ALBERT

Description: Da\xc3\x9f eine Tiergruppe pelagischer Anpassung, wie die Zahnwale, in den mit dem Ozean nur mittelbar, via Nordsee, in Verbindung stehenden K\xc3\xbcstenmeeren Schwedens eine weit bescheidenere Rolle spielt als an der atlantischen K\xc3\xbcste Europas, ist nat\xc3\xbcrlich und vorauszusetzen. Von 23 europ\xc3\xa4ischen Arten sind f\xc3\xbcr Schweden bis jetzt nur 14, die meisten als seltene Irrg\xc3\xa4ste, festgestellt worden. Desto mehr man sich dabei l\xc3\xa4ngs der K\xc3\xbcste von der Nordsee entfernt, desto geringer wird die Anzahl. Schon an der Westk\xc3\xbcste sinkt sie von 14 im Skagerrak bis nur 9 Arten im Kattegatt. In der Ostsee hat man an der S\xc3\xbcdk\xc3\xbcste zuerst noch 8, an der Ostk\xc3\xbcste 4 und im Bottnischen Meerbusen endlich nur 2 (Abb. 1).\nAls heimische, zu allen Jahreszeiten \xc3\xb6fters antreffbare Bewohner kann man f\xc3\xbcr die Westk\xc3\xbcste nur zwei Arten nennen \xe2\x80\x94 den ziemlich h\xc3\xa4ufigen Schweinswal (Phocaena phocoena) und den weit selteneren Langfinnendelphin ( Lagenorhynchus albirostris). Das gro\xc3\x9fe Brackwassergebiet der Ostsee hat nur den Schweinswal allein heimisch. Der gr\xc3\xb6\xc3\x9fte Teil seines Bestandes verl\xc3\xa4\xc3\x9ft jedoch in der Regel dieses Gebiet f\xc3\xbcr die Winterzeit. Seine Wanderz\xc3\xbcge von und zu der Ostsee sind den K\xc3\xbcstenbewohnern, besonders der \xc3\x96resundgegend und der S\xc3\xbcdk\xc3\xbcste seit altem wohlbekannt und wurden an dazu geeigneten Stellen, wie Ravlunda an der Ostk\xc3\xbcste von Schonen (LINNAEUS, 1751) oder Torekov und die Laholmbucht im S\xc3\xbcdostteil des Kattegattes (NILSSON, 1847), noch im vorigen Jahrhundert zum Fang dieser Kleinwale ausgenutzt (Abb. 2). Im Gegensatz zu der herbstlichen Schweinswalsjagd in den d\xc3\xa4nischen Sunden geschah dies hier haupts\xc3\xa4chlich w\xc3\xa4hrend der Fr\xc3\xbcjahrwanderung der Tiere.

Description: 1. Bei der Geburt behalten die Weibchen von Myotis myotis und Eptesicus serotinus die typische H\xc3\xa4ngelage der Flederm\xc3\xa4use, den Kopf nach unten, bei. Sie heften sich jedoch auch mit den Krallen an der Unterlage fest, wodurch der K\xc3\xb6rper ggf. die Schr\xc3\xa4glage des Daches bekommt. Hierbei kr\xc3\xbcmmen sie den Schwanz bogenf\xc3\xb6rmig. 2. Das ausgesto\xc3\x9fene Junge klettert zwischen dem K\xc3\xb6rper der Mutter und der Unterlage am K\xc3\xb6rper derselben zur Brustzitze und saugt sich fest. 3. Es wird von der Mutter eifrig beleckt. Durch seitliches H\xc3\xa4ngen des Hinterteiles seines K\xc3\xb6rpers rei\xc3\x9ft das Junge die Nabelschnur ab, wozu oft l\xc3\xa4ngere Zeit und heftiges Zerren notwendig ist. 4. Die vertrocknete Nabelschnur rei\xc3\x9ft an der Placenta ab. Diese wird kurz darauf ausgesto\xc3\x9fen und von der Mutter aufgefressen. 5. Beim Belecken des Jungen bei\xc3\x9ft die Mutter die Nabelschnur an diesem ab. Sie f\xc3\xa4llt zu Boden und wird zwischen den Kotkr\xc3\xbcmchen gefunden. 6. Die L\xc3\xa4nge der Nabelschnur l\xc3\xa4\xc3\x9ft einen R\xc3\xbcckschlu\xc3\x9f auf die Dauer der Abrei\xc3\x9fbewegung und auf ein \xc3\xa4hnliches Verhalten anderer Arten bei der Geburt zu. 7. Bei einer Totgeburt sucht das Alttier sich dieser durch Umherklettern zu entbinden, gelingt dies nicht, so bei\xc3\x9ft sie die Nabelschnur bei sich ab.

Description: Herbs, shrubs or trees, sometimes completely scandent or only the branches so. Leaves alternate, variable in size and shape on adventitious growth, normal growth and short shoots; nodes swollen or not, with sheathing ocreae, these ciliate in some genera; petioles arising from base of the ocreae or well above the base. Inflorescence terminal or axillary (in Antigonon terminating in a branched tendril), spicate, racemose, or paniculate, flowers solitary or clustered, perfect, functionally or completely unisexual (if the latter, plant usually completely dioecious), bracteate, borne on short or long pedicels which may be articulated at the middle or below the flower, these with ocreolae. Perianth usually with a hypanthium, the perianth lobes 4\xe2\x80\x949, imbricate, in 1 or 2 series, equal or the inner or outer series strikingly unequal. Stamens 5\xe2\x80\x949, filaments free or variously united. Ovary superior, usually trigonous or compressed; styles 2 or 3; stigmas capitate or elongate; ovary 1-celled, ovule 1. Fruit an achene, trigonous or compressed, surrounded by the persistent perianth which may be fleshy or dry, enlarged or not, the perianth lobes in fruit coronate or imbricate, or elongated into wing-like structures, often brightly coloured. Seed 1, embryo with plane cotyledons, these often convolute in a farinous, ruminate or uniform endosperm. Over 800 species in about 32 genera; mostly of temperate distribution primarily in the northern hemisphere.

Description: Aquatic herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or verticellate, simple. Stipules present. Flowers axillary, solitary, glomerate or fascicled, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3\xe2\x80\x945, free or shortly connate, imbricate, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, free, imbricate, persistent. Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals, persistent; the filaments often dilated; anthers dorsifixed, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 3\xe2\x80\x945- celled, 3\xe2\x80\x945-carpelled; styles 3\xe2\x80\x945, free, short, persistent; stigmas capitate. Ovules numerous in 2 or more rows on each of the axillary placentas. Fruit a small septicidal capsule. Seeds many, small. Endosperm scanty or wanting. Embryo straight or curved. About 40 species in 2 genera in temperate, tropical and subtropical regions.

Description: Trees, shrubs, or herbs with orange or reddish juice. Leaves alternate, palmatilobed to palmately compound. Stipules deciduous. Inflorescence consisting of racemes or panicles. Flowers large, actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4\xe2\x80\x945, free, imbricate, deciduous. Petals 4\xe2\x80\x945, free, imbricate, deciduous. Stamens numerous; filaments free or connate at the base, equal or unequal; anthers 2-celled, opening by apical pores or slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, 3\xe2\x80\x945-carpelled; style 1; stigma minute, 3\xe2\x80\x945-dentate. Ovules numerous on 3\xe2\x80\x945 parietal placentas; placentas often intruding and then the ovary falsely or basally 3\xe2\x80\x945-celled. Fruit a capsule, 3\xe2\x80\x945-valved. Seeds numerous, reniform or rarely globose, hairy or glabrous. Embryo curved. Endosperm copious, oily. About 25 species in 3 genera of tropical distribution, often in arid areas.

Description: Shrubs, trees or rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, sessile, simple, often scale-like or needle-shaped. Stipules wanting. Flowers solitary or in spikes or racemes, actinomorphic, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4\xe2\x80\x945, free or united at base. Petals 4\xe2\x80\x945, free or nearly so, imbricate. Stamens 4 to many; filaments usually free, rarely somewhat united; anthers extrorse, versatile, with longitudinal dehiscence. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3\xe2\x80\x945 parietal placentas; styles 3\xe2\x80\x945, free or sometimes stigmas sessile. Ovules numerous. Disk usually present. Fruit a 1-celled or incompletely 3\xe2\x80\x944-celled capsule. Seeds bearded, rarely winged. Endosperm scanty or wanting. Embryo straight. About 100 species in 4 genera, in temperate and sub-tropical regions, often in saline habitats.

Description: Trees or shrubs, rarely climbing. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, often distichous, coriaceous or chartaceous, simple. Stipules caducous, rarely foliaceous or persistent. Inflorescence consisting of axillary clusters or terminal or axillary cymes; pedicels usually articulate near the base. Bracts and bracteoles small, scale-like. Flowers generally hermaphrodite, actinomorphic. Sepals 2\xe2\x80\x9415, free, imbricate. Petals wanting or when present imbricate, usually equal in number to the sepals, with or without an opposite basal scale. Receptacle often with appendages (disc). Stamens generally numerous and often in bundles opposite the petals or equal in number to the sepals; filaments filiform; anthers 2-celled, opening with longitudinal dehiscence, often attenuate or with glandular appendages. Ovary superior, 1-celled; style one or as many as the carpels (2\xe2\x80\x9410), free or united; stigma of various form. Ovules numerous on 2\xe2\x80\x9410 parietal, often much intruding placentas. Fruit a berry or a loculicidal (or rarely indehiscent) capsule. Seeds often with an aril. Embryo straight. Endosperm copious. About 850 species in 84 genera in the tropics and the subtropics.

Description: Trees or shrubs, containing a resinous sap, sometimes epiphytic. Leaves opposite, generally decussate, rarely alternate or whorled. Stipules wanting. Flowers dioecious, polygamous or hermaphrodite, actinomorphous or nearly so, terminal or axillary, sometimes solitary or clustered, sometimes in fewflowered cymes. Sepals 2\xe2\x80\x9410. Petals 2\xe2\x80\x946, rarely indefinite, contorted or overlapping. Male flowers: stamens numerous, rarely definite; filaments free or connate in various degree, sometimes united into a fleshy mass; anthers varying in form, number and dehiscence, the connective often produced beyond the anthers and sometimes glandular; ovary rudimentary or wanting. Female and hermaphrodite flowers: staminodes and stamens surrounding the ovary; number of stamens and staminodes smaller than in the corresponding male flower; ovary superior, one- to many-celled; ovules one to many in each cell on axile or rarely parietal placentas; styles usually connate or wanting; stigmas large, as many as the cells of the ovary; fruit usually fleshy-leathery, a capsule with septicidal or loculicidal dehiscence or a berry; seeds often with a fleshy aril or strophiole; endosperm wanting. About 400 species in 35 genera in the tropics.

Description: Glabrous trees or rarely shrubs, with aromatic bark. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, pinnately veined, with pellucid dots. Stipules wanting. Inflorescence consisting of axillary or terminal cymes or racemes. Flowers hermaphrodite, actinomorphic. Sepals 3\xe2\x80\x945, imbricate. Petals 4\xe2\x80\x9412, free or basically united, imbricate. Stamens 20 or less; filaments united into a tube; anthers 2-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence, extrorse. Ovary superior, 1-celled, 2\xe2\x80\x945 carpellate; style short and thick; stigma 2\xe2\x80\x946-lobed. Ovules horizontal or ascending, 2 to numerous on 2\xe2\x80\x945 parietal placentas. Fruit a berry. Seeds 2 to many, shining, hard and brittle. Embryo straight or slightly curved. Endosperm copious, oily and fleshy. Ten species in 5 genera in tropical and subtropical America, Madagascar and tropical Africa.

Description: This is a difficult book on account of the very wide range and complexity of its subject-matter, made more difficult by the fact that the author has not taken the trouble to arrange his writing so as to present a clear sequence of ideas; also he often uses needlessly complex sentences, some made more difficult to understand by careless proof-reading. After a first attempt to read the book through, my mind was quite confused; it was only on a second reading, by referring backwards and forwards to different chapters, that I began to have some understanding of its basic ideas. So if in this review I do not do it justice, I feel that the author will be at least in part to blame.\nProf. Meeuse has made an attempt to interpret the floral morphology of flowering plants in terms of a new typology. Fie objects to the old typology of carpels and the way in which a great range of different floral structures were interpreted in terms of that typology; but he proceeds to provide a new strait-jacket of his own into which all the same structures must be fitted. He condemns the old morphology as \xe2\x80\x98preconceived\xe2\x80\x99, and frequently uses this adjective to discredit the ideas of others. But all his own theoretical ideas must have been conceived in his own mind before he could apply them in detail and give expression to them in the present book; they are therefore also pre-conceived. He should think again what he means by this word.