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  • Articles  (10,457)
  • Chemistry  (10,078)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (366)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (226)
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  • STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (10,457)
  • 1969  (5,079)
  • 1965  (5,378)
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  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (10,457)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 84-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Inorganic salts ; Atherosclerosis ; Diffraction ; Aorta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La diffraction à rayons X, la diffraction électrique et le microscope électronique suggérent qu'en dehors des composants usuels de calcium phosphate (apatite), un nombre d'autres éléments et radicaux sont également présents dans l'arteriosclérose aortique, lesquels sont capables de jouer un rôle dans le développement de la plaque «calcifiée» et dans celui de la lésion anorganique, caractéristique pour l'artériosclerose juvenile. Selon les cas étudies, l'artériosclerose aortique peut se présenter déjà au cours de la troisième decade de la vie et sa composition anorganique est presq'identique à celle de la plaque développée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Sowohl die Befunde der Röntgendiffraktion als auch jene der Elektronendiffraktion und der Elektronenmikroskopie lassen vermuten, daß bei der Aortenatherosklerose zusätzlich zu den üblichen Komponenten von Calciumphosphat (Apatit) eine Reihe anderer Elemente und Radikale vorhanden sind; diese können eine Rolle spielen bei der Entwicklung der “verkalkten” Plaque und bei anorganischen Läsionen juveniler Atherosklerosen. Bei den untersuchten Fällen kann die Aortenatherosklerose bereits im 30. Lebensjahr auftreten; die anorganische Zusammensetzung der Plaque ist nahezu identisch mit jener der bereits entwickelten.
    Notes: Abstract X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction and electron microscopy suggest that in aortic atherosclerosis, in addition to the usual components of calcium phosphate (apatite), a number of other elements and radicals are present which may play a role in the development of the “calcified” plaque and in juvenile atherosclerotic inorganic lesion. In the cases studied, aortic atherosclerosis may appear as early as in the third decade and its inorganic composition is almost identical with the developed plaque.
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  • 2
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 305-313 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Decalcification ; Chromium Sulphate ; Ultrastructure ; Dentine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode nouvelle de décalcification histologique utilisant des solutions aqueuses de sulfate de chrome basique (III) est appliquée à des coupes fines de dentine humaine adulte. L'observation en microscopie électronique montre une bonne conservation structurale dans les régions extra-cellulaires. L'aspect de la matrice péricanaliculaire est particulièrement étudié. On y reconnait plusieurs couches bien individualisées. Une bonne concordance est notée entre les résultats obtenus par microscopie optique et électronique, permettant d'établir une hypothèse nouvelle sur la formation de la dentine péricanaliculaire.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine kürzlich entwickelte Methode zur histologischen Entkalkung mittels wäßriger Lösungen von basischem Chrom III-Sulfat wird an dünnen Schliffen von menschlichem Dentin Erwachsener angewandt. Darauffolgende Untersuchungen am Elektronenmikroskop zeigten eine sehr gute Wiedergabe der morphologischen Einzelheiten in den Extrazellulär-Regionen. Besonders beachtet wurde das Aussehen der peritubulären Matrix, innerhalb welcher gut differenzierte Schichten erkannt werden konnten. Eine wesentliche Übereinstimmung bestand zwischen Elektronenmikroskopie und kürzlich durchgeführten Untersuchungen an derselben Matric unter dem Mikroskop. Diese Methode ermöglicht es, eine neue Hypothese über die Bildung des peritubulären Dentins aufzustellen.
    Notes: Abstract A recently-developed method for histological decalcification using aqueous solutions of basic chromium (III) sulphate has been applied to thin sections of adult human dentine. Subsequent studies in the electron microscope show a very good retention of morphological detail in the extracellular regions. Special attention was given to the appearance of the peritubular matrix within which well-differentiated layers were recognised. There was substantial agreement between electron microscopy and recent studies of the same matric under the light microscope, allowing a novel hypothesis for the formation of the peritubular dentine.
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  • 3
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 193-201 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Carbonate ; Gland ; Ultrastructure ; Spherolith
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cellules activement sécrétantes des glandes riches en calcium deLumbricus terrestris ont une forme en dôme. La partie basale de la cellule présente de nombreux prolongements ramifiés. Ces prolongements contiennent de nombreuses mitochondries, ainsi que des invaginations de la membrane formant des vésicules qui migrent dans diverses parties de la cellule. Le noyau irrégulier est en position centrale. La région supranucléaire contient surtout de l'ergastoplasme, plusieurs appareils de Golgi et de nombreuses granules provenant de l'appareil de Golgi. Ces granules augmentent de taille et sont rejetées dans le sinus de la glande, où elles se modifient et se calcifient pour donner des sphérolithes. Des radioautographics glandulaires, obtenues 1/2 heure après injection de Ca45, montrent une localisation isotopique, située presque exclusivement dans les cellules; 4–24 heures après, l'isotope se localise dans les sphérolithes de la cavité glandulaire. Ces cellules semblent assurer deux fonctions liées à la production de sphérolithes: 1. absorption et transport de calcium de la région basale vers la surface cellulaire et 2. formation d'une matrice protéique qui se calcifiera.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die aktivsezernierenden Zellen der calcifizierenden Drüsen vonLumbricus terrestris sind annähernd kuppelförmig gestaltet. Der untere Teil dieser Zellen besteht aus unzähligen ineinandergreifenden Zellfortsätzen. Diese Fortsätze enthalten zahlreiche Mitochondrien und membranöse Einstülpungen, welche Bläschen bilden, die zu den verschiedenen Regionen der Zelle wandern. Der Zellkern ist unregelmäßig und zentral angeordnet. Die supranukleäre Region ist zu einem großen Teil mit grobem endoplasmatischem Reticulum und mehreren Golgi-Komplexen sowie zahlreichen Granula, die von den Golgi-Komplexen stammen, ausgefüllt. Diese Granula vergrößern sich und werden in den Drüseninus ausgestoßen, wo sie schließlich reorganisiert und mineralisiert werden, um Sphärolithen zu bilden. 1/2 Std nach Injektion von Ca45 wurde die Drüse entfernt; eine Radioautographie zeigte, daß das Isotop beinahe ausschließlich in den Zellen lokalisiert war; 4–24 Std später befand sich das Isotopin den Sphärolithen der Drüsenhöhlung. Diese Zellen sind anscheinend an zwei für die Bildung von mineralisierten Sphärolithen notwendigen Funktionen beteiligt: 1. an der Calcium-Absorption und deren Transport von der Basalregion bis zur Zelloberfläche; 2. an der Bildung einer Proteinmatrix, in welcher die Mineralisation stattfindet.
    Notes: Abstract The actively-secreting cells of the calciferous glands ofLumbricus terrestris are roughly dome shaped. The basal part of the cell consists of numerous interdigitating cell processes. These processes contain numerous mitochondria and membranous infoldings, forming vesicles which migrate to various regions of the cell. The nucleus is irregular and centrally located. The supranuclear region is occupied to a great extent by the rough endoplasmic reticulum, several Golgi complexes and numerous granules derived from the Golgi complexes. These granules enlarge and are extruded into the gland sinus, where they eventually become reorganized and mineralized to give rise to spheroliths. Radioautographs of glands removed 30 min following injection of45Ca showed uptake of the isotope located almost exclusively in the cells; 4–24 h later the isotope was located in the spheroliths in the gland cavity. These cells apparently perform two functions necessary for the production of mineralized spheroliths, 1, absorption and transport of calcium from the basal region to the cell surface and 2, the elaboration of a protein matrix in which mineralization occurs.
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  • 4
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    Cell & tissue research 101 (1969), S. 98-118 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect: Nerve ; Ultrastructure ; Regeneration ; Degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After cutting a neck connective of Schistocerca gregaria, only 2% of the axons on each side of the lesion degenerate. The remainder show reactive changes, which last for approximately one week at 28° C. There is no morphological change in either of the pro/mesothoracic connectives after injury to the neck connective. Phagocytes invade the stumps, but attack only degenerating cells, and are absent by Day 7. Regeneration from the connective stumps begins a week after injury; a functional link may be formed by Day 10, but by Day 23 the new connective cannot function adequately for the locust's survival, if the undamaged connective is then cut. The chief morphological changes in the reactive axoplasm are increases in the number of mitochondria, neurotubules, vesicles and vacuoles. These changes appear to be a local response, and not to be influenced by the neuron cell bodies. Some glial cytoplasm (presumably enucleated), degenerates rapidly after injury, and replacement begins by Day 5. Tracheoles, never seen in normal connectives appear in the reactive connective from Days 3–8, this is interpreted as a migration from the ganglion in response to oxygen deficiency in the connective. The results are discussed in relationship to previous work.
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  • 5
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    Cell & tissue research 101 (1969), S. 167-174 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Flounder ; Chloride Cell ; Ultrastructure ; Cell Type ; Pseudobranch Gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The free or “non-glandular” pseudobranch of the flounder Paralichthys lethostigma was studied with the electron microscope. Cells typical of glandular type pseudobranchs are found. This indicates that, at least in the flounder, the free pseudobranch should be called “glandular”. In addition, the chloride-type cells, commonly found in the gill, buccal epithelium, and surface epithelium of other fish, have been found in the pseudobranch, where they have not been described previously. The fine structure of both the chloride-type and the pseudobranch-type cell has been characterized and contrasted. We have not been able to confirm previous reports that the specific cells in both pseudobranch and gill are identical in the flounder.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymphatic vessels ; Mesentery ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die ableitenden Lymphgefäße im Mesenterium des Dünndarms männlicher weißer Ratten wurden elektronenmikroskopisch und histochemisch untersucht. Elektronenmikroskopisch findet sich ein lückenloses Endothel mit reichlich pinocytotischen Vesikeln. Eine Basalmembran ist im Klappenbereich durchgehend, sonst nur bruchstückweise vorhanden. Die darunter gelegene Bindegewebsschicht (Lamina propria interna) ist sehr unterschiedlich ausgeprägt. Die lichtoptische Einteilung in muskelstarke und muskelschwache (klappennahe) Abschnitte des Lymphangions läßt sich elektronenmikroskopisch bestätigen. Die zahlreichen membrannahen Vesikel der Muskelfasern sind bei Kontraktion in zahnartigen Fortsätzen angereichert. Auch beim Normaltier treten sog. „aktivierte“ Muskelzellen auf. Osmiophiles Material ist nach Fettfütterung zwischen den Muskelzellen und in der Lamina propria interna der Gefäßwand vorhanden, nicht dagegen in den Klappen. Der Kontakt zwischen den Muskelzellen erfolgt mittels fingerartiger Fortsätze. Endothel und Klappen sind frei von nervösen Elementen. Nervenendigungen und Axone sind zwischen den Muskelfasern nicht zu beobachten, hingegen ganz selten Ganglienzellen. Histochemisch sind im Endothel starke Aktivitäten der sauren Phosphatase und der Monoaminooxydase nachzuweisen, auch unspezifische Esterasen, ATP-ase sowie verschiedene Dehydrogenasen sind vorhanden. Cholinesterase, Cholindehydrogenase und alkalische Phosphatase fehlen. In der Media sind unspezifische Cholinesterase, unspezifische Esterasen, ATPase, Monoaminooxydase, Succinodehydrogenase und NAD-Diaphorase nachweisbar. Im einzelnen kann die Stärke der Aktivität einem bestimmten Abschnitt (muskelstark/muskelschwach) des Lymphangions zugeordnet werden. Damit ist eine Einteilung der Lymphangione in klappentragende und muskelmanschettenhaltige Anteile auch histochemisch möglich. Im Gegensatz zur Adventitia der Blutgefäße gibt die der Lymphgefäße keine Reaktion auf alkalische Phosphatase. Die dort reichlich vorhandenen Mastzellen sind Naphthol-AS-D-chloracetat-esterase positiv.
    Notes: Summary The large lymphatic vessels in the mesentery of male white rats were investigated with ultrastructural and histochemical methods. Electron micrographs show an uninterrupted simple endothelial layer, the individual cells of which are rich in pinocytotic vesicles. A distinct continous basement membrane is to be found only in the region of the valves, otherwise it is lacking over wide parts of the vessel wall. The so-called lamina propria interna differs greatly in its extent. Electron microscopy confirms the subdivision of the lymphangion into segments rich in muscle cells and others (in the area of the valves) which are less rich in them. Muscle cells contain numerous vesicles in close connection with the cell membrane which in contracted cells are to be found predominantly in toothlike projections. Also in the normal rat, so-called “activated” muscle cells are to be found. After a meal rich in fat, osmiophilic material can be seen between the muscle cells and in the lamina propria interna, however, not in the valves. Muscle cells are in contact with each other by finger-like processes. The endothelial layer and the valves are lacking nervous elements. There are no nerve endings and no axons between the muscle cells, but very rarely ganglion cells can be found. Histochemically, strong activities of acid phosphatase and MAO have been demonstrated in the endothelial layer. Unspecific esterases, ATP-ase and various dehydrogenases are also present, while cholinesterase, cholindehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase are lacking. In the media, unspecific esterases, unspecific cholinesterase, MAO, succinodehydrogenase and Naddiaphorase can be found. The intensity of enzymatic activities can be correlated to specific segments of the lymphangion. It is, therefore, possible to distinguish by histochemical methods the valve areas, which are poor in muscle cells, from the muscle-cuffs. In contrast to the blood vessels, the adventitia of the large lymphatics is alkaline-phosphatase negative. The mast cells, abundant in the adventitial layer, show α-Naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate-esterase activity.
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  • 7
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    Cell & tissue research 101 (1969), S. 401-407 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myriapoda ; Kidney ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Feinstruktur der Maxillarnephridien von Scutigerella immaculata Newport mit ihren drei Abschnitten Sacculus, Tubulus und Ausführgang wurde untersucht. Die Zellen des Sacculus sind typische Podocyten, an denen eine Ultrafiltration ablaufen kann. Möglicherweise wird die Filtration durch einen den Sacculus umgebenden Muskel unterstützt. Die Zellen des Tubulus zeigen basale Einfaltungen und im proximalen Teil auch Mikrovilli. Sowohl im Tubulus als auch im Ausführgang, dessen Zellen ebenfalls basale Einfaltungen aufweisen, werden Reabsorptionsprozesse vermutet.
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the maxillary kidney of Scutigerella immaculata Newport (Symphyla) has been investigated. It may be compared with segmental organs of other Arthropoda having an end-sac which forms a primary urine by ultrafiltration. The filtration may be supported by a muscle surrounding the end-sac. The tubular part of the nephridium and the efferent duct show structures which may be involved in reabsorption.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Nuclear-Cytoplasmic relationships ; Microtubules ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary For a limited period during the oogenesis of Protopterus, blebs of the perinuclear cistern contain, in addition to other inclusions, a special kind of microtubular elements. Most of these blebs face parts of multiple nucleolar bodies that extend toward and make contact with the inner nuclear membrane. The microtubular lumen contains a finely dispersed material of moderate electron density which seems to be in contact with this nucleolar material. Aside from these intracisternal structures there are, within both the perinuclear cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm, similar microtubular arrays without apparent connection with the nuclear envelope. These are either enclosed by membranes derived from those of the envelope or unconfined, having escaped through breaks in their respective bounding membranes. Extracisternal tubules are presumed to have passed their period of putative functional activity and to be undergoing a process of regression and subsequent disintegration. Among possible roles attributable to the intracisternal microtubular apparatus are the following: (1) It may serve for the transport of special nucleolar components to the cytoplasm, possibly to be incorporated in the matrix of developing perinuclear mitochondria; (2) it may provide openings in the nuclear membranes for the direct passage of particulate elements between nucleus and cytoplasm; (3) it may be instrumental in the breakdown of parts of the nuclear envelope prior to its restitution during the subsequent phase of oogenesis.
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  • 9
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    Cell & tissue research 102 (1969), S. 570-593 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuroendocrine structures ; Gastropods ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Studies of possible neuroendocrine structures in the pulmonate gastropod Helisoma tenue show that cerebral fuchsinophilic neurons with electron-dense granules (mean diameter 1,500 Å) apparently release their secretory content in an “intercerebral commissure neurohemal area” near the mediodorsal bodies (MDB) or in the “median labial nerve neurohemal area”. The MDB cells have axon-like processes which branch and end at the cerebral surface, separated by a thin capsule from the cerebral fuchsinophilic cells. The presence of granules (mean diameter 800 Å) in the terminals of the MDB cells suggests cell body origin, distal transport and release of the granular secretory material. The secretory product may have an influence on cerebral fuchsinophilic neurons. Electron microscopy reveals the presence of granules of different sizes and densities in expanded neurites at the periphery of the intestinal nerve of the visceral ganglion which may indicate the presence of a neurohemal area. However, the granules in the intestinal nerve neurites and in the visceral ganglion fuchsinophilic cells are similar to granules found in the heart which also suggests that the granules may carry a neurotransmitter.
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  • 10
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    Cell & tissue research 101 (1969), S. 477-509 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insects ; Proctodeum ; Cuticle ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ultrastructure de la cuticule du rectum a été étudiée chez onze espèces d'Insectes, appartenant à neuf ordres. On s'est surtout intéressé aux espèces présentant des papilles rectales; dans ce cas on distingue toujours trois types de cuticule: cuticule de l'épithélium rectal, cuticule des papilles, cuticule du ≪cadre≫ entourant les papilles. La cuticule du cadre est formée d'une masse compacte et amorphe, sclérifiée, surmontée d'une cuticuline de structure normale. Les deux autres types de cuticules possèdent une structure plus classique: épicuticule comprenant cuticuline et zone dense, et endocuticule. La cuticule de l'épithélium rectal a toujours une structure comparable à celle d'une cuticule périphérique non sclérifiée. La cuticule des papilles est plus variable, et toujours différente de celle de l'épithélium rectal. Ces différences portent sur la cuticuline, la zone dense, les filaments épicuticulaires; l'endocuticule sur les papilles montre une organisation fibrillaire moins nette, qui paraît corrélative d'une réaction positive à l'APS. Des canaux poraires n'ont jamais été observés dans la cuticule des papilles; il en existe quelquefois dans la cuticule de l'épithélium rectal. Une sous-cuticule, contenant des mucopolysaccharides acides, est présente dans certains cas dans les deux types de cuticule. Dans les espèces ne possédant pas de papilles rectales, il n'existe qu'un seul type de cuticule rectale, variable suivant l'espèce. La cuticule des papilles montre, dans certaines espèces, des dépressions superficielles, d'un diamètre voisin de 0,2 μ, réparties uniformément mais sans ordre défini (≪dépressions épicuticulaires≫). De telles dépressions s'observent aussi dans quelques espèces dépourvues de papilles (Tenebrio). Au niveau de ces dépressions, la cuticuline a une structure particulière et la zone dense est réduite. Les rapports entre structure et perméabilité de la cuticule sont discutés. On envisage en particulier les rôles respectifs de la cuticuline, de la zone dense, des filaments épicuticulaires et des dépressions épicuticulaires.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the rectal cuticle was studied in eleven species of Insects from nine orders. Special attention was given to those having rectal papillae. In such species, three types of cuticule were observed: 1) the cuticle of the rectal epithelium, 2) the cuticle of the papillae, 3) the cuticle of the border of the papillae. The cuticle of the border is made of a compact amorphous substance, which is sclerotized and covered by a typical cuticulin layer. The two other types of cuticle exhibit a more conventional organization, namely the epicuticle comprising both the cuticulin and the dense layer, and the endocuticle. The cuticle of the rectal epithelium is similar to unsclerotized external cuticle. The cuticle of the papillae is more variable and always differs from the cuticle of the rectal epithelium. Variations occur with regards to the cuticulin, the dense layer and the epicuticular filaments. The endocuticle of the papillae has a less conspicuous fibrillar structure which we believe is correlated with the PAS-positive reaction found in this endocuticle. Pore canal sometimes are observed in the cuticle of the rectal epithelium but never above the papillae. In some cases, a sub-cuticular layer containing acid mucopolysaccharids is present in the two types of cuticle. In species lacking rectal papillae, the rectal wall is covered by only one type of cuticle, the features of which vary according to species. In some Insects, the cuticle of papillae shows numerous superficial depressions, each of about 0.2 μ in diameter. These “epicuticular depressions” are uniformly distributed throughout the papillae but are not arranged in any particular pattern. We have also found such depressions in other Insects lacking rectal papillae (e.g. Tenebrio). In the epicuticular depressions, the cuticulin exhibits a modified organization and the dense layer is reduced. The relations between ultrastructure and cuticular permeability are discussed. The possible roles of the cuticulin, the dense layer, the epicuticular filaments and the epicuticular depressions are examined.
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  • 11
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    Cell & tissue research 102 (1969), S. 1-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Columba livia ; Electrical activity ; Ultrastructure ; Sensory (?) and secretory pinealocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Direkte Belichtung oder Lichtreizung der Lateralaugen lösen im zentralen Teil der Taubenepiphyse keine elektrische Aktivität aus. Im Stielabschnitt sind dagegen kleine, durch Licht nicht beeinlußbare Dauerentladungen zu beobachten. Die Lage der Ableitungspunkte wurde durch den histologischen Nachweis der elektrolytisch gesetzten Eisenmarken bestimmt. Diese Ableitungsstellen befinden sich im Epiphysenparenchym. Ein stärkeres versilberbares Nervenbündel verläuft im Stiel der Epiphyse. Adrenerge Nervenfasern, die grün fluoreszieren, begleiten die Kapselgefäße und dringen mit diesen in das follikuläre Epiphysengewebe ein. Das Epiphysenparenchym zeigt nach Falck-Hillarp eine Gelbfluoreszenz mit umschriebenen apikalen oder basalen Anreicherungen der fluoreszierenden Substanz. Mit Reserpin kann nur ein Teil dieses Materials entspeichert werden. Elektronenmikroskopisch lassen sich in der Taubenepiphyse keine typischen pinealen Rezeptorzellen nachweisen. Regelmäßig lamellierte Außenglieder fehlen vollständig. Es finden sich lediglich cytoplasmareiche bulböse Zilien und zirkuläre Lamellenkomplexe, die in Tubuli übergehen. Die letzteren können sich mit einem dichten körnigen Material füllen. An einigen Stellen haben solche Lamellenverbände einen Zusammenhang mit keulenförmig verdickten Zilien. Diese Zone ist aber anders strukturiert als das für retinale und pineale Lichtsinneszellen charakteristische Verbindungsstück. Die Zeichen der sekretorischen Aktivität der Taubenepiphyse sind überzeugender als die für einen lichtempfindlichen Sinnesapparat sprechenden Strukturmerkmale. Ein bestimmter Typ der Pinealocyten ist reich an 800–1200 Å großen granulierten Vesikeln, die sowohl am apikalen als auch am basalen, auf die Blutgefäße ausgerichteten Zellpol angehäuft sein können. An den manchmal gelappten basalen Endfüßen sind Zeichen der Ausschleusung des Vesikelinhalts bzw. eines Materialschwundes aus dem granulierten Vesikelkern zu erkennen. Die sekretorische Aktivität der Taubenepiphyse wird mit Hinweis auf die in ihr reichlich vorkommenden 5-Hydroxyindole (Quay) und das Problem der Melatonin-Bildung diskutiert. Erörtert wird auch die Möglichkeit einer Stimulierung dieser Sekretion über den Sympathikus.
    Notes: Summary Direct illumination or stimulation with light of the lateral eyes induced no electrical activity in the central part of the pineal organ in the pigeon. In the pineal stalk, however, a train of impulses was observed that failed to respond to changes of illumination. The position of the tip of the recording electrode (iron deposit), was histologically clearly determined to be in the pineal parenchyma. A distinct nerve bundle could be traced down the pineal stalk. Adrenergic nerve fibers showing a green fluorescence accompanied pineal capsular vessels into pineal follicular tissue. Using the method of Falck-Hillarp, the pineal parenchyma showed high concentrations of yellow fluorescent material in the apical or basal parts of the pinealocytes. Only a part of the fluorescent material could be dispersed with reserpine. In the electron microscope, no typical photoreceptor cells were identified in the pineal organ. Only large bulbous cilia, and circular lamellar or tubular complexes, were observed; they sometimes contained a dense granular material. Occasionally, the lamellar complexes had a direct relation to cilia of club-shaped appearance. Signs of secretory activity were more definitive in the pigeon pineal organ than sensory structures. One type of pinealocytes contained many 800–1,200 Å diameter granular vesicles concentrated in the apical or basal (apposed to blood vessels) cell parts. At the occasionally lobulated basal end-feet, a disappearance of the content of the granular vesicles indicated a release mechanism. This secretory activity was discussed in relation to the 5-hydroxyindole content of the pigeon pineal organ (Quay) and the general problem of melatonin synthesis; also, the possibility was considered that the secretory activity may be stimulated by sympathetic nerve fibers.
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  • 12
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    Cell & tissue research 101 (1969), S. 323-337 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vitreous body ; Hyalocytes ; Three-dimensional network ; Fibers ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vitreous body of the rat eye was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The freeze-dried specimens were either unfixed, freshly frozen or fixed and rinsed before being frozen. The vitreous body is surrounded by a coat of intercellular material covering a thin sheath of chiefly parallel fibers. The latter forms the base for a regularly organized three-dimensional network of fibers. The interfibrillar spaces are filled with ground substance and also contain a few cells. The shape of the cells varies from bipolar to polyhedronal. Their interconnected processes are usually undivided. The functional importance of this complex regular organization of the fibers and cells in the vitreous body is stressed.
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  • 13
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    Cell & tissue research 102 (1969), S. 31-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sarcolemma and T system and the sarcoplasmic reticulum were studied in a fast acting muscle, the extraocular muscle of Fundulus grandis. The predominant morphological fiber type contained abundant glycogen, a highly developed T system with triads at the A-I junction and a well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum. The numerous tubular profiles of T system and sarcoplasmic reticulum with their characteristic contents made this fiber especially suitable for cytochemical investigation. Revel's thorium dioxide technique for the ultrastructural localization of tissue polyanions was applied to thin sections of extraocular muscle. The results confirmed an earlier report by Goldstein and Philpott on fish branchial muscle. The polyanionic material was associated with the sarcolemma, the T system and the sarcoplasmic reticulum of these fibers. Both the distribution and the amount of polyanionic substance associated with these physiologically important membrane systems support the idea that the reactive material serves as an anionic substrate for binding cationic calcium.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The two-state theory of protein denaturation, in which it is assumed that a protein exists as two species, native and denatured, is examined by three approaches in this paper. First, the point is made that denaturation of an isolated molecule involves a continuous shift in the probabilities of occurrence of many states generated by the partition function for the protein. It is argued that the maximum term approximation does not lead to a two-state mechanism of denaturation, and that the extent of cooperation implied by the two-state theory should give very much sharper transitions than are actually found in proteins. Second, the two-state theory is applied to the various model systems treated in this series of papers, and is found to be inadequate. Since the detailed behaviour of the models is known, it is possible to deduce the effect of the incorrect application of the two-state theory to a system that “denatures” by gradual unwinding. This exercise is useful when, thirdly, we examine experimental data that seem to depart radically from a two-state interpretation. We conclude that a mechanism of gradual unwinding is the most generally valid assumption, and that the two-state theory has no theoretical or experimental support.
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  • 15
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    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 481-489 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three types of band-forming centerpieces useful in band centrifugation in the analytical ultracentrifuge are described. The mode of filling and the advantages and disadvantages of each type are discussed.
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  • 16
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    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 497-508 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ability of periodate-oxidized amylose to form aggregates in aqueous solution was studied by sedimentation, light scattering, and viscosity analyses. Ultracentrifuge schlieren patterns show that aggregation can be appreciable at pH 3.0 and 1.0. The hydroxyl ion-catalyzed degradation of the oxidized amylose is faster at pH 3.0 than at pH 1.0. Viscosity and sedimentation analyses conducted at pH 3.0 show that a minimum in the degree of aggregation of the oxidized molecules is obtained at 15-25% oxidation. Solubulity studies and x-ray diffraction patterns on retrograded amylose show that maximum solubility of the retrograded amylose is obtained by oxidizing to the extent of 25-35%. It was therefore concluded that in the general range of 20-30% periodate oxidation, the oxidized amylose has a minimum ability to form intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Outside of this range, oxidized amylose readily forms aggregates in aqueous solutions.
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  • 17
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    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 491-496 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Calorimetric measurements of the heat of the addition of the second strand of poly U to poly (A + 2U) to form the three-stranded poly (A + 2U) complex in 0.1M and 0.5M NaCl at 24 and 37°C. are reported. A value of ΔH = -3800 cal./mole of poly (A + 2U) formed was found to be fairly insensitive to the experimental conditions employed. The heat of the addition of the third strand to the preformed poly (A + U) helix is considerably less exothermic than the heat of reaction between poly A and poly U to form poly (A + U). The insensitivity of the heat of addition of the third strand (poly U) to changes in salt concentration and temperature lends qualitative support to the earlier hypothesis that the major portion of the variation of the ΔH of the poly A and poly U reaction with experimental conditions arises from differences in the conformation of poly A. Combining the information obtained in this study for the ΔH of the reaction forming poly (A + 2U) with data for the ΔH of the formation of poly (A + U) indicates that the conversion of poly (A + U) to poly (A + 2U) is opposed by an enthalpy change which increases with temperature. Extrapolation of these values to 52°C. where poly (A + U) is transformed to poly (A + 2U) in 0.5M NaCl leads to a value of ΔH = +3800 cal./mole (A + 2U) formed and ΔS = 11.5 cal./mole of (A + 2U) formed. It is concluded from the calorimetric data that the driving force for the poly (A + U) to poly (A + 2U) conversion reaction is the favorable entropy change.
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    Biopolymers 3 (1965) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 19
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    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 461-480 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of salt type and concentration on the transformation of an oriented crystalline collagen tendon into a crosslinked network under conditions of equilibrium swelling was investigated. Our main observations are the following. The degree of swelling of crystalline tendons increases at low salt concentration Cs, and decreases at higher Cs for a wide variety of salts. The observation is not reconcilable with swelling taking place in interfibrillar spaces or structural voids. Within the tropocollagen units and at their ends, regions of reduced organization are postulated (as suggested by Bear and by Schmitt) which are able to interact with the diluent in the amorphous-like manner. At least four different factors should be considered in assessing the role of salt and salt concentration on the shrinkage temperature Ts under isoelectric conditions. They are: (1) specific effects, (2) diluent effects, (3) crosslinking effects, and (4) nonequilibrium effects. The diluent effects are correlated with the salting-in-salting-out power of the ions which was characterized in Part I of this series. Smaller amounts of diluents are generally available to the tendon when the salt has a higher salting-out power, and this corresponds to higher shrinkage temperatures, other conditions being the same. The crosslinking effect raises Ts due to a reduction of the diluent content and, probably for p-benzoquinone and formaldehyde, also to a reduction of the conformational entropy in the molten state. Nonequilibrium effects arise from the fact that shrinkage and recrystallization are kinetically hindered when the tendon is highly deswollen in strong salting-out solutions, or when the salt has a crosslinking power. The specific effect is the only effect which is not related to the amount of diluent present in the tendon. Its origin is less clear. For anions such as Cl- and SCN-, it is possibly related to an ability of the ion to prevent intersegmental hydrogen bonding and water carbonyl bridges. The competition of several of the above effects for a given salt solution makes possible various types of dependence of Ts upon Cs: Ts may either continuously decrease or continuously increase with increasing Cs, or it may go through a minimum. In absence of salt, the cooperative character of the transition at the pH at which maximum swelling occurs appears extremely reduced. The large swelling maintains the tendon in the elongated state and this simulates a continuous decrease of Ts on lowering pH. In presence of small quantities of salt, which reduce swelling, the transition is sharp and Ts is decreased with pH up to pH 2, when maximum swelling occurs, and then reincreases on further lowering of the pH. The dependence of Ts upon Cs is more complex than under isoelectric conditions. There is generally an increase of Ts with Cs which is equivalent to an increase of the denaturation temperature with Cs for helical polyelectrolytes in solution. At higher salt concentrations, however, Ts may decrease again, and possibly increase again at still higher salt concentrations, depending upon the effect of the salt solution in the isoelectric zone.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By using the Nemethy-Scheraga theory of water structure, a calculation was made of the energy changes for the rupture of a DH…A solute-solute hydrogen bond in water. A partition function was also obtained for the binding of water and other solutes to the DH and A groups in the special case where these are the NH and CO groups of a random coil polypeptide chain. In subsequent papers of this series, these calculated quantities will be used in a statistical mechanical treatment of the helix-coil transition for polypeptides in water.
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  • 21
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A partition function is derived for a simple model of interacting helices in a short (20 residues) chain of poly-L-alanine. It is found that interhelical hydrophobic bonds effect a marked stabilization of helical forms, and give rise to a sharp transition of the type found in many proteins.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Crosslinked synthetic polypeptides of poly Glu51Lys33Tyr16 (mol. wt. 31,000) and of poly Glu52Lys33Tyr15 (No. 3) (mol. wt. 52,000) containing from one to six crosslinks per molecule have been prepared by use of FFDNB, WRK and ICD reagents.The monomeric fractions of these derivatives were isolated by Sephadex G-100 chromatography. The number of crosslinks per molecule of DNPene derivatives was determined by total hydrolysis of the derivatives, isolation of O, N∊-DNPene-Tyr-Lys bridges by paper chromatography and then spectrophotometric quantitation. The number of the amide-type crosslinks in Am derivatives was established by their deamination followed by total hydrolysis and quantitation of the remaining lysine residues. Crosslinked derivatives appear to have a more compact structure, as judged by their behavior on the Sephadex columns and by their intrinsic viscosities. They were further characterized in regard to their amino acid composition, average number of the crosslinks per molecule, nitrogen content, solubility, root-mean-square end-to-end distance, and their spectral properties. Their properties recommend them as useful models for the study of the tertiary structure of proteins in solution.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The introduction of intramolecular amide bonds into synthetic polypeptides produces molecules with organized spatial structure which are good models for the tertiary structure of proteins. Polarization of fluorescence measurements were used to study the internal structure and the overall rigidity of the intramolecularly crosslinked polypeptides. The graph of [(1/p) + (1/3)] against T/η changes from a straight line to a continuous curve: the temperature at which this change occurs and the slope of the straight line segment measure the stability of the internal structure of the molecule. The introduction of one to six crosslinks produces an organized internal structure that becomes more stable as the number of crosslinks increases. In contrast to the fluorescence measurements, the intrinsic viscosities, reflecting the overall hydrodynamic domain of the molecules, change (decrease) to the same extent whether one, four, or six intramolecular crosslinks are present. The overall rigidity of the polymers can be assessed by the rotational relaxation time ρh and the polarization at 10°C. p10. Both of these criteria show that the presence of six crosslinks significantly increases the rigidity, but one or four does not. The various hydrodynamic measurements may be fitted into a hierarchy of discrimination: intrinsic viscosity, sedimentation, and diffusion for size and shape; rotational relaxation time and polarization of fluorescence at a given temperature for overall molecular rigidity; and transition temperature and rate at which it is attained for internal molecular detail.
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    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 57-68 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A theory for the dependence of the net thermodynamic solvation of a macroion in an electrolyte solution is presented. The solvation in moles salt/mole macroion is shown to approach - |Zp|/v in the limit of infinite dilution of salt and macroion. The solvation in moles water/mole macroion is shown to approach zero at zero water activity. Isopiestic determinations of the hydration of sodium deoxyribonucleate in NaCl, Na2SO4, and NaClO4 solutions indicate that short-range interactions of the NaDNA with solvent account for more than half of the observed solvation. The net hydration appears to be predominantly influenced only by water activity.
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    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 69-78 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The cohesive energy densities (CED) of three amylose derivatives have been estimated from viscosity measurements in a range of solvents, by using methods proposed by Mangaraj and Bristow and Watson. The values assigned to the triacetate, (2.5) nitrate, and tricarbanilate are 92 ± 2, 90 ± 2, and 87 ± 2 cal./cc., respectively. The CED of unsubstituted amylose has been measured and found to be 154 ± 4 cal./cc. The results are discussed in relation to solvent power, structure, and possible correlation with the internal pressure of the polymer.
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    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 115-119 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Viscosity measurements and calculated rotary diffusion constants show that collagen undergoes photopolymerization when irradiated with ultraviolet light of 2537 A. Fibril formation at the same time is inhibited. The results are correlated with the aromatic amino acid content of the dangling peptides protruding from the rigid portion of the macromolecule.
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  • 27
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown how the technique of fluorescence may be used to assess conclusions about conformation which are based on a statistical mechanical treatment of simple protein models. Specifically, the state of bonding and distance between two chromophores in a molecule depend on the overall conformation, which can be computed for model systems. On the assumption that the intensity and polarization of fluorescence are affected by exciton transfer between the chromophores, it is possible to compute the effect of conformation on fluorescence. It is demonstrated that the conformational changes computed in the preceding paper will give rise to marked changes in the intensity and polarization of fluorescence.
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  • 28
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    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 421-437 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Intrinsic viscosity-temperature studies for isoelectric gelatin in KCl and KSCN aqueous solutions and equilibrium degree of swelling, ν-1, measurements for amorphous crosslinked rat tail tendons in the same solutions were carried out. On increasing salt concentration Cs, both [η] and ν-1 increase, go through a maximum, and then decrease at high Cs, KCl being more effective than KSCN in bringing about this decrease. The trend observed is similar to the variation of solubility of polypeptides and soluble proteins with Cs. By regarding a water-salt solution of a given Cs as a single diluent interacting with the protein modified by solvation and binding of ions, usual polymer solution theories were applied to the experimental results. Thus, quantities related to the entropy and enthalpy components of the excess chemical potential of the diluents were obtained. The data indicate that the initial increase of [η] and ν-1 with Cs results from the balance of an enthalpy component which, on increasing Cs, becomes less favorable to dilution and an entropy component which, conversely, becomes more favorable. The subsequent decrease of [η] and ν-1 with Cs is due to the prevailing of the enthalpy component. The maximum is reached at higher Cs for KSCN than for KCl, primarily because of the large increase in the entropy component operated by the former salt. The increase of the entropy parameter with Cs is associated to a breaking down of the coordinated water structure and to an alteration of the conformation of the macro molecules due to ion-dipole interaction and to ion absorption. The decrease in exothermicity of dilution with Cs indicates a reduced thermodynamic affinity of the diluent toward the polymer which probably results from alteration of the nature of both polymer and diluent.
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 21-27 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An increase in temperature causes an increase in the amplitudes of intramolecular and intermolecular motions and mainfests itself as an increase in the effective radii of the various atoms, especially hydrogen atoms. If one uses a Lennard-Jones 6-12 potential function to account for nonbonded interactions, this increase in the radius of the hydrogen atom is equivalent to a modification of the coefficient of the repulsive part of the Lennard-Jones potential. Accordingly, this effect of increasing temperature on the helix sense of several polyamino acids is computed by allowing the effective radius of the hydrogen atom to increase. It is found that the preferred sense of several polyamino acid helices changes from right- to left-handed as the temperature is increased. This accounts for recent experimental observations of changes in helix sense with temperature.
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 57-68 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Potentiometric titrations and some complementary optical rotation data are presented for solutions of poly(L- glutamic acid) (PGA) in several H2O-ethanol mixtures. The data allow the determination of the intrinsic pK (pK0), slope of the apparent. pK (pKapp), versus degree of ionization curves and of the enthalpy of ionization as a function of ethanol concentration. The variation of the degree of ionization at which the helix-coil transformation occurs with ethanol and temperature is also determined. Finally free energy, enthalpy, and intropy changes associated with the helix-coil transformation for the uncharged conformers are determined from the titration curves. The effect of the ethanol is to increase the stability of the helical conformation of PGA for both the charged and the uncharged forms of the polymer. The stabilization of the uncharged helix is essentially an entropic effect.
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 91-99 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Infrared spectra of polypeptides were measured in the region of 1800-400 cm-1. For the α-helical form, disordered form, and antiparallel-chain β-form, amide V band- arising from N-H out-of-plane bending models were observed at 610-620, around 650, and 700-705 cm-1, respectively, and amide V′ bands arising from N-D out-of-plane bending modes were observed at 455-465, around 510, and a 515-530 cm-1, respectively. These correlations are useful for conformation diagnoses, particularly for copolyamino-acids or proteins which are not oriented. The nature of low-frequency amide bands are discussed with reference to potential energy distributions calculated for the α-helical form and β form.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Some experimental data are given on the infrared spectra between 3300 and 3500 cm-1 of dilute solutions in carbon tetrachloride of three types of model compounds: CH3-CONH-CH(R1)-CONH(R2), (I); CH3-CON(CH3)-CH(R1)-CONH(R2), (II) and CH3-CONH-CH(R1)-CON(R2)2, (III). In studying the N-H stretching bands, it was found that there are two types of intramolecular hydrogen bonds in these molecules; these result in two different cyclized conformations, C5 and C7, which contain respectively, five and seven atoms in the ring. By using model substances I, II, and III, in which the nitrogen atoms are unequally substituted, it is possible to identify the N-H stretching bands which are to be ascribed to the N-H oscillators included in the two different chelated conformations. It is found also that the stretching frequency of a free N-H oscillator depends upon the substituent on the nitrogen atom. Thus, it is possible to observe, with some of the model compounds I, four different absorption bands located at 3340, 3420, 3440, and 3460 cm-1. The first two are ascribed to the N-H oscillators included in the H—bonds which lock the C7 and C5 conformations; the last two correspond to free N-H which differ with the substituent on the nitrogen atom.
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 153-155 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 207-213 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular orbital calculations of the extended Hückel type have been used to study the conformations of glycyl and alanyl residues in ground and excited states. The ground-state surfaces show features similar to those obtained with the standard calculational methods in which the total energy is partitioned into components such as torsions, nonbonded and electrostatic interactions. The molecular orbital calculations provide the first independent theoretical check on such calculations. The excited-state surfaces, Uniquely available from the molecular orbital calculations, exhibit a better definition and sharpening of potential minima in the sterically allowed regions.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We derive equations for calculating the number-, weight-, and z-average lengths between single-strand breaks in DNA molecules. Provision is made for the existence of preformed breaks under genetic control: these are assumed to be fixed in number in each molecule, but may be variable in position. Breaks due to random degradation may be superimposed on the pre-existing breaks. An example is given for illustrative purposes.
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 223-239 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conformation in solution of fractionated 30 S and 19 S ribosomal RNA from rabbit reticulocytes has been studied by optical rotatory dispersion, analysis of thermal melting profiles and their derivatives, and spectrophotometric acid-base titration. From a consideration of the limitations of these methods, it has been possible to set limiting values on the degree of base-pairing and the lengths of the double helices: between 60 and 80% of the bases in 19 S and 30 S RNA are estimated to be paired. The paired segments are not shorter than 4 base pairs, and evidence from other sources is available which indicates that they are not longer than 8-16 base pairs. The spread of helix lengths is greater in the 30 S than in 19 S RNA; and other differences are noted. Several distinct populations of double helices, differing in their thermal stability, are present. Estimates are presented from spectrophotometric and titration data for the base compositions of the paired and unpaired regions.
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 251-263 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A small perturbation analysis is carried out to determine the stability of a fluid containing two layers of diffusing solutes in a common solvent and acted upon by a uniform gravitational field. It is found that instability can arise even though the unperturbed diffusion does not lead to the formation of a density inversion within the fluid.
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 475-493 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of denaturation of DNA have been studied by relaxation techniques. Examination of the terminal relaxation times for a variety of DNA's under a variety of conditions has shown that DNA denaturation is principally a hydrodynamically limited process. Measurements within the helix-coil transition have demonstrated that the experimentally measured terminal relaxation times are a function of the following: (1) position in the helix-coil transition; (2) ionic strength of the solvent; (3) solvent viscosity; (4) DNA concentration; (5) molecular weight; (6) number and position of single-strand breaks. The dependence of the terminal relaxation time on the above mentioned factors can be attributed to hydrodynamic effects. Thus a hydrodynamic model for DNA unwinding is required. The model which best fits the data involves the assumption of a rotational frictional coefficient independent of molecular weight. This assumption is suggested by the fact that the relaxation time is proportional to the first power of the molecular weight.
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  • 41
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 495-502 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sodium counterion association with partially neutralized poly(D-glutamic acid) or poly(DL-glutamic acid) was measured by use of Wall's transference method with radioactive sodium. In the region where both polyacids are in completely random coil form, fractions of association were considerably less than that with poly(acrylic acid) in the same region of degree of neutralization. Even in the region where poly (D-glutamic acid) is in the helical form, the fraction of association was less than that with poly(acrylic acid) in the same region. No pronounced characteristics attributable to counterion association corresponding to the helix-coil transition could be found. The association phenomena were discussed on the basis of a rodlike model of polyelectrolyte.
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  • 42
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 411-415 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The isomerization of poly-L-proline in different solvents has been studied by NMR spectroscopy. Different resonance signals for the CHα protons have been obtained for the two different helical conformations of thus compound, namely form I and form II.
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  • 43
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 417-422 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly-β-N-diphenylmethyl-L-asparagine and poly-γ-N-diphenylmethyl-L-glutamine were prepared from the corresponding N-carboxyanhydrides. Poly-L-aspuragine and poly-L-glutamine were obtained by removal of the diphenylmethyl protecting groups with liquid anhydrous hydrofluoric acid.
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  • 44
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 379-393 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Hydrogen-tritium exchange character of poly-D,L-alanine was studied in detail as a model for the hydrogen exchange behavior of the unhindered, polymeric peptide group. The random chain nature of poly-D,L-alanine was evident in the uniformity of exchange rate of all its hydrogens and in the similarity between this rate and that of random chain poly-D,L-lysine and other known, unhindered secondary amide groups. An equilibrium isotope effect favoring the binding of tritium over protium to the extent of 21% was measured. Specific acid and base catalysis of the exchange and the absence of detectable general catalysis were demonstrated. Apparent energy of activation is 17 kcal/mole for deprotonation, largely due to dependence of Kw on temperature, and 15 kcal/mole for protonation, which correlates with the extreme apparent pK. The hydrogen -tritium exchange half-time rate; of poly-D,L-alamine at any pH and temperature (T: °C) is given by the equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \[t_{\frac{1}{2}} \,(\min )\, = \,200\,\, \times \,10^{0.05{\rm T}} /\,[10^{{\rm pH} - 3} \, + \,10^{3 - {\rm pH}} ]\] $$\end{document}
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  • 45
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 581-593 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The specific rotation of starch components, corrected for refractive index variation, exhibits a discontinuity in the region of the water-dimethyl sulfoxide (H2O-DMSO) system that corresponds to the composition of the complex 2H2O-DMSO. This discontinuity is a property dependent upon the presence of a number of consecutively linked α-1,4 glucose units and, therefore, must reflect a change in symmetry of a segment, of polymer chain. The optical rotation of amylose between 26.5 and 92.5°C. does not change in DMSO and is only slightly lowered in water at the higher temperature. The behavior of amylose in both DMSO and H2O is like that of a random coil, as indicated by viscosity and sedimentation measurements. These results may be interpreted either as being compatible with models of amylose in solution in which the polymer backbone has helical twist, or as indicating removal of strong interactions between polymer chain segments by a good solvent.
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  • 46
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  • 47
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 614-618 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 48
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    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 535-543 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The molecular weight distribution of poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate prepared by N-carboxy anhydride (NCA) polymerization with the use of di-n-butylamine, diisopropylamine, and sodium methoxide as initiators was investigated. In every case, narrow distributions were found. Moreover the results allow us to conclude that the same polymerization mechanism is operative with each of the above initiators. The experimental distribution curves show fairly good agreement with the theoretical distributions expected for a polymerization process without termination.
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  • 49
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    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 545-554 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The influence of counterion radius on the polyelectrolyte behavior of poly-L-cysteate in aqueous solution under different conditions was investigated. A linear relationship was found between a critical concentration in solution of the synthetic charged poly-peptide and the crystallographic radius of different counterions, indicating that the stability of this macromolecule is inversely proportional to the size of the cations.
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  • 50
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    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 573-583 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: X-ray diffraction patterns from dilute solutions of poly-3,5-dibromo-L-tyrosine in dimethylformamide and equivalent concentrations of 2,6-dibromophenol in the same solvent are compared. The intensity difference as a function of scattering angle is indicative of the arrangement of residues in the polymer. A novel averaging procedure is used to compute the intensity patterns arising from regular arrays of bromine atoms. Interbromine spacings measured on a Drieding model of a right-handed α-helix with side groups restricted to rigid positions of maximum stagger give moderate agreement with experiment. Very good agreement with observations is obtained by allowing for a small oscillation of phenyl rings which effectively cancels out the contribution of large distances to the intensity curve.
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  • 51
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aqueous solutions of ribonuclease and human serum albumin were subjected to periods of controlled heating and the nuclear magnetic spin-lattice relaxation times, T1, of the water protons measured. The heat treatment causes an initial increase in the relaxation times of the water protons. These T1 variations indicate that a configurational change, compatible with a disordering of the protein structure occurs, which involves an increase in various modes of internal mobility. The T1 measurements also indicate a close, ordered association of the water molecules and the protein.
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  • 52
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    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 594-594 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 53
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    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 609-616 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The melting characteristics of unfractionated yeast s-RNA in neutral aqueous solution have been examined by high-resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These studies indicate that the bases of s-RNA become rotationally activated at lower temperatures than their associated ribose units. These observations, as well as the recently determined base sequence of an alanine-specific s-RNA, suggest that base complementarity may not be the primary determinant in the stabilization of the secondary structure of s-RNA. In addition, evidence for exchange of C8-protons of purine bases of s-RNA with D2O was obtained at temperatures above 70°C.
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  • 54
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    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 617-624 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Anomalous optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) is induced in symmetric dyes when bound in metachromatic complexes with chondroitin sulfates (ChS) and kerato sulfate (KS) from mammalian and shark origin as well as with heparin (H) providing inference that secondary structures exist in these biopolymers. The induced rotation occurs in the absorption band of the bound dye and differs in shape and/or spectral position from the classical Cotton effect seen with single optically active chromophores. The AO:ChS complex has an induced ORD curve similar to that of the exciton band of a helical polymer. Strength of the induced rotations with methylene blue increases with the degree of metachromasy of the 1:1 complex. The sense of the MB Cotton effects may depend upon the conformations of the repeating dimeric units, since MB complexes with ChS (alternating 1-3,1-4 β-glycosides) give (+) effects while MB:H (1-4 α-glycosides) have (-) effects in the γ band region. Preliminary evidence for the occurrence of Cotton effects with the mucopolysaccharides themselves in the ultraviolet region was obtained. The sign of the Cotton effect for ChS-C is (-), trough about 45.9 kK., crossover about 48.8 kK. whereas that for H is (+), peak about 50.4 kK.
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  • 55
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    Notes: Poly-N5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-glutamine (PHPG) samples of molecular weights from 20,000 to 140,000 were synthesized by the action of 3-amino-1-propanol on poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate. PHPG is freely soluble in water and in a variety of organic solvents and was shown to be devoid of functional groups ionizing in the pH range 2-12. From hydrodynamic data (viscosity, sedimentation, diffusion) and optical rotatory measurements (ORD in the range 289-650 mμ, circular dichroism and Cotton effects in the range 210-280 mμ) on samples of different molecular weight it was concluded that PHPG is largely helical in methanol, ethylene glycol, formamide, dimethylform-amide, n-butylamine, and acetic acid, and randomly coiled in dichloroacetic acid and formic acid. In water the polymer is partly helical, the degree of helicity increasing with decreasing temperature and increasing molecular weight. The following solutes were found to decrease the helicity in the order indicated: NaOH 〉 guanidinium chloride 〉 urea 〉 HCl 〉 LiBr 〉 NaBr 〉 NaCl 〉 H2O. Detergents do not destroy the helical conformation. Helix-coil transition curves were obtained for the solvent pairs: methanol-water, acetic acid-water, and chloroform-dichloroacetic acid. Thermal transitions were observed in water, water-methanol (70:30 v/v), and dichloroacetic acid-ethylene dichloride (22:78 v/v), the latter being of the “inverted” type. Heats of helix formation were calculated and their significance is discussed.
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  • 56
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    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 681-686 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 57
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    Notes: Polyadenylic acid is degraded into mononucleotides and low molecular weight oligonucleotides in a 20 hr. period at 64°C. by the action of Mn (II), Co (II), Ni (II), and Cu (II) ions, and in a 2 hr. period by Zn (II) ions. The latter also degrade poly C, poly U, and RNA at approximately the same rate, but poly I is degraded very much more slowly. No such difference in reaction rates can be observed in the alkaline degradation of polynucleotides. The sluggishness of the reaction with poly I is not due to any highly ordered structure of the zinc-poly I complex, but probably to the weakening of the zinc-phosphate bond through simultaneous binding of the zinc to the inosine base. Evidence for such a hypothesis is derived from the inhibition of the zinc degradation of poly A by inosinic acid or poly I. No drastic difference in the nucleotide composition of the undegraded residue can be observed in the degradation of RNA by zinc and by alkali.
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  • 58
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    Notes: Evidence is presented that polyriboadenylic acid (Poly A) is a single-strand flexible helix of stacked bases at neutral pH and room temperature. As the temperature is raised the stacking decreases, but there is still perceptible order at 80°C. The thermal transition from the double-strand helix (which exists at low pH) to the single-strand helix has been followed by optical rotatory dispersion, optical absorption, and viscosity measurements.
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  • 59
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    Notes: The binding curves of various aminoacridines on calf thymus DNA have been determined by a spectrophotometric method. The dominant role of electrostatic forces in the interaction has been confirmed by the effect of ionic strength. Side chain and ring substituents in the aminoacridines do not inhibit binding, since this decreases in the order: acranil 〉 neomonacrin 〉 atebrin 〉 9-aminoacridine ∼ proflavine 〉 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine (THA). The last named shows the effect of diminishing the flat area of the rings in the aminoacridines. The shape of the binding curves of proflavine, 9-aminoacridine, and THA on thermally denatured DNA show that about 30-50% more binding sites are available to these cations on denatured DNA than on native DNA, but that the binding constants are the same. These observations are discussed in relation to the intercalation and other models for the interaction. It is concluded that exact and complete intercalation is not a necessary condition of strong binding and that other, less regular, models, in which the positive ring nitrogens of the acridines are close to the DNA phosphates and the acridine rings partially interact with the DNA base rings, are probably more consistent with the effect of denaturation of DNA on the binding curves which are characteristic of the interaction in solution.
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  • 60
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In an attempt to clarify certain questions of the configuration of amylose in aqueous solution, carboxymethyl groups were introduced into corn amylose (degree of substitution ca. 0.8) and certain properties of the derivative (CMA) studied. The intrinsic viscosity exhibits a strong increase between pH 2 and 6 but remains constant at higher pH. A pH 6 and above, CMA exhibits typical polyelectrolyte behavior. CMA does not form a complex with iodine at pH 6 or above but does form a violet-colored complex at low pH. The absorption maximum of the CMA complex lies at a somewhat lower wavelength (550 mμ) than that of the complex formed by the parent amylose. The reduced viscosity and specific optical rotation of the CMA-iodine complex remains constant up to a concentration of 1.2 mg. iodine/100 mg. CMA, then both properties decrease with further increases of iodine content. All of the above results and hydrogen ion titration behavior are in agreement with the hypothesis that CMA exists as a coil of short helical segments in acid solution and that these helical segments break down on ionization of the carboxyl groups. The specific optical rotation of CMA increases between pH 2 and 6, remains constant between pH 6 and 12, and decreases above pH 12. This later result shows that the similar decrease in rotation seen in amylose cannot be attributed, at least entirely, to a helix-coil transition. There must be another effect on optical rotation, direct or indirect, of the ionization of hydroxyl groups.
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  • 61
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    Biopolymers 3 (1965), S. 209-212 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 62
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A mathematical method has been developed, together with a digital computer program for its evaluation, for the determination of possible conformations of a polypeptide chain for any given amino acid sequence. Allowed conformations were required to satisfy predetermined criteria regarding the locations of potential energy minima for rotation around single bonds, steric restrictions arising from van der Waals contacts between atoms, and the formation of a closed polypeptide loop by means of a peptide linkage or a disulfide bridge. Requirements for specific noncovalent interactions can also be considered. Various assumptions regarding the selection of the minima for rotational potentials and of the van der Waals contact distances are discussed. According to the assumptions adopted in the paper, 21 conformations are allowed for a glycine residue which is part of a dipeptide. These conformations are assumed to lie at minima of the rotational potential function, and satisfy simultaneously the steric requirements. Dipeptides containing alanine or other residues are restricted to 7 such conformations. As an example of the applicability of the method, the computation was performed for the smallest loop containing a disulfide bridge in the ribonuclease molecule, i.e., the cyclic octapeptide formed by residues 65 to 72. Only 15 allowed conformations were found for the loop as a whole. Parameters characterizing these allowed conformations are tabulated. Approximate calculations indicate the importance of steric restrictions and of the presence of side chains in reducing the conformational freedom of this peptide. Further potentialities of the method are discussed.
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  • 63
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    Notes: A combinatorial formulation of the partition function is developed for short polypeptide chains, where summations can be evaluated. From the complete combinatorial expression it is possible to assess the validity of any approximations which are made in evaluating the partition function. It is shown that it is an excellent approximation to consider the hydrogen-bonded portion of a short (20 residues) chain as consisting of a single helical sequence of any size, with all sizes of helical sequences being about equally probable at the transition temperature. Another approximation, involving a linear dependence of the energy and entropy on the number of hydrogen bonds, helps to clarify the nature of the intermediate states in the denaturation process. Expressions are developed which incorporate the effect of hydrophobic bonds on the stability of the α-helix, and the binding of water to the random coil. It is concluded that hydrophobic bonds in helical sequences can greatly stabilize the helix, but that similar bonds in the random coil can largely offset this stabilization.
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  • 64
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Lifson-Roig matrix theory of the helix-coil transition in polyglycine is extended to situations where side-chain interactions (hydrophobic bonds) are present both in the helix and in the random coil, as discussed for short chains in paper II of this series. It is shown that the conditional probabilities of occurrence of any number and size of hydrophobic pockets in the random coil can be adequately described by a 2 × 2 matrix. This is combined with the Lifson-Roig 3 × 3 matrix to produce a 4 × 4 matrix which represents all possible combinations of any amount and size sequence of α-helix with random coil containing all possible types of hydrophobic pockets in molecules of any given chain length.
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  • 65
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    Biopolymers 3 (1965) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 66
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The method of sequence-generating functions is applied to long polypeptide chains to describe various types of hydrophobic bonding in the random coil. These results are then combined with a similar treatment of the α-helix in order to discuss the helix-coil transition in single helices and in molecules whose helical segments interact by side-chain hydrophobic bonding. Numerical calculations, based on the equations derived in this and preceding papers, are presented to show the relative probabilities of occurrence in the random coil of neighbor-neighbor hydrophobic bonds and pockets of hydrophobic bonding, and the relative probabilities of occurrence of the various states in a system of interacting helices. A discussion is also presented of the dependence of the helix-coil nucleation and growth parameters on solvent and side chain.
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  • 67
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    Notes: The partition function of paper II for short polypetide chains is incorporated here into one for a simple model for side-chain hydrogen bonds between helices. It is thus possible to calculate the fraction of amide hydrogen bonds, the fraction of side-chain hydrogen bonds, and the number of bound protons as a function of temperature and pH. Illustrative data are presented for the probabilities of occurrence of intermediate structures and for the influence of the overall conformation on the observed pK's of ionizable groups.
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969) 
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 1-3 
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 5-19 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The osmotic pressure equation for nonideal, associating systems of the type nA +mB ⇄ AnBm, has been derived, by using the assumption yAnBm/yAnyBm = 1. This treatment can also be applied to related associations such as nA + mB ⇄ AB + AB2 + A2B + …. From osmotic pressure experiments on the pure reactants it is possible to obtain the molecular weights (MA and MB) of the reactants and also the virial coefficients (BAA and BBB) of the reactants. The osmotic pressure of a nonreacting mixture of A and B can be calculated from these measurements. It can be used along with osmotic pressure measurements on equilibrium mixtures of A and B to obtain expressions containing the equilibrium constant (or constants) and the cross-virial coefficients (BAB and BBA). Several procedures are described for the evaluation of the equilibrium constant (or constants) and the BAB or BBA terms. It appears that this procedure is a general one which is applicable to associations of the type nA + mB ⇄ AB + A2B + AB2 + …. By correcting for nonideal behavior, one should then be able to apply it to any method available for analyzing ideal associations of the types considered here. In addition it is possible, subject to certain restrictions, to analyze associations of the type 3A + B ⇄ A2 + AB.
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 39-58 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method has been developed for characterizing at, submicrogram levels the heterogeneity of histones from purified nuclei. The histones are eluted with a smooth concentration gradient from nuclei trapped in polyacrylamide-gel threads and are collected in a micro fraction collector suitable for volumes in the 10-100 μl range. The gradient and fraction collection systems are governed by cam driven syringes. Samples obtained are subjected to electrophoresis in a starch-gel system and the gels are stained with a highly sensitive stain specific for guanidinium groups. Seven major and a similar number of minor components are demonstrated in the histones. The method of differential elution of trapped macromolecules is suitable for use with systems other than nuclei and histones.
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method is presented for the treatment of distribution functions obtained by ultra-centrifugal sedimentation velocity experiments on the plasma lipoproteins, so that adequate corrections can he made for the effects of diffusion and concentration dependence of the sedimentation coefficient. The method involves the use of modified equations derived from those presented in 1952 by Gosting for the transform from g* (S) to g(S) distributions. The evaluation of the molecular parameters of lipoprotein density and size, from a set of g(Si°) distribution functions obtained in solvents of varying density, is also outlined. Preparations of the β-lipoprotein of human plasma are found to follow a bivariate normal distribution that requires evaluation of five parameters, x̄1, σ1, x̄2, σ2and p. The first two represent the mean and standard deviation of the lipoprotein density, the third and fourth the same quantities for the size, expressed as ft “logarithmic diameter parameter”, and the final value is a measure of the correlation between these two variables.
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  • 73
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 133-133 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 74
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 75
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 155-171 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectra at 100 MHz and 220 MHz have been obtained on two samples of poly-L-alanine of differing molecular weights (2500 and 42 500) in the chloroform-trifluoroacetic acid system under various conditions of solvent composition, temperature, and polypeptide concentration. Separate helix and random coil peaks are observed for the α-CH and peptide NH backbone proton resonances, thereby permitting the determination of helix content. This observation of separate peaks demonstrates that the lifetimes of the helix and random coil portions of poly-L-alanine have lower limits of about 10-1 sec. It is suggested that solvent-peptide versus peptide-peptide hydrogen bond competition, coupled with a destabilizing effect of the trifluoroacetic acid on the helix, is responsible for the helix-random coil transformation.
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  • 76
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 135-153 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The combination of an agarose gel (Bio-Gel A) and a dioxane-water (1:1) solvent system allowed the fractionation, on a preparative scale, of a very polydisperse, non-derivatized lignin preparation (enzymatically liberated lignin prepared from sweetgum sapwood with Lenzites trabea). Three fractions differing markedly in molecular weight were obtained. A gel of crosslinked alkylated dextran (Sephadex LH-20) with the same solvent system allowed division of the lowest molecular weight fraction into two fractions. These materials were characterized by measurements of intrinsic viscosity and number-average molecular weights in dimethylformamide and dioxane-water. It was established that the two highest molecular weight fractions were associated in an average trimeric form in dioxane-water (1:1) as compared to the form (considered to be molecular) that occurred in dimethylformamide. Molecular size distributions and eluant volumes of the fractions were determined with a Sephadex G-100-formamide system, the latter being one of the most powerful nonaqueous solvents for lignin. Adsorption effects were known to be absent in this case, and the lignin molecules were considered to be unassociated in formamide. The four fractions were distinguishable with the formamide-G-100 system, thus indicating that the original fractionation was based on molecular size. The enzymatically liberated lignin contained molecules that comprised a continuum of molecular weights from approximately monomeric to molecules that were at the limit of the solvating power of dioxane-water (1:1) and dimethylformamide. Limited physicochemical data were consistent with a compact, approximately spherically symmetric shape of the lignin in solution.
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  • 77
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 189-197 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A comparison has been made of the intrachain potential energy of an infinite straight α-helix of poly-L-alanine with that of the distorted form adopted in a coiled coil conformation. The energy terms included were the van der Waal's, electrostatic, hydrogen-bond, and the rotational potential terms. The results indicate that the potential energies of the structures investigated are almost the same, and so a transformation from one state to another may occur without significant changes in potential energy. Particular care has been taken to ensure that the electrostatic and van der Waal's interaction terms are fully convergent. The values obtained for the α-helix were compared with those already published, and some significant differences were found.
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  • 78
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ultraviolet optical rotatory dispersion curves of mucopolysaccharides exhibit particular Cotton effects in the spectral region of the n-π and π-π amide transitions. Two general patterns emerge: (1) enhancement of negative rotation and of the first negative Cotton effect (troughs 217-220 mμ) and (2) relative dominance of the positive Cotton effect in the π-π transition region (peak ∼198 mμ). Groups (1) and (2) can be correlated with a structural difference in the linkages of the amino sugars: (1) occurs with polymers containing 3-1-linked glycosamino sugars and (2) with glycosamino moieties linked 4-1 by either α- or β-glycosidie bonds. Measurements of the circular dichroic absorption bands support the qualitative conclusions from optical rotation. All mucopolysaccharides exhibit a first, negative band centered at 208-211 mμ, while only those in group (2) show, in addition, a positive band centered at 189-192 mμ. A suggested unifying model considers that difference in kind and/or degree of preferred geometry of the amide groups obtains from two forms of secondary order: (1) having a linear hydrogen bond from the N (acceptor) to the (C2)O - H of the preceding uronic acid and (2) having a linear hydrogen bond from the N (acceptor) to the (C2 or 3) O - H of the following sugar. The hydrogen bonds would have similar strength but opposite directions in two systems towards the nonreducing end (1) or towards the reducing end (2)], closing eight-membered rings
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  • 79
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 99-106 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The myosin molecule was extracted from the smooth muscle parts of horse esophagus and purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation. The schlieren pattern of the sedimentation velocity run showed a very sharp single peak of.5.9. S (s20,w). Molecular weight of the protein was measured by means of the Archibald and sedimentation equilibrium methods, both in 0.5M KCI buffered by 1/150 M phosphate at pH 7.5 and at 5°C. The values obtained were 6.25 × 105 and 5.81 × 105respectively, for the two methods. The second virial coefficients were 1.1 × 104 and 1.2 × 10-4 ml/g. Denatured smooth muscle myosin was prepared in a solution of 5M guanidine HC1 containing 0.4 M KC1 and 0.2 M β-mercaptoet hanol buffered at pH 8.0. The weight-average molecular weight of the denatured smooth muscle myosin was 2.24 × 105 and the second virial coefficient was 7.6 × 10-4 ml/g. The values described above are in good agreement with those reported for rabbit skeletal myosin with ammonium sulfate fractionation. The molecular dimension of the molecule is estimated as the value for an axial ratio of 100, assuming a rigid rod molecular model for this molecule, both the thermodynamical and hydrodynamical treatment being in a good agreement with this estimation.
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  • 80
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 81
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 433-434 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No. Abstract
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  • 82
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The enthalpy change accompanying the double helix-coil transition of polyriboadenylic acid (poly A) in aqueous solution has been measured optically and calorimetrically in the pH range 5.7-4.5. The course of this cooperative transition was followed optically by measuring changes in ultraviolet absorption as a function of temperature at different pH values, and calorimetrically by determining the heat capacity of the solution through the transition region. From the latter measurements, the enthalpy of transition was calculated. It is shown, that ΔH is dependent on pH as it is expected from the influence of protonation of the double helix of poly A.
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  • 83
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 453-458 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interaction between ionizable carboxyl groups and the conformation of poly-(glutamic acid) (PGA) in aqueous solution were investigated by the mechanical method. The dynamic rigidity of the PGA solution has a maximum value at the pH corresponding to about 50% neutralization point. This may be due to establishing of a maximum attractive force by proton/charge fluctuation between ionizable carboxyl groups at that pH. The dynamic viscosity has a sharp change in the region of pH 5.5-6.5. It is suggested that this behavior is due to the helix-coil transition.
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  • 84
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 447-452 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By use of D2O we found that the shortening of the longitudinal proton relaxation time which occurs in the investigated aqueous yeast DNA solutions (≦ 2.4% with 2% protein) was not based on a hydration effect, but was caused by magnetic impurities only. An estimate shows that the mobility of the hydrated water molecules is reduced by less than two orders of magnitude in comparison with the free water molecules.
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  • 85
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 435-445 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A general approach to the determination of relative stability of any pair of con-formational states of biological macromolecules or their complexes (in particular, to the determination of relative stability of native and disordered states of the macromolecule) has been suggested. For determining the free energy difference of the two states under the conditions when one of them is considerably more advantageous than the other, it is necessary for the macromolecule to be influenced by the transforming agent which levels free energies of both the conformational states, and to determine the external parameter derivative of the free energy difference in the region of the conformational transition induced by the change in this parameter. If the character of the dependence of this derivative on the external parameter (temperature, solvent composition, etc.) is known, then this allows the determination of the free energy difference of the two states under the conditions considered, even including conditions far from the transition region. The value of the derivative of the free energy difference in the transition region in many cases can be measured directly (in particular, when using calorimetry), while in cases when a direct measurement of the derivative is impossible, it can often he estimated experimentally from the steepness of the conformational transition. The methods of this estimation and also a possible character of the change of the considered derivative during variation of the external parameter are considered for the case when the transforming agent is one of the components of the solvent and, consequently, the derivative of the free energy difference is equal to the difference of number of molecules of this component hound with the macromolecule in two conformational states.
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  • 86
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    Biopolymers 7 (1969), S. 459-474 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Wool-water systems, at water contents above a threshold value of 22.7 g of water per 100 g of wool keratin, yielded curves of specific heat against temperature showing peaks that are ascribed to the fusion of the absorbed water. Integral and incremental heats of fusion were obtained. Integral heats increase as the square of the water content above the threshold, and incremental heats follow a linear relationship. The incremental heat reaches a value of 55 cal/absorbed water, at the saturation water content, at 0°C of 33.9 g of water per 100 g of keratin. The state of the absorbed water is discussed. Clustering of water molecules takes place only above the threshold water content.
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 173-179 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The laser-excited Raman spectra have been obtained of poly-L-proline in the solid and aqueous solution. In the solid state, the Raman spectra are of the form II which is the left-handed helical form with the peptide bonds in the trans configuration. Dissolution of this form in water produced only minor changes in the Raman spectra. The differences in frequencies produced by dissolving the polymer are associated with vibrational modes of the pyrrolidine ring as indicated by comparison with the Raman spectrum of L-proline. The similarity of the Raman spectra dictates that, the conformations of poly-L-proline chain are similar in the solid and aqueous solution.
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  • 88
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 181-185 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A comparative study on sonicated calf thymus DNA was made by using electron microscopy and sedimentation methods. The length distribution, established by electron microscopy by using Kleinschmidt's technique, is related to the sedimentation curve obtained with the same solution. The relation permits a determination of the sedimentation constant corresponding to a given length up to 8000 Å and vice versa.
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 199-216 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The π-electron polarizability of conjugated base molecules such as uracil and adenine are calculated semiempirically by using molecular orbital theories. The Hüekel method and the self-consistent-field (SCF) theory are used in the present calculation. The theoretical values obtained by the Hüekel method are consistently larger than the experimental results. The values obtained by the SCF theory are in good agreement with observed values. It is clearly demonstrated that the SCF method is better than the Hükel method for the calculation of polarizability. The polarizability of the adenine-uracil pair is calculated as the sum of the polarizabilities of adenine and uracil and also calculated by solving the eigenvalue problem for the A-U pair as an entity. The second method gives considerably larger polarizability than the first method. Discussions are presented and it is demonstrated that the second method is the correct way to calculate the polarizability of the A-U pair.
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  • 90
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reversibility of the thermal denaturation of a low-sulfur fraction of solubilized wool keratin (SCMKA) has been studied under a variety of conditions of time, protein concentration, and pH. Two types of irreversibility for the transition have been encountered. One of these is associated with an aggregation of the protein on denaturation to give a product which may contain elements of a β conformation. This type of irreversibility is favored by high protein concentration, and the original conformation may in fact be regained if the aggregated structure is broken down by a solvent such as 8M urea and the urea subsequently removed by dialysis. The other type of irreversibility appears to be due to racemization of the protein. It does not seem to be dependent on protein concentration and is apparent only at temperatures beyond the actual transition range (∼40-65°C) at pH values below 11, At pH 12, however, racemization appears to proceed slowly even at 4°C. The thermal transition at pH 9 and pH 10 has been shown to be multistage in nature. Over the pH range 9-12 there is a progressive decrease in thermal stability with increase of pH. Addition of NaCl at pH 10 leads to an increase in thermal stability of the molecule.
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 217-235 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We report studies of the optical properties of the proflavine-DNA complex, using absorbance and circular dichroism spectroscopy. From comparison of the absorption spectra of proflavine complexed with calf thymus and T2 DNA, we conclude that stacking of the dyes external to the double helix is comparatively much weaker with T2 DXA, probably because of its glucosylation. Several sources are found for the circular dichroism induced in proflavine when it is complexed with DNA. There is a relatively weak circular dichroism induced when the dye is infinitely dilute on the DNA lattice; this presumably arises from the environmental asymmetry of the binding site. Stronger circular dichroism effects are induced by interaction of intercalated and stacked dyes; studies with T2 DNA, for which stacking seems to be blocked, permit a tentative resolution of effects due to the two modes of binding. One recurring theme of these studies is the observation that the optical properties are quite dependent on environment. The most dramatic example is a strong variation with salt concentration of the amplitude of the circular dichroism induced in the isolated (intercalated) monomer by the surrounding DNA. This suggests that the structure of the intercalated complex is quite sensitive to external conditions.
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  • 92
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The binding of n-butanol, benzyl alcohol, and trifluoroethanol to polyproline I (all peptide bonds in cis configuration) and II (all peptide bonds in trans configuration) has been demonstrated. It was found by infrared spectroscopy that hydrogen bonds are formed between the CO groups of the polymer and the OH groups of the alcohols. Their strength increases from n-butanol via benzyl alcohol to trifluoroethanol. The binding of benzyl alcohol could also be followed by optical rotatory dispersion due to the fact that the electronic transitions of the benzyl ring are rendered optically active by the binding to the polymer.
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  • 93
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 259-274 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The statistical mechanics of the effect of a small number of randomly occurring defects on the melting of a polypeptide chain is developed by using a perturbation of Boltzmann factors technique. The method is illustrated by an example where a second-component impurity contributes more to the energy of the hydrogen-bonded superstructure of the polypeptide chain than does the dominant amino acid residue, resulting in the overall destabilization of the helical conformation.
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 275-287 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Biological membranes consist mainly of lipids and proteins. At present, the structure of the lipid phase appears to be established, but hypotheses on the molecular organization of the protein are difficult to support. Thus the deformation behavior of whole human erythrocyte ghosts, ghosts after the selective removal of lipids and ghosts stripped of lipids as well as nonlipid components have been examined in the hope of securing indirect information on the organization of the protein. It has been found that large localized deformations result in partial membrane failure and long uniformly wide fibrils, frequently in excess of 3000 Å, are drawn across the rupture. These data are interpreted in terms of currently favored membrane models and the possibility of a fibrous membrane framework consisting predominantly of protein is reviewed. The behavior of the membrane in its various stages of extraction is compared and contrasted to that of synthetic polymer films of known organization.
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 247-257 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The thermally induced conformational changes of poly-N5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-glutamine in water and in methanol-water (3:7 v/v) have been analyzed in terms of the Lifson-Roig theory. The transitions in both solvents can be described by using v = 0.017. The thermodynamic parameters for the random coil-to-helix transition of one amino acid residue at room temperature were found to be: in water, ΔH = - 130 cal/mole and ΔS = - 0.45 e.u.; in methanol-water (3:7 v/v), ΔH = - 170 cal mole and ΔS = - 0.45 e.u. The size distribution of helical segments is broad, and the results of numerical calculations are presented for three degrees of polymerization (DP = 100, 300, and 750).
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 289-292 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 293-295 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 297-299 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 303-304 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Biopolymers 8 (1969), S. 301-301 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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