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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The economic development of underdeveloped regions involves essentially the same question as that applicable to the development of any region or country using a private enterprise system: how and to what extent should government alter the market process? The belief that governments of underdeveloped regions should not be oblivious to the growth process is well accepted, relating broadly to the argument that if the private sector could have stimulated growth without help from government, it would have done so already. Our analysis shows that the growth theories which seek to bring government into the picture are tending to violate classical economic principles. Moreover, they often ignore the differences that exist between regions. Even the pump priming basis for developing depressed areas—which emphasizes the agglomerating economies that result from initial development—is revealed to lack proper roots in fundamental theory. This paper finally contends that the main role of government in economic development is to facilitate economic activity, such as by eliminating predatory business practices, simplifying the tax base, establishing institutions conducive to entrepreneurship, and perhaps even influencing the saving-income proportions of the region.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The price- and income-elasticities of imports and primarily rates of growth and relative price-level changes in the countries involved are the most important determinants of the external situation of a country. Growth and price trends are at the same time important target variables of internal policy. Balance on current account is only achievable if these determinants are related in a certain way both abroad and at home. If the proportions required are not to be realized, conflicts arise between external and internal balance. International co-ordination of growth policies may diminish the danger of such conflicts situations. When a larger number of economic objectives can be managed simultaneously there is also a bigger number of constellations which are compatible with external balance. If on the other hand conditions of growth are very different it is usually not possible to bring in accordance internal and external goals.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: In the social sciences specialization is just as unavoidable as in other branches of science but requires a counterweight in the form of collaboration between economics, sociology and political science, and between all these and history. Each social structure, a shop, an office, a club, has at the same time economic, political and sociological significance, and is also rooted in the past. Economic activity especially is embedded in non-economic contexts not only in primitive or proto-capitalistic societies - as Karl Polanyi has stated - but always and everywhere, and most economic activities are enveloped by economic contexts.Therefore, if one wants to understand the full meaning of social reality one has to look at it from the point of view of all the social sciences. Today this is often done in regional studies and in city planning. But this spotty kind of interdisciplinary collaboration is insufficient, especially because it does not lay the groundwork for an education in integrated social science. Such science would systematically study all the typical processes, in whatever part of society, which the individual disciplines analyze each from its own viewpoint. This unified kind of social science will exist only when in the scholarly world synthesis is recognized as an endeavor just as valuable and meritorious as specialized research. Recognition for synthesis in social science will also bring two practical problems closer to solution: How good teaching can receive more credit, since the synthesizing approach is essential for the teacher, and how we can loosen up the negative attitude which many of our students display toward scholarly effort because they feel that it is too hyper-specialized to have much relevance to life problems.
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  • 4
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper deals with some problems of long-term planning in developed countries. It is suggested that planning on the industry level can best be applied in national economies that are more or less closed to foreign influences. While information on interindustry relationships can be utilized to derive a feasible pattern of production associated with a growth target in a closed economy, disappointed expectations in regard to exports and unforeseen changes in imports will give rise to discrepancies between plans and realization if the foreign sector is of importance.Moreover, in participating in the international trade network, governments forego the use of a number of policy instruments that could be employed in a closed economy to ensure the fulfilment of plans on the national economy, industry, and firm level. Accordingly, since governments can hardly guarantee the correctness of the forecasts, and entrepreneurs look beyond national frontiers for markets, doubts arise about the desirability of government intervention since ultimately the enterprises’ profits will be affected.On the other hand, long-term planning has a useful function in the public and the semi-public sectors. It would ensure rationality and consistency in decisions on the public sector where prices do not provide a yardstick for choosing among alternative uses of resources. Further, a consicious long-term policy would be desirable in the semi-public sectors - agriculture, transport and energy — where ad hoc interventions, taken often in response to special interests, give rise to inefficiencies.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: By the classical economic theory output is considered as a result of exchanges. Market prices and produced quantities are determined by the point of intersection between offer and demand curves, both varying with shifts in prices; equilibrium is reached without any optimality criterion of business behaviour. In reality, however, output depends on business behaviour; business decisions are based upon such a criterion. The level of demand is set up by prices and income. The marginal utility theory of money makes it possible, to refer the structure of prices to the structure of income.The present paper deals with some of the criteria of optimal business behaviour:(1) Maximization of output. The application of this criterion under the assumption of given prices yields results, partly rational, partly logical but non-justified under economic aspects, partly simply paradoxical.(2) Minimization of costs (maximization of benefits). This criterion—classical when problems of social welfare are considered—seems in this context to lead to paradoxical results, too.(3) Profit-Maximization. In the limited case of perfect monopoly this criterion may be malthusianistic; in oligopoly cases it might be, however, that technical and economic progress is stimulated by its application on business decisions.(4) The social benefit criterion refers to the theory of consumers’ surplus; it may be applied under increasing benefits.
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  • 6
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 7
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Since the early 1950's most of the European economies have been growing at an unprecedented high rate associated with a situation of full employment. These two phenomena are at the root of the profound changes which are occurring in European agriculture and which have led on the one hand to a production capacity greater than the potential increase in effective demand for food and on the other hand to rapidly growing income aspirations by farmers.Policies applied so far have been applied uniformly to the entire agricultural sector and have thus been unable to provide satisfactory solutions to these problems. It is necessary to develop more selective policies which should be adapted to the particular problems of each broad group of farmers: (a) policies for those whose economic future in agriculture is doubtful and who should be assisted to transfer to other occupations or to retire; (b) policies for those whose economic future in agriculture might be secured if their size of business was increased and their management improved; and (c) policies for the ‘commercial’ sector of agriculture. The answer to agriculture's problems could be found in the combination of a structural and of a price policy.
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  • 8
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper was concerned with giving a fuller discussion of the factor-price equalisation theorem in a three-commodity two-factor model and with giving a different ‘proof of it. The Appendix considered a more tentative issue: the factor-price equalisation theorem in a three-factor two-commodity model. It was suggested that in certain conditions it would be seen that factor-price equalisation was possible.
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  • 9
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 10
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the problem of selection of variables which are to be considered important when theories or hypotheses concerning social and economic behavior are formulated. It is argued that while considerable precision is utilized in deriving conclusions from economic models, the degree of precision used in selecting the variables included in the model is very much less.The problems involved in constructing a theory of hypothesis building are discussed. The meaning of analyses where ‘casual empiricism’ has been used to select decision variables is examined and criticized. Possible approaches to the problem of interpretation of analytical results in such cases are outlined.The paper does not contain a proposal for a theory of theory construction, but merely calls attention to some of the problems involved in formulation of hypotheses in positive social sciences such as economics.
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  • 11
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Bagiotti, Tullio. Il ProfittoBaumol, William J. Welfare Economics and the Theory of the State. With a New Introduction: Welfare and the State Revisited.Boarman, Patrick M. Germanys Economic Dilemma: Inflation and the Balance of Payments.Boot, John C. G. Quadratic ProgrammingBrennan, Michael J. (Ed.). Patterns of Market BehaviorCarr, Charles R., and Home, Charles W. Quantitative Decision Procedures in Management and Economics. de Ferron, Olivier. Le problème des transports et le Marché communGoode, Richard. The Individual Income TaxHicks, Ursula K. Development Finance: Planning and Control.Hildebrand, George H., and Liu, Ta-chung. Manufacturing Production Functions in the United States, 1957Horowitz, Irving Louis (Ed.). The New SociologyKaser, Michael. ComeconKatzarov, Konstantin. The Theory of Nationalization.Kneese, Allen V. The Economics of Regional Water Quality Management.Myint, Hla. The Economics of the Developing Countries.Pautard, Jean. Les disparités régionales dans la croissance de l'agriculture françaisePearce, I. F. A Contribution to Demand Analysts.Rae, John. Life of Adam Smith.Robinson, E. A. G. (Ed.). Problems in Economic Development.von Rogister, Maximilian. Indien ist anders.Roskamp, Karl W. Capital Formation in West GermanyiStammer, Otto (Hrsg.). Max Weber und die Soziologie heute.Whitman, Marina von Neumann. Government Risk-Sharing in Foreign Investment.
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  • 12
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The object of this paper is two-fold. First, an attempt has been made to show that under certain specific circumstances a livestock production system can be raised to a higher level of output by slaughtering some of the animals. Second, it has been then shown that given a free say to exchange and clearly defined preference scales of the consuming coalitions, this policy is strongly Pareto-wise optimal. Finally the attention is drawn to the relevance of the policy to the problem of scarcity of food in India. It is suggested that India could do well by slaughtering of its animal population.
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  • 13
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to offer an appraisal, in the light of the theory of economic policy, of some recent attempts to survey the fiscal systems of a number of SUPHAN ANDIC AND ALAN PEACOCK African and South American countries. The authors contend that any recommendations about the size and structure of the fiscal system must be clearly related to specific policy aims which are embodied in an economic model in which the variables and parameters are adapted to the economy in question. They also stress that recommendations concerning changes in the administrative structure depend on the type of model considered relevant to the particular circumstances of the economy under scrutiny.The various fiscal surveys are then examined, it being admitted from the out-set that they have been conducted under difficulties (e.g. lack of statistics, sensitivity of the sponsors to criticisms of existing policies). Nevertheless, as the surveys rarely do more than list objectives without reference to orders of priority and are frequently vague about the type of economic models employed and the values of parameters, it is impossible to evaluate their policy recommendations.
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  • 14
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The paper starts from Schumpeter's interpretation of Adam Smith's concept of the contemporary embryonic industrialist whose main function was considered to be the accumulation of capital. The author traces the development of this concept in the nineteenth century and tries to explain its origin. He shows that medieval reality, i.e. the relationship between stans and transactor in the societas maris is at the root of Smith's concept. It remained justifiable as late as 1776 on the basis of the cooperation of capitalist and entrepreneur-manager in the early mechanized cotton industry, as it is presented in Robert Owen's autobiography. But just this self-testimony shows also the rapid change of this relationship after the appearance of the Wealth of Nations, which neither the classical economists nor Marx under-stood in their implications. From this came an unfortunate economic legacy, the misunderstanding of certain aspects of entrepreneurship, which only Schumpeter discarded on principle in his Theory of EconomicDevelopment.
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  • 15
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 16
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: In order to test the general applicability of Paretian welfare principles and to explain intermittent changes in Church regulations, this paper explores the economic implication of Roman Catholic moral philosophy. As a first step, Catholic (or Scholastic) ethical norms are incorporated into the familiar form of individual and social welfare functions. Because Church behavior ought to promote the welfare of the membership, these functions become, in turn, building blocks for a theory of hierarchical decisionmaking.The analysis establishes an analogy between the Church and an oligopolistic business firm and supports two principal conclusions. First, conditions for Pareto optimality which are consistent with Scholastic welfare criteria do not coincide with those of ordinary welfare economics. This is because individual preference (utility) functions often rank material over spiritual good, something which Scholastic functions may never do. Second, treated as objective functions, Scholastic welfare indices afford valuable insight into the doctrinal history of the Church: into the process governing secular changes in the Church's interpretation of the current moral implications of Natural Law.
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  • 17
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: In an article, published by Kyklos 1965, K. W. Rothschild undertakes to introduce sociological factors into Kaldor's theory of distribution, therewith following a German tradition. In a long-run variant both saving ratios of capitalists and workers are supposed to be influenced by the level of the wages sum. Income distribution is thus explicitely depending upon wages policy.This article accepts the introduction of functionally dependent savings ratios and the consideration of wages policy as useful. The functions actually used by Rothschild however, are criticized for formal and expecially economic reasons: (a) the functions are empirically highly questionable; (b) there is no differentiation between payed-out and retained profits, i. e. the savings-ratio out of profits is without content; (c) the behaviour of groups is deduced from a picture of social structure no longer relevant. As the decisive relations do not stand critical examination, this attempt to introduce sociological factors into the theory of income distribution must therefore be considered a failure.
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  • 18
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    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Ames, Edward. Soviet Economic ProcessesBasch, Antonin. Financing Economic DevelopmentBehrens, Karl Christian. Der Standort der Handelsbetriebe.Bramley, Margaret. Farming and Food SuppliesBurton, J. W. International Relations: A General Theory.Duesenberry, J. S., Fromm, G., Klein, L. R., and Kuh, E. (Eds.). The Brookings Quarterly Econometric Model of the United StatesFellner, William. Probability and ProfitFÖrster, Karl. Allgemeine Energiewirtschaft.Friedmann, John, and Alonso, William (Eds.). Regional Development and PlanningGeorgiadis, Hourmouzis George. Balance of Payments Equilibrium: A Theoretical and Empirical Study.Haller, Heinz. Die SteuernHealey, J. G. The Development of Social Overhead Capital in India 1950-60.Heiby, Walter A. Stock market profits through dynamic synthesis. International Monetary Issues and The Developing Countries.Jaccard, Pierre. Psychosociologie du TravailKauder, Emil. A History of Marginal Utility Theory.Landauer, Carl. Contemporary Economic Systems.Newman, Philip C. Cartel and CombineNove, Alec, and Zauberman, Alfred (Eds.). Studies in the Theory of Reproduction and PricesRecktenwald, Horst Claus. Lebensbilder grosser NationalökonomenRedlich, Fritz. The German Military Enterpriser and His Work ForceSchiller, Karl. Der Ökonom und die GesellschaftSicat, Gerardo P. (Ed.). The Philippine Economy in the 1960's.Sirkin, Gerald. Introduction to Macroeconomic TheoryTriantis, G. S. Common Market and Economic DevelopmentVeliz, Claudio. Obstacles to Change in Latin America.Verre, Eveline. L’ Entreprise industrielle en Union Soviétique: Nouvelles méthodes de gestionVoigt, Fritz. Verkehr.Wood, W. D., and Thoman, R. S. (Eds.). Areas of Economic Stress in CanadaZolotas, Xenophon. Alternative Systems for International Monetary Reform
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  • 19
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 20
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 21
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Prediction as a rejection test for theories is limited and unnecessarily severe. Useful knowledge frequently does not fall into this mold. Also the prediction test does not follow from the view that science provides coherent explanations of experience. The inapplicability of prediction as a sharp test is especially likely to be true for macro-economic development theories. Thus it may not be meaningful to say that a given theory is correct or incorrect in a strict sense. Where the phe-nomena that a theory covers is inseparable from a large system in which it is imbedded then it may be impossible in principle to discover the true relations between variables. Although no single simple test may exist for a class of theories there may be a number of considerations that help us judge the adequacy of some theories.Development theories may be looked upon as sets of partially connected sample relations that operate within a changing environment. Such relations should be credible. Sample relations based on hypotheses that constantly flout experience are likely to be poor samples. Thus the realism of assumptions matter. Theories of the type considered may be useful in that the sample relations are helpful in the discovery of specific relations in specific contexts that we hope will work frequently in a loose fitting servo-mechanistic type of arrangement so that (1) diagnoses of existing difficulties can be made, and (2) corrective policies fashioned which, while they cannot be expected to work universally, do work sufficiently frequently in terms of directional changes to be of interest.
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  • 22
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    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Economists are often puzzled by the fact that impoverished tenants in poor countries are frequently crowded on to inadequate holdings, while much immediately available land remains unused. This paper sets out to explain this phenomenon in terms of the monopoly or oligopoly power of the landlord class. Individual landowners with this power will find it in their interest to rent out land only up to the point at which its annual marginal value product equals the annual outlay involved in bringing it into use. The latter can be expressed as the yearly interest payments on the original investment (clearing, levelling, and draining charges etc.) plus some annual maintenance costs.More terrain may be cultivated if the monopoly power of landlord can be broken. This would mean that land would be employed up to a level at which the value of its marginal product, as opposed to its marginal value product, equalled the annual cost of bringing it into use. In addition, the VMP and MVP curves on a particular landlord's holdings would be rendered more rent-elastic if their produce could be sold in wider national and international markets. This too would bring more land under the plough. Sharp price declines associated with increased production in isolated areas may be an important reason why monopolistic landowners keep much of their land unused. The author admits that this is but one among a number of alternative explanations, but he asks that it be given equal consideration with the others. Statistical data pertaining to the South American republic of Ecuador are used in support of the argument.
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  • 23
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    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Austruy, Jacques. Le Scandale du DéveloppementBalassa, Bela A. Trade Prospects for Developing CountriesBohm, Peter. External Economies in ProductionBosch, Werner. VermögensstreuungBusch-Lüty, Christiane. Gesamtwirtschaftliche LohnpolitikClausen, Lars. Elemente einer Soziologie der WirtschaftswerbungDabin, Jean. Der Staat oder Untersuchungen über das PolitischeDoyle, Leonard A. Inter-Economy Comparisons: A Case StudyGoldberger, Arthur S. Econometric Theory.Gutmann, Gernot. Theorie und Praxis der monetären Planung in der ZentralverwaltungswirtschaftHahn, L. Albert. Ein Traktat über Währungsreform.Harbison, Frederick, and Myers, Charles A. Manpower and EducationJoshi, L. A. The Control of Industry in IndiaLaursen, Karsten, and Pedersen, JØrgen. The German Inflation 1918-23Lester, Richard A. (Ed.). Labor: Reading on Major Issues.Linhardt, Hanns. Kritik der Währungs- und Bankpolitik.Liu, Ta-Chung, and Yeh, Kung-Chia. The Economy of the Chinese Mainland: National Income and Economic DevelopmentMachlup, Fritz. International Payments, Debts, and GoldNeumark, S. Daniel. Foreign Trade and Economic Development in Africa: A Historical PerspectiveOlson Jr., Mancur. The Logic of Collective ActionPross, Helge. Manager und Aktionäre in DeutschlandRedlich, Fritz. The German Military Enterpriser and His Work ForceSachs, Ignacy. Patterns of Public Sector in Under-developed Economies.Schultz, Theodore W. Economic Crises in World Agriculture.Stohler, Jacques. Die Integration des VerkehrsTheil, H., in association with van DEN Bogaard, P. J. M. Optimal Decision Rules for Government and IndustryVajda, S. Mathematical Programming.Vibe-Pedersen, John. National Income and Aggregate Income Distributionvon PÁsztory, Tibor. Von marxistischer Ideologie zur PlanwirtschaftWirth, Louis. On Cities and Social LifeZsoldos, Laszlo. The Economic Integration of Hungary into the Soviet Bloc: Foreign Trade Experience
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    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The paper presents a multisectoral growth model which is readily computable with non-linear production functions and is descriptive of economic conditions prevailing in over-populated countries. The purpose is to show the optimal allocation of resources over time in a labor surplus economy if the dominant social consideration is to increase the rate of employment as fast as possible. Given an institutionally stipulated minimum wage rate and certain other assumptions, the path that maximizes the rate of economic growth also approximates the path that minimizes the time needed to attein full employment as long as the rate of increase of the capital stock exceeds the rate of growth of the potential labor force. A rigorous proof of the proposition is presented with the help of the calculus of variations and the numerically computable solution of the growth model is derived from the conditions underlying the optimum at any moment of time.The model is an analogue of competitive markets under appropriate demand conditions. In addition, since it is computable, the model can be used by economic planners in countries where large scale unemploffment or under-employ-ment exists.
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    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: One of the problems of a theory of integration consists in the difficulty to define ‘integration’ itself. The theory of international trade can hardly provide such a definition, for the problem of integration are related to the various fields of theory. The author defines integration as the merger of two or more national economies. In such an integrated economy some of the national public offices must be joint together in order to solve the problems of the whole integrated area. This is the reason why the author prefers an ‘institutional’ to a ‘functional’ solution.The way the economies are integrated depends on their structure. The present-day problem is the integration of ‘mixed’ economies of the western Europe type. The most important requirements of a total integration are: (1) giving up the internal border-lines, (2) centralization of the national policies and erecting a joint legal constitution, (3) assimiliation of the national economic structures.The examination of the political and economic consequences of integration shows that uniting several economies into one is possible without complete political union. The process of economic integration is autonomous and can be pushed forward isolatedly. But it is not possible as yet to give exact details about the economic effects of integration.
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    Kyklos 19 (1966), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Agriculture and Economic Growth Ahmad, Naseem, und Becher, Ernst. Entwicklungsbanken und -gesell-schaften in Tropisch-AfrikaAnderson, C. Arnold, and Bowman, Mary Jean (Eds.). Education and Economic Development.Aubrey, Henry G. The Dollar in World AffairsBergson, Abram. Essays in Normative Economics.Boulding, Kenneth E. Economic Analysis.GeisbÜsch, Hans Georg. Die organisierte NachfrageGundlach, Hans-JÜrgen. Subventionen als Mittel der WirtschaftspolitikHasson, J. S. The Economics of Nuclear Power.Hawkins, Robert G. (Ed.). Compendium of Plans for International Monetary ReformHofbauer, Hans. Zur sozialen Gliederung der ArbeitnehmerschqftIngramd,David. The Communist Economic Challenge.KÖhler, Heinz. Economic Integration in the Soviet BlocKosiol, Erich. Die Unternehmung als wirtschaftliches AktionszentrumLauterbach, Albert. Enterprise in Latin AmericaLÉvy-Leboyer, Maurice. Les banques européennes et l'industrialisation internationale dans la premiere moitié du XIXe siècle.Lewis, W. Arthur. Development PlanningMeissner, H. G. Das Entwicklungsgeschäft.Naess, Arne. Gandhi and the Nuclear Age.Nanavati, M. B., and Anjaria, J. J. The Indian Rural Problem.NÖtzold, JÜrgen. Wirtschaftspolitische Alternativen der Entwicklung Russlands in der Ära Witte und StolypinRedlich, Fritz. Der UnternehmerPollard, Sidney. The Genesis of Modern ManagementRolfe, Sidney E. With the assistance of Robert G. Hawkins. Gold and World Power.Sabel, Hermann. Die Grundlagen der WirtschaftlichkeitsrechnungenSabel, Hermann. Die Grundlagen der WirtschaftlichkeitsrechnungenSachs, Ignacy. Foreign Trade and Economic Development of Underdeveloped Countries.Scheuch, Erwin K., und Wildenmann, Rudolf (Hrsg.). Zur Sozio-logie der WahlShackle, G. L. S. The Nature of Economic ThoughtSperling, Bodo I. Die Rourkela-Deutschen. Studies in International Economics.Tretner, Carl-Heinz. Lang fristige Planung von StaatsausgabenWaterston, Albert. Development Planning: Lessons of Experience.WeizsÄcker, C. Chr, VON. Zur ökonomischen Theorie des technischen Fort-schritts.Wiseman, H. V. Political Systems
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    Notes: The subject of this paper is Kalecki's theory of growth for normatively planned economic systems—it is validly claimed that this is the first formalized approximation to the central development problems for such systems. The point of departure for the argument is a ‘Golden Age’ state of the economy but, the focus is on the problems of ‘take-off’ or imparting and re-imparting an expansion spiral. The analysis of the acceleration phase is organized around the degree of availability of labour as the decisive enrionmental characteristic, and the strategic decision-parameter is the coefficient indicating the planner's disinclination to ‘sacrifice’ the present for the sake of the future’. A point is made in this paper that the reasoning rests on the adopted hypotheses of empirical nature; this applies to the considerations of technical advance and empirically established ‘barriers’ encountered in the growth of planned economies.
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    Notes: The author makes net investment an increasing function of the marginal efficiency of capital affected by the corporate tax and accelerated depreciation, and then lets that investment enter the growth equation as an independent variable. Thus he shows that the corporate tax rate or the length of the period of accelerated depreciation will have to be reduced if the rate of growth of productive capacity is to be increased in a capital-scarce market economy.Further the author brings out two implications. First, considering the tax-afforded depreciation reserves as a definite fraction of national income, the resulting ratio is added to the private saving ratio so as to increase capacity growth. This first implication is thought important to a developing economy whose personal saving is insufficient to finance the net investment required for capacity expansion. The second of the implications is brought out by making externally raised capital funds an increasing function of tax-influenced dividend payments. Considering such capital funds as a fraction of national income on a par with the personal saving ratio, the author demonstrates the theoretical possibility of the low corporate tax favorable influencing capacity expansion. He points out that this second implication is especially important to an economy whose securities market is highly developed but whose long-term bank financing is relatively underdeveloped. He alludes to some relevant empirical evidence as supporting his theoretical arguments.
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    Notes: Social psychological factors affecting prices on markets are of two orders: The non-economic but objective influences, such as propaganda, rumors, incorrect news, etc. which affect the individual buyer or seller; the ‘subjective’ definition of the situation with which the individual integrates all the relevant ‘information’ and which provides him motivation for his actions. These are analyzed and exemplified in this paper, based on informal interviews with persons participating in two American exchanges and on the published literature. The setting of the brokers’ offices and of the ‘floor’ of the exchange is also considered as a source of social psychological influences on the market participants. Special consideration is given to booms and panics.
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    Notes: This article places special, but not exclusive emphasis upon those obstacles to the Pareto optimality of group behavior which arise from the imperfection of man's knowledge. Bounds upon Pareto optimal behavior are first discussed for three limiting ‘societies’—(i) a society in which all members are independent, (ii) one in which only one-way dependencies can arise and (iii) one in which all members are completely interdependent. These cases give insights into non-limiting ones. Next, account is taken of the fact that few groups exist in isolation and some formal conditions, which make it impossible for a group to ensure itself of Pareto optimality, are stated. It is speculated that these conditions often arise. Further, it is shown that Pareto optimality of group behavior is, among other things, limited by factors such as individuals’ imperfect knowledge of their own preferences, barriers to discovering the preferences of others, limitations imposed by the good faith of parties to agreement, the intrusion of emotional factors, e.g., in bargaining, false notions by individuals of their own predictive powers and the willingness of others to make concessions, and by other uncertainties about possible acts and the relationship between acts and outcomes.
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    Notes: A market economy makes its large allocations and reallocation of resources on the basis of a summing up of the ‘votes’ recorded by customers in a host of small, individual market transactions. A critical task in appraising the efficiency of such an economy, then, is to determine whether and under what conditions this adding up process produces optimal results. The ‘smallness’ of the decisive, individual transactions—their limited size, scope and time-perspective—can, it is argued, be a source of misallocations, in the sense that consumers might disapprove of the larger result thereby produced, if they were ever given the opportunity explicitly to vote for or against it.In certain circumstances, the smallness of the relevant decisions may produce authentic market failure. This will be the case where they do not include an independent appraisal of customers’ desire to keep available for possible future use a service that they do not actually use in sufficient amount to cover the costs of providing it. In other circumstances, the smallness of the individual transactions may encourage irrational consumer choice, because they are too small to justify the effort of securing good market information. In yet others, monopoly elements may cause the buyer to be presented with excessively narrow choices that do not correctly reflect that actual costs of the competing alternatives; and the result may be an uneconomic spiral of product quality changes over time so-called ‘product inflation’. Finally, the cumulation of individual choices may have the ultimate effect of changing consumer preference function themselves, in which event it is not possible for welfare economics to judge the optimality of market performance. These possible defects of the market may be conceived in the more familiar terms—as attributable to externalities, market imperfections or the defects of consumer sovereignty itself. Emphasis on the contribution influence of the smallness of the controlling decisions has the virtue of suggesting the possible necessity of substituting a ‘large’ for a piecemeal accumulation of small decisions if the results are to be intelligently appraised or improved.
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    Notes: Is fiscal policy in support of economic growth such a potentially important factor that one might say that it could modify the nature of American capitalism? With-out going into the question of definition of capitalism it is assumed here (1) that the market forces alone would not assure realization of a desirable rate of growth, and (2) that a market system in itself is inherently unstable and subject to economic fluctuations.For policy in support of economic growth it is necessary to combine a steady expansion in aggregate demand with specific Government programs and tax measures designed to strengthen the economic potential and to remove obstacles to economic growth. The feasibility and requirements for success of such a fiscal policy are elaborated by discussing specific objections which could be raised, namely: (1) that a continuation of such policies may lead to ‘cold socialization’ (2) that such policies have an inadequate leverage effect for influencing sufficiently the private sector; (3) that such policies may lead to continuing inflation; (4) that our knowledge of the growth process is inadequate and that political decision makers may not adopt economic advice.These considerations lead to the conclusion that fiscal policies may modify essential characteristics of capitalism as we have known it in past history or as it has been pictured by antagonists. Fiscal policies should not be merely ‘fiscal’ in the conventional definition of the term but must be related to other government programs, to monetary policy, to income policy, and to informational and political adaptations.
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    Notes: The author examines the forces making for growth in different groups of countries and emphasizes the differences between industrial and developing countries.The scenery of the Malthusian dilemma has changed; its solution requires internationally co-ordinated activities. The author estimates the capital needs of developing countries as 800-1000 milliard of US $ and maintains that this amount can be provided by intensifying the international division of labour. In the second part of the article the present aspects of the division of labour in the Western industrial and in the Socialist countries are analysed. The author emphasizes that the most important task of the XXth century consists in an efficient redistribution of the available resources, as well as their increase, through international co-operation.
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    Notes: To investigate some of the major structural problems which might arise from disarmament, an input-output model was constructed specifying three full-employment patterns of end product deliveries which might reasonably be expected for the year 1970. The purpose of the model was to measure the impact of varying compositions of final demand accompanying a reduction in defense expenditures on the production capabilities of sixty-six processing sectors. Each disarmament pattern was stipulated with respect to a specific level and composition of defense expenditures in conjunction with a compensating policy offset.The relative impact on total industry requirements was discerned by comparing the derived output levels of each industry under the alternative policy formulations. An analysis of the computational results lead to the following five major conclusions:1. A fifty per cent reduction in defense outlays, offset by compensating increase in expenditures within either the private or public sector, will affect the industries producing weapons substantially but will have little effect on supporting industries.2. The magnitude of the shift in final demand postulated was not large enough to pose structural problems.3. The derivation of the indirect requirements indicated that the processing sectors are quite consumer oriented. Indeed, this dependence was so strong that substantial shifts between other major categories of final demand were dampened considerably.4. Industry sensitivity to variations in final demand patterns was diminished markedly by the pattern of accompanying intermediate demands.5. The effect of public policy was not significant to the output levels of industries supporting the military oriented industries.
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    Notes: In its aggregative aspects, the Marxian System involves two sectors or departments. Department I produces capital goods while Department II produces consumer goods (plus capital instruments specialized to their production). Some subsequent writers, following Bortkiewicz, have added a third department producing luxuries particularly metallic money.The writer has previously shown that the two-sector Marxian model is transformable into a balanced Walrasian general-equilibrium one, with a few functional relations interpreted as implicit in Marx, and a number of other relations treated as technically given, after the fashion of modern ‘linear economics’. In the present essay, the argument is generalized to the case where the two departments are further subdivided into n and m sectors respectively. The main substantive change turns out to be the addition of many more structural constants, which are taken as technically given.The second part of the essay returns to the two-department level of aggregation and develops a diagrammatic representation of Marxian dynamics. Some Marxian writers stress the falling rate of profit, others the tendency toward overproduction, as the primary force for capitalist stagnation or breakdown. This presentation is among the minority which seeks to combine the two in a ‘dilemma’ model.
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    Notes: The article reviews the first two stages of the Patinkin Controversy; these stages deal with the question of whether the Classical system is logically sound. Two distinct meanings of the term inconsistency are established: inconsistency in the sense that, for a given system of equations, all equations cannot be simultaneously satisfied by at least one set of values of the variables; and inconsistency in the sense that, for a given set of assumptions, a contradiction is present. It is shown that much of the controversy's confusion has arisen from a failure to distinguish between these two meanings.The conclusion reached is that despite the attacks on Patinkin's position, the logical problem which he descovered still remains.
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    Notes: Assumptions concerning the political behaviour of voters and politicians have first been made by A. Downs. Using these assumptions and considering several structural characteristics of democracy, the author of this paper attempts to develop some tendencies of economic policy. Since these tendencies are not only subject to the political but also to the economic situation of the country in question, additional assumptions upon the structure of economy have to be made. The present paper deals with a growing economy; it is assumed to work on a high level of diversification and consumption. Some sectors expand however only slowly, others even decline. Given these assumptions, the governmental economic policy will favour I. sectors with low rates of growth, and 2. sectors with low capital/ employment ratios. There exist, however, priorities about the measures to be taken: Import restriction is preferred to export promotion, export promotion to a policy of public buying and storing; even less estimated are public subsidies (provided costs of storing can be neglected and/or elasticities of demand and supply are low). The paper finally shows, how the tendencies of economic policy vary by changing political and economic structures of democracy.
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    Description / Table of Contents: A Selection of Institutions in the United States Interested in Asia
    Notes: NOTES AND NEWS
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    Journal of Asian and African Studies. 1:4 (1966:Oct.) 315 
    ISSN: 0021-9096
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: A Selection of Institutions in the United States Interested in Asia
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    Journal of Asian and African Studies. 1:4 (1966:Oct.) 315 
    ISSN: 0021-9096
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: A Selection of Institutions in the United States Interested in Asia
    Notes: NOTES AND NEWS
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    Journal of Asian and African Studies. 1:4 (1966:Oct.) 315 
    ISSN: 0021-9096
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: A Selection of Institutions in the United States Interested in Asia
    Notes: NOTES AND NEWS
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    Leiden : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Journal of Asian and African Studies. 1:4 (1966:Oct.) 315 
    ISSN: 0021-9096
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: A Selection of Institutions in the United States Interested in Asia
    Notes: NOTES AND NEWS
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    Journal of Asian and African Studies. 1:4 (1966:Oct.) 315 
    ISSN: 0021-9096
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: A Selection of Institutions in the United States Interested in Asia
    Notes: NOTES AND NEWS
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    Journal of Asian and African Studies. 1:4 (1966:Oct.) 315 
    ISSN: 0021-9096
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: A Selection of Institutions in the United States Interested in Asia
    Notes: NOTES AND NEWS
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    Leiden : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Journal of Asian and African Studies. 1:4 (1966:Oct.) 315 
    ISSN: 0021-9096
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: A Selection of Institutions in the United States Interested in Asia
    Notes: NOTES AND NEWS
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    Journal of Asian and African Studies. 1:4 (1966:Oct.) 323 
    ISSN: 0021-9096
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: A Selection of Institutions in the United States Interested in Africa
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    Journal of Asian and African Studies. 1:4 (1966:Oct.) 323 
    ISSN: 0021-9096
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: A Selection of Institutions in the United States Interested in Africa
    Notes: NOTES AND NEWS
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    Journal of Asian and African Studies. 1:4 (1966:Oct.) 323 
    ISSN: 0021-9096
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: A Selection of Institutions in the United States Interested in Africa
    Notes: NOTES AND NEWS
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    Journal of Asian and African Studies. 1:4 (1966:Oct.) 323 
    ISSN: 0021-9096
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: A Selection of Institutions in the United States Interested in Africa
    Notes: NOTES AND NEWS
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    Journal of Asian and African Studies. 1:4 (1966:Oct.) 323 
    ISSN: 0021-9096
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: A Selection of Institutions in the United States Interested in Africa
    Notes: NOTES AND NEWS
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    Journal of Asian and African Studies. 1:4 (1966:Oct.) 323 
    ISSN: 0021-9096
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: A Selection of Institutions in the United States Interested in Africa
    Notes: NOTES AND NEWS
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    Journal of Asian and African Studies. 1:4 (1966:Oct.) 329 
    ISSN: 0021-9096
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: BOOK REVIEWS
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    Journal of Asian and African Studies. 1:4 (1966:Oct.) 329 
    ISSN: 0021-9096
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: BOOK REVIEWS
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    Journal of Asian and African Studies. 1:4 (1966:Oct.) 329 
    ISSN: 0021-9096
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: BOOK REVIEWS
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    Journal of Asian and African Studies. 1:4 (1966:Oct.) 329 
    ISSN: 0021-9096
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: BOOK REVIEWS
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    Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 9 (1966) 307 
    ISSN: 0022-4995
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: GENERAL
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    Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 9 (1966) 308 
    ISSN: 0022-4995
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    Notes: GENERAL
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    Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 9 (1966) 309 
    ISSN: 0022-4995
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: GENERAL
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    Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 9 (1966) 145 
    ISSN: 0022-4995
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Sociology , Economics
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    Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 9 (1966) 149 
    ISSN: 0022-4995
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: ANCIENT NEAR EAST
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    Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 9 (1966) 161 
    ISSN: 0022-4995
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Sociology , Economics
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    Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 9 (1966) 182 
    ISSN: 0022-4995
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: ANCIENT NEAR EAST
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    Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 9 (1966) 314 
    ISSN: 0022-4995
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: ANCIENT NEAR EAST
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    Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 9 (1966) 1 
    ISSN: 0022-4995
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: WORLD OF ISLAM
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    Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 9 (1966) 28 
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    Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 9 (1966) 67 
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    Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 9 (1966) 69 
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    Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 9 (1966) 153 
    ISSN: 0022-4995
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    Notes: WORLD OF ISLAM
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    Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 9 (1966) 154 
    ISSN: 0022-4995
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: WORLD OF ISLAM
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