ALBERT

Notes: Gadamer: the man and his work / Robert J. Dostal -- Gadamer's basic understanding of understanding / Jean Grondin -- Getting it right: relativism, realism, and truth / Brice Wachterhauser -- Hermeneutics, ethics, and politics / Georgia Warnke -- The doing of the thing itself: Gadamer's Hermeneutic ontology of language / Günter Figal -- Gadamer on the human sciences / Charles Taylor -- Lyric as paradigm: Hegel and the speculative instance of poetry in Gadamer's Hermeneutics / J.M. Baker -- Gadamer, the Hermeneutic revolution, and theology / Fred Lawrence -- Hermeneutics in practice: Gadamer on ancient philosophy / Catherine H. Zuckert -- Gadamer's Hegel / Robert B. Pippin -- Gadamer's relation to Heidegger and phenomenology / Robert J. Dostal -- The constellation of Hermeneutics, critical theory, and deconstruction / Richard J. Bernstein

Notes: An encounter with collective memory -- Methodological preliminaries to the study of collective remembering -- Collective memory: a term in search of a meaning -- State production of official historical narratives -- Narrative dialogicality and narrative templates in the production of official collective memory -- The consumption of historical narratives -- Generational differences in collective remembering

Notes: Saving belief: on the new materialism in religious studies / Terry F. Godlove, Jr.-- Radical interpretation and pragmatism: Davidson, Rorty, and Brandom on truth / Jeffrey Stout -- Cultural politics and the question of the existence of God / Richard Rorty -- Religious belief and naturalism / Wayne L. Proudfoot -- "The Chinese believe in spirits": belief and believing in the study of religion / Catherine M. Bell -- On interpreting the world religiously / E. Thomas Lawson -- Are religious beliefs counter-intuitive? / Maurice Bloch -- You don't read a myth for information / Hans H. Penner -- Religion as a "mobile army of metaphors" / Nancy K. Frankenberry -- Manna, mana everywhere and /// / Jonathan Z. Smith

Notes: Introduction /David Loewenstein, Janel Mueller --1. Modes and means of literary production, circulation and reception: --Literacy, society and education /Kenneth Charlton, Margaret Spufford --Manuscript transmission and circulation /Harold Love, Arthur F. Marotti --Print, literary culture and the book trade /David Scott Kastan --Literery patronage /Graham Parry --Languages of early modern literature in Britain /Paula Blank --Habits of reading and early modern literary culture /Steven N. Zwicker --2. The Tudor era from the reformation to Elizabeth I: --Literature and national identity /David Loades --Literature and the court /William A. Sessions --Literature and the church /Janel Mueller --3. The era of Elizabeth and James VI: --Literature and national identity /Claire McEachern --Literature and the court /Catherine Bates --Literature and the church /Patrick Collison --Literature and London /Lawrence Manley --Literature and the theatre /David Bevington --4. The earlier Stuart era: --Literature and national identity /Johann P. Sommerville --Literature and the court /Leah S. Marcus --Literature and the church /Debora Shuger --Literature and London /Thomas N. Corns --Literature and the theatre to 1660 /Martin Butler --Literature and the household /Barbara K. Lewalski --5. The civil war and commonwealth era: --Literature and national identity /Derek Hirst --Literature and religion /David Loewenstein, John Morrill --Literature and London /Nigel Smith --Literature and the household /Helen Wilcox --Alternative sites for literature /Joshua Scodel --From revolution to restoration in English literary culture /James Grantham Turner.

Notes: "Wir nennen's gemeinsinn" (we call it public spirit): republic and republicanism in the German political discussion of the nineteenth century / Rudolf Vierhaus -- The concept of the republic in eighteenth-century German thought / Hans Erich Bödeker -- Kant's republicanism and its echoes / Otto Dann -- Constitutions, charity, and liberalism by default: Germany and the Anglo-American tradition / A.G. Roeber -- Politics and sentiment: Catharine Macaulay's republicanism / Vera Nünning -- Between liberalism and republicanism: "manners" in the political thought of Mercy Otis Warren / Rosemarie Zagarri -- The liberal and democratic republicanism of the first American state constitutions, 1776-1780 / Willi Paul Adams -- Bennington and the Green Mountain boys: the emergence of liberal democracy in Vermont, 1760-1850 / Robert E. Shalhope -- The birth of American liberalism: New York, 1820-1860 / James A. Henretta -- Republicanism, liberalism, and market society: party formation and party ideology in Germany and the United States, c. 1825-1850 / Paul Nolte -- Festive culture and national identity in America and Germany, 1760-1860 / Jürgen Heideking -- Charles Follen's view of republicanism in Germany and the United States, 1815-1840 / Edmund Spevack -- "The right to possess all the faculties that God has given": possessive individualism, slave women, and abolitionist thought / Amy Dru Stanley -- Freedom of contract and freedom of person: a brief history of "involuntary servitude" in American fundamental law / Robert J. Steinfeld

Notes: Polybian studies, c. 1975-2000 --Historical and geographical papers --Geography of Polybius --Egypt in Polybius --Surrender of the Egyptian rebels in the Nile delta (Polybius xxii,17.1-7) --Two Hellenistic processions: a matter of self-definition --Polybius and Macedonia --Sea-power and the Antigonids --H T N HOL N ELPIS and the Antigonids --Hellenes and Achaeans: 'Greek nationality' revisited --Achaean assemblies --Polybius as a historian --Timaeus' views on the past --Polybius and the past --Idea of decline in Polybius --Polybius' perception of the one and the many --Profit or amusement: some thoughts on the motives of Hellenistic historians --Polybius on Rome --Supernatural paraphernalia in Polybius' Histories --'Treason' and Roman domination: two case-studies, Polybius and Josephus --Greek looks at Rome: Polybius VI revisited --Transmission of Polybius --Polybius, Mr Dryden, and the Glorious Revolution --Polybius through the eyes of Gaetano De Sanctis.

Notes: v. 1. Regarding method -- v. 2. Renaissance virtues -- v. 3. Hobbes and civil science

Notes: pt. 1:Shakespeare and comic tradition --Theories of comedy /David Galbraith --Roman comedy /Robert S. Miola --Italian stories on the stage /Louise George Clubb --Elizabethan comedy /Janette Dillon --Popular festivity /François Laroque --pt. 2:Shakespearean comedy --Forms of confusion /John Creaser --Love and courtship /Catherine Bates --Laughing at "others" /Edward Berry --Comedy and sex /Alexander Leggatt --Language and comedy /Lynne Magnusson --Sexual disguise and the theatre of gender /Barbara Hodgdon --Matters of state /Anthony Miller --The experiment of romance /Michael O'Connell.

Notes: Romanticism and the writing of toleration -- "Holy hypocrisy" and the rule of belief: Radcliffe's gothics -- Coleridge's polemic divinity -- Sect and secular economy in the Irish national tale -- Wordsworth and the "frame of social being" -- "Consecrated fancy": Byron and Keats -- Conclusion: the Inquisitorial stage

Notes: Introduction -- Higher law in the 1850s -- The look of higher law: Harriet Beecher Stowe's antislavery fiction -- Cosmopolitan constitutionalism: Emerson and Douglass -- The positivist alternative -- Charles Chesnutt and Moorfield Storey: citizenship and the flux of contract

Notes: Why are performance measures so bad? -- Running down of performance measures -- In search of balance -- From cost drivers to revenue drivers -- Learning from ABPA -- Managing and strategizing with ABPA

Notes: The kaleidoscope of adolescence: experiences of the world's youth at the beginning of the 21st century /B. Bradford BrownandReed W. Larson --Demographic trends affecting youth around the world /Elizabeth FussellandMargaret E. Greene --Adolescence in sub-Saharan Africa: an image constructed from Africa's triple inheritance /A. Bame Nsamenang --Adolescence in India: street urchins or Silicon Valley millionaires? /Suman VermaandT.S. Saraswathi --Adolescence in China and Japan: adapting to a changing environment /Harold W. StevensonandAkane Zusho --Youth in Southeast Asia: living within the continuity of tradition and the turbulence of change /Madelene Santa Maria --Arab adolescents facing the future: enduring ideals and pressures to change /Marilyn Booth --Adolescents in Russia: surviving the turmoil and creating a brighter future /Anna Stetsenko --Adolescence in Latin America: facing the future with skepticism /Carlos Welti --Adolescents in Western countries in the 21st century: vast opportunities, for all? /Jeffrey Jensen Arnett --Adolescence in global perspective: an agenda for social policy /T.S. SaraswathiandReed W. Larson.

Notes: pt. 1. The shape of feminist theology --Emergence of Christian feminist theology /Rosemary Radford Ruether --Feminist theology as intercultural discourse /Kwok Pui-Lan --Feminist theology as philosophy of religion /Pamela Sue Anderson --Feminist theology as theology of religions /Rita M. Gross --Feminist theology as post-traditional theology /Carol P. Christ --Feminist theology as biblical hermeneutics /Bridget Gilfillan Upton --Feminist theology as dogmatic theology /Susan Frank Parsons --pt. 2. The themes of feminist theology --Trinity and feminism /Janet Martin Soskice --Jesus Christ /Mercy Amba Oduyoye --Holy Spirit and spirituality /Nicola Slee --Creation /Celia Deane-Drummond --Redeeming ethics /Susan Frank Parsons --Church and sacrament - community and worship /Susan A. Ross --Eschatology /Valerie A. Karras.

Notes: Defining twelfth-century fictionality --Vernacular fiction in the twelfth century --Fictive orality --Fiction and Wolfram's Parzival --Fiction and structure --Fiction and history.

Notes: Culture, biology and development across history / Gustav Jahoda -- Comparative developmental perspectives on culture: the great apes / Anne E. Russon -- The mutual definition of culture and biology in development / Patricia M. Greenfield -- Perspectives on Development Informed by Culture -- Indian parents' ethnotheories as reflections of the Hindu scheme of child and human development / T.S. Saraswathi and Hema Ganapathy -- Indigenous conceptions of childhood development and social realities in Southern Africa / Roderick Fulata Zimba -- The myth of lurking chaos / Ernst E. Boesch -- Integrating cultural psychological and biological perspectives in understanding child development / Joan G. Miller -- Perspectives on development drawing from the universal and the specific -- Between individuals and culture: Individuals' evaluations of exclusion from social groups / Melanie Killen, Heidi McGlothlin and Jennie Lee-Kim -- Biology, culture and child rearing: the development of social motives / Hans-Joachim Kornadt -- Perspectives on Development Informed by Evolutionary Thinking -- Development as the interface between biology and culture: a conceptualisation of early ontogenetic experiences / Heidi Keller -- Integrating evolution, culture and developmental psychology: explaining caregiver-infant proximity and responsiveness in Central Africa and the United States of America / Barry S. Hewlett and Michael E. Lamb -- Shame across cultures: the evolution, ontogeny, and function of a 'moral emotion' / Michael J. Casimir and Michael Schnegg -- Metaperspectives -- Culture and development / Michael Cole -- Behaviour-culture relationships and ontogenetic development / Ype H. Poortinga and Karel Soudijn -- Paradigms revisited: from incommensurability to respected complementarity / Lutz H. Eckensberger -- Conceptions of ontogenetic development: integrating and demarcating perspectives / Heidi Keller, Ype H. Poortinga and Axel Schölmerich

Notes: Principles -- Atmospheric transport and transport models -- Estimation -- Time series estimation -- Observations of atmospheric composition -- The sources and sinks -- Problem formulation -- Ill-conditioning -- Analysis of model error -- Green's functions and synthesis inversion -- Time-stepping inversions -- Non-linear inversion techniques -- Experimental design -- Recent Applications -- Global carbon dioxide -- Global methane -- Halocarbons and other global-scale studies -- Regional inversions -- Constraining atmospheric transport

Notes: Macrostructural trends and the reshaping of adolescence /Jeylan T. Mortimer, Reed W. Larson --Youth in aging societies /Elizabeth Fussell --Transition from school to work /Alan C. Kerckhoff --Criminal justice in the lives of American adolescents: choosing the future /Frank T. Cullen, John Paul Wright --Adolescent health care in the United States: implications and projections for the new millennium /Elizabeth M. Ozer, Tracy MacDonald, Charles E. Irwin, Jr.--Youth and information technology /Ronald E. Anderson --Social space, the final frontier: adolescents on the Internet /Kate Hellenga --Approaching policy for adolescent development in the twenty-first century /James Youniss, Allison J. Ruth.

Notes: Introduction -- Understanding conflict -- Development of incompatible goals -- Application to the civil rights struggle -- Emergence of overt conflicts -- Application to a university conflict -- Escalation and deescalation -- Application to conflict in Bosnia -- Making conflict work economically -- Understanding and managing conflicts

Notes: Introduction: a fertile soil -- Cultivating the garden : the invention of Lancaster County -- Pride and progress : education, literacy, and the little red schoolhouse -- Dutch country : the Amish and tourism -- Domain of abundance : food and farming -- Landscape of progress : urbanization and planning -- Preserving the garden : development and farm preservation -- Epilogue: the harvest -- Appendix : Farms and population of Lancaster County, 1900-2000

Notes: Commonsense beliefs and psychological research strategies --Stereotypes, attitudes and personal attributes --Origins --Developmental influences --Sexuality: Psychophysiology, psychoanalysis and Social Construction --Aggression, violence and power --Fear, anxiety and mental health --Domestic sphere --Work, education and occupational achievement --Looking back and looking ahead.

Notes: Adam and Eve -- Species and the range of equality -- 'The Democratic Intellect' -- Equality as premise and constraint -- 'Disproportionate and unequal possession' -- 'By Our Saviour's interpretation' -- Tolerating atheists?

Notes: Part I. How the direct primary arose: --Catalytic effect of ballot reform --Legal control of party activity --Spread of direct nominations --Part II. Why the direct primary was introduced: --Reformers versus urban machines --Impact of party competition --Explaining an 'irrational' reform --Reaction and aftermath.

Notes: An introduction to the imitative mind and brain / Wolfgang Prinz and Andrew N. Meltzoff -- Elements of a developmental theory of imitation / Andrew N. Meltzoff -- Imitation and imitation recognition : functional use in preverbal infants and nonverbal children with autism / Jacqueline Nadel -- Self-awareness, other-awareness, and secondary representation / Jens B. Asendorpf -- Notes on individual differences and the assumed elusiveness of neonatal imitation / Mikael Heimann -- Ego function of early imitation / Philippe Rochat -- The imitator's representation of the imitated : ape and child / Andrew Whiten -- Seeing actions as hierarchically organized structures : great ape manual skills / Richard W. Byrne -- Experimental approaches to imitation / Wolfgang Prinz -- Imitation : common mechanisms in the observation and execution of finger and mouth movements / Harold Bekkering -- Goal-directed imitation / Merideth Gattis, Harold Bekkering, and Andreas Wohlschläger -- Visuomotor couplings in object-oriented and imitative actions / Stefan Vogt -- On bodies and events / Barbara Tversky, Julie Bauer Morrison, and Jeff Zacks -- What is the body schema? / Catherine L. Reed -- From mirror neurons to imitation : facts and speculations / Giacomo Rizzolatti ... [et al.] -- Cell populations in the banks of the superior temporal sulcus of the macaque and imitation / Tjeerd Jellema ... [et al.] -- Is there such a thing as functional equivalence between imagined, observed, and executed action? / Jean Decety -- The role of imitation in body ownership and mental growth / Marcel Kinsbourne -- Imitation, apraxia, and hemisphere dominance / Georg Goldenberg and Joachim Hermsdörfer

Notes: The Emily Dickinson wars / Betsy Erkkila -- Emily Dickinson and the American South / Christopher Benfey -- Susan and Emily Dickinson: their lives, in letters / Martha Nell Smith -- Emily Dickinson and poetic strategy / Wendy Barker -- Emily Dickinson's existential dramas / Fred D. White -- Performances of gender in Dickinson's poetry / Suzanne Juhasz and Cristanne Miller -- Emily Dickinson: being in the body / Shira Wolosky -- Emily Dickinson and the gothic in Fascicle 16 / Daneen Wardrop -- Emily Dickinson and popular culture / David S. Reynolds -- Emily Dickinson and class / Domhnall Mitchell -- Emily Dickinson and her American women poet peers / Paula Bernat Bennett

Notes: The revolution in philosophy I: Human spontaneity and the natural order -- The revolution in philosophy II: Autonomy and the moral order -- The revolution in philosophy III: Aesthetic taste, teleology, and the world order -- The 1780s: the immediate post-Kantian reaction: Jacobi and Reinhold -- The 1790s: Fichte -- The 1790s after Fichte: The romantic appropriation of Kant I: Hölderlin, Schleiermacher, Schlegel -- 1795-1809: The romantic appropriation of Kant II: Schelling -- 1801-1807: The other post-Kantian: Jacob Friedrich Fries and non-romantic sentimentalism -- Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit: post-Kantianism in a new vein -- Hegel's analysis of mind and world: the Science of Logic -- Nature and spirit: Hegel's system -- Schelling's attempt at restoration: idealism under review -- Kantian paradoxes and modern despair: Schopenhauer and Kierkegaard

Notes: The poet as critic / Kent Ljungquist -- Poe and his circle / Sandra M. Tomc -- Poe's aesthetic theory / Rachel Polonsky -- Poe's humor / Daniel Royot -- Poe and the Gothic tradition / Benjamin Franklin Fisher -- Poe, sensationalism, and slavery / Teresa A. Goddu -- Extra! Extra! Poe invents science fiction! / John Tresch -- Poe's Dupin and the power of detection / Peter Thoms -- Poe's feminine ideal / Karen Weekes -- A confused beginning: The narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, of Nantucket / Geoffrey Sanborn -- Poe's "constructiveness" and "The fall of the house of Usher" / Scott Peeples -- Two verse masterworks: "The raven" and "Ulalume" / Richard Kopley and Kevin J. Hayes -- Poe and popular culture / Mark Neimeyer -- One-man modernist / Kevin J. Hayes

Notes: The psychology of bystanders, perpetrators, and heroic helpers / Ervin Staub -- What is a "social-psychological" account of perpetrator behavior? The person versus the situation in Goldhagen's Hitler's willing executioners / Leonard S. Newman -- Authoritarianism and the Holocaust: some cognitive and affective implications / Peter Suedfeld and Mark Schaller -- Perpetrator behavior as destructive obedience: an evaluation of Stanley Milgram's perspective, the most influential social-psychological approach to the Holocaust / Thomas Blass -- Sacrificial lambs dressed in wolves' clothing: envious prejudice, ideology, and the scapegoating of Jews / Peter Glick -- Group processes and the Holocaust / R. Scott Tindale ... [et al.] -- Examining the implications of cultural frames on social movements and group action / Daphna Oyserman and Armand Lauffer -- Population and predators: preconditions for the Holocaust from a control-theoretical perspective / Dieter Frey and Helmut Rez -- The zoomorphism of human collective violence / R.B. Zajonc -- The Holocaust and the four roots of evil / Roy F. Baumeister -- Instigators of genocide: examining Hitler from a social-psychological perspective / David R. Mandel -- Perpetrators with a clear conscience: lying self-deception and belief change / Ralph Erber -- Explaining the Holocaust: does social psychology exonerate the perpetrators? / Arthur G. Miller, Amy M. Buddie, and Jeffrey Kretschmar -- Epilogue: Social psychologists confront the Holocaust / Leonard S. Newman and Ralph Erber

Notes: Sir William Jones, the Celtic revival and the oriental renaissance / Michael J. Franklin -- The critical response to Ossian's romantic bequest / Dafydd R. Moore -- Blake and Gwendolen: territory, periphery and the proper name / David Punter -- The Welsh American dream: Iolo Morganwg, Robert Southey and the Madoc legend/ Caroling Franklin -- Wordsworth, north Wales and the Celtic landscape / J.R. Watson -- The force of 'Celtic memories' in Byron's thought / Bernard Beatty -- Shelley, Ireland and romantic orientalism / Arthur Bradley -- Byron and the 'Ariosto of the north' / Andrew Nicholson -- Scott and the British tourist / Murray G.H. Pittock -- Felicia Hemans, Byronic cosmopolitanism and the ancient Welsh bards / William D. Brewer -- Luttrell of Arran and the romantic invention of Ireland / Malcolm Kelsall -- Contemporary Northern Irish poets and romantic poetry / Michael O'Neill

Notes: pt. 1. 'Patrimonial bureaucracy': the Le Tellier dynasty and the Ministry of War. Introduction -- The Secretary of State for War and the dynastic interest of the Le Tellier family -- The ebb and flow of Le Tellier power, 1661-1701 -- The use and abuse of servants: the Ministry of War, venality and civilian power in the army -- Financing war: the treasury of the Extraordinaire des Guerres -- Corruption and the pursuit of self-interest in the Ministry of War -- pt. 2. The foraging of the French officer corps and the standing army under Louis XIV. Introduction -- In the name of sustainability: reforming the structure of the standing army and the officer corps -- The business of a regiment -- The pressures and temptations of service -- pt. 3. The high command of the French armies. Introduction -- The commanders-in-chief and the delegation of royal authority -- The appointment of general officers -- The summits of ambition and the rewards of good service: the bienfaits du roi and the high command -- Conclusion: The preservation of the dynasty -- Appendix 1. Defining the grands -- Appendix 2. The proportion of revenue generated by the Extraordinaire des Guerres as a 'primary receiver'

Notes: Introduction /Robert D. Putnam and Kristin A. Goss --Great Britain: the role of government and the distribution of social capital /Peter A. Hall --United States: bridging the privileged and the marginalized? /Robert Wuthnow --United States: from membership to advocacy /Theda Skocpol --France: old and new civic and social ties in France /Jean-Pierre Worms --Decline of social capital?: the German case /Claus Offe and Susanne Fuchs --From civil war to civil society: social capital in Spain from the 1930s to the 1990s /Victor Pérez-Díaz --Sweden: social capital in the social democratic state /Bo Rothstein --Australia: making the lucky country /Eva Cox --Broadening the basis of social capital in Japan /Takashi Inoguchi --Conclusion /Robert D. Putnam.

Notes: An industrial model of family welfare -- A mutual model for social insurance -- Battle for control of social welfare: workers versus employers -- Parliament acts -- Challenges from city and countryside, 1930-1939 -- Retrenchment and reform, 1939-1947

Notes: How microdevelopment creates macrodevelopment : reiterated sequences, backward transitions, and the Zone of Current Development /Nira Granott --Macro- and microdevelopmental research : assumptions, research strategies, constraints, and utilities /Kang Lee and Annette Karmiloff-Smith --Notebooks as windows on learning : the case of a science-into-ESL program /Rochel Gelman, Laura Romo, and Wendy S. Francis --Darwin's construction of the theory of evolution : microdevelopment of explanations of variation and change in species /Kurt W. Fischer and Zheng Yan --Developmental dynamics, intentional action, and fuzzy sets /Paul van Geert. -- Microdevelopment : a process-oriented perspective for studying development and learning /Nira Granott and Jim Parziale --Microgenetic studies of self-explanation /Robert S. Siegler --Microdevelopment and dynamic systems : applications to infant motor development /Esther Thelen and Daniela Corbetta --Looking at the hands through time : a microgenetic perspective on learning and instruction /Susan Goldin-Meadow and Martha Wagner Alibali --Multi-component system that constructs knowledge : insights from microgenetic study /Deanna Kuhn --Bridging to the unknown : a transition mechanism in learning and development /Nira Granott, Kurt W. Fischer, and Jim Parziale --Observing the dynamics of construction : children building bridges and new ideas /Jim Parziale --Interacting time scales in personality (and cognitive) development : intentions, emotions, and emergent forms /Marc D. Lewis.

Notes: Introduction -- "Immaterial pleasure houses": the initial aesthetic dilemma -- "A more dream-heavy hour": medievalist and progressive beginnings -- "Pedantry and hysteria": contemporary political problems -- "A certain discipline": radical conservative solutions -- "A particularly lively wheel": cyclic views emerge -- "Our own image": the example of Asian and non-Western cultures -- In "the grip of the ... vortex": the proof of post-impressionist art -- The "cycle dance": cyclic history arrives -- "The nightmare" and beyond: the First World War and mature cyclic theories

Notes: Dread of the crown office: the English magistracy and King's Bench, 1740-1800 / Douglas Hay -- The trading justice's trade / Norma Landau -- Impressment and the law in eighteenth-century Britain / Nicholas Rogers -- War as a judicial resource. Press gangs and prosecution rates, 1740-1830 / Peter King -- Making the 'bloody code'? Forgery legislation in eighteenth-century England / Randall McGowen -- Mapping criminal law: Blackstone and the categories of English jurisprudence / David Lieberman -- After Somerset: Mansfield, slavery and the law in England, 1772-1830 / Ruth Paley -- Religion and the law: evidence, proof and 'matter of fact', 1660-1700 / Barbara Shapiro -- The press and public apologies in eighteenth-century London / Donna T. Andrew -- Origins of the factory acts: the Health and Morals of Apprentices Act, 1802 / Joanna Innes

Notes: "Don't worry, I've got the key" / Guy Halsall -- Laughter and humour in the early Medieval Latin West / Danuta Shanzer -- Humour and the everyday in Byzantium / John Haldon -- The lexicon of abuse, drunkenness and political illegitimacy in the late Roman world / Mark Humphries -- Funny foreigners, laughing with the barbarians in Late Antiquity / Guy Halsall -- Liutprand of Cremona's sense of humour / Ross Balzaretti -- "He never even allowed his white teeth to be bared in laughter" : the politics of humour in the Carolingian Renaissance / Matthew Innes -- Alcuin's Disputatio Pippini and the early Medieval riddle tradition / Martha Bayless -- Laughter after Babel's fall : misunderstandling and miscommunication in the ninth-century West / Paul Kershaw

Notes: Mary Wollstonecraft's letters /Janet Todd --Mary Wollstonecraft on education /Alan Richardson --Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindications and their political tradition /Chris Jones --Mary Wollstonecraft's French Revolution /Tom Furniss --Mary Wollstonecraft's literary reviews /Mitzi Myers --The religious foundations of Mary Wollstonecraft's feminism /Barbara Taylor --Mary Wollstonecraft and the literature of advice and instruction /Vivien Jones --Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Woman and the women writers of her day /Anne K. Mellor --Mary Wollstonecraft and the poets /Susan J. Wolfson --Mary Wollstonecraft's novels /Claudia L. Johnson --Letters written during a short residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark: travelling with Mary Wollstonecraft /Mary A. Favret --Mary Wollstonecraft and the sexuality of genius /Andrew Elfenbein /Mary Wollstonecraft's reception and legacies /Cora Kaplan.

Notes: Introduction /Simon Critchley --Levinas and Judaism /Hilary Putnam --Levinas and the face of the other /Bernhard Waldenfels --Levinas's critique of Husserl /Rudolf Bernet --Levinas and the Talmud /Catherine Chalier --Levinas and language /John Llewelyn --Levinas, feminism and the feminine /Stella Sandford --Sincerity and the end of theodicy : three remarks on Levinas and Kant /Paul Davies --Language and alterity in the thought of Levinas /Edith Wyschogrod --Conepts of art and poetry in Emmanuel Levinas's writings /Gerald L. Bruns --What is the question to which 'substitution' is the answer? /Robert Bernasconi --Evil and the temptation of theodicy /Richard J. Bernstein.

Notes: Social capital and poverty: a microeconomic perspective / Paul Collier -- Social capital, growth, and poverty: a survey of cross-country evidence / Stephen Knack -- Mapping and measuring social capital through assessment of collective action to conserve and develop watersheds in Rajasthan, India / Anirudh Krishna and Norman Uphoff -- Social capital and the firm: evidence from agricultural traders in Madagascar / Marcel Fafchamps and Bart Minten -- How do participation and social capital affect community-based water projects? Evidence from Central Java, Indonesia / Jonathan Isham and Satu Kähkönen -- Does social capital increase participation in voluntary solid waste management? Evidence from Dhaka, Bangladesh / Sheoli Pargal, Daniel O. Gillian, and Mainul Huq -- The impact of development assistance on social capital: evidence from Kenya / Mary Kay Gugerty and Michael Kremer -- Induced social capital and federations of the rural poor in the Andes / Anthony J. Bebbington and Thomas F. Carroll -- Social capital and social cohesion: case studies from Cambodia and Rwanda / Nat J. Colletta and Michelle L. Cullen -- Ethnicity, capital formation, and conflict: evidence from Africa / Robert H. Bates and Irene Yackovlev -- Conclusion: measuring impact and drawing policy implications / Christiaan Grootaert and Thierry Van Bastelaer

Notes: The ancien régime: challenges not met, a dilemma not overcome -- The descent into revolution: from August 1788 to October 1789 -- The first attempt to stabilize the revolution: from 1789-1791 -- The "Revolutionizing" of the revolution: from 1791-1794 -- The second attempt to stabilize the revolution: from 1794-1799 -- Conclusion: the Revolution in the French and global context

Notes: Monarchophobia: reading the mock executions of 1776 -- Crèvecoeur's revolutionary loyalism -- Citizen subjects: the memoirs of Stephen Burroughs and Benjamin Franklin -- An epistemology of the ballot box: Brockden Brown's secrets -- Luxury, effeminacy, corruption: Irving and the gender of democracy -- Afterword: the revolution's last word

Notes: pt. I. Introduction. Opportunities and identities: bridge-building in the study of social movements / David S. Meyer -- pt. II. States and policies. State repression and democracy protest in three southeast Asian countries / Vincent Boudreau -- Mobilization on the South African gold mines / T. Dunbar Moodie -- Multiple meditations: the state and the women's movements in India / Manisha Desai -- The contradictions of gay ethnicity: forging identity in Vermont / Mary Bernstein -- Creating social change: lessons from the civil rights movement / Kenneth T. Andrews -- pt. III. Organization and strategies. The "meso" in social movement research / Suzanne Staggenborg -- Strategizing and the sense of context: reflections on the first two weeks of the Liverpool docks lockout, September-October 1995 / Colin Barker and Michael Lavalette -- Factions and the continuity of political challengers / Mildred A. Schwartz -- More than one feminism: organizational structure and the construction of collective identity / Jo Reger -- The development of individual identity and consciousness among movements of the left and right / Rebecca E. Klatch -- pt. IV. Collective identities, discourse, and culture. Toward a more dialogic analysis of social movement culture / Marc W. Steinberg -- Materialist feminist discourse analysis and social movement research: mapping the changing context for "community control" / Nancy A. Naples -- From the "beloved community" to "family values": religious language, symbolic repertoires, and democratic culture / Rhys H. Williams -- External political change, collective identities, and participation in social movement organizations / Belinda Robnett -- pt. V. Conclusion. Meaning and structure in social movements / Nancy Whittier

Notes: Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 'Just you wait!': reflections on the last chapters of The Portrait of a Lady -- As charming as a charming story': governesses in What Maisie Knew and 'The Turn of the Screw' -- 'The sacred terror': The Awkward Age and James's men of the world -- Blushing in the dark: language and sex in The Ambassadors -- Poor girls with their rent to pay: class in 'In the Cage'and The Wings of the Dove -- 'A house of quiet': privileges and pleasures in The Golden Bowl -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index

Notes: The Photogrammetric Society was formed in 1952. The Council of the Society considered that the twentieth anniversary was a good point at which to record the events which led to its formation and the significant occasions and decisions which have taken place since 1952. Consequently, Paul Lamboit was invited to compile this History. He has placed the birth and development of the Society within the national and international photogrammetric context and his record of the deliberations which took place between 1947 and 1952 will be of particular interest to historians of our subject.This account was first published in a limited edition in 1971. Sufficient interest has since been expressed to prompt a wider circulation through publication in the Photogrammetric Record.The author served the Society continuously in several official capacities from 1953 to 1969 and he was elected to Honorary Membership in 1969.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLa Photogrammetric Society a été fondée en 1952. Excellente occasion pour faire le point qu'un vingtiéme anniversaire, a estimé le Conseil de la Société; pour rappeler les circonstances de sa naissance, les étapes de sa croissance et les décisions importantes prises depuis 1952. Ce qu'on invita Paul Lamboit à faire. Son exposé resitue la naissance et le développement de la Société dans le contexte national et international de la photogrammétrie; la relation qu'il fait des décisions prises entre 1947 et 1952 intéressera particulièrement ceux qui s'occupent d'histoire de la photogrammétrie.Ce rapport d'abord publié en édition limitée en 1971, a suscité un intérêt suffisant pour que l'on se presse en le publiant dans le Photogrammetric Record de le porter à la connaissance d'un plus large public.L'auteur a exercé différentes fonctions de 1953 à 1969 dans l'appareil de la Société. Il a étéélu membre honoraire en 1969.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusummenfussung1952 wurde die Britische Gesellschaft für Photogrammetrie gegründet. Der Rat der Gesellschaft erwog, dass der zwanzigste Jahrestag eine günstige Gelegenheit sei, um die Ereignisse, die zur Gründung der Gesellschaft führten sowie die bedeutenden Veranstaltungen, die stattfanden und die Entscheidungen, die getroffen wurden, darzustellen. Aus diesem Grunde wurde Paul Lamboit eingeladen, diesen historischen Rückblick zu schreiben. Er hat dabei die Gründung und die Entwicklung der Gesellschaft in den nationalen und internationalen photogrammetrischen Zusammenhang gestellt nd sein Bericht über die zwischen 1947 und 1972 erfolgten Beratungen wird für an unserer Sache interessierte Historiker sehr aufschlussreich sein.Diese Zusammenstellung wurde erstmals in einer begrenzten Auflage im Jahre 1971 veröffentlicht. Genügend Interesse wurde inzwischen bekundet, um eine weitergehende Verteilung mit Hilfe des Photogrammetric Record zu veranlassen.Der Autor diente der Gesellschaft kontinuierlich in verschiedenen Ämtern von 1953 bis 1969, wo er aum Ehrenmitglied gewählt wurde.

Notes: A scholarly account of the formative discussions, the founding and the first 20 years of the Photogrammetric Society was published in 1971 and republished in 1974. This present review concentrates on the latter years of the life of the Photogrammetric Society prior to its merger with the Remote Sensing Society in 2001.The authors joined the Photogrammetric Society in 1960 and were conspicuous in its affairs for many years. Although both occupied the Society's presidential chair, they also fulfilled several other roles in its efficient management. Atkinson's first contribution to the Photogrammetric Record was published in 1968 and Newton's in 1971.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn a publié en 1971 un compte-rendu détaillé des 20 premières années de la “Photogrammetric Society”, à commencer par les discussions qui présidèrent è sa fondation. Ce récit fut republié en 1974. On se focalise dans cet article sur les dernières années d'activité de la “Photogrammetric Society” qui aboutirent à sa fusion avec la “Remote Sensing Society” en 2001.Les deux auteurs adhérèrent à la “Photogrammetric Society” en 1960 et y furent d‘éminents animateurs pendant de nombreuses années. Tous deux occupèrent le poste de président de cette Association mais remplirent égulement plusieurs autres fonctions qui contribuèrent à une gestion efficace. La première intervention d'Atkinson dans le Photogrummetric Record remonte à 1968, et celle de Newton à 1971.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusummenfussungEine wissenschaftliche Abhandlung über die Diskussionen zur Gründung, die Gründung selbst und die ersten 20 Jahre der Photogrammetrischen Gesellschaft wurde in 1971 publiziert und in 1974 wiederholt. Dieser aktulle Rückblick konzentriert sich auf die darauffolgenden Jahre der Photogrammetrischen Gesellschaft bis hin zur Vereinigung mit der Gesellschaft für Fernerkundung in Jahre 2001.Die Autoren wurden 1960 Mitglieder in der Photogrammetrischen Gesellschaft und trugen viele Jahre massgeblich zu deren Aktivitäsidenten der Gesellschaft auch verschiedene andere Aufgaben im Management wahrgenommen. Der erste Beitrag von Atkinson im Photogrammetric Record erschien 1968, der erste von Newton in 1971.

Notes: The determination of the attitude, the position and the intrinsic geometric characteristics of the camera is recognised as the fundamental photogrammetric problem. It can be summarised as the determination of camera interior and exterior orientation parameters, as well as the determination of 3D coordinates of object points. The term “exterior orientation” of an image refers to its position and orientation related to an exterior (object space) coordinate system. Several methods can be applied to determine the parameters of the orientation of one, two or more photos. The orientation can be processed in steps (as relative and absolute orientation) but simultaneous methods (such as bundle adjustments) are now available in many software packages. Several methods have also been developed for the orientation of single images. They are based in general on geometric and topological characteristics of imaged objects.This paper presents a survey of classical and modern methods for the determination of the exterior parameters in photogrammetry, some of which are available as software packages (with practical examples) on the Internet. The methods presented are classified in three principal groups. In the first. a selection of approximate methods for applications that do not require great accuracy is presented. Such methods are also used to calculate values required for iterative processes. In the second group, standard point-bused methods derived from collinearity, coplanarity or coangularity conditions are briefly reviewed, followed by line-based approaches. The third group represents orientation methods based on constraints and on concepts of projective geometry, which are becoming of increasing interest for photogrammetrists. In the last section, the paper gives a summary of existing strategies for automatic exterior orientation in aerial photogrammetry.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLa détermination de l'attitude, de la position et des caractéristiques intrinsèques de la chambre photographique constitue un problème fondamental en photogrammétrie. Il se résume à la détermination des paramètres de l'orientation de la chambre de prise de vue (paramètres des orientations externe et interne), ainsi qu'à la détermination des coordonnées 30 des points de l'objet. L'orientation externe se rapporte à la détermination de la position et de l'orientation d'une chambre par rapport à un système externe de coordonnées. Différentes méthodes peuvent être utilisées pour calculer les éléments dorientation externe d'une photo, d'un couple ou de plusieurs photos. Le calcul de l'orientation peut être réalisé par étapes (par exemple les orientations relative et absolue) mais les méthodes simultanées (la compensation par faisceaux par exemple) sont actuellement proposées dans la plupart des logiciels. Plusieurs méthodes ont aussi été développées pour l'orientation d'images isolées. Ells sont basées en général sur les caactéristiques géométriques et topologiques des objets photographiés.Dans cet article on présente un ensemble de méthodes classiques et modernes pour la détermination des paramètres de l'orientation externe, certaines d'entre elles étant téléchargeables sous la forme d'applications sur Internet. Les méthodes présentées sont classées en trois groupes principaux. Le premier groupe contient une sélection de méthodes approximatives utilisées d'habitude quand une grande précision n'est pas exigée, ou encore pour calculer des vuleurs approchées des paramètres extrinsèques requises pour les méthodes itératives rigoureuses. Dans le deuxième groupe, on rappelle brièvement les jondements des méthodes basées sur les conditions photogrammétriques fondamentales (la colinéarité, la coplanéité et la coangularité). Dans ce groupe, les méthodes basées sur l'extraction des points ou des lignes sont également abordées. Le troisième groupe traite des méthodes d'orientation basées sur les contraintes et les concepts de la géométrie projective, de plus en plus utilisées par les photogrammètres. Le dernier paragraphe se rapporte aux méthodes destinées à automatiser le calcul de l'orientation externe en photogrammétrie aérienne.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusummenfussungDie Bestimmung der Neigung, der Position und den geometrischen parametern der Kamera wird als das fundamentale Problem der Photogrammetrie angesehen. Es kann zusammenfassend sowohl als die Bestimmung der Parameter der inneren und äusseren Orientierung der Kamera angesehen werden, als auch als die Bestimmung von 3D Koordinaten von Objektpunkten. Der Ausdruck “äussere Orientierung” eines Bildes bezieht sich auf die Lage und Orientierung bezogen auf ein äusseres (Objektraum-) Koordinatensystem. Es können verschiedene Methoden angewandt werden, um die Parameter von einem, zwei oder mehreren Bildern zu bestimmen. Die orientierung kann in Schritten erfolgen, was als Relative und Absolute Orientierung bezeichnet wird, aber auch simultane Methoden, wie die Bündelausgleichung, sind in vielen Softwarepaketen implementiert. Es wurden auch Methoden für die Orientierung von Einzelbildern entwickelt, die geometrische und topologische Eigenschaften der abgebildeten Objekte nutzen. In diesem Beitrag wird Beitrag wird eine Studie klassischer und moderner Methoden der Photogrammetrie zur Bestimmung der Parameter der äßeren Orientierung vorgestellt, wovon einige in Softwarepaketen zur Verfügung stehen, die von praktischen Beispielen im Internet ergänzt werden. Die untersuchten Methoden werden in drei Hauptgruppen eingeteilt. In einer ersten Gruppe werden Näherungslösungen vorgestellt, die für Anwendungen mit geringen Genauigkeitsanforderungen geeignet sind. Diese Methoden werden ansonsten für die Näherngswertberechunggen für iterative Prozesse verwendet. IN der zweiten Gruppe werden zuerst die punktbasierten Standardmethoden vorgestellt, die von Bedingungen zur Kollinearität. Koplanarität und Kowinkligkeit abgeletet sind. Danach folgen linienbasierte Ansätze. Die dritte Gruppe umfasst Orientierungsmethoden, die auf Zwangsbedingungen und auf Konzepte der projektiven Geometrie aufbauen, die für Photogrammeter von zunehmendem Interesse sind, Im letzten Abschnitt wird eine Zusammenfassung existierender Strategien für eine automatische äussere orientierung in der Luftbildphotogrammetrie gegeben.

Notes: . Microtubule dynamics in Paramecium caudatum were investigated with an anti-α-tubulin antibody and a microinjection technique to determine the function of microtubules on micronuclear behavior during conjugation. After meiosis, all four haploid micronuclei were connected by microtubular filaments to the paroral region and moved close to this region. This nuclear movement was micronucleus-specific, because some small macronuclear fragments transplanted from exconjugants never moved to the region. Only one of the four germ nuclei moved into the paroral cone and was covered by microtubule assembly (the so-called first assembly of microtubules, AM-I). This nucleus survived there, while the other three not in this region degenerated. The movement of germ nucleus was inhibited by the injection of the anti-α-tubulin antibody. The surviving germ nucleus divided once and produced a migratory pronucleus and a stationary pronucleus. Prior to the reciprocal exchange of the migratory nuclei, microtubules assembled around the migratory pronuclei again (the so-called second assembly of microtubules, AM-II). Then, the migratory pronucleus moved into the partner cell and fused with the stationary pronucleus. Thus, microtubules appear to be indispensable for nuclear behavior: they enable migration of postmeiotic nuclei to the paroral region and they permit the survival of the nucleus at the paroral cone.

Notes: . This work reports the characterization of an arginine kinase in the unicellular parasitic flagellate Trypanosoma brucei, the etiological agent of human sleeping sickness and Nagana in livestock. The arginine kinase activity, detected in the soluble fraction obtained from procyclic forms, had a specific activity similar to that observed in Trypanosoma cruzi, about 0.2 μmol min−1mg−1. Western blot analysis of T. brucei extracts revealed two bands of 40 and 45 kDa. The putative gene sequence of this enzyme had an open reading frame for a 356-amino acid polypeptide, one less than the equivalent enzyme of T. cruzi. The deduced amino acid sequence has an 82% identity with the arginine kinase of T. cruzi, and highest amino acid identities of both trypanosomatids sequences, about 70%, were with arginine kinases from the phylum Arthropoda. In addition, the amino acid sequence possesses the five arginine residues critical for interaction with ATP as well as two glutamic acids and one cysteine required for arginine binding. The finding in trypanosomatids of a new phosphagen biosynthetic pathway, which is not present in mammalian host tissues, suggests this enzyme as a possible target for chemotherapy.

Notes: Abstract. This paper compares nitrate leaching losses from organic farms, which depended on legumes for their nitrogen inputs (66 site years) with those from conventional farms using fertilizers under similar cropping and climatic conditions (188 site years). The conventional farms were within Nitrate Sensitive Areas in England, but sites following special practices associated with that scheme were excluded. Nitrate losses during the organic ley phase (including the winter of ploughing out) were similar (45 kg N ha–1) to those from conventional long-term grass receiving fertilizer N inputs of less than 200 kg N ha–1 (44 kg N ha–1) and from the grass phase of conventional ley-arable rotations (50 kg N ha–1). Losses from conventional grass receiving higher N inputs were greater than from organic or less intensive grass. Nitrate losses following arable crops averaged 47 and 58 kg N ha–1 for the organic and conventional systems respectively, with part of the difference being due to the greater proportion of non-cereal break crops in the latter. Thus under similar cropping, losses from organic systems are similar to or slightly smaller than those from conventional farms following best practice.

Notes: Abstract. In the Sahel, promising technologies for agricultural intensification include millet stover mulching and ridging. A four year on-farm experiment was set-up in order to assess the effect of various combinations of these two technologies on crop development and yield in a millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) - cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) intercropping system. Treatments included bare surface, ridging, a surface applied banded millet stover mulch (2 t ha–1) and a banded millet stover mulch (2 t ha–1) buried in ridges. The latter three treatments were implemented exclusively in the cowpea rows, with an annual rotation between the millet and cowpea rows. On bare and ridged plots, millet yields fell below 100 kg grain ha–1 after the first year. This was ascribed mainly to soil acidification and loss of soil organic matter rather than to soil physical constraints or water availability despite extensive surface crusting and high soil penetration resistance and bulk density. Compared to the bare plots, ridging increased cowpea hay production by 330% over the four years which was attributed to lower soil penetration resistance and bulk density but also to a reduction of 0.15 cmol+ kg–1 exchangeable acidity in the ridges. Except during the severe drought year of 1997, millet grain yield in the banded mulch treatment remained fairly stable over time at 526 ± 9 kg ha–1. However, a detailed analysis revealed yield compensation mechanisms between various yield components depending on the timing of occurrence of the abiotic stresses. Cowpea productivity was always higher in buried banded mulch plots than in surface applied banded mulch plots but the former treatment appeared unable to sustain millet yields. This decline was attributed to a greater nutrient uptake by cowpea and more rapid acidification in the buried mulch treatment compared to the banded mulch treatment.

Notes: Abstract. Nutrient balance calculations have been advocated as indicators of the risk of nitrate loss from agricultural land. To explore this concept, a spatially distributed UK agricultural nitrogen balance was derived using annually updated statistics. The mean UK N surplus for 1995 was 115 kg N ha–1, made up of 51 kg ha–1for arable land, 140 kg ha–1 for agricultural grassland (excluding rough grazing) and an additional 14 kg N ha–1for agricultural land from pig and poultry units. Nitrogen surpluses were greater in lowland grassland (mainly in western, wetter areas) than in arable areas. However nitrate concentrations in rivers were generally greater in arable areas. The relationship between N balance and nitrate leaching was very different for grassland and arable systems, and was also sensitive to climate, level of inputs and management practices. Nitrogen surplus was therefore weakly or even negatively correlated with river nitrate concentrations or loads. A positive correlation was found only where the comparison was restricted to grassland-dominated catchments. Nitrogen surplus calculations identified areas of very high livestock densities, which would be associated with increased risk of pollution. However their use in isolation as indicators of N leaching, or of progress towards mitigation, could be misleading especially if comparing areas differing in land use, climate or soil type.

Notes: Abstract. Dynamic simulation models are increasingly used in environmental and agricultural science. Here we present a method that allows models to be used to determine optimum timing of sampling for field trials. The model is used to decide when to concentrate sampling effort before the field trial begins. The model chosen to design sampling strategy should include an appropriately sensitive description of all processes that influence measurements significantly. The simulation is run, using predicted weather data, to generate the full time series before the trial begins. Every point in the simulation is considered initially to be a potential sampling point. The potential error due to not including a measurement at each point is calculated using the ‘dot-to-dot’ method of b10Smith et al. (2002) by omitting simulated values consecutively. The calculated potential error provides a measure of the priority that should be given to sampling at each point. Where the error introduced by omitting the simulated value exceeds an acceptable error, the value at the last discernible time step should be measured so that all statistically significant changes in the system can be observed. The output from the calculation is a plan of sampling times needed to capture all statistically significant events that are likely to occur over the course of the trial.

Notes: Abstract. In grazed dairy pasture systems, a major source of NO3– leached and N2O emitted is the N returned in the urine from the grazing animal. The objective of this study was to use lysimeters to measure directly the effectiveness of a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), in decreasing NO3– leaching and N2O emissions from urine patches in a grazed dairy pasture under irrigation. The soil was a free-draining Lismore stony silt loam (Udic Haplustept loamy skeletal) and the pasture was a mixture of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens). The use of DCD decreased NO3–-N leaching by 76% for the urine N applied in the autumn, and by 42% for urine N applied in the spring, giving an annual average reduction of 59%. This would reduce the NO3–-N leaching loss in a grazed paddock from 118 to 46 kg N ha–1 yr–1. The NO3–-N concentration in the drainage water would be reduced accordingly from 19.7 to 7.7 mg N L–1, with the latter being below the drinking water guideline of 11.3 mg N L–1. Total N2O emissions following two urine applications were reduced from 46 kg N2O-N ha–1 without DCD to 8.5 kg N2O-N with DCD, representing an 82% reduction. In addition to the environmental benefits, the use of DCD also increased herbage production by more than 30%, from 11 to 15 t ha–1 yr–1. The use of DCD therefore has the potential to make dairy farming more environmentally sustainable by reducing NO3– leaching and N2O emissions.

Notes: Abstract. This paper describes a study of 37 farms in the Batinah region of Oman where fodder crops and date palms are grown using saline irrigation water. Soil water salinities (εs) range from 2 to 50 dS m–1. Soil water salinity depends on irrigation water quality and management factors such as the amount and frequency of irrigation and the area of the irrigation basin relative to the vegetation canopy. An irrigation management model for soil salinity control IMAGE has been developed, based on the salt balance of the profile assuming that the εs is in equilibrium with the irrigation water. The input parameters required to run the model include the annual water application, irrigation interval, soil textural class, potential evaporation, the ratio of crop canopy to irrigation basin area and the salinity of irrigation water. Verification of the model using rather uncertain data from a survey of the farms showed that this simple approach predicted εs to within 2.5 dS m–1 in 82% of cases. The model showed that εs was highly sensitive to the size of irrigation basin and the amount and scheduling of irrigation, and so provides a tool for optimizing salinity management.

Notes: Abstract. There is increasing evidence that phosphorus (P) can be transferred to surface waters by leaching as well as by erosion and surface runoff. Recently it has been suggested that P soluble in 0.01 m CaCl2 may be a good indicator of the specific Olsen-P concentration (usually termed the ‘Change Point’) at which the rate of P leaching from soil suddenly increases and poses a greater threat of eutrophication to standing waters. We know that these ‘Change Points’ vary from soil to soil but, so far, we do not fully understand the mechanism(s) involved. Here, we combine methods for assessing isotopically exchangeable P and P sequential fractionation to gain an insight into the processes which cause this sudden increase in P solubilization. We suggest that Change-Points simply define the asymtote of rapid desorption isotherms relating to that P which is most readily isotopically exchangeable (i.e at 24 h –33P24) with the soil solution. This involves ligand exchange at hydroxyl sites associated with Fe and Al cations, which is kinetically governed by the concentration of surface complexes on soil minerals. Individual Change-Points reflect the mineralogy and surface chemistry of different soil types. Laboratory and field measurements of the Olsen-P Change-Point reflect these surface phenomena and are similar. Olsen-P extracts the portion of the exchangeable pool that most readily controls solution P, and the Olsen-P/33P24 ratio is linearly related to Olsen-P Change-Points. This may provide a method for estimating P Change-Points where gradients of soil P are not available.

Notes: Abstract. Soil removed on sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) at harvest may be an important factor in soil degradation causing significant decline in soil productivity. This study evaluated soil losses on sugarbeet and estimated the cost of plant nutrients lost by this process. The losses were calculated using data from the agricultural reports published by the General Directorate of the Turkish Sugar Industry. Organic matter and plant available nutrient contents of soils removed from sugarbeet fields were determined. It was estimated that approximately 30 000 t of soil is lost annually in Erzurum, and 1.2 million t in the whole of Turkey. The cost of N, P and K losses is approximately 60 000 US$ annually for the study area.

Notes: Abstract. Inputs and outputs of sulphur (S) were quantified over a three year period using field lysimeters containing undisturbed 60 cm deep soil monoliths of a sandy loam. There were four treatments, including a control (no S) and three forms of sulphur fertilizers: ammonium sulphate (AS); micronized elemental sulphur (MS0); and bentonite clay and elemental sulphur mixture (BS0). Sulphur was applied at the beginning of the experiment in autumn at 50 kg ha–1. Atmospheric deposition varied between 6.7 and 7.8 kg S ha–1 yr–1. Leaching losses of S ranged from 35 kg ha–1 in the control to 83 kg ha–1 in the AS treatment over three years, with dissolved organic S accounting for 6–10% of the S leached. In the first year, 7, 26 and 72% of the applied S was lost to drainage water in the BS0, MS0 and AS treatments, respectively, and the percentages increased to 33, 75 and 96% by the end of year 3. No significant differences in sulphur uptake by herbage were found in any of the harvests except a significant increase in the BS0 treatment in the second cut of the second year. Over three years, total S outputs exceeded total S inputs in all treatments, with the control and the AS treatments showing a larger S deficit (34–35 kg ha–1) than the MS0 (23 kg ha–1) and BS0 (7 kg ha–1) treatments. The deficits indicate a depletion of soil S, probably through net mineralization of organic S. The results confirm that sulphate was highly mobile and prone to leaching under the experimental conditions, whereas the slow release characteristics of elemental S, particularly BS0, led to smaller leaching losses and larger residual values.

Notes: Nitrate and Man: Toxic, harmless or beneficial? By J. L ‘Hirondel and J-L L ‘Hirondel.

Notes: Abstract. In general, agricultural management has focused on differences between fields or on the gross differences within them. Recent developments in agricultural technology, yield mapping, Global Positioning Systems and variable rate applications, have made it possible to consider managing the considerable variation in soil and other properties within fields. This system is known as precision agriculture. More precise management of fields depends on a better understanding of the factors that affect crop input decisions. This paper examines the spatial variation in crop yield, soil nutrient status and soil pH within two agricultural fields using geostatistics. The observed properties vary considerably within each field. The relation between yield and the measured soil properties appears to be weak in general. However, the range of spatial correlation for yield, shown by the variogram, is similar to that of the soil chemical properties. In addition the latter changed little over two years. This suggests that information on the scale of variation of soil chemical properties can be derived from yield maps, which can also be used as a guide to a suitable sampling interval for soil properties.

Notes: Abstract. This study employed both natural and social sciences to examine the relationship between resources and economic development in the Red Soil Zone along the coast of South China. Based on the data collected by field investigation and laboratory analysis as well as from literature sources, the authors discuss the environmental problems and the main factors influencing them by using the case of Guangdong province. The results indicate that there are three important problems of Red Soil utilization: soil degradation and pollution, soil erosion and geological hazards. The main reasons for these problems involve the physical and chemical characteristics and mineral composition of the soil, climate and meteorological changes and human activities. The latter is currently the dominant factor influencing the change and deterioration of the Red Soils.

Notes: Abstract. The dual porosity soil water and contaminant transport model MACRO was tested for its suitability to represent water flows and leaching of phosphorus (P) through field drains following spreading of slurry. These flows are characterized by very high loadings of P, including a high proportion in colloidally attached form, for about one week following winter spreading of slurry, followed by quite a rapid decline to the low background level. Use was made of the option in MACRO for representing colloid facilitated contaminant transport. The model simulates transport through macropores and soil matrix pores (micropores) of contaminant carrying colloids, as well as trapping of colloids by straining and filtration using an adaptation of standard filtration equations. Calibration involved selecting soil hydraulic parameters, colloid filtration coefficients and P sorption characteristics for two soils from measured and literature values. Both P in solution and P attached to colloids were represented in simulated outputs. Reasonable agreement was found between simulated and measured water and leached P flows. Work with the model suggests that macropore flow through the soil to field drains of colloidally transported P is an important component of water pollution associated with slurry spreading

Notes: Abstract. Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations and their association with global climate change have led to several major international initiatives to reduce net CO2 emissions, including the promotion of bioenergy crops such as short rotation coppice (SRC) willow. Although the above-ground harvested bio-fuel is likely to be the major contributor to the CO2 mitigation potential of bioenergy crops, additional carbon may be sequestered through crop inputs into plantation soils.  Here, we describe a process-based model specifically designed to evaluate the potential for soil carbon sequestration in SRC willow plantations in the UK. According to the model predictions, we conclude that the potential for soil carbon sequestration in these plantations is comparable to, or even greater than, that of naturally regenerating woodland. Our preliminary, site-specific model output suggests that soil carbon sequestration may constitute about 5% of the overall carbon mitigation benefit arising from SRC plantations. Sensitivity analyses identified the following factors as the principal controls on rates and amounts of soil carbon sequestration under SRC: carbon inputs (net primary production), decomposition rates of the major soil carbon pools, initial soil carbon content (an inverse relationship with rates of soil carbon sequestration), crop/plantation management, and depth of soil being influenced by the bioenergy crop. Our results suggest that carbon sequestration potential is greatest in soils whose carbon content has been depleted to relatively low levels due to agricultural land use practices such as annual deep ploughing of agricultural soils.

Notes: Abstract. Leaching of phosphorus (P) from agricultural land is the major cause of eutrophication of surface waters in Northern Ireland. However, soil testing using the Olsen method has shown that while soil P in some catchment areas of the Province is low, surface waters within these catchments are, nonetheless, every bit as eutrophic as other local catchments where soil P is high. Soil P measurements on over 6000 samples from Northern Ireland soils (A horizon only) have indicated that Olsen-P values of improved grassland on most parent materials are linearly related to animal intensification. Exceptions are soils derived from peat, marl and basalt. For each of the latter soils, the measured Olsen-P was shown to be around 10 mg L–1 lower than expected for farms with similar intensification on other parent materials. In particular, the mean Olsen-P values of samples from basaltic soils under grass with total Fe above 62 g kg–1 and total Mg above 16 g kg–1 were significantly lower than those from basaltic soils with low total Fe (〈37 g kg–1) and total Mg (〈8 g kg–1). As a result of the depressed Olsen-P value, excessive quantities of P may be applied to these soils to maintain a recommended soil P index thereby enhancing the potential for nutrient enrichment of adjacent surface waters. In such cases, coworkers have shown that acid ammonium oxalate may be a better extractant than bicarbonate as an indicator of plant-available P.