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  • Articles  (6,776)
  • Springer  (6,535)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (241)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (6,776)
  • 1965  (6,776)
  • Biology  (5,923)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (853)
Collection
  • Articles  (6,776)
Years
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (6,776)
Year
Journal
  • 1
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 49-63 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Compartmental systems can be represented by direct graphs in which each node corresponds to a generating function and each arm to a transfer generating function. A homomorphism is established between a compartmental system and this representation, in analogy with that obtained through the use of the Laplace transformation. From the values obtained experimentally in a given compartment, through the solution of a difference equation, the generating function for the corresponding node can be calculated and the graph of the system can be built up within the degrees of freedom of the model. From the graph it is possible to calculate the transfer generating function between any two connected nodes, the mean permanence time in a given node, the mean transit time between two nodes, and their precursor-successor order.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 85-89 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract The Competitive Exclusion Principle, formulated by V. Volterra (Memorie del R. Comitato Talassografico Italiano,131, 1–142, 1927) for a number of species competing for a common ecological niche, is extended to a number of species competing for many ecological niches.
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  • 3
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 65-70 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract A modification is presented of an earlier theory of the mixing of dye following injection into the circulation. Approximate theoretical relations are given for the concentration of dye in the right heart and in the aorta following right atrial injection. It is shown that when the probability distribution of transit times around the circulation has a prolonged tail, mixing waves are now inscribed about a quasi-exponential relation. Later in time the relation levels off to a uniform asymptotic concentration corresponding to an equilibrium volume of dilution.
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  • 4
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 91-104 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The adsorption of two cations at the anionic sites of a polymer (e.g., such as a protein) in an electric fields is discussed, taking into account cooperative interaction of the cations mediated through the backbone of the polymer. The calculation of the grand partition function explicitly considers the vacant negative sites of the polymer. As in the case without cooperative interaction, the problem reduces to the determination of the largest eigenvalue of asymmetric matrices. The weights of the different neighbor configurations are determined. Approximate formulae for the grand partition function and for those weights are derived. The formal analogy of these cooperative phenomena and those occurring in quantum (bio)chemistry is pointed out exemplifying an earlier suggestion about the basis of quantum biology.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 105-112 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The transformation from gel to sol in cell cytoplasm is treated as the transition from a lattice of macromolecules linked by Ca++ ions to a random distribution of the macromolecules. The transition is a cooperative process, whose probability is expressed in terms of the theory of runs. The process is related to cell metabolism by the assumption that available Ca++ concentration is regulated by metabolically produced endogenous chelating agents.
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  • 6
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 113-118 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract Kinetic criteria for solid state physical mechanisms of electron and ion transport in biological systems are summarized, and the mechanisms are discussed. A reaction which is rate-limited by electron or ion transport across a particle or membrane in accord with Ohm's law will show first order kinetics, with an hyperbolic relationship between rate constant and the sum of substrate plus product. Larger initial substrate concentrations produce smaller rate constants, thus giving the appearance of substrate inhibition. Examples are cytochrome oxidase and peroxidase, and pyruvate carboxylase. Ohmic transport mechanisms may be caused by electron conduction or superconduction through protein, by electron conduction through water, or by conduction of ions through membranes. A reaction which is rate-limited by charge transport across an activation energy barrier at an interface in accord with a logarithmic voltage-current law will show reaction kinetics conforming to the Elovich equation, and will have the appearance of a pair of simultaneous first order processes. Examples include decay of photogenerated free radicals in eye melanin particles and in photosynthetic particles of bacteria, and sodium and potassium ion transport across cell surfaces. The logarithmic voltage-current law may be regarded as an empirical relationship describing behavior of interfaces, justified by extensive experimental data on many types of interfaces, or it may be derived theoretically for individual cases from statistical mechanical and/or solid state physical considerations.
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  • 7
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 119-130 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract When aortic pressure curves were predicted previously on the basis of a newly developed model of visco-elastic properties of the aorta, it was necessary to use published viscoelastic constants. These were usually obtained from longitudinal strips of blood vessels long removed from the animal, and therefore probably containing deteriorated smooth muscle. The predicted curves had the same form as actual tracings, substantiating the analysis somewhat, but the pressure levels were low. These low levels, if due to inadequate visco-elastic constants, could be attributed to the use of longitudinal rather than circumferential segments as well as to the use of segments with deteriorated muscle. The present analysis uses data collected by the author testing circumferential viscoelastic properties of fourteen different aortic regions in a way suggested by the author's model of an aortic wall. Moreover, the constants were measured on segments containing muscle relaxed by EDTA solutions and on similar segments containing muscle contracted by neosynephrine. These visco-elastic constants were used in the author's nonlinear differential equation of motion of the aortic wallin vivo to predictin vivo pressure curves. The predicted curves were low in any given aortic region if relaxed constants were used, but at normal levels with contracted constants. In fact, pressure curves predicted using constants obtained from aortic segments containing contracted muscle resembled actual tracings in form and pressure levels. Even the observed variations in the form of the systolic pressure curve down the aorta were predicted by this analysis.
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  • 8
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 131-133 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is an empirical finding that an allometric quantity with dimensional exponents α, β and γ relative to mass, length, and time, respectively, has a value for its allometric exponentb satisfying the relation $$\tfrac{1}{3}(3\alpha + \beta + {\gamma \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\gamma 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}) \leqslant b \leqslant \tfrac{1}{3}(3\alpha + \beta + \gamma ).$$ A theoretical derivation is given of this double inequality using only the fact of constant density and the plausible assumption that metabolic rate is a dominant allometric quantity.
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  • 9
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 135-143 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract C. Shannon's definition (Bell System Technical Journal,27, 379–423, 1948) of the entropy of a continuous distribution is dimensionally incorrect and does not have the same significance as the corresponding definition in the discrete case. A new definition is proposed: this modified entropy is more like the entropy of a discrete distribution in one way, in another more like Shannon's “transmission rate.” The ideas are illustrated by reference to Wright's study of the hereditary influence on the coat pattern of the guinea pig.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 145-150 
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    Notes: Abstract In the following paper, a possible mode of evolution is described which differs from the traditional modes in not being selective in the Darwinian sense.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 177-181 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract A description of the kinds of systems susceptible to information theoretical analysis is given. By means of an example, certain common fallacies in the application of communication theory to biology are illustrated. The entropy-information analogy is discussed. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01E2109 00008
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  • 12
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 161-175 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model of a process contains parameters supposedly characterizing the system which manifests the process. If the parameters are statistically distributed in a population of such systems, the process manifested by the entire population will in general be described by a different mathematical model. Thus a choice is always at hand between two or more mathematical models, depending on which parameters (if any) are assumed to be distributed and, if so, how. Examples of such alternative interpretations are given for mathematical models of some behavioral processes.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 191-202 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The problem of economically linking a large number of stimuli with a large number of potential responses is considered to resemble a problem of efficient retrieval of documents (the responses) on the basis of their characterization by descriptors (the stimuli to which the responses are appropriate). In this retrieval problem, a method whereby the codes for descriptors are random positions in a coding field, and whereby codes for all applicable descriptors are superimposed in the same field, seems to be the simplest way of avoiding serious difficulties of retrieval. After a review of this method, the possibility is considered that very simple neural mechanisms could embody the essential features of the method. The aim of the discussion is to learn whether very simple structures and patterns of reinforcement would be adequate to carry out useful information processing in the brain, and to show some conceivable functions of simple neural networks which the experimenter might keep in mind. The discussion also shows how the structure of a simple “perceptron”-like network is suggested by the requirements of a retrieval task.
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  • 14
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 223-233 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract A model is proposed to relate the regeneration of the ERGa-wave after partial light adaptation to the level of the light adaptation. The model assumes that thea-wave amplitude is a function of some reactive substance associated with ana-wave generator. The maximuma-wave amplitude occurs when the eye is fully dark adapted, and thea-wave generator initiator concentration is at a maximum. Thea-wave generator initiator concentration can be decreased by interacting with a product of the rhodopsin-light energy reaction, and increased by removal of this inhibitor. The removal of the inhibitor depends upon the isomerization of the all-trans-retinene to the 11-cis form. An excess of inhibitory material overa-wave generator initiator would cause a delay in the appearance of thea-wave until the excess inhibitory material is removed. This delay is a linear function of the logarithm of the adapting energy. The agreement of this model with the experimental ERG data is very good.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 215-222 
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    Notes: Abstract The survival rate of fishes in their earlier stages of development and the influencing factors present one of the most fundamental problems of fish population dynamics. After I. Hjort's (Cons. L.'explor. Ner.,20, 3–228, 1914) work, there have been many investigators in this field and there is no doubt about the very important role of ova and larvae mortality in the fate of a given fish generation. Less clear are the ideas concerning factors determining the high mortality of fishes in their earlier stages of development; especially the factor of food supply of larvae during the period of transition to exogenic nutrition. The value of this factor has been estimated differently from different points of view. For example, R. J. H. Beverton and S. J. Holt (On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Population, 1957) have given to the food supply factor its deserved importance. On the other hand, T. V. Dekhnik (Trudy Sevastopolskoi Biologicheskoi Stantsii,13, 216–244, 1960;Ibid.,14, 222–243, 1961) has proved in her investigations that at least for pelagic larvae of Black Sea fishes there is an excessive amount of food, and that therefore food cannot play an important role in larva survival. Not wanting to stop to review the literature of the problem (see Dekhnik,Trudy Sevastopolskoi Biologicheskoi Stantsii,13, 216–244, 1960), we will only remark that the problem as a whole needs further investigation. Not only new data are needed, but also methods for following up analysis have to be worked out.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 253-259 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract The investigation described here is anexperimental one which brings to light some new facts and confirms others already reported. They partly concern the hysteresis phenomena handled by N. Rashevsky (Mathematical Biophysics, 1960) and partly provide a point of departure for future biophysical research to be undertaken by biomathematicians.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 27-52 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract The aortic pressure curve necessarily reveals the mechanical properties of the aorta and peripheral resistance as well as of the dynamics of blood flow. The present study uses a reasonable model of visco-elastic properties of the aorta, a reasonable form for variations in peripheral resistance and blood flow to predict an aortic pressure tracing. Numerical values of constants measured experimentally were available in the published literature. These were used in the nonlinear differential equations of motion of the system under analysis. The equations yielded to piece-wise solution, giving the aortic circumference and the aortic pressure as functions of time. The form of both curves resembles clinical tracings, but numerical values of circumference were higher and of pressure lower thanin vivo. The discrepancies between predicted and clinical curves may reveal certain inadequacies in published measurements on visco-elastic constants. These measurements have been made on longitudinal rather than circumferential strips often containing dead rather than living muscle. The discrepancies, therefore, indicate specific gaps in our knowledge of aortic behaviorin vitro. The suggested model of the system aided in the design of experiments which could supply data necessary to substantiate or to revise the model.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 373-377 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract Some aspects of the circulation through the veins remain unexplained. The pressure gradient which ordinarily exists across a large vein, for example, is much greater than that necessary to maintain the same flow through a rigid tube of identical diameter (Brecher, 1956; Starling and Evans, 1962). During inspiration, blood flow through the thoracic portion of the inferior vena cava increases markedly, while that through the distal abdominal portion does not change. Furthermore, an active source of pressure drop in the chest is necessary to maintain venous flow. For the open chest the pressure drop occurs mainly during ventricular contraction, while in the closed chest it is produced chiefly by inspiration. The present study indicates that the high distensibility of the veins accounts in significant degree for the behavior characteristic of the venous circulation.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 379-387 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is an attempt to provide a logical model for the process of growth and differentiation in a multi-cellular organism. More specifically it is intended to show how genetic information relating to macroscopic structure and coded in the form of a logical tree could be progressively embodied in the organism as it develops by repeated division from a single cell. The aim is to establish biological analogies rather than mathematical interest, and reproduction, adaption, and the coordinating action of hormones are discussed within the general logical framework.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 407-415 
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    Notes: Abstract Models having the form of surfaces of revolution may be used to represent the urethra under pre-voiding pressure. From such models are derived formulas for calculating muscle tension from the shape of a urethragram.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 389-406 
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    Notes: Abstract The calculation of rates of entry of material into an open system of multiple pools in the steady state from the specific activities of end products, which may be derived from several pools, is described. This analysis may be applied to estimate the rates of secretion of steroid hormones from the specific activities of urinary metabolites which may have various hormones as common precursors. In a previous publication (Gurpideet al., 1963) formulae have been presented by which secretory rates could be calculated after a single injection of the tracers assuming that each of the urinary metabolites was uniquely derived from one of the pools in the system. In the present article similar formulae were derived without this assumption. Consequently, it is shown that, under certain circumstances, non-uniquely derived metabolites can be used to estimate secretory rates, and that it may be unnecessary to consider the pathways of conversion of the hormones to the metabolites or the sites where these conversion occur.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 431-434 
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    Notes: Abstract The sensitivity and “specificity” of measurements for the determination of transferates are enhanced by the use of an additional radiotracer, serving to trace the unlabelled substance. This method presents advantages mostly in systems outside their steady state but only exeptionally in steady state systems.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 417-429 
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    Notes: Abstract An integral equation approach to perturbation-tracer analysis in steady-state multicompartment systems is formulated. The theory is developed for δ function perturbation and tracer inputs and extended to the case of continuous small perturbations and continuous tracer inputs. It is shown that the first order dependence of the initial entry function can then be expressed by means of an integral equation: $$B_1 (t) = \int_{t_2 = - \infty }^\infty {\int_{t_1 = - \infty }^\infty {P(t_1 )T(t_2 )B_1 (t - t_2 ,t_1 - t_2 )dt_1 dt_2 } } $$ whereB 1(t) is the first order initial entry function for the tracer material,P(t1) the perturbation function.T(t 2) is the tracer input function, andB 1(t−t 2 ,t 1 −t 2 ) is a continuous function of two variables characterizing the first order perturbation-tracer response of the system.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 435-447 
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    Notes: Abstract A correspondence is established between a tangible model of brain structure (and function) and a system of observer-observed interactions. The observed quantities are “stimuli” in the form of signal amplitude distributions in a mass of neuron-like units; the observer is a set of neurons (not circumscribed in a local region) in which a distributed parameter mirrors the stimulus history of the set, i.e., represents a “memory”. Utilizing the theory of the Perceptron, a contemporary brain model, it is demonstrated that large systems composed of many observer-observed interactions exhibit quantum mechanical behavior on a “macroscopic” scale. This behavior entails wave-like phenomena and the need of applying the superposition mechanics to system information content calculations.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 449-471 
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    Notes: Abstract This is the continuation of Part I, which was published in the September, 1965, issue of theBulletin. The birth rate, α(t), is now assumed to be a linear functional of the age density,n. This gives a simple model of self-replenishing stem cell compartments, and leads to a necessary condition for the existence of a steady state. Some examples are presented to illustrate the formalism. They include: (a) An equivivant population with life spanD and no losses from death or migration. The total number of cells is multiplied by 2 in each time intervalD. As a special case, frequently realized in practice, the population may be increasing exponentially with time (“log-phase” of growth). (b) A compartment with “random” emigration of cells and gamma distribution of life spans. (c) An oversimplified version of L. G. Lajtha’s model describing stem cell kinetics. In section IV a simple case in which the loss function depends explicitly onn is discussed very briefly.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 473-476 
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    Notes: Summary Mathematical models of nonuniform gas distribution in the lungs which assume a two-chambered lung to be ventilated through a third chamber, i.e. a common dead space, have led to diverging results. A breath-by-breath analysis of such a system results in a two-exponential solution whereas a continuous ventilation analysis gives a three-exponential solution. This is caused by the different assumptions made in the two models about the composition of dead space gas. In the breath-by-breath analysis one assumes that theN 2 content of the dead space is zero at the end of inspiration. In the continuous ventilation model one assumes that theN 2 content in the dead space is unknown at all instants during the breathing cycle. No physical significance should be attached to any chamber in this type of analysis. The continuous ventilation model provides a more general solution than the cyclical ventilation model, because the former treats the common dead spaces as an independent unknown.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 493-495 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 477-491 
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    Notes: Abstract The different approaches to relational biology developed by N. Rashevsky and R. Rosen consider essentially binary relations between various components of biological functions of the organism. Actually an organism is represented by a set of differentn-ary relations. The present paper is an attempt to outline a possible approach to this more realistic situation. Inasmuch asn-ary relation is ann-place predicate, it is attempted to describe the basic known properties of an organism in terms ofn-place predicates, in which the variables represent the different “components” of the organism. Some possible forms of such predicates are discussed and some general properties of systems of such predicates are studied. It is shown that if the organism is described by predicates of the type discussed here, statements can be derived about the conditions “of reestablishability” of different components. Conclusions similar to those obtained previously by R. Rosen are reached now on a very different basis. A description of the process of cell differentiation in multicellular organisms in terms of predicates studied here is briefly outlined. A comparison of similarities and differences between the approach and Rosen’s description of organisms in terms of the theory of categories is made.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 497-500 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 503-503 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 501-502 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 57-65 
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    Notes: Abstract An outline is given of an analysis that leads to an exact solution for the problem of steady-state diffusion through a finite thick pore into an infinite region surrounding the mouth of the pore. From this exact formula a simple expression for the flux is derived. This expression approximates the flux with a relative error of less than 3.42 per cent independently of the ratiol/a wherel is the length of the pore anda its radius. If desired, more accurate expressions for the flux can be obtained from the exact solution.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 79-86 
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    Notes: Abstract The model proposed by A. L. Hodgkin and R. D. Keynes (Jour. of Physiol.,128, 61–88, 1955) for the diffusion of potassium through the nerve membrane is extended to cover an arbitrary number of species of ions with charges not necessarily the same. One type of interference is also investigated.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 71-83 
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    Notes: Abstract Most theoretical studies of the circulation have focussed on the transmission line properties of arteries. Only a small number of papers have dealt with the circulation as a closed (lumped) system with two pumps connected by the lesser and greater circulation (Beneken, inCirculatory Analog Computers, No. Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 1963; Defares,et al., inCirculatory Analog Computers, No. Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 1963; Grodins,Quart. Rev. of Biology,34, 93, 1959; Guyton,Cardiac Output and its Regulation, Saunders Publ. Co., New York, 1963). F. W. Cope's recent studies in this journal (Bull. Math. Biophysics,22, 19, 1960;23, 337, 1961;24, 137, 1962) deal with essentially the same questions, although here the circuit is not “closed”. We have attempted to extend the analysis of the areflex (closed) circulation. The complete study is reported elsewhere (Defares,et al., Acta Physiol, et Parmac. Neerl., 1963).
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 67-78 
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    Notes: Abstract A vector integral equation describing heat distribution within the body has been derived. The factors considered are heat conduction, forced convection via the circulatory system, environmental exchange, metabolic heat production, and change in heat content. The vector partial differential equation and alternative forms incorporating boundary conditions were also developed. A difference equation based on a first-order approximation to the fundamental equations was derived to form the basis of a model for heat distribution within the body. It has been shown that factors involving conduction and convection must be considered independently unless the temperature of the blood flowing from a region of the body is equal to the average temperature of the tissue in that region. If this relation between tissue and blood temperature does exist, only a single temperature from each eleeent is needed to describe the heat distribution. In this latter case, models which ascribe all heat transfer to “equivalent” conduction or to convection can give valid predictions.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 87-98 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that in a system containingn types of mutually noninteracting binding sites, the association constants are then roots of annth order polynomial while the maximum binding capacities can be evaluated by solving a set ofn simultaneous linear equations. Thenth order polynomial and the system ofn linear equations are defined in terms of 2n intermediate coefficients, the coefficients being themselves evaluated by substituting 2n sets of appropriate experimental data into an auxiliary system of 2n linear equations. The existence and uniqueness of the solutions are established.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 111-111 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 113-113 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 99-109 
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    Notes: Abstract A kinetic theory of ion transport across cell surfaces has been developed in a form analogous to the kinetic theory of electron transport across solid-liquid interfaces of biological particles. The ionic theory is based on the observation that, at least in one instance, the voltage-current behavior for ion conduction across a cell surface is describable by the Tafel equation, in analogy to the conduction of electrons across solid-liquid interfaces. The theory predicts that the kinetics of ion transport across cell surfaces should conform to the Elovich rate equation, which is shown to be true for various experimental data.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 114-114 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 115-115 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 3-4 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 5-10 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 11-14 
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    Notes: Abstract The present note consists of two separate but related parts. In the first, a new graphtheoretic proof is presented that an (ℳ,R)-system must always contain a nonreestablishable component. The second considers some questions concerning the relation between re-establishability and the time-lag structure in (ℳ,R)-systems. It is supposed that the reader is familiar with the terminology of the author's previous work on (ℳ,R)-systems, particularly R. Rosen,Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 245–260, 1958.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 21-37 
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    Notes: Abstract A simplified, linearized model of the system regulating blood-glucose concentrations is reviewed. This model, which predicts a damped sine wave response to an oral glucose load, lumps the large number of kinetic parameters into a much smaller number which can, at least in part, characterize the human glucose regulatory system. The predictions based on the model are compared with measurements of blood-glucose and blood-insulin concentrations during the oral glucose-tolerance test. Various other conditions are simulated and their implications are discussed in terms of the mathematical model used.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 15-19 
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    Notes: Abstract The notion of a compartment is discussed in terms of the Markovian process. From the stochastic matrix (the elements of which are state transition probabilities between different states of a particle of a chemical element), one may find a (generally) nonstochastic matrix; the elements of this second matrix are probabilities that, starting from some initial state, the particle will reach another seleced state (W. Feller, 1962,An Introduction to Probability Theory). Forming equivalence classes of states it can be shown that the equivalence classes based on an equivalence relation, which holds for the elements of the above-mentioned nonstochastic matrix, are essential for the notion of a compartment. From this procedure it is also obvious that a rigorous definition of a physically realizable compartment is impossible. Some conclusions on the practical use of compartmental analysis are drawn.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 39-48 
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    Notes: Abstract In a population of cells labeled with a single injection of tritiated thymidine at timet=0, it is assumed that a constant fraction, 1−z, of the cells which are potentially able to divide fail to do so, and that the cells which do divide all have identical generation time,D. Death and emigration of cells are neglected. In mitosis, the partitioning of label among the two daughter cells is supposed to follow the binomial probability law. Using the formalism developed by H. Von Foerster the fraction of labeled cells in the total population is computed as a function oft, the time after injection of label. Ift is an integral multiple ofD the results coincide with those of S. A. Tyler and R. Baserga.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 151-160 
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    Notes: Abstract A society with a dominance relation is considered to be built up by starting with a small society and adding new members in succession. As each member is added he engages in contests with each of the older members to determine the dominance relation between them. The probability that the older member dominates is considered to depend on the size of the society and linearly on the older members score. A recurrence relation for the hierarchy index is derived. The approach of the society to a hierarchical structure is considered for various special cases of this probability. Reasonable assumptions concerning this dominance probability are shown to lead to structures close to the hierarchy. If the new member dominates all the older ones below a certain rank, and is dominated by all those above this rank, then the hierarchy will persist if it is the initial structure, or the structure will tend to hierarchy as the size increases, if it is not the initial structure.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 183-190 
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    Notes: Abstract The transport of oxygen in a hemoglobin-saturated medium is theoretically investigated using classical transport theory. It is found that all the chemical complexes can be expressed as a single function of oxygen pressure. A potential difference together with apH shift is predicted to occur across the medium.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 203-214 
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    Notes: Abstract Several physical effects (magnetomotive force on ions, magnetic induction of electrical field, magnetic changes of inductance) are quantitatively analyzed in an attempt to attain an insight on how externally applied static magnetic fields influence the activity of the neuron and the Nervous System as a whole or in part. The possible magnetic action on shifting excited zones of the axon appears as most promising for prediction and interpretation of measurable effects. Magnetic fields may modify nervous functions by multiplication and addition of very small biophysical effects.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 235-251 
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    Notes: Abstract In an earlier paper (Molecular Set Theory: I.Bull. Math. Biophysics,22, 285–307, 1960) the author proposed a “Molecular Set Theory” as a formal mathematical meta-theoretic system for representing complex reactions not only of biological interest, but also of general chemical interest. The present paper is a refinement and extension of the earlier work along more formal algebraic lines. For example the beginnings of an algebra of molecular transformations is presented. It also emphasizes that this development, together with the genetical set theory of Woodger's and Rashevsky's set-theoretic contributions to Relational Biology, points to the existence of a biomathematical theory of sets which is not deducible from the general mathematical, abstract theory of sets.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 261-273 
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    Notes: Abstract Systems in which a human subject interacts with an adaptive control mechanism through display and response facilities are examined. A cybernetic model is discussed, together with supporting experimental data.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 275-290 
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    Notes: Abstract Computer simulation of the stem-cell system has been motivated by a desire to provide a device which may assist the experimenter in his development of complex research strategies in the rapidly developing investigative fields that relate to erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis. A simulation program, written in FORTRAN II for the IBM-7094, is being developed with the requirements of flexibility and broad applicability in mind. The biological model for which it originally was developed differs from those previously advanced by visualizing differentiation into the erythrocytic and granulocytic series as occurring during the post-mitotic phase of a stem cell's growth, the cell's susceptibility to erythropoietic and granulopoietic stimuli varying as its biochemical development unfolds. One might test this model by attempting to demonstrate an asymmetrical interference between erythropoietic and granulopoietic challenges to the stem-cell system. A method for establishing an initial stable configuration of the model is presented. The simulation of the introduction of exogenous erythropoietic stimuli is described. And there is a brief description of the feedback mechanism employed to stabilize the size of the stem-cell population.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 305-310 
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    Notes: Abstract In a system as complex and as effective as the eye, the cooperative interaction of different mechanisms may be taken as axiomatic. With this as a starting point, various visual phenomena are considered, such as short term memory, eye movements, and flicker fusion. Simple data on mean values lend support to the proposition that the spatial and temporal characteristics of these phenomena are matched with one another. The significance of this for a mechanism of vision is discussed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 311-315 
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    Notes: Abstract Matrix algebra is the natural tool for the study of linear stochastic models with many parameters. Complete solutions are given for the nonconfluent and the general confluent cases. It is shown that the axiomatics of a generalized linear stochastic model are naturally described within the framework of the linear algebra in an Euclidean space.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 291-303 
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    Notes: Abstract An arbitrary set of chemical reactions is considered to occur among chemical speciesX i . In a closed uniform reaction system certain linear combinations of the concentrations of theX i are constants. The general construction of all such linear combinations with non-negative coefficients is given in terms of the molecular formulae for theX i . It is shown that to each such linear combination there corresponds another which is a harmonic function when the reactions take place in an open spatially distributed stationary reaction system of arbitrary shape. Under the usual boundary conditions these harmonic functions are constants. With some restrictions upon the diffusion and permeability coefficients these constants are evaluated. This evaluation is the basis for relations between the total concentration of a given chemical group (e.g., the sum of the concentrations of a free molecule, or ion, and its various bound forms) in the reaction system, and in the surrounding medium. The bearing of these relations on apparent active transport is noted and illustrated.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 329-332 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the partitioned initial entry functions previously introduced in multicompartment analysis can be directly and uniquely determined from the experimental data.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 317-328 
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    Notes: Abstract An escape learning situation is discussed in terms of a neural model in which a stimulus can result in a conditioned excitement and a specific conditioned response. By using the simplest relations between the strengths of conditioning and the number of reinforcements and by introducing a distribution of fluctuations occurring regularly in time, one can calculate the probabilities of various responses, as well as the various latencies, in successive trials. The results are in moderately satisfactory agreement with the data of R. L. Solomon and L. C. Wynne (Psychol. Monogr.,67, No. 4, 1953). Consequences of the model for various experimental situations are discussed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 1-8 
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    Notes: Abstract Collateral circulation minimizes the myocardial injury which results from narrowing of a coronary artery. A large collateral circulation has disadvantages, however. It may divert so much of the limited blood flow through the adjacent nonarteriosclerotic coronary artery that the blood supply of the normal muscle supplied by that artery may be inadequate during heavy exercise. In the presence of a large collateral circulation, both the normal and ischemic regions of the heart may be extremely vulnerable to small arteriosclerotic changes narrowing the patent artery near the aorta. The effective increase in flow which results from arteriolar vasodilatation produced by drugs may be much greater in the presence of a small collateral circulation than a large one.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 9-20 
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    Notes: Abstract A transfusion can be hypothesized to be required when a determination factor (D=probability of adverse effects if transfusion not given/adverse effects if transfusion is given) exceeds some predetermined value.D varies between the limits 0 and ∞, and in most clinical situations will be a small number on the order of 20. Since the probabilities contributing to the denominator ofD are essentially independent of each other, they can be summed to obtain the probability of ill effects. A method of handling an exception to this, the incompatibility reactions following multiple transfusions within a short time interval, is pointed out. The probability of adverse effects if a transfusion is not given is more difficult to evaluate; values gathered from the literature are presented, as well as methods for obtaining further data. Two techniques for estimating future transfusion requirements are discussed. One is a correlative procedure, which functions by analyzing similar cases admitted to the hospital. The second procedure is an estimate of stability (homeostasis), based on a parameter introduced by B. C. Patten (Scince,134, 1010–1011, 1961). The dilution of endogenous cells and plasma by transfusions is considered and the consequences of many small transfusions compared with those of few (and larger) transfusions.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 21-26 
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    Notes: Abstract In continuation of a previous paper (Bull. Math. Biophysics,26, 167–185, 1964) simple equations are derived for the rate of development of schizophrenia as a function of some psychobiological parameters of the individual and of an index which characterizes the frequency of traumatic experiences of the individual. A clue to the understanding of why schizophrenia is more likely to develop at an early adult age is thus provided.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 27 (1965), S. 53-56 
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    Notes: Abstract A mathematical analysis is presented which shows that during stop flow experiments longitudinal diffusion of solute along the nephron is of too small a magnitude to interfere with the interpretation of data.
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    Helgoland marine research 12 (1965), S. 40-51 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. In einer Kultur vonSpongomorpha aeruginosa trat ein Exemplar einerAcrosiphonia-Art auf, deren heteromorpher Generationswechsel mit einzelligem Sporophyten lückenlos im Kulturexperiment verfolgt werden konnte. Die Alge ist bei Helgoland am natürlichen Standort noch nicht gefunden worden. 2. Die Gametophyten dieses obligaten Haplodiplonten stimmen in Habitus und Entwicklung mit der bei Helgoland häufigen und bisher alsAcrosiphonia arcta angesehenen Art überein, die ein monözischer Diplont ist. Die Taxonomie dieser Arten setzt die Kenntnis des Lebenszyklus der Formen vom Fundort des jeweiligen Typus voraus. 3. Das Merkmal der Acrosiphoniales ist der operculate Öffnungsmechanismus der Sporangien beziehungsweise Gametangien. Der Lebenszyklus kann höhere systematische Einheiten im allgemeinen nicht kennzeichnen.
    Notes: Abstract No answer to this question is presented in this article. Two species, morphologically alike, differ in their life-cycles. One of these species has hitherto been found only once in a culture ofSpongomorpha aeruginosa, which was started using zoospores ofCodiolum petrocelidis. It has never been found in natural environments at Helgoland. This species has a heteromorphic life-cycle: a monoecious gametophyte which alternates with a unicellular sporophytical stage. Gametes do not develop parthenogenetically. The other species is a monoecious diplont, common at Helgoland and designated asAcrosiphonia arcta. It will not be possible to assign a name to these forms unless life-cycles of species from type-localities have been studied. In general, life-cycles are not significant for the characterization of units higher than genera. The order of Acrosiphoniales is characterized by operculate sporangia and gametangia respectively, as well as by the shape of the vegetative thallus.
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    Helgoland marine research 12 (1965), S. 52-60 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Es wird das Verfahren einer mehrgliedrigen Kultur von vier Arten mariner Flachwasser-Folliculiniden der GattungenMetafolliculina, Eufolliculina undDiafolliculina beschrieben. 2. Die Folliculiniden werden in Kulturschalen ohne Wasserzirkulation gezüchtet. Saubere Glasflächen sind für die Ansiedlung von Folliculiniden-Schwärmern ungegeeignet. Die Schwärmer bevorzugen Unterlagen, die von einem dünnen Bakterienfilm überzogen sind. 3. Um die zwangsläufig eintretende, allmähliche Verschmutzung der Schalen zu verhindern, wurde ein neu entdeckter Harpacticide —Tisbe helgolandica n. sp. — als Kulturpartner eingeführt. 4.Tisbe helgolandica erwies sich als leicht züchtbares, anspruchloses Laboratoriumstier, das sich dank seiner Ernährungsweise vorzüglich zur Reinhaltung von Kulturen sedentärer, mariner Organismen eignet.
    Notes: Abstract Earlier experiments on folliculinids have been conducted primarily by employing the glass-plate method. The cultivation of sessile, loricated folliculinids under non-sterlile conditions is rather difficult because in culture dishes without circulating sea water an ever-thickening coat of film from detritus, bacteria and fungi builds up. Using a newly discovered harpacticid,Tisbe helgolandica n. sp., a multi-level culture method was developed. The euryplastic, ravenous harpaticids are extremely well suited to be “culture partners” of the folliculinids; they eat the detritus-bacteria-fungi film and thus keep the cultures clean. By employing the food chain,Dunaliella andCryptomonas → folliculinids → faeces → bacteria and fungi →Tisbe, a rather stable biological equilibrium can be achieved. Up until now this method has made it possible to cultivate successfully four littoral folliculinid species of the generaMetafolliculina, Eufolliculina andDiafolliculina. Method and handling of cultures are described in detail.
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    Helgoland marine research 12 (1965), S. 61-77 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Nahrungsvakuolen vonMetafolliculina andrewsi entwickeln mit zunehmendem Alter einen Faltensaum, der seine höchste Differenzierung in dem Altersstadium erreicht, wo die stärkste Resorption der Nährstoffe zu vermuten ist. 2. Dieser Faltensaum besteht aus lamellenartigen Cytoplasmaprotuberanzen und bewirkt — ähnlich wie der Bürstensaum an der freien Zelloberfläche — innerhalb der Zelle eine erhebliche Oberflächenvergrößerung der Nahrungsvakuole zugunsten der Permeation der Nährstoffe. 3. Bei alten Nahrungsvakuolen werden die Falten wieder zurückgebildet, eine Tatsache, die die funktionelle Bedeutung dieser Struktur weiterhin unterstreicht. 4. An Hand des Verdauungsgrades des Vakuoleninhalts und der morphologischen Veränderungen der Vakuolenwand lassen sich bei den Nahrungsvakuolen vonMetafolliculina deutlich vier Alters- beziehungsweise Funktionsstadien unterscheiden: 1. Ingestionsvakuolen, 2. Digestionsvakuolen, 3. Resorptionsvakuolen und 4. Egestionsvakuolen. 5. Die morphologischen Befunde an der Resorptionsvakuole, die strukturelle und funktionelle Parallelen mit den resorbierenden Darmepithelien von Metazoen aufweist, werden im Rahmen der heutigen Vorstellungen über die zelluläre Stoffaufnahme diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract With progressing age, the food vacuoles ofMetafolliculina adrewsi develop a border of folds, which attains its most pronounced differentiation at a stage where maximum resorption of nutrient substances presumably takes place. This border of folds, similar to the well known brush border at the free cell surface, consists of lamellar cytoplasm protuberances and causes a considerable enlargement of the membrane area of the food vacuole within the cell, thus favoring the permeation of nutrient substances. In old food vacuoles the border of folds undergoes involution, an observation that also points to the functional significance of this structure. InMetafolliculina the degree of digestion of the vacuole contents and the morphological changes of the vacuole wall enable a distinction to be made between 4 different stages of age and function of the food vacuoles respectively: (1) ingestion vacuoles, (2) digestion vacuoles, (3) resorption vacuoles and (4) egestion vacuoles. The resorption vacuole evidently shows structural and functional analogies to the resorbing intestinal epithelia of Metazoa. The morphological findings are discussed in the light of current concepts on substance uptake by the cell.
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    Helgoland marine research 12 (1965), S. 1-39 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Klassifikation der verschiedenen Kategorien von Nesselkapseln nachWeill (1934) wird beschrieben. Sie beruht auf morphologischen Merkmalen der entladenen Nesselkapseln und umfaßt 20 verschiedene Typen, von denen 2 neu eingeführt werden. 2. Nach den speziellen Befunden der früheren Autoren, besonders denen vonWeill, Russell, Carlgren, Itô &Inoue und nach eigenen Beobachtungen wird die qualitative und quantitative Verteilung der Nesselkapseltypen auf die systematischen Einheiten untersucht. Berücksichtigt werden die Niveaus der Klassen, Unterklassen, Ordnungen, für die Ordnung Hydroida auch die Unterordnungen. 3. Die Prüfung der Nesselzellverhältnisse auf ihre allgemeine Bedeutung für Systematik und Evolution ergibt folgende Resultate, mit denen die detaillierten Erörterungen vonWeill bestätigt und ergänzt werden: a) Die qualitative und quantitative Verteilung der Kapseltypen auf die systematischen Einheiten enthält keine Merkmale von absolut gültigem Wert. b) Die Differenzierungshöhe der in den verschiedenen Einheiten gefundenen Kapseltypen, die nach dem quantitativen Anteil von einfachen (Haplonemen) und höher differenzierten Typen (Heteronemen) bewertet wird, ist kein Merkmal von systematischer und evolutiver Bedeutung. c) Der Besitz von speziellen Kapseltypen ist ein Merkmal von positiver, aber je nach dem geprüften Niveau begrenzter und relativer Bedeutung. Mit dem Besitz der speziellen Kapseltypen sind damit systematische Merkmale gegeben, die neben den morphologischen und entwicklungsgeschichtlichen Merkmalen für ein natürliches System Verwendung finden können. Nach den bisherigen Kenntnissen stehen die Nesselzellverhältnisse mit dem bestehenden System in Übereinstimmung und stützen es. In unsicheren Fällen, in denen die Eingruppierung nach morphologischen Merkmalen allein zweifelhaft bleibt, kann die spezielle Qualität der Nesselkapseln die Entscheidung über die systematische Stellung ermöglichen. Dafür werden aus der Literatur und nach eigenen Beobachtungen instruktive Beispiele gegeben. 4. Zwischen der qualitativen und quantitativen Reichhaltigkeit der Nesselzellausstattung einer systematischen Gruppe und ihrer allgemeinen Differenziertheit — also ihrer Mannigfaltigkeit an Bauplänen, Lebens- und Entwicklungserscheinungen — besteht eine positive Korrelation. Eine in dieser Hinsicht differenzierte Gruppe hat eine reichere Nesselzellausstattung als eine weniger differenzierte. Aus dieser Korrelation erklärt sich, daß die Hydrozoa als die in morphologischer, entwicklungsgeschichtlicher und ethologischer Hinsicht differenzierteste Klasse die größte Anzahl verschiedener Nesselkapseltypen haben. 5. Die Nesselzellverhältnisse bieten daher keine Stütze für eine Umkehrung des bisher gültigen Systems.
    Notes: Abstract Long-term investigations on the ecology, morphology and systematics of hydroids, both of the North Sea and the Mediterranean, confirmed the results of earlier authors that most species differ in number and quality of their nematocysts. The classification byWeill (1934) facilitates a satisfactory diagnosis of the different types of nematocysts present in marine Cnidarians; it is based on morphological characteristics of the discharged nematocysts and comprises 20 types of main- and subcategories, two of which are newly introduced and defined in the present paper. On the basis of earlier results by other authors and our own observations, the qualitative and quantitative distribution of the various types of nematocysts in different systematic units is listed. On this basis, an evaluation is made of the general importance of the nematocysts for taxonomy and evolution of the Cnidaria and their sub-units. The differences in qualitative and quantitative distribution and in the degree of differentiation of the various nematocyst types do not represent characteristics of absolute validity. However, the presence of special types of nematocysts is a positive criterion, which, in addition to other characters of morphology as well as of development, may be used to establish a natural system. If, on the grounds of usual morphological characteristics, the systematic status of a species remains uncertain, the specificity of its nematocysts may facilitate a decision; examples are presented to illustrate this point. There exists a positive correlation between the qualitative and quantitative diversity of the nematocyst equipment of a given systematic group on the one side and the diversity of the morphological, functional and developmental structures of this group on the other side. Thus the Hydrozoa — the group with the most pronounced differentiation and radiation in morphology and complexity of life histories — possess the greatest number of different types of nematocysts.
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    Helgoland marine research 12 (1965), S. 137-148 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. The formation of medusa buds on the polyps ofRathkea octopunctata is studied and compared with budding of medusae from the manubrium of the same species. 2. In contrast to the latter, which is exclusively ectodermic, medusa budding of polyps involves both the ectodermal and endodermal layers comprising the parent organism.
    Notes: Extrait L'organogénèse du bourgeonnement médusaire polypodial est étudié chezRathkea octopunctata et comparé avec celui du bourgeonnement médusaire manubrial de la même espèce. A l'encontre de ce dernier exclusivement ectodermique, le bourgeonnement des polypes s'effectue à partir des feuillets constitutifs ectodermiques et endodermiques de l'organisme souche.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1.Micromesistius poutassou Risso wurde erstmals im März 1964 und mehrmals im Frühjahr 1965 bei Helgoland gefangen. 2. Der Fang fast laichreifer Tiere ermöglichte die Erbrütung der bislang unbekannten Eier. 3. Es werden Angaben über Entwicklungsdauer der Eier und Pigmentierung der Larven gemacht: Die Eidurchmesser liegen bei 1,12 bis 1,25 mm; die frischgeschlüpften Larven sind etwa 2,2 mm lang; die Inkubationszeit beträgt bei 8° C 11 bis 12 Tage. 4. Messungen über Herzschlagfrequenzen und Aktivität der Embryonen wurden bei verschiedenen Temperaturen durchgeführt und diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract In 1964 and 1965 a research vessel using a special “shrimp trawl” with various mesh sizes caught severalM. Poutassou, a fish previously known to occur only in the Atlantic and in the deeper waters of the northern North Sea. Presumably it had not yet been reported in the southern North Sea for two reasons: (a) the large mesh size of the fishing nets used, which may have allowed the fish to slip through, and (b) the failure of fishermen to recognize this rare fish. Two individuals among the 1965 catch were ripe females; one was a ripe male. Successful artificial spawning of these fishes provided an opportunity to study the egg and larval stages ofM. poutassou. Diameters of eggs ranged from 1.12 to 1.25 mm. Total length of freshly hatched larvae was about 2.2 mm. Incubation time was 11 to 12 days at 8° C. Measurements of frequency of heartbeat and locomotory activity of embryos at various temperatures were recorded.
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    Helgoland marine research 12 (1965), S. 207-213 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Ein neuer Polychaet,Parapodrilus psammophilus nov. gen. nov. spec., wurde im Eulitoral der Nordsseinsel Sylt entdeckt. 2. Körperform, Größe und Gliederung dieses Interstitialbewohners zeigen gewisse Beziehungen zur Familie Dinophilidae der Archiannelida. 3. Die Existenz einästiger, mit Borsten und Aciculae versehener Parapodien unterscheidet die neue Art jedoch scharf von allen Genera der Dinophilidae. Der Mangel eines für die Archianneliden typischen muskulösen Schlundsackes macht darüber hinaus die Einreihung in diese Gruppe problematisch. 4. Der Verfasser beschränkt sich daher vorläufig auf eine Beschreibung des neuen Polychaeten und auf eine kurze Diagnose der neuen Gattung. Die Einordnung in das System der Polychaeta bleibt einer eingehenderen anatomischen Untersuchung vorbehalten.
    Notes: Abstract A new polychaete genus,Parapodrilus psammophilus, is described on the basis of individuals caught in the sandy interstitial zone on the island Sylt (North Sea, German Bight). The main features of the new polychaete are: length up to 650µm; body divided into a prostomium (without any appendages), 7 segments and pygidium; segments 3 to 6 carry simple parapods as well as setae and aciculae.
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    Helgoland marine research 12 (1965), S. 214-217 
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    Helgoland marine research 12 (1965), S. 404-419 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Das Verhalten von GlasaalenAnguilla anguilla L., die bei Tage im oberen Tidegebiet der Elbe an der Oberfläche und im Schwarm wanderten, wurde beobachtet. 2. Aus diesen und früheren Untersuchungen in der Elbe geht hervor, daß bei Ebbe die Aale ihre Tageswanderung am Ufer etwas unterhalb der Flutstromgrenze in den frühen Morgenstunden beginnen und täglich in den Vormittagsstunden wieder abbrechen. Sie verbergen sich dann im Sand oder unter den Steinen. 3. Die täglich weiter flußaufwärts begonnenen Oberflächenwanderungen enden vermutlich an der Tidegrenze oder etwas oberhalb davon und umfassen damit einen Bereich von etwa 50 km. 4. Glasaalschwärme wurden am häufigsten an den Tagen, die dem Mitternachtstidehochwasser an der Flutstromgrenze folgten, festgestellt. Diese Erscheinung läßt sich aus dem Verhalten der Glasaale erklären, negativ phototaktisch und passiv mit dem Flutstrom flußaufwärts zu treiben. 5. Die Aale halten während der Tageswanderung engen Uferkontakt und lassen sich in ihrer Wanderrichtung, außer bei starker Turbulenz, durch gleichlaufende Strömungen nicht irritieren. 6. Das Elbestauwehr wird, außer gelegentlich an der Schleuse, während des beschriebenen Entwicklungsabschnittes nur bei Hochwasser überwunden; dann können die Aale im Bereich überfluteten Geländes in das Gebiet oberhalb des Stauwehrs gelangen. 7. Die in der Elbe nachgewiesenen Verhaltensweisen bestätigen sich nach früheren Beobachtungen anderer Autoren und eigenen Ermittlungen in den Flüssen Weser und Ems. 8. Das periodische Auftauchen der Glasaale an der Wasseroberfläche im oberen Tidebereich wird dadurch erklärt, daß sich aus der vorangegangenen Zeit im wechselnden Flut- und Ebbstrom ein innerer Rhythmus erhalten hat, der abwechselnd eine positive und negative Rheotaxis auch ohne äußeren Zeitgeber noch einige Tage in Erscheinung treten läßt. 9. Die Frage, wie die Aale im äußeren und inneren Küstenabschnitt Ebbe-oder Flutströmungen perzipieren und welche Bedeutung möglicherweise lunaren Einflüssen zukommt, wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract Upon observing the tidal section of the Elbe River, it was found that the elvers (Anguilla anguilla L.), gathering in shoals immediately below the surface of the water, moved only in the early part of the morning. The area of such below-the-surface movements probably ranges from approximately the uppermost point reached by the flood stream to the uppermost point of measurable vertical tidal fluctuations. In the Elbe this area spreads over a distance of about 50 kilometers. Subsequent to such early day movements, the elvers bury themselves in the river bottom. They are passively carried upstream and, following a midnight high tide, appear at the upper boundary of the flood stream. Above this boundary the elvers swim against the current and close to the river bank. If the direction of the downstream current occasionally changes, for example, due to the special morphology of the river banks, the elvers swim with it, but, in principle, they do not alter their upstream direction of swimming. The elvers reach the section above the weir near Geesthacht only when the water is extremely high and the surrounding land flooded, or, though more seldom, through the sluice. Behavioural patterns and hydrographical relationships similar to those described for the Elbe were found by other authors to exist in the Weser and Ems Rivers. The periodic emergence of the elvers to the surface in the upper tidal region can be explained by previous experiences and resulting internal rhythms, which do not need reinforcements by external factors over shorter periods of time. The question of how ebb and flood streams are perceived in outer and inner coastal waters by the elvers, as well as possible direct and indirect influences through the moon, are discussed.
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    Helgoland marine research 12 (1965), S. 349-394 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Analyse der intersexuellen Geschlechtsausprägung beiGammarus duebeni gegeben, die sich auf die Untersuchung der primären und sekundären Geschlechtsmerkmale, des Wachstums, der Häutungsfrequenz und des sexualbiologischen Verhaltens stützt. Das Auftreten von Intersexualität wird zu hormonalen und genetischen Faktoren, welche die Geschlechtsrealisation steuern, in Beziehung gesetzt. 2. Zum besseren Verständnis der Besonderheiten intersexueller Entwicklung werden zunächst Morphologie und Differenzierung des Genitalapparates normalgeschlechtlicher Tiere beschrieben. In beiden Geschlechtern werden postembryonal männliche wie weibliche abführende Geschlechtsorgane angelegt, und in den Gonaden entstehen wahrscheinlich primär Oocyten. Mit Beginn der äußeren sexuellen Differenzierung werden im männlichen Geschlecht die Anlagen der Ovidukte, im weiblichen Geschlecht die Analgen der Vasa deferentia zurückgebildet, während die Anlagen der Vesicula seminalis erhalten bleiben. Eine männliche Determinierung ist von der Entwicklung und hormonalen Aktivität der androgenen Drüse abhängig. 3. Nach dem Grad der Ausprägung weiblicher beziehungsweise männlicher Sexualcharaktere werden fünf verschiedene Intersexualitätstypen unterschieden: stark weibliche Intersexe, die habituell und funktionell völlig normalen ♀♀ gleichen, jedoch Calceoli und (oder) ein oder zwei Penispapillen aufweisen; schwach weibliche Intersexe, die etwas stärker maskulinisiert sind, im hinteren Bereich des Ovars testikuläres Gewebe ausbilden und durch mehr oder weniger differenzierte Anlagen der Vesicula seminalis, Vasa deferentia sowie meist rudimentäre androgene Drüsen gekennzeichnet sind; mittlere Intersexe, deren Gonaden aus ovarialen und testikulären Bezirken in nicht festgelegter Verteilung bestehen und die weibliche wie männliche ableitende Geschlechtswege, rudimentäre oder partiell entwickelte androgene Drüsen und Oostegiten mit normalem, unvollständigem oder fehlendem Borstenbesatz ausbilden; schwach männliche Intersexe, die durch eine Ovarregion im vorderen Abschnitt des Hodens, durch das Vorhandensein paariger Oviduktanlagen und durch Oostegiten ohne Randborsten charakterisiert sind; stark männliche Intersexe, die einen typisch männlichen Geschlechtsapparat und Oostegiten ohne Randborsten in normaler oder reduzierter Zahl besitzen. 4. Hinsichtlich der Wachstumsintensität gleichen stark weibliche Intersexe normalen ♀♀ und stark männliche sowie schwach männliche Intersexe normalen ♂♂. Einen mehr oder weniger intermediären Wachstumsverlauf weisen die mittleren und schwach weiblichen Intersexe auf. Auch die Größen- und Wachstumsrelationen des Propodus der 1. und 2. Gnathopoden liegen bei schwach weiblichen, mittleren und schwach männlichen Intersexen in gradueller Abstufung zwischen den Werten, die für das weibliche und männliche Geschlecht gelten. 5. Stark weibliche, stark männliche und meist auch schwach männliche Intersexe sind fertil und zeigen normales weibliches beziehungsweise männliches Sexualverhalten. Schwach weibliche und mittlere Intersexe sind steril. Sie können nicht oviponieren, da ihre Ovidukte blind geschlossen bleiben. Mittlere Intersexe sind jedoch in Ausnahmefällen als „♂♂“ geschlechtstüchtig. Wie anhand der Präkopulationsbereitschaft feststellbar ist, können sich mittlere Intersexe in Anwesenheit normalgeschlechtlicher Partner als „♀♀“ gegenüber ♂♂ und als „♂♂“ gegenüber ♀♀ verhalten. Diese geschlechtliche Ambivalenz wird als eine Erscheinung von relativer Sexualität gedeutet. 6. Bezüglich der Häutungsfrequenz nehmen schwach weibliche und mittlere Intersexe eine weniger ausgeprägte, schwach männliche Intersexe eine stärker ausgeprägte Mittelstellung zwischen ♀♀ und ♂♂ ein. Die Häutungsfrequenz der schwach weiblichen und mittleren Intersexe ist nicht streng festgelegt. Sie kann bei mittleren Intersexen nachweislich durch die Gegenwart eines präkopulierenden ♂ reguliert werden, wobei eine Annäherung an die Häutungsfrequenz der ♀♀ erfolgt. 7. Intersexe treten in natürlichen Populationen mit einer Häufigkeit von höchstens 0,5% auf. In Laborzuchten kann bei Selektion bestimmter Stämme der Anteil der Intersexe beträchtlich (10% und mehr) vergrößert sein. 8. Durch Transplantation der androgenen Drüse in weibliche Tiere wurde experimentell eine Geschlechtsumwandlung in männliche Richtung ausgelöst, wobei verschiedene intersexuelle Zwischenstufen durchlaufen werden. Mitunter wird nur eine partielle Maskulinisierung erzielt, die etwa bis zum Stadium der mittleren Intersexualität führt. Auf Grund dieser und anderer Befunde wird das Zustandekommen intersexueller Geschlechtsausprägung auf eine rudimentäre oder unvollkommene Entwicklung der androgenen Drüse zurückgeführt. Die Entstehung der Intersexualität wird durch eine unzureichende Produktion des androgenen Hormons und durch Selbstdifferenzierung des Ovars erklärt. 9. Anhand von Karyotypanalysen wurde die Chromosomenzahl mit 52 (= 2n) bestimmt. Hinweise für das Vorhandensein von Heterochromosomen liegen nicht vor; diese und andere Ergebnisse deuten auf eine polyfaktorielle Geschlechtsbestimmung hin. 10. Die anGammarus duebeni gewonnenen Befunde werden unter vergleichenden Aspekten zu den Intersexualitätserscheinungen anderer Amphipoden in Beziehung gesetzt. Die Probleme der hormonalen Regulation der Geschlechtsfunktion werden eingehend diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract A detailed analysis of intersexuality inGammarus duebeni, concerning morphology of primary and secondary sexual characters, growth, molting frequency and sexual behavior is presented. Based upon five different types a classification of intersexuality is given reflecting the degree of femaleness and maleness with respect to genital structures and secondary sex characters. Additional information is presented concerning the intermediary character of growth rates, molting frequency and sexual behavior in certain intersexual types. In intersexes the androgenic gland mediating the hormonal control of primary and secondary male characters is mostly in a rudimentary condition or only partially developed. According to sex reversal experiments and to the conceptions ofCharniaux-Cotton, intersexuality is interpreted inGammarus duebeni to be caused by reduced production of the androgenic hormone and by self-differentiation of the ovaries. On the basis of chromosomal studies and other genetic results, a polygenic sex determination is suggested.
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    Helgoland marine research 12 (1965), S. 444-448 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. Frames with slides of different nature were submerged in the harbour of Ostend, Belgium, on the first of June 1964, to detect qualitative and quantitative differences in their fouling. 2. After two months the devices were covered with a black mud-layer of several centimeters in thickness, which made a detailed analysis of the slides impossible. 3. Examination of this mud revealed that the tubulous polychaetePolydora ciliata (Johnston) was the primary cause of this enormous overgrowth. 4. A list of the species found in the mud is given.
    Notes: Extrait Début juin 1964, plusieurs cadres dotés de lames de nature différente furent immergés dans le port d'Ostende dans le but de détecter des différences éventuelles dans la colonisation des substrats. Deux mois plus tard, l'expérience dut déjà être interrompue, les cadres étant entièrement recourverts de boue. Ceci rendait toute analyse d'une lame à l'autre impossible. Nous avons trouvé que cet énorme envahissement était dû à l'accumulation progressive d'un polychète tubuleux:Polydora ciliata (Johnston). La liste des organismes présents dans la boue a été dressée.
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    Helgoland marine research 12 (1965), S. 449-451 
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    Journal of ornithology 106 (1965), S. 58-64 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Analysis of pellets and pluckings of Galapagos owls from several islands revealed the following: 1. The short-eared owl(Asio flammeus galapagoensis) feeds mainly on birds. Introduced house rats(Rattus rattus) and house mice(Mus musculus) comprise only 35,2 % of 91 prey items on Indefatigable Island; on Champion Island house rats form only 26,7 % of 30 prey animals. On islands devoid of mammals, such as Hood and Tower Islands the owl catches nearly only birds. 2. On Indefatigable IslandAsio feeds mainly on Darwin's finches (Geospizidae), whereas on Tower Island storm petrels(Oceanodroma tethys, O. castro) form the bulk of its diet (table 1). The petrels seem to be caught with less effort byAsio than the finches. 3. The barn owl(Tyto alba punctatissima) preys mainly on house mice and house rats (formerly upon the nativeOryzomys rats), birds comprising only 9,7 % of 390 warm-blooded animals (table 2). Twice there were bats(Lasiurus brachyotis, L. cinereus) in the pellets analyzed, and once a new cricetine oft the genusMegalomys. 4. In general the prey spectrum reflects the relative abundance of the prey animals.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Analyse von Gewöllen und Rupfungen der Galapagos-Eulen einiger Inseln ergab folgendes: 1. Die Sumpfohreule(Asio flammeus galapagoensis) jagt vorwiegend Vögel. Eingeschleppte Hausratten(Rattus rattus) und Hausmäuse(Mus musculus) machen auf Indefatigable nur 35,2 % von 91 Beutetieren aus, auf Champion die Hausratten 26,7 % von 30 Beutetieren. Auf säugerlosen Inseln wie Hood und Tower sind Vögel fast die einzige Beute. 2. WährendAsio auf Indefatigable hauptsächlich von Darwinfinken (Geospizidae) lebt, stellen auf Tower Sturmschwalben(Oceanodroma tethys, denO. castro) Hauptanteil ihrer Beute (Tab. 1), da sie der Eule wohl leichter erreichbar sind als die Finken. 3. Die Schleiereule(Tyto alba punctatissimia) jagt auf Indefatigable überwiegend Hausmäuse und Hausratten (früher wohl die endemischenOryzomys-Ratten), Vögel nur zu 9,7 % von 390 Beutetieren (Tab. 2). Außerdem waren ihr zweimal Fledermäuse(Lasiurus brachyotis, L. cinereus) nachzuweisen sowie eine neue Cricetinen-Form der GattungMegalomys. 4. Im allgemeinen spiegelt das Beutespektrum die tatsächlichen Häufigkeiten der Beutetiere im Jagdrevier wider.
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    Journal of ornithology 106 (1965), S. 307-312 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Silberschimmer auf der Oberseite der äußeren Handschwingen von Seeschwalben rührt von den verbreiterten Geißeln der Hakenstrahlen her, die in regelmäßiger Anordnung die Oberfläche der Feder bedecken. Die dünnen, ungefärbten Keratinblättchen reflektieren das Licht besonders gut, wodurch sie silbern schimmern. Die eingehend beschriebene Struktur ziert nur die Handschwingen heller Seeschwalben, sie fehlt bei den dunklen tropischen Arten. Durch den Silberschimmer werden die Teile der Feder verdeckt, die aus mechanischen Gründen pigmentiert bleiben müssen (Basallamellen der Haken- und Bogenstrahlen), so daß zur Brutzeit der ganze Vogel weiß gefärbt erscheint. Es werden einige weitere Feinstrukturen beschrieben, die Farbeffekte hervorrufen.
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    Helgoland marine research 12 (1965), S. 156-206 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Der Kaumagen vonNeomysis vulgaris wird als Totalpräparat seiner Chitinintima dargestellt und im einzelnen beschrieben. 2. Zur Erfassung des Oberflächenreliefs im Hinblick auf die Darstellung der Magenmuskulatur wurde das Chitinpräparat in einer Silbersalzlösung durch Reduktion mit einem Überzug aus feinsten Silberpartikeln versehen und damit undurchsichtig gemacht. 3. Die Muskulatur des Labrum wird beschrieben und in Übersichtsbildern dargestellt. Ein Vergleich mit der Oberlippenmuskulatur vonDiastylis rathkei (Cumacea) ergibt Übereinstimmung für mehrere Muskelzüge. 4. Die Muskulatur des Kaumagens wird beschrieben und in Übersichtsbildern dargestellt. Ein Vergleich mit der entsprechenden Muskulatur der Decapoda ist nur in sehr beschränktem Umfange möglich; das Ergebnis wurde in Tabelle 3 zusammengestellt. 5. Unter Verwendung von Totalpräparaten der Chintinintima werden die Kaumägen der verschiedenen Vertreter der Eucarida und Peracarida verglichen. Es ergibt sich, daß im Rahmen des gemeinsamen Bauplanes ein Isopodentyp und ein Dekopadentyp ausgeprägt ist, die durch einen Zwischentyp verbunden sind: Die Mägen von Amphipoden, Cumaceen, Tanaidaceen und Isopoden einerseits und die Mägen von Mysideen, Euphausiaceen und Dekapoden andererseits sind durch gemeinsame Merkmale gekennzeichnet, während die Mägen der Lophogastriden Merkmale beider Gruppen vereinigen. 6. Die Stücke, welche die Magenmühle der Dekapoden zusammensetzen, sind keine Sonderbildung dieser Gruppe, sondern gehören wie die übrigen Teile des Dekapodenmagens dem allgemeinen Bauplan des Malakostrakenmagens an.
    Notes: Abstract Anatomy and muscle arrangement of the mastax and the labrum ofNeomysis vulgaris are described. For this purpose the mastax as a whole was made transparent and its chitin preparation then covered with minute silver particles (transfer into a silver salt solution; reduction of the silver) and thus made opaque. A comparison of the upper lip muscular system with that ofDiastylis rathkei resulted in agreement with respect to several muscle groups. A comparison of the stomach muscles with corresponding muscles of the decapods — which is possible only to a limited extent — is given in Table 3. On the basis of total preparations of the chitinintima of the stomachs of different eucarid and peracarid representatives, a direct comparison was possible. Within the bounds of the common general morphology of the malacostracan stomach, an isopod type (Amphipoda, Cumacea, Tanaidacea, Isopoda) and a decapod type (Mysidacea, Euphausiacea, Decapoda) are distinguishable. These two types are connected by an intermediate type, which reveals characteristics of both (Lophogastrida). The parts of the stomach which compose the grinding mechanism of the decapods do not represent a special feature of this group, but belong, as do the other parts of the decapod stomach, to the general morphological design of the malacostracan stomach.
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  • 79
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    Helgoland marine research 12 (1965), S. 219-238 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Dem Thallusaufbau vonAcrosiphonia liegt eine klar erkennbare Gesetzmäßigkeit zugrunde. Die Entstehung ihres Zweigsystems läßt sich schrittweise bis zu seiner Ursprungszelle zurückverfolgen. 2. Bei entsprechenden Versuchsbedingungen zeigen die kultivierten Pflanzen eine ähnliche Variabilität wie das Naturmaterial. 3. Unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen erfolgen Kern- und Zellteilung in den Apikalzellen synchron. 4. Bei der Teilung einer Apikalzelle werden die neuentstandenen Kerne ungleich verteilt; die junge Spitzenzelle erhält den größeren Anteil. 5. Größe und Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit der Apikalzellen hängen von der Anzahl ihrer Kerne ab.
    Notes: Abstract Acrosiphonia cultures proved to be very suitable for observations on growth and structure in this alga. Only the apical cells of the branched monosiphonous filamentous alga increase in length, and it is easy to measure their growth. Growth-rate of an apical cell depends on the one hand on its size and location in the branching system and on the other on the conditions of the experiment. The length at which an apical cell divides is also dependent upon these factors. Under defined conditions mitosis and cell division occur synchronously. Nuclear phases were coordinated to the externally visible division process. A well-regulated chain of processes in the dividing apical and the branching subapical cells leads to a regularly-shaped acrosiphonian plant, in which the size of each cell is determined by its topographical location in the plant system. Under different culture conditions and in nature,Acrosiphonia exhibits a similar structural variability. Such comparisons give us an idea of the formative influences of ecological factors in the object under investigation.
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  • 80
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    Helgoland marine research 12 (1965), S. 253-259 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Der Wert der summarischen Bestimmung der Gesamtmenge von im Meerwasser gelösten Kohlenhydraten wird diskutiert. 2. Die optimalen Versuchsbedingungen für die Isolierung von gelösten Kohlenhydraten aus 1 bis 2 l Meerwasser mit Hilfe des Kohleadsorptionsverfahrens werden mitgeteilt. In dem salzfreien Eluat der Kohle-Celite-Säulen können die einzelnen Zucker mit Mikronachweisverfahren quantitativ analysiert werden. 3. Aus Seewasserproben (Deutsche Bucht) wurden mit der geschilderten Methode Rhamnose, Ribose, Saccharose und ein noch nicht identifizierter Zucker isoliert.
    Notes: Abstract The carbohydrates dissolved in sea water have been mostly determined in terms of total concentration. Only in a few cases have they been identified and single components measured quantitatively. In the present work we have studied the optimal conditions for the isolation of soluble sugars from sea water by means of carbon adsorption. One to 2 liters of sea water are passed through 13,8 × 4 cm carbon-celite-columns, salts are washed out with 400 ml of distilled water and sugars eluted with 400 ml of 20 % aethanol. The eluted sugar fraction is concentrated in vacuo, and the isolated sugars may be determined and identified by means of analytical micromethods. Water samples from several stations of the Deutsche Bucht (Southern North Sea) were collected, filtrated and analysed by the above mentioned method. Rhamnose, ribose, sucrose and one not yet identified sugar were isolated. The carbon adsorption method might be of interest also for limnological studies.
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  • 81
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    Helgoland marine research 12 (1965), S. 78-136 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Keine der zahlreichen bislang vorgeschlagenen mathematischen Wachstumsformulierungen erfüllt die an eine solche zu stellenden Forderungen. Es wird eine neue Formulierung vorgeschlagen, die eindeutig alle bisherigen Ausdrücke in entscheidenden Punkten übertrifft. 2. Am Beispiel des Wachstums vonRoccus americanus ([Pisces] Serranidae) wird durch graphische Analyse der Wachstumsdaten die Funktion: $$d\chi = \frac{{D_{\max } }}{{\frac{1}{{N\chi + \xi }}}}$$ oder in logarithmischer Form: $$\log d\chi = \log D_{max} - \frac{1}{{\chi + \xi }}\log N$$ abgeleitet. Es bedeutenx=Alterswert, d x =Dimension im Alterx, ξ=additiver Zeitwert (mathematisches pränatales Alter), Dmax=mathematische Maximaldimension, N=Geschwindigkeitskonstante. Graphisch stellt man die Funktion dar, indem man den Logarithmen der Dimension auf der Ordinate die umξ erhöhten reziproken Alterswerte auf der Abszisse gegenüberstellt. Bei zutreffendemξ liegen die Meßpunkte auf einer Geraden. 3. Die Funktion gestattet mit dem gleichenξ-Wert die Wiedergabe des Längen- und Gewichtswachstums und dürfte allgemein zur Darstellung des Wachstums vonR. americanus geeignet sein. 4. Mit drei Parametern enthält die Funktion die Minimalzahl, die mathematisch zur allgemeinen Darstellung von Kurvenverläufen erforderlich ist. Diese sind: Dmax=Maximaldimension, die mathematisch der Organismus bei unendlichem unbegrenztem Wachstum erreichen würde. Dmax übernimmt ferner die Anpassung an die gewählte Dimensionseinheit (mm, cm, g etc.).ξ=additiver Zeitwert, der unter der Voraussetzung unbegrenzter Gültigkeit der beiden anderen Parameter die Zeitspanne wiedergibt, die mathematisch vor Beginn der Alterszählung vergangen wäre, nachdem der Organismus die Dimension 0 überschritten hat.ξ ist ferner ein Ausdruck für die Krümmung der logarithmischen Wachstumskurve. Niedereξ-Werte kennzeichnen ein starkes Anfangswachstum, das schnell abklingt. Hoheξ-Werte sind der Ausdruck für einen gleichmäßigeren Wachstumsablauf. Die biologische Bedeutung desξ-Wertes bleibt zunächst noch ungeklärt. log N ist die Geschwindigkeitskonstante, wie der Differentialquotient ergibt: $$\frac{1}{y} \cdot \frac{{dy}}{{d\chi }} = \frac{{\ln y}}{{(\chi + \xi )^2 }}$$ In Abhängigkeit vom Alterswert bestimmt log N die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit. Außerdem übernimmt log N die Anpassung an die eingesetzte Zeiteinheit. 5. Es werden Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Parameter gegeben und eingehend erläutert. 6. Aus der zahlenmäßig bestätigten Beziehung $$(\log D_{max} - \log d_\chi ) \cdot (\chi + \xi ) = log N$$ die sich aus der logarithmischen Funktion ableiter, ist zu folgern, daß die relative Wachstumskurve ein Ausschnitt aus einer gleichseitigen Hyperbel ist. 7. Die Funktion enthält einen Wendepunkt, dessen Lage sich durch Bildung des zweiten Differentialquotienten ergibt. Die mathematische Lage des Wendepunktes stimmt — soweit erkennbar — mit den Wachstumsdaten vonRoccus überein. 8. Die Formel gestattet erstmalig die Ableitung der Parameter der allometrischen Funktion aus einer Wachstumsformel. Bei gleichemξ-Wert ist der Exponent das Verhältnis der Wachstumsgeschwindigkeiten: $$a = \frac{{\log N_1 }}{{\log N_2 }}$$ Der Faktor b ergibt sich aus der allometrischen Beziehung der Maximalwerte: $$b = \frac{{D_{max 1} }}{{D_{max2^\alpha } }}$$ 9. Aus der Beziehung zur allometrischen Formel folgt, daß die Funktion alle Wachstumsvorgänge umfaßt, die allometrisch ablaufen. Sie schließt dadurch auch den Ansatz ein, denvon Bertalanffy der Ableitung seiner Funktion zugrunde legte. Ein prinzipieller Unterschied zwischen beiden Darstellungen liegt darin, daß nach der neuen Funktion der Maximalwert nicht durch den Schnittpunkt von Anabolismus und Katabolismus bedingt ist, sondern die Kurven beider Prozesse in ihm tangieren. Trotz der unterschiedlichen Formulierung des Wachstumsvorganges laufen die nachvon Bertalanffy errechneten Längenwerte weitgehend parallel zu der neuen Funktion. 10. Die neue Funktion gestattet die mathematische Deutung derFord-Walford-Darstellung des Wachstums. 11. Die Auswertung der Wachstumsdaten fürR. saxatilis führt zu fast dem gleichenξ-Wert, der fürR. americanus einzusetzen war. Der andersartige Kurvenverlauf beruht auf höheren Werten für Dmax und log N. 12. Beim Wachstum vonR. saxatilis werden die für das imaginale Wachstum eingesetzten Parameter etwa 8 Wochen nach dem Schlüpfen wirksam. 13. Für das Larvenstadium vonR. saxatilis errechnet sich einξ-Wert von etwa einem Monat. Die große larvale Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit drückt sich in einem sehr hohen Wert für log N aus. Vor der larvalen Wachstumsperiode liegt die embryonale Wachstumsphase mit noch höherer Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit. 14. Beim Übergang der hohen larvalen in die geringere imaginale Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit liegt in der Wachstumskurve ein Wendepunkt, der sich — im Gegensatz zu dem mathematisch bedingten — auch in der relativen Darstellung als Unstetigkeit abhebt. 15. Die Auswertung der recht unterschiedlichen Wachstumsdaten vonR. saxatilis von verschiedenen Fundorten ergibt näherungsweise die gleichenξ-Werte. Mathematisch unterscheiden sich die verschiedenen Populationen vor allem durch die Werte für log N. Die Bestände aus Kalifornien liefern größenordnungsmäßig den gleichen Dmax-Wert wie die Fische aus der Chesapeake-Bay, während die Bestände von Massachusetts einen wesentlich tieferen Dmax-Wert aufweisen. 16. In der neuen Funktion besitzen die eingesetzten Parameter deutlich gegeneinander abgegrenzte Funktionen. Trotz ihrer einfachen Gestalt übertrifft die Funktion in der Wiedergabe von Wachstumsdaten alle vorliegenden Formulierungen. Überdies besitzt sie den Vorzug einer relativ einfachen mathematischen Handhabung.
    Notes: Abstract Graphical analysis of growth data obtained on the fishRoccus americanus byMansueti (1961a) has led to the development of a new growth formula, which seems to be more appropriate for expressing quantitative aspects of animal growth than the formulas presented previously. The new formula appears to be generally applicable for the mathematical description of animal growth; it reads: $$d\chi = \frac{{D_{\max } }}{{\frac{1}{{N\chi + \xi }}}}$$ or in the logarithmic form (used more frequently): $$\log d\chi = \log D_{max} - \frac{1}{{\chi + \xi }}\log N$$ (d=dimension in the agex; Dmax=maximal size; N=constant of velocity;ξ=additive time value). The formula expresses growth in weight and length. Dmax represents the maximum dimension which the animal would attain on the basis of the mathematical expression chosen, under conditions of infinite and unlimited growth. The curvature of the logarithmic growth curve is determined byξ in the denominator of the exponent.ξ also participates in the determination of the velocity of growth as is shown by the differential quotient: $$\frac{1}{{d\chi }}\frac{{d d}}{{d\chi }} = \frac{{\ln N}}{{(\chi + \xi )^2 }}$$ ξ is mathematically a prenatal age; N or log N represent the constant of velocity. In the graphical representation the logarithms of the dimension given on the ordinate are plotted against the reciprocal value of age enlarged by the constant value ofξ. If the value ofξ is chosen correctly, all measured values are more or less located on a straight line. In this manner it is possible to determine the value ofξ. Calculation of the three parameters is outlined in the text. For the growth ofR. americanus andR. saxatilis (length and weight)ξ is 2.1. The difference between the two dimensions is characterized by the values for log N and Dmax. InR. saxatilis the parameters for the postlarval growth are applicable from the age of 8 weeks to 14 years. The new formula includes a point of inflection which coincides with the observed maxima of growth rates. The turning point is located at: $$\begin{gathered} \chi inflection point = \frac{{\ln N}}{2} - \xi \hfill \\ = 1,15 \log N - \xi \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ InR. saxalitis growth previous to an age of 8 weeks (larval growth) may also be expressed by the new formula; the calculated value forξ is then nearly one month. The value for log N is very high. At the transition from larval to postlarval growth, the curve shows a second inflection point. A third inflection point seems to be located at the transition from embryonic to the larval development. A comparision of growth rates inR. saxatilis from different localities shows that their pronounced differences find their mathematical equivalent primarily in differences of log N; the values forξ are nearly the same or not very different. It is possible to obtain the parameters for the allometric funktion from the new formula: $$a = \frac{{\log N_1 }}{{\log N_2 }}andb = \frac{{D_{\max 1} }}{{D_{\max 2^\alpha } }}$$ The new formula also explains theFord-Walford relation. With respect to growth in length, it produces nearly the same values as does theBertalanffy formula. Since the new formula includes an inflection point, it is also possible to calculate growth occuring previous to this point; this is not possible by employing theBertalanffy formula. The new formula is easier to handle than the ones previously presented and allows direct calculation of weight and other dimensions following the allometric formula.
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    Helgoland marine research 12 (1965), S. 239-252 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Es wird eine kritische Übersicht über die bisherigen Methoden für die Isolierung von Aminosäuren aus dem Meerwasser gegeben. 2. Ein weiteres Isolierungsverfahren wird ausführlich beschrieben. Filtriertes Seewasser passiert 3 mit Retardion 11A8 gefüllte Säulen verschiedener Abmessungen. Dabei wird der Auslauf des größten Teils der anorganischen Ionen verzögert und so ein hoher Entsalzungsgrad der die Aminosäuren enthaltenen Fraktion (= „organische Fraktion“) erreicht. 3. Die „organische Fraktion“ wird anschließend durch Kat- oder Anionenaustauscher vollentsalzt. Nach Einengen des Eluates im Rotationsverdampfer können die Aminosäuren durch geeignete chromatographische Verfahren identifiziert und quantitativ bestimmt werden. 4. Mit Hilfe des geschilderten Verfahrens können auch Kohlenhydrate, organische Phosphatverbindungen und organische Säuren isoliert werden. Die Ausbeute ist aber bei den organischen Säuren nicht quantitativ. 5. Es werden einige Anwendungsbeispiele mitgeteilt. Aus mehreren Wasserproben der Deutschen Bucht sowie aus zwei Planktonkulturen wurden verschiedene Aminosäuren, Rhamnose und zwei weitere Zucker, Ascorbinsäure und zwei noch nicht identifizierte organische Säuren isoliert.
    Notes: Abstract Several methods have been used hitherto to isolate amino acids from sea water. These methods are discussed in the first part of this paper, which is primarily concerned with the presentation of a new method, the desalting efficiency of which had been proved in a previous work by the author. In the newly described procedure, principal removal of inorganic salts is accomplished by ion retardation using resin Retardion 11 A8 (Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Mich., USA). The remaining ions and most of the organic compounds are adsorbed by ion exchange columns. It is thus possible to separate amino acids, carbohydrates and organic acids and obtain them in a salt-free solution. The new procedure very efficiently isolates some main groups of organic substances from one liter of sea water. Single components of these groups are then identified by paper chromatography. Employing the new method, several amino acids, carbohydrates, ascorbic acid and two organic acids could be isolated from sea water samples of the Deutsche Bucht (Southern North Sea) and from plankton cultures.
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  • 83
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. Regulation inM. gravelyi is extended to all ions, namely, chlorides, sodium and potassium. 2. The ratios between Na to Cl, K to Cl, K to Na, and (Na+Cl) to (K+Cl) are held remarkably constant. 3. In addition to osmocentration of the body fluids,M. gravelyi also resorts to intracellular regulation in which amino acids, at least partly, are involved.
    Notes: Kurzfassung Der brack-wasserlebende PolychaetMarphysa gravelyi vermag alle getesteten Ionen seines Innenmediums — Chloride, Natrium, Kalium — gegenüber den im Außenmedium vorhandenen Konzentrationen dieser Ionen zu regulieren. Die quantitativen Verhältnisse zwischen Na und Cl, K und Cl, K und Na sowie zwischen (Na+Cl) und (K+Cl) werden dabei weitgehend konstant gehalten. Bei der Osmoregulation der Körperflüssigkeiten spielt offenbar auch eine intrazelluläre Regulation eine Rolle, bei welcher die Konzentration der Aminosäuren von Bedeutung ist.
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  • 84
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. Oxygen consumption ofEtroplus maculatus was measured immediately upon transfer into different temperature-salinity combinations. Four salinities (fresh water, 9.7‰, 19.4‰ and 32.4‰) and three temperatures (25°, 30° and 35° C) have been used in the combinations indicated. 2. The effects of temperature-salinity combinations on oxygen consumption were analysed on a size basis. In larger fish, temperature increase augments oxygen consumption in all test salinities. These changes are a function of the salinity, and, in addition, are size dependent. In the higher salinity levels, sudden temperature increase tends to result in relatively lower rates of oxygen consumption (compared to the rates obtained at 25° C) in the smaller fish (depression), but in relatively higher rates in the larger ones (elevation). 3. Similarly, the effects of salinity on the oxygen consumption were modified by temperature. At higher temperatures, increased salinity depressed the oxygen consumption of the smaller fish and elevated that of the larger ones. 4. Smaller individuals exhibited the highest O2-consumption in combinations of high temperatures and low salinities, while the larger ones exhibited maximum O2-consumption in combinations of high temperatures and high salinities. 5. The possibility of the existence of differences in the osmoregulatory abilities between the smaller and larger individuals ofEtroplus maculatus is suggested. But no conclusive evidence is available at present either in support of or against this hypothesis.
    Notes: Kurzfassung Der Einfluß verschiedener Temperatur-Salzgehaltskombinationen (25°, 30° und 35° C; Süßwasser, 9,7‰, 19,4‰ und 32,4‰ S) auf die Quantität des verbrauchten Sauerstoffs wurde für verschieden große Fische ermittelt, und zwar unmittelbar nach deren Überführung in das Versuchsmedium (Einzelheiten siehe unter „Material and Methods“). Temperaturerhöhung führt zu erhöhtem Sauerstoffverbrauch; das Ausmaß dieser Erhöhung ist eine Funktion des Salzgehaltes und außerdem der Körpergröße. In den höheren Salinitäten führte Temperaturerhöhung zu einer Depression des Sauerstoffverbrauchs bei den kleineren Individuen, aber zu einer verstärkten Erhöhung bei den größeren. In ähnlicher Weise wurden auch die Wirkungen des Salzgehaltsfaktors durch die Temperatur modifiziert. Die kleineren Individuen (3 mg) zeigten den höchsten Sauerstoffverbrauch in den Kombinationen hohe Temperaturen/niedrige Salzgehalte; bei den größeren Individuen (8 mg) dagegen erreichte der Sauerstoff verbrauch Maximalwerte in den Kombinationen hohe Temperaturen/hohe Salzgehalte. Möglicherweise besitzen kleine und große Individuen vonE. maculatus unterschiedliche osmoregulatorische Fähigkeiten.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. Responses to 12 different combinations of constant levels of temperature and salinity were tested in the colonial athecate hydroidClava multicornis. Criteria measured were: (a) length and width of hydranth bodies, (b) number and length of tentacles and (c) rate of digestion. 2. Test colonies were obtained by allowing single hydranths — cut off from an individual “primary” colony — to regenerate via asexual reproduction into new “secondary” colonies. 3. In the resulting — genetically identical — material, all criteria tested vary as a function of the different environments offered. 4. In 16, 24 and 32‰ S hydranth length reaches maximum values at 12°C, followed by 17° and then 22°C. With increasing salinity, hydranth length declines markedly at 12°C, while there is little or no decline at 17°C and a definite increase from 24 to 32‰ S at 22°C. 5. Hydranth width varies less extensively; in general, it follows similar patterns as does hydranth length. 6. Tentacle number per hydranth tends to be positively related to the size of the hydranth body; it decreases with increasing temperature. Salinity levels producing maximum tentacle numbers vary with temperature; maxima are found at 12°C in 16‰, at 17°C in 24‰ and at 22°C at 32‰ S. 7. Tentacle length — although a more variable criterion — is affected similarly to tentacle number; it attains, however, relatively higher values at 17°C. 8. In regard to the hydranth dimensions measured, combinations of low temperatures/low salinities and of high temperatures/high salinities tend to produce maximum values. 9. Rate of digestion is taken here to be identical to the time elapsing between completed food intake and defecation. This time span is reduced with increasing temperature. In all temperature levels, digestion time is shortest in 32‰ S. 10. The results presented above compare well with those obtained earlier under similar conditions onCordylophora caspia. 11. It is assumed that the structural modifications of hydranths affect rate and efficiency of exchanges between organism and environment and may thus represent a means of metabolic adjustment.
    Notes: Kurzfassung Erbgleiche Polypen vonClava multicornis Forskål wurden in 12 verschiedenen Temperatur-Salzgehalts-Kombinationen durch asexuelle Vermehrung zu neuen Kolonien herangezogen und an den adulten Hydranthen dieser erbgleichen „Sekundärkolonien“ Länge und Breite des Hydranthenkörpers, Anzahl und Länge der Tentakel sowie die Verdauungsgeschwindigkeit ermittelt. Alle gemessenen Parameter verändern sich — zum Teil sogar erheblich — als Funktion von Temperatur und Salzgehalt. Die Veränderungen der Hydranthendimensionen führen zu Verschiebungen der Oberfläche-Volumen-Quotienten. Da der Stoffaustausch zwischen Kolonie und Umwelt primär im Bereich der Hydranthen erfolgt, kommt diesen Verschiebungen vermutlich eine Bedeutung zu im Rahmen der Stresskompensation (nicht-genetische Adaptation). Die erzielten Ergebnisse bestätigen frühere Untersuchungen vonKinne an dem naheverwandten HydroidpolypenCordylophora caspia.
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    Helgoland marine research 12 (1965), S. 342-348 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Zur Registrierung der Aktivitätsphasen der StrandkrabbeCarcinus maenas wird eine Versuchsanordnung beschrieben, die dem Krebs freie Beweglichkeit bietet. 2. Die Versuchsanordnung beruht darin, daß in dem Hälterungsbecken in geeignetem Abstand vom Boden eine federnd aufgehängte Schwingscheibe angebracht ist. Am Rand der Schwingscheibe befindet sich eine Durchtrittsöffnung. Der Krebs kann sich also auf der Schwingscheibe aufhalten oder unter ihr verkriechen. In beiden Fällen wird seine Bewegungsaktivität sowie der Ort seines Aufenthaltes registriert. 3. Die Registrierung erfolgt mit Hilfe eines einfachen Parallelschreibers, die Zeitgebung durch eine an das Getriebe des Kymographions angeschlossene Kontakteinrichtung.
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate the activity patterns of the shore crabCarcinus maenas, an apparatus was developed which allows the crab to move freely about in its container. The crab has the possibility to move on or under the free swinging partition (A; Abb. 1) of the apparatus via a square opening. Moving about, on or under the swinging partition, the crab dislocates the plate either by its weight or by lifting it. In this manner the locomotory activity of the crab is constantly registered under relatively natural conditions. For a better evaluation of the curves, a parallel recording device is employed. The new method of registration has proved useful for analyses of the complicated activity patterns ofCarcinus maenas.
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    Helgoland marine research 12 (1965), S. 260-301 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Untersuchungsobjekt.Sagitta setosa Joh. Müll. Vergleichsobjekt:Sagitta elegans arctica Aurv. Methoden: Laufbild- und Teilbildanalyse von Mikrozeitrafferfilmen; kinematische Diagramme. 2. Unter Zeittransformation (Zeitraffung, Z.R.) wird eine Ausdehnung des Keimes während der Teilungsphase, gefolgt von einer Kontraktion in der Interphase, im Z.R.-Laufbild erkennbar. Dieser Rhythmus ist etwa vom 32-Blastomerenstadium bis zur neunten Teilung (256/512 Zellen) zu beobachten. Er kommt zustande durch die Summation der nach jeder Teilung einsetzenden aktiven Aneinanderpressung der jeweils entstandenen beiden neuen Blastomere. Dieser Vorgang ist bei den beiden untersuchten Sagitten-Arten besonders intensiv und führt in der Kontraktionsphase zur fast völligen Abkugelung des Keimes. 3. Die erste Andeutung des sehr kleinen Blastocoel wird bei der Aneinanderpressung der beiden ersten Blastomere in Gestalt eines in zwei Spitzen ausgezogenen Flüssigkeitstropfens wahrnehmbar. Die innerhalb der Berührungsfläche ausgepreßten kleineren Tropfen weisen zentripetale Ortsverlagerung auf und verschmelzen mit dem größeren „Blastocoel-Tropfen“. Der „Keimbahnkörper“ ist im Leben bis zum 16-Zellenstadium feststellbar. 4. Es folgt eine Wiederholung der Tropfenabsonderung nach jeder Teilung in der Pressungsphase bis zur neunten Teilung. Das Blastocoel vergrößert sich infolge der Flüssigkeitsaufnahme. 5. Kinematische Diagramme der ersten Teilungen, durch Teilbild-Analyse aus Z.R.-Aufnahmen gewonnen, beweisen, daß die stärkste Tropfenabsonderung jeweils mit der Phase intensiver Abkugelung zusammenfällt. 6. BeiSagitta elegans arctica Aurv. ist die Tropfenabsonderung in der Interphase (Abrundungs-Pressungsphase) erheblich größer, die Abrundung geringer. 7. Die unbedeutende Vergrößerung des Blastocoel durch Flüssigkeitsaufnahme läßt keine direkte Entodermbildung durch Invagination zu. Der endgültigen Einstülpung gehen drei „Versuche“ voraus. 8. Die vom 32-Blastomerenstadium ab am vegetativen Pol teilweise herausragenden Urgeschlechtszellen weisen gegenüber den Somazellen Teilungsverzögerung auf. Bei der sechsten Teilung (32/64) zeigen die Urgeschlechtszellen unter Z.R. eine aktive zentripetale Bewegung; sie verschwinden am vegetativen Pol und drücken das Blastocoel mit ihren proximalen Enden ein: erster „Invaginationsversuch“. Zu Beginn der nächsten Teilung erfolgen rückläufige Bewegung und Wiedererscheinen am vegetativen Pol. Der zweite „Versuch“ findet bei der siebten Teilung statt (128 Blastomere), der dritte bei der achten Teilung (256 Zellen). Die Aktivität der nunmehr vier Urgeschlechtszellen ist unverkennbar. 9. Die sich zunächst nicht weiter teilenden vier Urgeschlechtszellen behalten etwa die Größe eines Blastomer des 64-Zellenstadium bei, während die Somazellen unterdessen wesentlich kleiner geworden sind. Gastrulation durch Invagination ist erst möglich, wenn das Größenverhältnis zwischen den beiden Zellgruppen eine Ortsverlagerung ektodermaler Zellen in das kleine Blastocoel dynamisch zuläßt. 10. Auffallend ist unter Z.R. die Fähigkeit der Blastomere zu aktiv-passiven Bewegungen, vor allem in der Region des Prostoma, in der „Umbiegungszone“ Ektoderm-Entoderm. 11. Nach Invagination des Entoderm, die vier Urgeschlechtszellen an der „Spitze“, liegt zunächst ein schmales Urdarmlumen vor. Das Entoderm zeigt während der Interphase wieder eine rückläufige Bewegung, die als „Restverhalten“ des vorausgegangenen Rhythmus aufzufassen ist. 12. Sobald die zentripetalen „Invaginations-Versuche“ der Urgeschlechtszellen — von der sechsten bis zur achten Teilung — einsetzen, dauern die Teilungsschritte länger als vorher; bis zur achten Teilung nimmt die Zeit erheblich zu; nach der neunten verlaufen die Teilungen nicht mehr synchron. 13. Die große Aktivität der vier Urgeschlechtszellen bleibt auch noch nach ihrer Einordnung in das Entoderm des Urdarmdaches erhalten, offenbar im Rhythmus der nunmehr lokalisierten Teilungen im Entoderm. 14. Nach Verlagerung der Urgeschlechtszellen in das Lumen des Archenteron, unter Beibehaltung des Kontaktes mit dem Entoderm, ist das Blastocoel bis auf den schmalen spaltartigen Raum zwischen Ekto- und Entoderm verdrängt. Das „Auswandern“ der vier Zellen erfolgt offenbar durch aktive, mit starker Metabolie verbundenen Bewegungen. Das Archenteron weist unter Z.R. rhythmische Erweiterungen und Verengungen auf. 15. Der Verschluß des Prostoma (Deuterostomia) verläuft synchron mit dem „Auswandern“ der Urgeschlechtszellen.
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of the early development of the chaetognathSagitta setosa Joh. Müll. has been studied up to the completed gastrulation, the leaving of the primordial germ cells and the closure of the prostoma. Comparative studies have been conducted onSagitta elegans arctica Aurv. The analysis was performed on the basis of micro-time-lapse movies and exact investigation of single frames (“Teilbild-Analyse”). A detailed account is presented on rhythmic behaviour of the blastomeres, such as the expansion during the cell division and the contraction during interphase, which is combined with an almost complete rounding off of the embryo and the production of fluid drops in the contact areas between the blastomeres. These drops fuse with the minute blastocoel and enlarge it. The “Urgeschlechtszellen” (primordial germ cells) are very active; during the sixth to eight division of the blastomeres they show an active centripetal movement, depress the blastocoel to some extent and move backward until they project in part into the region of the vegetative pole (during interphase) beyond the surface of the rounded embryo. Gastrulation by means of invagination becomes only possible after three “advancing attempts” of the primordial cells. During invagination “active-passive” movements of blastomeres occur in the “Umbiegungszone” between ectoderm and entoderm. Duration of cell division increases considerably after the sixth division. After the ninth division the blastomeres no longer divide synchronically. Within the entoderm the 4 primordial germ cells remain very motile. Closure of the prostoma occurs synchronically with the dislocation of the primordial germ cells into the archenteron lumen. They stay in further contact with the entoderm of the “Urdarmdach”. The cinematic diagrams produced by employing the method of single frame-analysis of time lapse series allow an exact survey of the cytodynamic processes during the embryonic development.
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    Helgoland marine research 12 (1965), S. 420-423 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die neubeschriebene marinePorphyridium-Art unterscheidet sich von dem terrestrisch lebenden, aber auch im Meerwasser gefundenenPorphyridium purpureum durch ihre größeren, violett gefärbten Zellen. 2. Teilung und Wachstum der Zellen vonPorphyridium violaceum passen sich dem Belichtungsrhythmus an. Die während der 10stündigen Dunkelheit geteilten Zellen sind 9 bis 11µ dick, sie vergrößern sich während der Lichtperiode auf 11 bis 14µ.
    Notes: Abstract The new species is marine, whereasPorphyridium purpureum (= P. cruentum), first known only from terrestrial habitats, is halophilic and has been found several times in seawater.Porphyridium violaceum differs from the above mentioned species by a larger diameter and the colour of its cells.
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    Helgoland marine research 12 (1965), S. 395-403 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Eine Methode zur Brutaufzucht der SeezungeSolea solea (L.) wird beschrieben. 2. Sowohl unmittelbar in See gefangene als auch monatelang in Aquarien gehälterte Seezungen konnten zum Ablaichen gebracht werden. Ihre Larven wurden in kleinen Behältern mit Innenfiltern aufgezogen und mitArtemia-Nauplien ernährt. Die Sterblichkeit betrug bei 15° bis 18° C ungefähr 20%. 3. Die Larven sind gegenüber Temperaturschwankungen recht empfindlich. Vier Monate alte Jungfische nahmen jedoch bis zu Temperaturen von 3° C Nahrung auf und überlebten eine Abkühlung bis auf 1° C ohne Schädigung. 4. Die Larven halten sich nach Aufzehrung des Dottersacks bevorzugt in Bodennähe auf. Äußerlich noch völlig symmetrisch, nehmen sie zunächst die Seitenlage nur in den Ruhephasen ein, während beim Schwimmen und Beutefang die aufrechte Haltung beibehalten wird. 5. Im Verlauf der ersten fünf Wochen ändern die Larven mehrfach ihre Färbung. Anhand der jeweiligen Pigmentierung ist eine Unterscheidung der im Freien gefangenen Alters- und Entwicklungsstadien möglich. Mit Beginn der Hellfärbung im Alter von vier bis fünf Wochen setzt das von adulten Plattfischen her bekannte Anklammern am Substrat ein. 6. Die Wachstumsintensität in den verwendeten kleinen Behältern entsprach während der ersten sechs Monate den vonBückmann (1934) im Wattenmeer ermittelten Werten. 7. Ein Verfahren zur Massenkultur vonArtemia salina mit dem als Futterorganismus besonders geeigneten FlagellatenTetraselmis tetrahele wird mitgeteilt.
    Notes: Abstract Soles, both freshly caught in the North Sea in May 1965 and living in the laboratory for several months, spawned successfully in large laboratory concrete tanks. Mortality of offspring was about 20% and reached its maximum during the 11th to 13th day after hatching. The larvae approach the bottom when their yolk sac is absorbed. Even when they are still quite symmetrical, they begin to lie down on their sides for various lengths of time. During this intermediate phase they straighten up and swim with their backs up in the normal upright position each time they are disturbed or about to catch food. Permanent side lying and swimming begins only 7 days later. During growth the larvae change their color several times. This color change may prove a useful tool for determining developmental stages and age groups of soles in the open sea. With the occurrence of light pigments at an age of 4 to 5 weeks, the young soles respond to artificially created water currents by clinging to the substrate. Growth rates of soles kept in small containers up to an age of 6 months compared well with those of individuals caught in the open sea. A method for mass-culture of the brine shrimpArtemia salina is described.
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    Helgoland marine research 12 (1965), S. 424-443 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Das Bewegungsverhalten der Coelomzellen des EchinoidenPsammechinus miliaris Gmel. wird an kleinen von Stacheln, Füßchen und Pedicellarien befreiten Stellen der Skelettoberfläche in Periproctnähe untersucht. 2. Aus dem freiliegenden „Bälkchenwerk“ treten Coelomzellen aus, von denen nur die rotbraunen Amoebocyten auf dem hellen Kalkuntergrund im Auflicht (Ultropak;E. Leitz) sichtbar sind. 3. Nach einigen Stunden ist die Wundfläche mit einer dicken rötlichen Zellmasse bedeckt, dem „primären Wundverschluß“. Außer den Coelomzellen enthält der Wundverschluß noch verschieden große Kalkpartikel, die vom Abschleifen der Versuchsstelle herrühren. 4. Bei direkter Beobachtung ist weder an den rotbraunen Amoebocyten noch am Wundverschluß die geringste Bewegung zu erkennen. 5. Zeittransformation (Zeitraffung [Z.R.] auf 1/240 und 1/480) zeigt die mit erheblicher Ortsverlagerung und Metabolie verbundene Bewegung der allein wahrehmbaren rotbraunen Amoebocyten auf der Wundfläche. Im scheinbar in Ruhe befindlichen Wundverschluß findet eine ständig hin- und herwogende Bewegung der „Zell-Kalkamsse” statt. 6. Bereits nach 6 bis 7 Stunden ist das Operationsfeld völlig geglättet; die Lücken im Kalkskelett sind kaum noch zu erkennen infolge der „neu eingebauten“ Kalkelemente. Die eigentlichen Heilungsvorgänge (Wiederherstellung der Feinstruktur des Kalkskelettes) erfolgen unterhalb des primären Wundverschlusses, sind also nicht der Beobachtung zugängig. 7. Wird der primäre Wundverschluß im ganzen vorsichtig abgehoben und zerzupft, so kann das Bewegungsverhalten der entstandenen kleinen und großen „Aggregate“ im Durchlicht unter Z.R. untersucht werden. 8. Die im zerriebenen Explantat erhaltenen Coelomzell-Aggregate aller Größen weisen erhebliche Ortsveränderungen auf; oft breiten sie sich langsam aus unter Auswanderung zehlreicher randlich liegender Zellen. An den Außenzonen mittlerer und großer Aggregate werden plasmatische Netze sichtbar, die ständig ihre Gestalt und Maschenweite ändern. 9. Diese Plasma-Netze bilden die Grundlage der Aggregate; ihre Kontraktionen und Dilatationen bewirken die Ortsverlagerungen der Aggregate („Netzbildende Coelomzellen“;Kuhl 1937). 10. Wenigzellige Aggregate vereinigen sich in den allermeisten Fällen, sobald ein gewisser Abstand überbrückt ist. Mittlere und große Aggregate gehen häufig eine Verbindung ein; meist werden vorher lockere Coelomzell-Brücken hergestellt. In manchen Fällen gleiten die Aggregate aneinander vorbei. 11. Im polarisierten Licht lassen sich bei gekreuzten Nicols die ersten kleinen neugebildeten Kalkkristalle in den skelettbildenden Coelomzellen (= netzbildenden Zellen) nachweisen. 12. Der Verschluß kleiner Kratzwunden im noch dünnen primären Wundverschluß (die Kratzer dringen bis zur abgeschliffenen Skelettoberfläche vor) wird unter Z.R. im Ultropak-Auflicht untersucht. Die Ergebnisse am explantierten Wundverschluß im Durchlicht führen zum Verständnis der Bewegungsvorgänge im ungewohnten Auflicht. 13. Im zunächst verwirrenden Bewegungsgeschehen (die auffälligen rotbraunen Amoebocyten haben bei der Wundheilung keine Funktion) fallen die durch die Operationsnadel herausgerissenen kleinen Kalktrümmer auf; sie werden passiv durch die Plasmanetze bewegt, gelangen auch zufällig in die Kratzer und werden an den Rändern durch neugebildetes Kalkmaterial festgelegt oder eingebaut. Aus der Tiefe der Kratzer können lose Kalkpartikel heraufbefördert werden; auch diese werden häufig eingebaut. Die entstehenden Kalkbrücken werden schließlich untereinander verbunden und dadurch die kleine Wunde verschlossen. Das eingebaute Kalkmaterial zeigt auch unter starker Z.R. keine passive Bewegung mehr. 14. In seltenen Fällen kann der Vorgang des „schubweisen“ Aufsteigens der skelettbildenden Zellen aus dem Panzer und ihre Zusammenballung im Z.R.-Laufbild beobachtet werden. 15. Ob der Einbau von herausgerissenem Kalkmaterial temporär oder dauernd ist, muß noch geprüft werden.
    Notes: Abstract In the sea urchinP. miliaris application of time lapse photography allows a study of the very slow movements of coelom cells during the healing process of small wounds on the surface of the calcareous skeleton near the periproct. For observation and time lapse photography LEITZ-Ultropak objectives were used (incident light). Ambulacral feet, spines and pedicellaria were removed, and the animal was fixed in three places in a ring of plexiglass by means of three little screws, which touched the equator of skeleton. The rate of time transformation was 1/240 to 1/480. The film reveals the behaviour of coelom cells, which move out the skeleton to the surface of the small experimental region. Within several hours the white “polished” surface is covered with hundreds of red-brown amoebocytes; only these are visible on the white lime-ground; they have no function in the healing process, which takes place below the surface of the “primäre Wundverschluß” and therefore cannot be observed. There are three main types of coelom cells: red-brown amoebocytes, “körnchenführende Zellen” (white amoebocytes) and leucocytes (“netzbildende” or “skelettbildende Zellen”); the flagellated cells may be neglected here. In order to be able to study the behavior of the three main types of coelom cells, the “primäre Wundverschluß”, i. e. the total cell-covering of the wound, is removed and torn into microscopic fragments. These are studied (time lapse) under normal optical conditions (transmitted light). The slides show many “aggregates” of different sizes, single cells and little calcareous concrements torn off the skeleton. The aggregates, even the big ones, exhibit slow locomotion and change their positions considerably. If the distance of two aggregates becomes small enough, they fuse. In these cases a loose cell bridge between the two aggregates is formed. Sometimes no union occurs, although the distance is very small. Even big aggregates suddenly show considerable contractions if spreading has preceded. All movements and place changing of cell-aggregates are caused by contractions and dilatations of the plasmatic network which forms the cellular basis. Little wounds in the newly built “Wundverschluß” scratched with a lancet, heal within several hours. Time lapse shows passive movements of small calcareous fragments, which by chance sometimes enter the small wounds, where they help and accelerate the closing of the injury. The fragments are fixed on the edge of the wound by newly produced lime. Skeleton building coelom cells (“netzbildende Coelomzellen”) come up in batches from the depth of the sea urchin's skeleton; each cell contains lime crystals.
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    Journal of ornithology 106 (1965), S. 106-108 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Gothaer Exemplar einesPinguinus impennis L. wurde am 7. 12. 1843 vonF. Knapp in Gotha mit 13 weiteren Vögeln für insgesamt 65 Taler an das damals herzogliche Museum zu Gotha verkauft. Mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit erhieltKnapp den Balg in den Jahren 1839 bis 1842 von einem Missionar aus Grönland. Dort war das Tier Ende der Dreißiger Jahre erlegt worden. Die Bekanntgabe dieser Kenntnisse schien um so notwendiger, alsGreenway (1958) das Gothaer Naturkundemuseum nicht in der Liste der ausgestorbene Vögel aufbewahrenden Museen nennt. Es sei nur darauf hingewiesen, daß sich außerPinguinus impennis L. auch noch je ein Exemplar vonEctopistes migratorius (L.) undNumenius borealis (Forster) in der Gothaer Sammlung befinden.
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    Journal of ornithology 106 (1965), S. 111-116 
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    Journal of ornithology 106 (1965), S. 144-144 
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    Journal of ornithology 106 (1965), S. 255-284 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. The paper deals with observations on a pair of Pygmy Owl(Glaucidium passerinum) bringing up their young in a part of Lower Austria called Waldviertel. 2. The breeding habitat was a light forest of tall spruce in the mountaneous region (540 m) with many small lakes of glacial origin. The owls were found breeding in a woodpecker's hole in a spruce, about 2,20 m above ground. 3. Only three eggs out of a clutch of five were hatched. 4. The development of the young is described in its different stages. 5. The adult female frequently cleaned the hole of feathers and other remains of prey. 6. After a period of about 30 days two nestlings left the nest in the early morning half an hour after sunrise. They were fully fledged. The third young was caught, weighed, and measured. 7. The male obtained the food for the whole family and delivered it to the female outside the hole. 8. Passerines reacted as well to the genuine or imitated call of the male as to the appearance of the owls. The reaction to the call is interpreted as a learned reaction. 9. Activity started nearly an hour before sunrise and stopped shortly before sunset. The birds were diurnal. Peaks of activity occurred between 3 and 4 h a. m. and 7 and 8 h p. m. 10. Calls of the adult male, female and young are described. 11. Food consisted mainly of small rodents and birds, which were plucked inside the hole. A list of prey is given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Im sogenannten Waldviertel (Niederösterreich) wurde ein Brutpaar des Sperlingskauzes (Glaucidium passerinum L.) während der Jungenaufzucht beobachtet. 2. Biotop war ein lichter, hochstämmiger Fichtenwald der montanen Region (540 m) in einer eiszeitlich geprägten Landschaft mit dem Charakter einer Seenplatte. Niststätte war eine Buntspechthöhle in einer Fichte, etwa 2,20 m über dem Boden. 3. Das Gelege bestand aus 5 Eiern; 2 davon waren nicht geschlüpft. 4. Einzelne Entwicklungsstadien der Jungen werden beschrieben. 5. Das Weibchen reinigt die Höhle häufig von Beuteresten und sonstigen Fremdkörpern. 6. Nach einer Nestlingszeit von etwa 30 Tagen verließen 2 Junge das Nest am frühen Morgen eine halbe Stunde nach Sonnenaufgang. Sie waren voll flugfähig. Das dritte Junge wurde gefangen, gewogen und gemessen. 7. Das Männchen ernährte allein die Familie. Die Beuteübergabe fand stets außerhalb des Nestes statt. 8. Singvögel reagierten nicht nur auf das Erscheinen des Kauzes, sondern in gleicher Weise auf den echten oder nachgeahmten Ruf des Männchens. Die zweite Reaktion wird als erlernt gedeutet. 9. Die Aktivität begann eine knappe Stunde vor Sonnenaufgang und endete kurz vor Sonnenuntergang; die Vögel waren also tagaktiv. Aktivitätsmaxima lagen zwischen 3 und 4 Uhr morgens und 19 und 20 Uhr abends. 10. Die Lautäußerungen des Männchens, des Weibchens und der Jungen werden beschrieben. 11. Die Ernährung bestand aus Mäusen und Vögeln, die in der Höhle gerupft wurden. Eine Beuteliste wird gegeben.
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    Journal of ornithology 106 (1965), S. 333-339 
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    Journal of ornithology 106 (1965), S. 358-389 
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    Journal of ornithology 106 (1965), S. 340-346 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Pendant des hivers particulièrement durs le nombre des martins-pêcheurs souffre en Europe des pertes d'à peu près 80–95 %. De tels hivers furent ceux de 1928/29, 1939/40 et de 1962/63. L'hiver de 1946/47, très peu favorable quant aux conditions climatiques, n'est pas facile à placer à défaut de littérature pour le continent. Des hivers moins sévères furent ceux de 1916/17, 1953/54 et de 1955/56; les pertes du martin-pêcheur ne se montaient qu'à 20–50 %.
    Abstract: Summary In Europe during exceptionally severe winters the kingfisher suffers from losses of about 80–95 % of its numbers. Such winters were those of 1928/29, 1939/40, and 1962/63. The situation in the very cold winter of 1946/47 cannot be traced exactly, for there is no literature from the continent. Less hard winters were those of 1916/17, 1953/54, and 1955/56; losses of kingfishers reached 20–50 %.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In besonders strengen Wintern erleidet der Eisvogelbestand in Europa Einbußen von 80–95 %. Solche Winter waren 1928/29, 1939/40 und 1962/63. Die Stellung des klimatisch sehr ungünstigen Winters 1946/47 ist unklar, da außer von England keine Literatur vorliegt. Weniger extreme Winter mit Verlusten von 20–50 % waren 1916/17, 1953/54 und 1955/56.
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    Journal of ornithology 106 (1965), S. 446-458 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Danksagung Besonders zu danken habe ich Herrn Prof. Dr.E. Stresemann, der mich auf die noch offenen Probleme der Singvogel-Systematik und auf die einschlägige Literatur hingewiesen hat. Mein Manuskript ist von ihm kritisch durchgesehen worden. FrauVesta Stresemann verdanke ich wichtige technische Ratschläge, die mir bei der Ermittlung der Armschwingenzahl am trockenen Balg zustatten kamen.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Manche Arten der Passeriformes haben mehr als 9 Armschwingen. Als höchste Anzahl wurden gefunden: 13 A. beiMenura, Chlamydera cerviniventris undParadisaea rudolphi, 14 A. beiChlamydera nuchalis undlauterbachi sowie beiPtilonorhynchus violaceus. Die Zahl der Armschwingen hat sich bei den Oscines als taxonomisch brauchbares Merkmal erwiesen. Der Besitz von mehr als 9 Armschwingen ist bezeichnend für die Alaudidae und für alle vonMayr undAmadon (1951 zu den „Shrikes und Allies“, „Waxwings and Wood Swallows“, „Crows and Australian Crow-like Birds“ gestellten Familien. Auf Grund der Tatsache, daßPicathartes, Cinclosoma, Eupetes, Orthonyx, Psophodes, Ifrita, Melampitta, Tylas und alle Oriolidae(Oriolus undSphecotheres) mehr als 9 A. haben, wird die Ansicht vertreten, daß diese Gattungen in den neuesten Systemen nicht am richtigen Platz untergebracht worden sind.
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    Journal of ornithology 106 (1965), S. 484-484 
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    Journal of ornithology 106 (1965), S. 484-484 
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