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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (3,261)
  • PHYSICS, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND NUCLEAR  (734)
  • AERODYNAMICS
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (4,427)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1969  (2,391)
  • 1966  (2,036)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (4,427)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electric birefringence of collagen solutions has been measured over a wide range of field strength with the pulse technique. The soluble collagen was from rat tail tendon. The solvent used was dilute acetic acid. Very pronounced saturation of the electric birefringence was observed, permitting calculation of the optical anisotropy factor. The Kerr constant was determined by extrapolation to zero field strength. From the dependence on field strength of the birefringence, the permanent dipole moment and the anisotropy of polarizability were separately determined. The contribution of the former to the Kerr constant was found to be twice as large as that of the latter. The same conclusion was obtained from the initial slope of the rise curves of the birefringence at low fields. The permanent dipole moment was 1.5 × 104 Debye, and the anisotropy of polarizability was about 3 × 10-15 cm.3. The magnitude of the latter indicates that the ion atmosphere polarization is important. Effects of added salt and thermal denaturation on the electric birefringence were explored.
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  • 2
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 595-599 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The γ-benzyl-L-glutamate N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) polymerization initialed by diisopropylamine was studied in dimethylformamide (DMF)-dioxane mixtures of different compositions. It was found that the shape of the conversion versus time plots and the molecular weights of the polymers depend on the solvent composition. Auto-catalysis is present only when dioxane predominates in the solvent mixtures. Moreover, the molecular weight of the final polymer depends strongly on the precipitation conditions when the polymerization is carried out in DMF.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Nine samples of poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate (PBLG), ranging in M̄w from 19,000 to 410,000, were examined viscomctrically and by ultracentrifugation with dimethylforma-mide (DMF) at 25°C. as helicogenic solvent. The data for [η] and s0 (limiting sedimentation coefficient) as functions of M̄w were fitted well by the theories for a rigid prolate ellipsoid of revolution whose major axis increases linearly with M̄w, but whose minor axis is independent of M̄w. This implies that the overall shape of the PBLG molecule in DMF is represented by a straight cylinder whose cross section is independent of its length. The length per monomeric residue h evaluated from [η] is about 1.3 A., whereas that from s0 is about 1.6 A. No adequate explanation for this difference in h can be found at present. More serious is the fact that these hydrodynamically evaluated values of h are appreciably larger than, the value obtained from our light-scattering measurements reported previously. All these values of h from our studies are not consistent with the value characteristic of the α-helix, for which h is 1.5 A. The concentration dependence of s0 was found to agree well with the recent theoretical prediction of Peterson for cylindrical macromolecules.
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  • 4
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 247-258 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Precipitation of soluble forms of collagen from solutions containing the soluble protein-polysaccharide (PP-L) of bovine nasal cartilage, followed by centrifugation at 100,000 g, resulted in the formation of coherent elastic pellets whose wet weights increased with the concentration of PP-L in the initial solution. Dry weights and uronic acid contents of these pellets showed that the amount of water held in the wet pellet was nearly constant for any one kind and concentration of collagen, and ranged from 20 to 100 mg./mg. PP-L in the pellet. Soluble collagens from four different sources and PP-L from three kinds of cartilage showed similar effects. Precipitation of soluble collagen in the presence of hyaluronate or dextran yielded pellets of much smaller size than those formed in the presence of PP-L. The presence of chondroitin sulfate had only a slight effect on wet pellet weights. Wet weights of pellets formed in the presence of PP-L decreased with increasing ionic strength. A model involving entanglement between insoluble collagen fibrils and the relatively stiff chondroitin sulfate chains of branched PP-L seems qualitatively capable of accounting for these results.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conformations of oligopeptides derived from L-alanine and co-oligomers of L-alanine with γ-methyl-L-glutamate were studied in several solvents via optical rotation and far-ultraviolet spectroscopy. Calculated values for optical rotation based on model compounds were compared with experimental values for the oligomers. In trifluoroacetic and dichloroacetic acids, the oligomers and co-oligomers exhibit rotations in close agreement with predicted values based on model compounds. Thus, in these solvents only nonhelical conformations exist. In trifluoroethanol, the experimental points of molar rotation for the pentamer and larger oligomers no longer follow the predicted values. In addition, the benzyloxycarbonyl and acetyl cononamers show b0 values of about -150, which demonstrates the presence of stable helical forms for these peptides. We also examined the molar extinction coefficients of oligopeptides in the 190 mμ region and determined the values for nonhelical peptide groups. The molar extinction coefficients per amide bond for the benzyloxycarbonyl and acetyl cononamers show extensive hypo-chromism, once again indicating the presence of stable helices for these compounds in trifluoroethanol.
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  • 6
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1046-1050 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 8
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1081-1090 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Studies were made of the influence of hydrostatic pressure on the helix-coil transitions of poly (A + U) and poly (A + 2U). The results were analyzed by a thermodynamic treatment which emphasized the cooperative aspect of the transitions. The helix-to-coil volume changes were found to be small and negative indicating pressure stabilization of the coil form. The significance of the results with respect to other denaturation measurements was discussed.
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  • 9
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1091-1104 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The optical rotatory dispersion curves of the proflavine cation were measured in the spectral range 400-500 mμ. No optical activity was observed for the free cation but a large positive Cotton effect appeared in the presence of DNA. The effect of ionic strength, denaturation of the DNA, and the DNA/proflavine ratio were studied. The dependence of the magnitude of the Cotton effect on the DNA/proflavine ratio suggests that a nearest-neighbor interaction between bound proflavine molecules is necessary for optical activity. A simple statistical treatment was made which indicated that only a small number of proflavine molecules are required in close proximity for optical activity to occur. Denaturation of the DNA did not destroy the optical activity, which shows that long runs of DNA double helix are not necessary for optical activity of the ligand molecules. The optical rotatory dispersion curves of acridine orange which was bound to DNA were also measured. Two Cotton effects of opposite sense could be distinguished, the relative magnitudes of which depended on the DNA/acridine orange ratio and the state of denaturation of the DNA. The apparent differences from the proflavine-DNA system can to a large extent be explained in terms of the tendency of acridine orange to form aggregates.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 11
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 677-682 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction, V amylose hydrate ⇄ H2O + V amylose dehydrate, where the amylose hydrate and dehydrate are pseudohexagonal, helical species with packing diameters of 13.7 and 13.0 A., respectively, has been studied. The V amyloses were exposed to water vapor pressures at various temperatures, with phase determination obtained by identifying solid reactant and product from their x-ray patterns. Reversibility of reaction was found to occur over a 50-96°C. range. A Clausius-Clapeyron plot yields a ΔH of reaction of 10.4 kcal./mole of water released, which value is close to analogous heats of reaction of many common hydrate systems.
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  • 12
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 663-676 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The thermal helix-coil transition of DNA was studied by means of dielectric constant measurements. The dielectric dispersion of native helical DNA is characterized by a large dielectric increment and a large relaxation time, whereas that of denatured coil DNA is characterized by a small dielectric increment and a small relaxation time. The dielectric dispersion of partially denatured DNA is of particular interest. At the intermediate stage of the helix-coil transition, dispersion curves which are different from either that of helix DNA or that of coil DNA appear. This is particularly pronounced for large DNA. This indicates the presence of an intermediate form of DNA. Flow birefringence measurements were carried out simultaneously. The negative birefringence of helical DNA diminishes as the helix-coil transition proceeds. However, the extinction angle remains constant, as long as it can be measured. These results indicate the absence of intermediate forms during the helix-coil transition. The discrepancy between dielectric and birefringence measurements can be resolved by assuming that the intermediate forms are not birefringent. The size distribution of native DNA and of the indicated intermediate form of DNA was studied. It is found that a logarithmic normal distribution function explains the distribution of size of DNA reasonably well.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly-γ-berizyl-L-glutamate prepared by polymerization of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate NCA in dimethylformamide (DMF) with the use of diisopropylamine as the initiator was precipitated from the polymerization mixture under different conditions. A portion of the almost completely polymerized solution was treated with an excess of isopropylamine and then precipitated into diethyl ether (sample A). The remaining portion of the polymerization mixture was concentrated in a rotating evaporator, stored at room temperature for a few days, and then diluted with DMF and precipitated into diethyl ether (sample B). The molecular weight distributions of the two polymer samples were determined by the chromatographic procedure of Baker and Williams. The molecular weight of sample B is roughly three times that of sample A. However both samples have the “most probable” distribution of molecular weight. The results are interpreted according to Bamford's polymerization mechanism.
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  • 14
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 15
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 747-757 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The sedimentation coefficient of T2 phage DNA has been studied by zone centrifugation in sector-shaped preparative centrifuge tubes over a concentration range of 0.02-2.0 μg./ml. DNA. These results have been compared to a similar study in the analytical centrifuge of T4 DNA over the range of 0.50-5.75 μg./ml. DNA. A value for the sedimentation coefficient of 60.7 ± 1.8 S. was obtained by the first method and a value of 61.3 ± 1.5 S. by the second.
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  • 16
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 705-708 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 17
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1035-1041 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Based on the four electrodes technique, an apparatus is described which measures the Very Low Frequency (VLF) conductivity of ionic solutions, all electrode effects being completely eliminated. It is thus possible to measure the conductivity frequency dependence between 0.8 and 500 cps, with a relative error of 10-4. Applying this method to DNA solutions, one always finds a conductivity dispersion in the VLF range, which disappears when the biopolymer is heat-denatured. The relaxation time is different from one solution to another, but is always greater than 10 msee. approximately, sometimes even greater than 0.1 sec., the upper limit which one can estimate with our apparatus. The different, explanations of the DNA very low frequency polarization, assuming that its relaxation is connected with the rotational diffusion of the biopolymer long axis, is discussed.
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  • 18
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1051-1052 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 19
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1067-1072 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Studies of the properties of copolymers of N-carboxy sarcosine anhydride with other N-carboxy α-amino acid anhydrides have shown that the secondary structure may be a function of the type of initiator used. In particular, when polysarcosine is the initiator, and the “chain effect” becomes possible, blocklike character appears in the copolymer. This is the result of selective and rapid polymerization of N-unsubstituted N-carboxy α-amino acid anhydrides by the chain-effect mechanism. In suitable circumstances, therefore, the latter may be used to induce order into copolymerizations of this type.
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  • 20
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 21
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 21-27 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An increase in temperature causes an increase in the amplitudes of intramolecular and intermolecular motions and mainfests itself as an increase in the effective radii of the various atoms, especially hydrogen atoms. If one uses a Lennard-Jones 6-12 potential function to account for nonbonded interactions, this increase in the radius of the hydrogen atom is equivalent to a modification of the coefficient of the repulsive part of the Lennard-Jones potential. Accordingly, this effect of increasing temperature on the helix sense of several polyamino acids is computed by allowing the effective radius of the hydrogen atom to increase. It is found that the preferred sense of several polyamino acid helices changes from right- to left-handed as the temperature is increased. This accounts for recent experimental observations of changes in helix sense with temperature.
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  • 22
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 57-68 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Potentiometric titrations and some complementary optical rotation data are presented for solutions of poly(L- glutamic acid) (PGA) in several H2O-ethanol mixtures. The data allow the determination of the intrinsic pK (pK0), slope of the apparent. pK (pKapp), versus degree of ionization curves and of the enthalpy of ionization as a function of ethanol concentration. The variation of the degree of ionization at which the helix-coil transformation occurs with ethanol and temperature is also determined. Finally free energy, enthalpy, and intropy changes associated with the helix-coil transformation for the uncharged conformers are determined from the titration curves. The effect of the ethanol is to increase the stability of the helical conformation of PGA for both the charged and the uncharged forms of the polymer. The stabilization of the uncharged helix is essentially an entropic effect.
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  • 23
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 91-99 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Infrared spectra of polypeptides were measured in the region of 1800-400 cm-1. For the α-helical form, disordered form, and antiparallel-chain β-form, amide V band- arising from N-H out-of-plane bending models were observed at 610-620, around 650, and 700-705 cm-1, respectively, and amide V′ bands arising from N-D out-of-plane bending modes were observed at 455-465, around 510, and a 515-530 cm-1, respectively. These correlations are useful for conformation diagnoses, particularly for copolyamino-acids or proteins which are not oriented. The nature of low-frequency amide bands are discussed with reference to potential energy distributions calculated for the α-helical form and β form.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Some experimental data are given on the infrared spectra between 3300 and 3500 cm-1 of dilute solutions in carbon tetrachloride of three types of model compounds: CH3-CONH-CH(R1)-CONH(R2), (I); CH3-CON(CH3)-CH(R1)-CONH(R2), (II) and CH3-CONH-CH(R1)-CON(R2)2, (III). In studying the N-H stretching bands, it was found that there are two types of intramolecular hydrogen bonds in these molecules; these result in two different cyclized conformations, C5 and C7, which contain respectively, five and seven atoms in the ring. By using model substances I, II, and III, in which the nitrogen atoms are unequally substituted, it is possible to identify the N-H stretching bands which are to be ascribed to the N-H oscillators included in the two different chelated conformations. It is found also that the stretching frequency of a free N-H oscillator depends upon the substituent on the nitrogen atom. Thus, it is possible to observe, with some of the model compounds I, four different absorption bands located at 3340, 3420, 3440, and 3460 cm-1. The first two are ascribed to the N-H oscillators included in the H—bonds which lock the C7 and C5 conformations; the last two correspond to free N-H which differ with the substituent on the nitrogen atom.
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  • 25
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 153-155 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 26
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 207-213 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular orbital calculations of the extended Hückel type have been used to study the conformations of glycyl and alanyl residues in ground and excited states. The ground-state surfaces show features similar to those obtained with the standard calculational methods in which the total energy is partitioned into components such as torsions, nonbonded and electrostatic interactions. The molecular orbital calculations provide the first independent theoretical check on such calculations. The excited-state surfaces, Uniquely available from the molecular orbital calculations, exhibit a better definition and sharpening of potential minima in the sterically allowed regions.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We derive equations for calculating the number-, weight-, and z-average lengths between single-strand breaks in DNA molecules. Provision is made for the existence of preformed breaks under genetic control: these are assumed to be fixed in number in each molecule, but may be variable in position. Breaks due to random degradation may be superimposed on the pre-existing breaks. An example is given for illustrative purposes.
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  • 28
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 223-239 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conformation in solution of fractionated 30 S and 19 S ribosomal RNA from rabbit reticulocytes has been studied by optical rotatory dispersion, analysis of thermal melting profiles and their derivatives, and spectrophotometric acid-base titration. From a consideration of the limitations of these methods, it has been possible to set limiting values on the degree of base-pairing and the lengths of the double helices: between 60 and 80% of the bases in 19 S and 30 S RNA are estimated to be paired. The paired segments are not shorter than 4 base pairs, and evidence from other sources is available which indicates that they are not longer than 8-16 base pairs. The spread of helix lengths is greater in the 30 S than in 19 S RNA; and other differences are noted. Several distinct populations of double helices, differing in their thermal stability, are present. Estimates are presented from spectrophotometric and titration data for the base compositions of the paired and unpaired regions.
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  • 29
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 251-263 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A small perturbation analysis is carried out to determine the stability of a fluid containing two layers of diffusing solutes in a common solvent and acted upon by a uniform gravitational field. It is found that instability can arise even though the unperturbed diffusion does not lead to the formation of a density inversion within the fluid.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 31
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 475-493 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of denaturation of DNA have been studied by relaxation techniques. Examination of the terminal relaxation times for a variety of DNA's under a variety of conditions has shown that DNA denaturation is principally a hydrodynamically limited process. Measurements within the helix-coil transition have demonstrated that the experimentally measured terminal relaxation times are a function of the following: (1) position in the helix-coil transition; (2) ionic strength of the solvent; (3) solvent viscosity; (4) DNA concentration; (5) molecular weight; (6) number and position of single-strand breaks. The dependence of the terminal relaxation time on the above mentioned factors can be attributed to hydrodynamic effects. Thus a hydrodynamic model for DNA unwinding is required. The model which best fits the data involves the assumption of a rotational frictional coefficient independent of molecular weight. This assumption is suggested by the fact that the relaxation time is proportional to the first power of the molecular weight.
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  • 32
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 495-502 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sodium counterion association with partially neutralized poly(D-glutamic acid) or poly(DL-glutamic acid) was measured by use of Wall's transference method with radioactive sodium. In the region where both polyacids are in completely random coil form, fractions of association were considerably less than that with poly(acrylic acid) in the same region of degree of neutralization. Even in the region where poly (D-glutamic acid) is in the helical form, the fraction of association was less than that with poly(acrylic acid) in the same region. No pronounced characteristics attributable to counterion association corresponding to the helix-coil transition could be found. The association phenomena were discussed on the basis of a rodlike model of polyelectrolyte.
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  • 33
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 411-415 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The isomerization of poly-L-proline in different solvents has been studied by NMR spectroscopy. Different resonance signals for the CHα protons have been obtained for the two different helical conformations of thus compound, namely form I and form II.
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 417-422 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly-β-N-diphenylmethyl-L-asparagine and poly-γ-N-diphenylmethyl-L-glutamine were prepared from the corresponding N-carboxyanhydrides. Poly-L-aspuragine and poly-L-glutamine were obtained by removal of the diphenylmethyl protecting groups with liquid anhydrous hydrofluoric acid.
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 379-393 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Hydrogen-tritium exchange character of poly-D,L-alanine was studied in detail as a model for the hydrogen exchange behavior of the unhindered, polymeric peptide group. The random chain nature of poly-D,L-alanine was evident in the uniformity of exchange rate of all its hydrogens and in the similarity between this rate and that of random chain poly-D,L-lysine and other known, unhindered secondary amide groups. An equilibrium isotope effect favoring the binding of tritium over protium to the extent of 21% was measured. Specific acid and base catalysis of the exchange and the absence of detectable general catalysis were demonstrated. Apparent energy of activation is 17 kcal/mole for deprotonation, largely due to dependence of Kw on temperature, and 15 kcal/mole for protonation, which correlates with the extreme apparent pK. The hydrogen -tritium exchange half-time rate; of poly-D,L-alamine at any pH and temperature (T: °C) is given by the equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \[t_{\frac{1}{2}} \,(\min )\, = \,200\,\, \times \,10^{0.05{\rm T}} /\,[10^{{\rm pH} - 3} \, + \,10^{3 - {\rm pH}} ]\] $$\end{document}
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 581-593 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The specific rotation of starch components, corrected for refractive index variation, exhibits a discontinuity in the region of the water-dimethyl sulfoxide (H2O-DMSO) system that corresponds to the composition of the complex 2H2O-DMSO. This discontinuity is a property dependent upon the presence of a number of consecutively linked α-1,4 glucose units and, therefore, must reflect a change in symmetry of a segment, of polymer chain. The optical rotation of amylose between 26.5 and 92.5°C. does not change in DMSO and is only slightly lowered in water at the higher temperature. The behavior of amylose in both DMSO and H2O is like that of a random coil, as indicated by viscosity and sedimentation measurements. These results may be interpreted either as being compatible with models of amylose in solution in which the polymer backbone has helical twist, or as indicating removal of strong interactions between polymer chain segments by a good solvent.
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 614-618 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1-1 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 40
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 171-187 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of renaturation of heat- or formamide-denatured DNA have been studied by following the change of optical density at a constant temperature. Solvents of different ionic strength and various DNA samples have been used. At the lower ionic strengths studied, the reaction follows second-order kinetics, substantiating the hypothesis that strands of native DNA separate upon denaturation and recombine during renaturation. As the ionic strength is increased at a constant temperature, the reaction deviates from simple second-order behavior. This appears to be the result of the inhibition to rewinding caused by short helical segments in the denatured DNA which are more stable at the higher ionic strenth.
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 189-200 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The structure of renatured T4 DNA has been studied by CsCl density-gradient centrifugation. It has been found that the products of the reaction differ, depending on the method used for denaturation of the DNA. If denaturation is carried out without taking precautions to prevent chain degradation, for example, by heat, the DNA formed by renaturation shows approximately 70% recovery of the native structure as judged by its density. With long times of annealing, the DNA can recover the native density. This behavior is also observed with bacterial DNA samples. On the other hand, if precautions arc taken to prevent chain degradation during denaturation, two products appear as a result of renaturation. One of them is undistinguishable from native T4 DNA, whereas the second one consists of highly aggregated DNA which shows only a partial recovery of the native structure. With long times of annealing, this second species recovers the native density but retains its highly aggregated nature. At higher ionic-strengths, renaturation follows a different pattern and a single product is formed. The relevance of all these observations to the kinetic anomalies reported in the previous communication is discussed.
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 205-213 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The axial ratios (a/b) of native and 60 min. ultraviolet-irradiated myosin A molecules were calculated from previously reported sedimentation and diffusion data; values found were a/b = 74, a = 1880 A., and b = 26 A. for native myosin A; a/b = 104, a = 3280 A., and b = 32 A. for 60 min. ultraviolet-irradiated myosin A. Electrophoretic mobilities gave identical values of 3.2 (±0.1) × 10-5 cm.2/v.-sec. for both native and 60 min. ultraviolet-irradiated myosin A. From the prior sedimentation and diffusion data, together with newly obtained electrophoretic data, the net charge Z and the charge density σ of native and ultraviolet-irradiated myosin A molecules were calculated from Henry's equation. The following results were obtained: for native myosin A, Z = 160 negative charges per molecule and σ = 22 coulombs/cm.2; for ultraviolet-irradiated myosin A, Z = 312 negative charges per molecule and σ = 20 coulombs/cm.2. The results of this study provide an experimental demonstration that, the electrophoretic mobility of charged solute particles is dependent upon the particle charge density and not on the absolute charge of the particle.
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  • 43
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 223-235 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Optical rotatory dispersion measurements were made on the oligonucleotides (pA)2, (pA)4, and (pA)6 at neutral pH over the temperature range 5-85°C., and compared to similar data for polyriboadenylic acid. The data were interpreted in terms of a temperature-dependent stacking of the bases in the single-strand oligomers, with very little dependence of the degree of stacking on the chain length. These results can be explained by a theory of cooperative stacking. The degrees of freedom available per residue are rotations about the five backbone covalent bonds and the bond connecting the base to the ribose ring. To nucleate a stacking interaction between neighboring bases the backbone sequence must be ordered as must be the two bases. For this stack to grow by one base a backbone sequence must again be ordered, but only one additional base must be ordered. Thus, the degree of freedom of the base with respect to the ribose ring determines the extent of the cooperative effect and hence the effect of chain length. A matrix formulation of the partition function is presented which incorporates this cooperative nature of the interaction and is shown to be in fair agreement with the data. The entropy of ordering a base with respect to the ribose ring is found to be 0.68 e.u., which suggests that the purine has a torsional oscillation when unstacked, but does not have several isoenergetic positions of internal rotation available. The enthalpy of stacking is found to be -6.5 kcal./mole. A model involving neighbor and next-nearest neighbor interactions could also account for the data. For all practical purposes, the stacking interactions of successive residues can be treated as independent, i.e., the state of one residue is essentially independent of the state of stacking of its neighbors.
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  • 45
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Solutions of calf thymus DNA have been degraded in the presence of vibrating air bubbles in ultrasonic fields of low power which would not normally induce ultrasonic cavitation. The DNA was degraded to a limiting intrinsic viscosity, after which further irradiation by ultrasound had little or no effect. This limiting intrinsic viscosity decreased with increase in the ultrasonic intensity. Previously developed theories have-been adapted to calculate the maximum velocity gradient associated with the streaming of the solution around such vibrating air bubbles. The tensile force which is induced and which acts on the DNA has been calculated on the basis of current theories of degradation by hydrodynamic shear. These calculations indicate that the degradation of the DNA by ultrasound under conditions of “stable cavitation” is mainly the result of the shearing forces engendered in the solution around the oscillating bubbles.
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 337-350 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: For infrared absorption measurements, the following five isotopic polyglycines have been prepared: ordinary polyglycine ( - NHCH2CO - )n, N-deuterated polyglycine ( - NDCH2CO - )n, C-deuterated polyglycine ( - NHCD2CO - )n, completely deuterated polyglycine ( - NDCD2CO - )n, and N15-substituted polyglycine ( - 15NHCH2CO - )n. Infrared spectra have been observed both in the I and II forms of each of these five isotopic polyglycines in the spectral region of 4000-300 cm.-1. On the basis of the comparison of these spectra with each other, a nearly complete set of assignments of the observed bands of polyglycines has been given.
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 429-440 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Solutions of calf thymus NaDNA in 0.2M NaCl and CsDNA in 0.2M CsCl (fragmented by sonic irradiation to a molecular weight of about 5 × 105) were examined by electron microscopy, light scattering, and viscosity measurements. Electron microscopy showed that the molecular fragments are rodlike in shape and that the distribution of their lengths is sharp (Lw/Ln ∼ 1.06). The weight-average number of nucleotides Zw per DNA molecule derived from light scattering was found to be in very good agreement with the value Lw derived from electron microscopy. The z-average length Lz derived from light scattering at 25°C. was found to be about 89% of the corresponding value derived by electron microscopy. Similarly, the value of Lw derived from intrinsic viscosity at 25°C. on the basis of a rodlike model was found to be about 87% of the corresponding value derived by electron microscopy. It is concluded that the molecules are slightly flexible and do not, assume their full contour length in solution because of the disorienting effect of Brownian motion. The intrinsie viscosity was found to increase linearly with decreasing temperature toward a limiting value corresponding to the fully stretched length of the macromolecules at 0°K.: a reasonable value for the modulus of elasticity could be calculated. It was also found that, no differences in conformation could be delected in t he two systems CsDNA-0.2M CsCl and NaDNA-0.2M NaCl.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Lamm equation has been solved numerically for conditions corresponding to equilibrium runs for a nonlinear concentration dependence of the form s/s0 = (1 + kc)-1. It is shown that the approach to equilibrium is very close to being exponential (in time) as in the case k = 0. We also compare results for the nonlinear case given above with results obtained for linear c-dependence of the form s/s0 = 1 - kc. For relatively high speeds the time required to attain equilibrium may be greatly underestimated by use of the latter approximation. Finally, we present analytic approximations for the concentration distribution at equilibrium and as a function of time.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The neighbor-neighbor interactions in the small ribotrinucleotide ApApCp were investigated with the aid of optical rotatory dispersion measurements. This trinucleotide shows a Cotton effect between 220 and 325 mμ, in the region of its maximum ultraviolet absorption. The specific rotation of the trinucleotide is independent of concentration while the magnitude of the Cotton effect (levorotation) decreases markedly with increasing temperature. Such effects were not observed with the component nucleotides alone, in a simulated hydrolysis mixture, nor with the hydrolyzed trinucleotide. The Cotton effect is attributed to perturbation of the nucleotide base chromophores by neighbor-neighbor intramolecular interaction (stacking), without any hydrogen bonding being involved; this interaction decreases with increasing temperature because of increased internal rotational freedom about the single bonds of the backbone chain with an accompanying disruption of the neighbor-neighbor interaction between the bases. This explanation is supported by a statistical mechanical theory of neighbor-neighbor interactions in polynucleotides, involving the forces between the bases. Application of this technique to further studies of polynucleotides and polypeptides is discussed.
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 51-76 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A study of silver-ion binding by nucleic acids and synthetic ribo and deoxyribopolynucleotides, has been carried out by means of potentiometric titration, thermal transition, and difference spectra. It is clearly demonstrated that a strong complex between Ag+ and nitrogen atoms of bases is made reversibly. Binding constants and site numbers are determined for each type of polynucleotide. Base reactivity varies strongly with chain length, and a cooperative phenomenon is found in each case. Two successive complexes with DNA are seen in all the three techniques, and they have the same characteristics as complexes with respectively poly-dGC and poly dAT. In the first complex, Ag+ is linked to four bases, provided two of them are a G-C pair. Calculated and experimental values of site numbers agree very well for DNA of different G-C content. Thermal stabilization occurs simultaneously, and the increase of melting temperature corresponds to calculated changes of stacking energy between base pairs. In the second complex a new ordered structure insensitive to temperature is formed, with simultaneous release of protons. The stoichiometry can be related to base sequence. Complexing with silver increases the resistance of TMV RNA to both temperature and ribonuclease; a tentative explanation is given in the latter case.
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 85-89 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The results of the application of a modified polarographic method to the study of binding of thallous ions in solutions of pepsin are reported. Isoionic solutions of pepsin were converted by using a cation exchange resin to solutions of thallous pepsin. The extent of ion binding was obtained as in the case of cadmium pepsin by assuming that only free, i.e., unbound, ions contribute to the diffusion and migration currents, respectively. However, the relations used previously for computing the degree of ion binding have been refined on the basis of experience acquired in a parallel study of solutions of thallous acrylate and polyacrylate, respectively.
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 97-106 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electronic absorption and circular dichroism spectra of the complex formed by acridine orange with poly-α,L-glutamic acid in the α-helix conformation have been measured in aqueous solution over a range of glutamate residue-to-dye ratios. Three Cotton effects (circular dichroism bands) associated with the long wavelength absorption band of acridine orange at 4950 A. are induced by complex formation between the dye and the polypeptide, and further circular dichroism bands are observed in the ultraviolet region associated with the 2700 A., but not with the 2950 A. absorption band of the dye. The induced optical activity is found to be relatively insensitive to the glutamate residue-to-dye ratio and to be more dependent upon the ionic strength of the solution. By Measuring the circular dichroism spectrum of the complex in aqueous solution under streaming conditions with the light propagated along the direction of flow the observed circular dichroism bands are assigned to electronic transitions polarized parallel or perpendicular to the axis of the polypeptide α-helix. From the spectroscopic data it is inferred that the dye aggregate in the L-PGA-AO complex has the form of a left-handed superhelix bound to the core of the right-handed α-helix of poly-α,L-glutamic acid. It is shown that the longer and the shorter of the in-plane axes of the dye molecule are probably orientated respectively at a small angle, and radially, with respect to the axis of the α-helix in the complex.
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  • 54
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three approaches to the simultaneous sedimentation and diffusion of hands or zones of noninteracting homogeneous macromolecules are examined: (1) The authors' method of moments: (2) the transport me of Sehumaker and Rosenbloom; and (3) the stochastic solution of the Lamm equation due to Gehatia and Katehalski. All three methods indicate that the motion of the maximum of the hand may be used to evaluate the sedimentation coefficient. The moment, method provides relations which appear to be useful for measuring diffusion coefficients. Relations are given for the analysis of resolved components. The problem of measuring sedimentation coefficients of macromolecules with concentration-dependent sedimentation coefficients is examined. Methods are described for evaluating the sedimentation coefficient in these systems and for obtaining the sedimentation coefficient at infinite dilution. Methods are described for determining the weight-average sedimentation coefficient in Multi-component systems, and the differential and integral distribution of sedimentation coefficients of macromolecules with low-diffusion coefficients.
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 201-204 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 245-245 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966) 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of oligomers was synthesized of the form: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm Z} \rlap{--} ({\rm Ala} \rlap{--})_n {\rm OEt}$$\end{document} Where Z is the benzyloxycarbonyl group and n = 2, 3, 5, 10. We encountered difficulty in dissolving the decamer in any solvent except strong organic acids. We therefore prepared co-oligomers of the type: where (a) w = x = y = 1; (b) w = 0, x = y = 3; and (c) w = x = y = 3. A series of model compounds composed of glycine L-alamine and γ-methyl-L-glutamate were also prepared. We converted manyof the benzyloxycarbonyl oligopeptides into their corresponding acetyl derivatives. Some of these peptides were synthesized by mixed anhydride and active ester techniques while others were prepared via azide coupling techniques using the tert-butoxycarbonylhydrazide blocking group. All reactions proceeded with retention of configuration.
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 351-364 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Various techniques for recombining the fully reduced A and H chains of insulin were studied. Best results were obtained from water solutions of the reduced chains allowed to oxidize by standing in air at 3 °C. and from metal-catalyzed oxidation under the same conditions but in 7.6M urea solutions. Average net regeneration of insulin was 6% by weight, based on rat hemidiaphragm analysis for insulin activity. The theoretical yield for a random recombination of the A and B chains was calculated to be 3%. The 50% yield of insulin (from the oxidation of reduced insulin thiosulfate) reported by Jiang et al. could not. be confirmed.
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  • 61
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The melting temperature of a natural DNA is decreased in the presence of increasing amounts of copper ions, whereas other divalent metal ions stabilize the DNA secondary structure at low ionic strength. At 1.28 × 10-4M, Cu2+ produces a decrease of Tm depending on base composition. At very low Cu2+ concentrations (0.5 Cu2+/2 DNA-P) a stabilization of the DNA conformation appears due to an interaction between Cu2+ and phosphate groups of the DNA molecule. In this case the normal trend of GC dependence of Tm exists similar to that with Na+ and Mg2+ as counterions. If copper ions are in excess, the observed destabilization is stronger for DNAs rich in guanine plus cytosine than for those rich in adenine plus thymine. A sharp decrease of Tm occurs between 0.5-0.8 Cu2+/2 DNA-P and 1.5 Cu2+/2 DNA-P. The breadth of the transition decreases at high Cu2+ concentration with further addition of copper ions. Denaturation and renaturation experiments indicate that Cu2+ ions exceeding the phosphate equivalents interact with the bases and reduce the forces of the DNA helix conformation. Evidence is presented, that the destabilization effect produced by Cu2+ is possibly due to an interaction with guanine sites of the DNA molecule.
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 441-448 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A description is given of the preparation and properties of four water-insoluble papain derivatives by three different techniques: (a) covalent binding to a water-insoluble diazoimitn salt derived from a copolymer of p-aminophenylalanine and leucine; (b) binding to insoluble preparations of collagen via bisdiazobenzidine-2,2′-disulfonic acid; (c) in-solubilization by crosslinking the enzyme itself with bisdiazobenzidine. By all three methods it, was possible to obtain stable water-insoluble papain derivatives retaining much of the activity of the native enzyme on low and high molecular weight substrates.
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    Notes: This paper gives an account, of the numerical technique used to derive results to he presented in future papers of this series.
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1053-1053 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1057-1065 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Measurements have been made of the nuclear magnetic relaxation times T1 and T2 of the protons of water in hair. These are interpreted as showing that water molecules in hair exist in a continuous range of environments with a wide spread of rates of molecular rotation. Even at high water contents most of the water molecules are much less mobile than molecules in bulk water. The term “mobility” is given a quantitative meaning.
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  • 66
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    Notes: Spectrophotometric acid titrations of DNA samples of different GC content were performed at different wavelengths. From the acid titration profile and absorbance changes of deoxycytidine-5′-monophosphate and DNA the extent of protonated cytosine within the DNA double-stranded molecule was estimated (pK 3.65 at 25°C. in 0.02M KCl). At constant counterion concentration and temperature the maximum of protonated cytosine in DNA before denaturation occurs depends on the base composition and can exceed 50%. The thermal stability of the DNA secondary structure is strongly reduced with increasing amount of ionized cytosine residues. The degree of protonation of cytosine in DNA is decreased with increasing counterion concentration.
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  • 67
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1105-1113 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Water-insoluble films of poly-L-lysine, crosslinked with formaldehyde, were suspended in aqueous media and their relative lengths measured as a function of pH. A sharp transition of the polymer was observed in the pH range which corresponded with that observed in polylysine solutions by optical rotation or dilatometry. In NaBr and NaCl solutions the coiled form of the polylysine film shrinks with increasing salt concentration, but in NaHCO3 solution the extent of the contraction is larger, and the coil-helix transition of polylysine occurs at lower pH when NaHCO3 is added to the medium. If one assumes the formation of amino carbamate in this case, this phenomenon can be well explained. Urea does break up the hydrogen bonds in helical polylysine film, but not completely. This result is interesting compared with that obtained for poly(L-glutamic acid). After the coil-helix transition region was found by film experiments, the volume change associated with the coil-to-helix transition was measured and found to be about 1-l.5 ml. per amino residue after taking electrostatic interaction into consideration. This value is nearly same as that obtained for poly(L-glutamic acid). By contrast, the value for poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate was reported to be -0.077 ml./mole of repeating unit. So it is still necessary to determine the magnitude and direction of the volume change for various kinds of polypeptides.
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  • 68
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: S-Carboxymethyl (SCM) kerateine preparations from a range of keratins were fractionated by acid precipitation into low-sulfur (SCMKA) and high-sulfur (SCMKB) fractions. Amiono acid analyses and optical rotatory dispersion measurements on the SCMKA fractions from different keratins indicated that the proportion of α-helical material (30-64%) increased with increasing leucine and glutamic acid contents and decreased with increasing SCM-cysteine and proline contents. It is shown that these variations in α-helix contents are due mainly to differences in the conformations of the principal components of the SCMKA fractions, although there is also a smaller contribution arising from contamination with varying amounts of non helical components. The thiol + disulfide contents for the parent keratins were measured and compared with the SCM -cysteine contents of the solubilized fractions. In general the SCM-cysteine contents of the SCMKA fractions increased with increasing thiol + disulfide content of the parent keratin, but these values were not directly proportional. The extent of total supercontraction in 8M LiBr solution was measured for the parent keratins and shown to bear no significant relationship to their disulfide contents. From the extents of first-stage and total supercontractions the disulfide contents of the contractile structures in the fibers were calculated according to a model described previously and compared with the analytical values for the SCM -cysteine contents of the SCMKA and SCMKB fraction. Data for both fractions were consistent with the model in that they were in each case related to the calculated values by a constant factor. However, because of simplifying assumptions in the model, it was not possible to identity positively one or other of these protein fractions with the contractile elements in the fiber.
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  • 69
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 953-955 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 70
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The intrinsic, viscosities at zero shear rate of defined complexes of proflavine, 9-aminoacridine, and 9-amino-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroaeridine with calf thymus DNA have been determined at, various ionic strengths by means of rotating cylinder viscometers. By controlled adjustment, of the composition of the mixtures, the amount of bound acridine (r moles/g.-atom DNA phosphorus) was maintained constant at different dilutions. The intrinsic viscosities of the complexes increased with r up to r values (ca. 0.16-0.20) corresponding to the end of the process of strong binding of the acridinium cations. However, complex formation between the acridines and thermally denatured DNA caused either a marked decrease in viscosity (at the low ionic strengths of 0.0015 and 0.005) or no change at all (ionic strength 0.1). These results are discussed in the light of presently available hydrodynamic theories relating the intrinsic, viscosity of DNA to its molecular extension.
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  • 71
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 989-997 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three processes by which tropocollagen units associate to yield highly specific aggregates have been examined. From the temperature coefficients of the amounts aggregated it is concluded that the complex “native” aggregation is endothermic, whereas both end-to-end and lateral aggregation are exothermic. These results combined with additional information lead to the conclusion that “native” aggregation is an entropy-driven process in which hydrophobic bonding plays the dominant role. In contrast the reactions producing the lateral aggregate and the aggregate in which end-to-end bonding is dominant are electrostatically governed.
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  • 72
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1015-1023 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effects of deuteration and of changes in solvent composition on the thermo dynamics of the helix-coil transition have been studied by calorimetric and optical measurements in the poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate-dichloroacetic acid-1,2-dichloro-ethanc system. For a given solvent composition, deuteration of the polypeptide and of the acid lowers the transition temperature Tc, while an increase in the volume fraction of acid in the solvent raises Tc. A rise in Tc is accompanied by a decrease in both the van't Hoff and the calorimetric heats of transition, but at different rates. The result is a temperature dependency in the Zimm-Bragg cooperation parameter σ. Possible causes of this result and its implications are discussed.
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  • 73
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    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1131-1148 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Previous fluorescence and phosphorescence studies of aromatic model compounds have been extended to polymers: “atactic” and isotactic polystyrene, seven aromatic poly-(amino acids), and two proteins. We have confirmed previous observations that both forms of polystyrene exhibit strong excimer fluorescence emission at room temperature but not at 77°K. Of the poly(amino acids) (all observed in helix-supporting solvents), poly-L-phenylalanine, poly(α-benzyl-L-aspartic acid), and poly-1-benzyl-L-histidine likewise show excimer emission at room temperature but not at 77°K., while poly-L-tyrosine, poly-L-tryptophan, poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamic acid), and poly-S-benzyl-L-cysteine exhibit no excimer emission at either temperature. The aromatic residues of bovine serum albumin exhibit only “normal” fluorescence, but, lysozyme appears to be unique among proteins in showing excimer-like tryptophan emission in the native state; its luminescence becomes “normal” upon denaturation. It appears very probable that none of these polymers has a ground-state conformation in which the aromatic groups have face-to-face orientations appropriate for excimer interaction. It is concluded that at room temperature absorption of light can cause local “melting” of regular (usually helical) structures and thus, in some polymers, permit the attainment of a face-to-face arrangement of aromatic rings within the radiative lifetime of their excited singlet states. In certain other polymers (for reasons not clear at present), and in all polymers at 77°K., this does not occur. This concept is extended to provide a bettor basis for understanding the mechanism of formation of the photodimer of thy mine in irradiated DNA.
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  • 74
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 75
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 1-3 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 76
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 5-19 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The osmotic pressure equation for nonideal, associating systems of the type nA +mB ⇄ AnBm, has been derived, by using the assumption yAnBm/yAnyBm = 1. This treatment can also be applied to related associations such as nA + mB ⇄ AB + AB2 + A2B + …. From osmotic pressure experiments on the pure reactants it is possible to obtain the molecular weights (MA and MB) of the reactants and also the virial coefficients (BAA and BBB) of the reactants. The osmotic pressure of a nonreacting mixture of A and B can be calculated from these measurements. It can be used along with osmotic pressure measurements on equilibrium mixtures of A and B to obtain expressions containing the equilibrium constant (or constants) and the cross-virial coefficients (BAB and BBA). Several procedures are described for the evaluation of the equilibrium constant (or constants) and the BAB or BBA terms. It appears that this procedure is a general one which is applicable to associations of the type nA + mB ⇄ AB + A2B + AB2 + …. By correcting for nonideal behavior, one should then be able to apply it to any method available for analyzing ideal associations of the types considered here. In addition it is possible, subject to certain restrictions, to analyze associations of the type 3A + B ⇄ A2 + AB.
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 39-58 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method has been developed for characterizing at, submicrogram levels the heterogeneity of histones from purified nuclei. The histones are eluted with a smooth concentration gradient from nuclei trapped in polyacrylamide-gel threads and are collected in a micro fraction collector suitable for volumes in the 10-100 μl range. The gradient and fraction collection systems are governed by cam driven syringes. Samples obtained are subjected to electrophoresis in a starch-gel system and the gels are stained with a highly sensitive stain specific for guanidinium groups. Seven major and a similar number of minor components are demonstrated in the histones. The method of differential elution of trapped macromolecules is suitable for use with systems other than nuclei and histones.
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  • 78
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method is presented for the treatment of distribution functions obtained by ultra-centrifugal sedimentation velocity experiments on the plasma lipoproteins, so that adequate corrections can he made for the effects of diffusion and concentration dependence of the sedimentation coefficient. The method involves the use of modified equations derived from those presented in 1952 by Gosting for the transform from g* (S) to g(S) distributions. The evaluation of the molecular parameters of lipoprotein density and size, from a set of g(Si°) distribution functions obtained in solvents of varying density, is also outlined. Preparations of the β-lipoprotein of human plasma are found to follow a bivariate normal distribution that requires evaluation of five parameters, x̄1, σ1, x̄2, σ2and p. The first two represent the mean and standard deviation of the lipoprotein density, the third and fourth the same quantities for the size, expressed as ft “logarithmic diameter parameter”, and the final value is a measure of the correlation between these two variables.
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  • 79
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 133-133 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 80
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969) 
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  • 81
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 155-171 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectra at 100 MHz and 220 MHz have been obtained on two samples of poly-L-alanine of differing molecular weights (2500 and 42 500) in the chloroform-trifluoroacetic acid system under various conditions of solvent composition, temperature, and polypeptide concentration. Separate helix and random coil peaks are observed for the α-CH and peptide NH backbone proton resonances, thereby permitting the determination of helix content. This observation of separate peaks demonstrates that the lifetimes of the helix and random coil portions of poly-L-alanine have lower limits of about 10-1 sec. It is suggested that solvent-peptide versus peptide-peptide hydrogen bond competition, coupled with a destabilizing effect of the trifluoroacetic acid on the helix, is responsible for the helix-random coil transformation.
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  • 82
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 135-153 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The combination of an agarose gel (Bio-Gel A) and a dioxane-water (1:1) solvent system allowed the fractionation, on a preparative scale, of a very polydisperse, non-derivatized lignin preparation (enzymatically liberated lignin prepared from sweetgum sapwood with Lenzites trabea). Three fractions differing markedly in molecular weight were obtained. A gel of crosslinked alkylated dextran (Sephadex LH-20) with the same solvent system allowed division of the lowest molecular weight fraction into two fractions. These materials were characterized by measurements of intrinsic viscosity and number-average molecular weights in dimethylformamide and dioxane-water. It was established that the two highest molecular weight fractions were associated in an average trimeric form in dioxane-water (1:1) as compared to the form (considered to be molecular) that occurred in dimethylformamide. Molecular size distributions and eluant volumes of the fractions were determined with a Sephadex G-100-formamide system, the latter being one of the most powerful nonaqueous solvents for lignin. Adsorption effects were known to be absent in this case, and the lignin molecules were considered to be unassociated in formamide. The four fractions were distinguishable with the formamide-G-100 system, thus indicating that the original fractionation was based on molecular size. The enzymatically liberated lignin contained molecules that comprised a continuum of molecular weights from approximately monomeric to molecules that were at the limit of the solvating power of dioxane-water (1:1) and dimethylformamide. Limited physicochemical data were consistent with a compact, approximately spherically symmetric shape of the lignin in solution.
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  • 83
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 189-197 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A comparison has been made of the intrachain potential energy of an infinite straight α-helix of poly-L-alanine with that of the distorted form adopted in a coiled coil conformation. The energy terms included were the van der Waal's, electrostatic, hydrogen-bond, and the rotational potential terms. The results indicate that the potential energies of the structures investigated are almost the same, and so a transformation from one state to another may occur without significant changes in potential energy. Particular care has been taken to ensure that the electrostatic and van der Waal's interaction terms are fully convergent. The values obtained for the α-helix were compared with those already published, and some significant differences were found.
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  • 84
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ultraviolet optical rotatory dispersion curves of mucopolysaccharides exhibit particular Cotton effects in the spectral region of the n-π and π-π amide transitions. Two general patterns emerge: (1) enhancement of negative rotation and of the first negative Cotton effect (troughs 217-220 mμ) and (2) relative dominance of the positive Cotton effect in the π-π transition region (peak ∼198 mμ). Groups (1) and (2) can be correlated with a structural difference in the linkages of the amino sugars: (1) occurs with polymers containing 3-1-linked glycosamino sugars and (2) with glycosamino moieties linked 4-1 by either α- or β-glycosidie bonds. Measurements of the circular dichroic absorption bands support the qualitative conclusions from optical rotation. All mucopolysaccharides exhibit a first, negative band centered at 208-211 mμ, while only those in group (2) show, in addition, a positive band centered at 189-192 mμ. A suggested unifying model considers that difference in kind and/or degree of preferred geometry of the amide groups obtains from two forms of secondary order: (1) having a linear hydrogen bond from the N (acceptor) to the (C2)O - H of the preceding uronic acid and (2) having a linear hydrogen bond from the N (acceptor) to the (C2 or 3) O - H of the following sugar. The hydrogen bonds would have similar strength but opposite directions in two systems towards the nonreducing end (1) or towards the reducing end (2)], closing eight-membered rings
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 99-106 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The myosin molecule was extracted from the smooth muscle parts of horse esophagus and purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation. The schlieren pattern of the sedimentation velocity run showed a very sharp single peak of.5.9. S (s20,w). Molecular weight of the protein was measured by means of the Archibald and sedimentation equilibrium methods, both in 0.5M KCI buffered by 1/150 M phosphate at pH 7.5 and at 5°C. The values obtained were 6.25 × 105 and 5.81 × 105respectively, for the two methods. The second virial coefficients were 1.1 × 104 and 1.2 × 10-4 ml/g. Denatured smooth muscle myosin was prepared in a solution of 5M guanidine HC1 containing 0.4 M KC1 and 0.2 M β-mercaptoet hanol buffered at pH 8.0. The weight-average molecular weight of the denatured smooth muscle myosin was 2.24 × 105 and the second virial coefficient was 7.6 × 10-4 ml/g. The values described above are in good agreement with those reported for rabbit skeletal myosin with ammonium sulfate fractionation. The molecular dimension of the molecule is estimated as the value for an axial ratio of 100, assuming a rigid rod molecular model for this molecule, both the thermodynamical and hydrodynamical treatment being in a good agreement with this estimation.
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 433-434 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No. Abstract
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  • 88
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The enthalpy change accompanying the double helix-coil transition of polyriboadenylic acid (poly A) in aqueous solution has been measured optically and calorimetrically in the pH range 5.7-4.5. The course of this cooperative transition was followed optically by measuring changes in ultraviolet absorption as a function of temperature at different pH values, and calorimetrically by determining the heat capacity of the solution through the transition region. From the latter measurements, the enthalpy of transition was calculated. It is shown, that ΔH is dependent on pH as it is expected from the influence of protonation of the double helix of poly A.
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 453-458 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interaction between ionizable carboxyl groups and the conformation of poly-(glutamic acid) (PGA) in aqueous solution were investigated by the mechanical method. The dynamic rigidity of the PGA solution has a maximum value at the pH corresponding to about 50% neutralization point. This may be due to establishing of a maximum attractive force by proton/charge fluctuation between ionizable carboxyl groups at that pH. The dynamic viscosity has a sharp change in the region of pH 5.5-6.5. It is suggested that this behavior is due to the helix-coil transition.
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 447-452 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By use of D2O we found that the shortening of the longitudinal proton relaxation time which occurs in the investigated aqueous yeast DNA solutions (≦ 2.4% with 2% protein) was not based on a hydration effect, but was caused by magnetic impurities only. An estimate shows that the mobility of the hydrated water molecules is reduced by less than two orders of magnitude in comparison with the free water molecules.
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 435-445 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A general approach to the determination of relative stability of any pair of con-formational states of biological macromolecules or their complexes (in particular, to the determination of relative stability of native and disordered states of the macromolecule) has been suggested. For determining the free energy difference of the two states under the conditions when one of them is considerably more advantageous than the other, it is necessary for the macromolecule to be influenced by the transforming agent which levels free energies of both the conformational states, and to determine the external parameter derivative of the free energy difference in the region of the conformational transition induced by the change in this parameter. If the character of the dependence of this derivative on the external parameter (temperature, solvent composition, etc.) is known, then this allows the determination of the free energy difference of the two states under the conditions considered, even including conditions far from the transition region. The value of the derivative of the free energy difference in the transition region in many cases can be measured directly (in particular, when using calorimetry), while in cases when a direct measurement of the derivative is impossible, it can often he estimated experimentally from the steepness of the conformational transition. The methods of this estimation and also a possible character of the change of the considered derivative during variation of the external parameter are considered for the case when the transforming agent is one of the components of the solvent and, consequently, the derivative of the free energy difference is equal to the difference of number of molecules of this component hound with the macromolecule in two conformational states.
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  • 92
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 459-474 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Wool-water systems, at water contents above a threshold value of 22.7 g of water per 100 g of wool keratin, yielded curves of specific heat against temperature showing peaks that are ascribed to the fusion of the absorbed water. Integral and incremental heats of fusion were obtained. Integral heats increase as the square of the water content above the threshold, and incremental heats follow a linear relationship. The incremental heat reaches a value of 55 cal/absorbed water, at the saturation water content, at 0°C of 33.9 g of water per 100 g of keratin. The state of the absorbed water is discussed. Clustering of water molecules takes place only above the threshold water content.
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 173-179 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The laser-excited Raman spectra have been obtained of poly-L-proline in the solid and aqueous solution. In the solid state, the Raman spectra are of the form II which is the left-handed helical form with the peptide bonds in the trans configuration. Dissolution of this form in water produced only minor changes in the Raman spectra. The differences in frequencies produced by dissolving the polymer are associated with vibrational modes of the pyrrolidine ring as indicated by comparison with the Raman spectrum of L-proline. The similarity of the Raman spectra dictates that, the conformations of poly-L-proline chain are similar in the solid and aqueous solution.
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 181-185 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A comparative study on sonicated calf thymus DNA was made by using electron microscopy and sedimentation methods. The length distribution, established by electron microscopy by using Kleinschmidt's technique, is related to the sedimentation curve obtained with the same solution. The relation permits a determination of the sedimentation constant corresponding to a given length up to 8000 Å and vice versa.
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 199-216 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The π-electron polarizability of conjugated base molecules such as uracil and adenine are calculated semiempirically by using molecular orbital theories. The Hüekel method and the self-consistent-field (SCF) theory are used in the present calculation. The theoretical values obtained by the Hüekel method are consistently larger than the experimental results. The values obtained by the SCF theory are in good agreement with observed values. It is clearly demonstrated that the SCF method is better than the Hükel method for the calculation of polarizability. The polarizability of the adenine-uracil pair is calculated as the sum of the polarizabilities of adenine and uracil and also calculated by solving the eigenvalue problem for the A-U pair as an entity. The second method gives considerably larger polarizability than the first method. Discussions are presented and it is demonstrated that the second method is the correct way to calculate the polarizability of the A-U pair.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reversibility of the thermal denaturation of a low-sulfur fraction of solubilized wool keratin (SCMKA) has been studied under a variety of conditions of time, protein concentration, and pH. Two types of irreversibility for the transition have been encountered. One of these is associated with an aggregation of the protein on denaturation to give a product which may contain elements of a β conformation. This type of irreversibility is favored by high protein concentration, and the original conformation may in fact be regained if the aggregated structure is broken down by a solvent such as 8M urea and the urea subsequently removed by dialysis. The other type of irreversibility appears to be due to racemization of the protein. It does not seem to be dependent on protein concentration and is apparent only at temperatures beyond the actual transition range (∼40-65°C) at pH values below 11, At pH 12, however, racemization appears to proceed slowly even at 4°C. The thermal transition at pH 9 and pH 10 has been shown to be multistage in nature. Over the pH range 9-12 there is a progressive decrease in thermal stability with increase of pH. Addition of NaCl at pH 10 leads to an increase in thermal stability of the molecule.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 217-235 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We report studies of the optical properties of the proflavine-DNA complex, using absorbance and circular dichroism spectroscopy. From comparison of the absorption spectra of proflavine complexed with calf thymus and T2 DNA, we conclude that stacking of the dyes external to the double helix is comparatively much weaker with T2 DXA, probably because of its glucosylation. Several sources are found for the circular dichroism induced in proflavine when it is complexed with DNA. There is a relatively weak circular dichroism induced when the dye is infinitely dilute on the DNA lattice; this presumably arises from the environmental asymmetry of the binding site. Stronger circular dichroism effects are induced by interaction of intercalated and stacked dyes; studies with T2 DNA, for which stacking seems to be blocked, permit a tentative resolution of effects due to the two modes of binding. One recurring theme of these studies is the observation that the optical properties are quite dependent on environment. The most dramatic example is a strong variation with salt concentration of the amplitude of the circular dichroism induced in the isolated (intercalated) monomer by the surrounding DNA. This suggests that the structure of the intercalated complex is quite sensitive to external conditions.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The binding of n-butanol, benzyl alcohol, and trifluoroethanol to polyproline I (all peptide bonds in cis configuration) and II (all peptide bonds in trans configuration) has been demonstrated. It was found by infrared spectroscopy that hydrogen bonds are formed between the CO groups of the polymer and the OH groups of the alcohols. Their strength increases from n-butanol via benzyl alcohol to trifluoroethanol. The binding of benzyl alcohol could also be followed by optical rotatory dispersion due to the fact that the electronic transitions of the benzyl ring are rendered optically active by the binding to the polymer.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 259-274 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The statistical mechanics of the effect of a small number of randomly occurring defects on the melting of a polypeptide chain is developed by using a perturbation of Boltzmann factors technique. The method is illustrated by an example where a second-component impurity contributes more to the energy of the hydrogen-bonded superstructure of the polypeptide chain than does the dominant amino acid residue, resulting in the overall destabilization of the helical conformation.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 275-287 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Biological membranes consist mainly of lipids and proteins. At present, the structure of the lipid phase appears to be established, but hypotheses on the molecular organization of the protein are difficult to support. Thus the deformation behavior of whole human erythrocyte ghosts, ghosts after the selective removal of lipids and ghosts stripped of lipids as well as nonlipid components have been examined in the hope of securing indirect information on the organization of the protein. It has been found that large localized deformations result in partial membrane failure and long uniformly wide fibrils, frequently in excess of 3000 Å, are drawn across the rupture. These data are interpreted in terms of currently favored membrane models and the possibility of a fibrous membrane framework consisting predominantly of protein is reviewed. The behavior of the membrane in its various stages of extraction is compared and contrasted to that of synthetic polymer films of known organization.
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