enable the approximate determination of the size or area increase of tensile microcracks are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00571803
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    Half-space radiation by EMATs (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 1 (1980), S. 157-181 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: EMAT ; radiation pattern ; transducer ; shear waves ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A Green's function calculation of the far-field radiation patterns of EMATs is presented. The approach is based on (a) closed form expressions for the eddy current and static magnetic field distributions, established by the EMATs, which react to produce the driving Lorentz forces, and (b) a Green's function derived from the steepest descent approximation to the far-field response of an arbitrary surface point force on a half space. Numerical results are presented, illustrating the radiation patterns of the three common EMAT designs. Included are vertically polarized shear waves as radiated by both meander coil and periodic magnet EMATs and horizontally polarized shear waves as radiated by the latter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00567089
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    Fatigue lifetime prediction with the aid of SAW NDE (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 1 (1980), S. 123-136 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: fatigue life ; acoustic surface waves ; NDE ; ultrasonics ; cracks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The present studies concentrated on predicting the remaining fatigue life for single fatigue cracks in the Paris regime of macrocrack propagation. Acoustic surface waves were used to interrogate the crack during cyclic fatigue. The inversion of the obtained scattering data provided crack depth and crack length as a function of the number of cycles applied in tension-tension fatigue. Auxiliary experiments were conducted to study the acoustic response of the crack to tensile and compressive loads, thought to open and close the crack. The technique may allow for new insights into the physics of the “crack closure” effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566120
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    Fracture mechanics transfer function for two-dimensional noncircular flaws (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 1 (1980), S. 201-206 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: fracture mechanics ; noncircular crack ; fatigue life ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A transfer function that converts an irregularly shaped two-dimensional crack into an equivalent circular crack of equal propagation lifetime is proposed. The methodology extends the exact elliptical to circular crack transfer function to other noncircular cracks with geometries that slightly deviate from the elliptical. Results for rectangular, symmetric dumbbell, and asymmetric dumbbell cracks are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00567092
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    Ultrasonic evaluation of geometrical and surface parameters of rough defects in solids (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 1 (1980), S. 249-261 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Ultrasonics ; cracks ; surface roughness ; diffraction ; scattering ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Ultrasonic measurements from rough cracks were carried out using both broad-band and narrow-band methods. An analysis is suggested to determine parameters of the crack quantitatively such as size, shape, rms surface roughness, and distribution function of the surface roughness. Ultrasonic measurements of the parameters compare very well with the actual parameters of the defect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00571806
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    Photoacoustic microscopy of ceramic engine hardware (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 1 (1980), S. 287-293 
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    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Photoacoustic microscopy ; SPAM ; silicon nitride ; surface crack ; turbine vanes ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Scanning photoacoustic microscopy (SPAM) was applied to silicon nitride turbine hardware for purposes of detecting fabrication defects. SPAM traces in selected areas of complex-shaped turbine stator vanes were obtained and indicate that surface-crack detection of the order of tens of microns is possible. Means were devised to allow for multiple scans in areas previously inaccessible to other nondestructive techniques capable of detecting defects in the 25- to 100-µm range. The results show that SPAM is applicable to reaction-bonded silicon nitride turbine components and capable of detecting small surface-related defects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00571809
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