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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 37-45 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper illustrates the synthesis of nonlinear feedforward controllers for chemical reactors. In most of the theoretical development and application of feedforward control only linear systems have been considered. There are, however, no inherent linear limitations in feedforward control. Since chemical reactors are usually nonlinear, the effectiveness of control should be improved by including nonlinearities in the design of feedforward controllers. This is particularly true for batch reactors because of the large changes in variables during a batch cycle. Continuous stirred-tank reactors are studied with single and consecutive reactions of first and higher order. Effectiveness of linear and nonlinear feedforward controllers is compared for disturbances of various magnitude and direction. Feedforward control of batch and tubular reactors is also discussed.
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  • 2
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 57-61 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of standing waves of controlled amplitude and frequency on the steady state rate of mass transfer through thin horizontal liquid layers is studied experimentally. The variables studied are the film thickness, the amplitude and frequency of the waves, and the spacing between the probes generating the waves. A bulk motion of complicated pattern known as drift is caused by the finite amplitude of the waves. The rate of mass transfer in the absence of imposed vibration is two to three times greater than that expected by molecular diffusion alone. Vibration increases the rate up to an order of magnitude or more, depending on the hydrodynamic conditions. The data at low frequencies are correlated by an expression of the form (i-io)/idiff = KAf3/4h1/2L-1/2.
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  • 3
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 85-91 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general method has been developed for controlling deterministic systems described by linear or linearized dynamics. The discrete problem has been treated in detail. Step-by-step optimal controls for a quadratic performance index have been derived. The method accommodates upper and lower limits on the components of the control vector.A small binary distillation unit was considered as a typical application of the method. The control vector was made up of feed rate, reflux ratio, and reboiler heat load. Control to a desired state and about a load upset was effected.Calculations are performed quite rapidly and only grow significantly with an increase in the dimension of the control vector. Extension to much larger distillation units with the same controls thus seems practical.
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  • 4
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 235-241 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The extraction of lanthanum and barium from single falling drops of the uranium-chromium eutectic into magnesium was studied at 1,000°C. Because of the short contact times involved, the data best fit the stagnant diffusion model for lanthanum. For barium, the fraction extracted was governed by external resistance of the magnesium phase. Drop velocities were adequately represented by the Hu-Kintner correlation.
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  • 5
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 260-265 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The external velocity field associated with the fall of a single drop through a quiescent liquid phase is discussed. The field responsible for the transfer of vorticity from the point of generation to the disperse phase is assumed to be almost identical with the field that transfers mass from the drop interface. The stream surfaces associated with this field are made visible by means of dye trails. Since the field is not amenable to mathematical formulation, and since many reports appear in the literature concerning correlations between measurable flow parameters and the physical properties of the system, the field configurations relative to mass transfer mechanisms are considered qualitatively. The delineation of the flow patterns behind the drop gives some indication of the manner in which the external flow contributes to the transfer coefficients.
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  • 6
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 275-279 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents an investigation of the equations of motion to find the conditions under which these equations admit exact viscometric solutions for certain unsteady torsional flows of incompressible simple fluids. In general, for the cone and plane and the parallel disk geometries, curvilineal solutions do not exist for arbitrary members of the class of simple fluids; however, if the inertia terms can be neglected in the equations of motion, curvilineal solutions can be found for the complete class of simple fluids.
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  • 7
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 301-310 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a theoretical study of the stability of chemical reaction on the external surface of a single spherical particle in stagnant surroundings. The analysis, which invokes methods of linear stability theory, yields necessary and sufficient conditions for stability of a steady state solution to small disturbances for the cases of very small and very large solid thermal conductivity. It is shown that heat losses from the solid surface may lead to transient behavior which is characteristically different from that for adiabatic surfaces, and that the unsteady state is strongly affected by the thermal capacity of the solid material. A numerical example is employed to illustrate the possible significance of unstable situations.
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  • 8
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 311-317 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A comparison of the kinetic and diffusional models for solid-gas reactions occurring in a spherical particle is presented. The similarities and differences of the unreacted-core shrinking model and the homogeneous model are examined in light of the rate-controlling factors. In view of the similarity of the two models, it is shown that erroneous conclusions in regard to the mechanism and the activation energies may be drawn from an analysis of the experimental data. A more versatile model is presented in order to augment the two models so that wider varieties of solid-gas reaction systems may be treated. The concept of effectiveness factors in solid-gas reactions is introduced, and the influence of diffusion is ascertained.
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  • 9
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 350-351 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 10
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 356-356 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 11
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 368-368 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 12
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 371-371 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 13
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 523-525 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 14
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 370-526 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 15
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 295-300 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a previous paper, an analogy was presented which related the rise velocity of bubbles in liquids of infinite extent to the velocity of surface waves over infinitly deep liquids. In the present paper, a corresponding analogy is found which relates bubble velocities in bounded liquids to wave velocities over liquids of finite depth.
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  • 16
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 392-397 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In gas-metal permeation, diffusion is normally considered to be the rate-controlling step. In addition, the diffusivity is usually taken to be independent of concentration. Under these conditions, the time lag (a characteristic of the system which depends on the time required to achieve steady state flow) is found to be (and theoretically should be) independent of the gas pressure applied to the inlet surface of the metal membrane. Furthermore, the time lag can then be directly related to the diffusivity of the system.In this paper, data on the hydrogen type 321 stainless steel system are presented which show a pronounced effect of pressure on measured values of the time lag. Taken alone, these data can be explained either by a concentration-dependent diffusivity or by resistance to flow at the metal surface. From steady state data it is shown that surface resistance is the better explanation. A model of the permeation process is presented which is consistent with the time lag data, and an estimate is made of the diffusivity of hydrogen in type 321 stainless steel.The variables studied were hydrogen pressure at the entrance surface of the membrane (0.1 to 30.0 atm.), temperature (300° to 800°C.), and membrane wall thickness (0.0252 to 0.2475 cm.).
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  • 17
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 415-420 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A packed bed model has been adopted to develop a general correlation applicable to the flow of Newtonian fluids through all types of woven metal screens. Both of the main theoretical approaches to studying pressure drop in packed systems have been used by visualizing the screen as a collection of submerged objects with surface area to unit volume ratio a for laminar flow, and as a bundle of tubes of diameter D for turbulent flow. In the usual manner viscous and inertial energy losses are added to give an expression for the total pressure loss. Rearrangement of the general equation to the form of a friction factor yields a unique definition of the Reynolds number for screens NRe = ρu/μa2D. Procedures are described for collection of pressure drop-velocity data for the flow of nitrogen and helium through plain square, full twill, fourdrinier, plain dutch, and twilled dutch weaves. The data are used to derive a viscous resistance coefficient α = 8.61 and an inertial resistance coefficient β = 0.52. The validity of the correlation equation is tested by using additional data from the literature. The correlation successfully predicts pressure drop for a Reynolds number range of 0.1 to 1,000, void fractions from 0.35 to 0.76, screen pore diameters from 5 to 550 μ, mesh sizes from 30 to 2,400 wires/in., and surface area to unit volume ratios from 1,200 to 29,000 ft.-1.
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  • 18
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 352-352 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 19
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 357-357 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 20
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 363-363 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 21
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 372-379 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pool nucleate boiling heat transfer curves for pure nitrogen, oxygen, argon, methane, and carbon tetrafluoride have been measured on a horizontal, flat, circular, platinum plated disk for saturation pressures ranging from 1 atm. or less to the immediate vicinity of the critical pressure for each liquid. The results have been compared with various suggested nucleate boiling correlations, and the correlations of McNelly, of Kutateladze, and of Borishanskiy-Minchenko are found to be roughly equally successful and all distinctly superior to those of Rohsenow, of Gilmour, and of Forster and his collaborators for these liquids. For oxygen, argon, methane, and carbon tetrafluoride, boiling hysteresis of a type not previously reported was observed at intermediate and high saturation pressures on this surface.
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  • 22
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 388-391 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The movement of solids associated with the rise of a single gas bubble in an incipiently fluidized bed has been determined. The bulk volume, measured at the porosity of incipient fluidization, of tracer solid which is transported across the original interface between undyed glass spheres in the upper region and dyed glass spheres (tracer solid) in the lower region, is approximately 30% of the bubble volume. The measurements relate to bubble volumes from 14 to 200 ml. in a glass column, 4 in. diam. Solids used were glass spheres of diameter 380 μ. The profile created when a bubble rises through a layer of fluidized tracer solids into the fluidized solids above the tracer layer has been approximately determined. The distance by which the solids were displaced upward, due to the passage of the bubble, was found to be greater than would have been the case if the behavior were that of a sphere in an inviscid liquid.
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  • 23
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 411-414 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The profile of a growing droplet was determined with a pressure balance which was similar to that derived by Laplace for the static droplet. An additional term was added to the balance to account for the pressure on the interface due to the motion of the fluid within the droplet. The entire pressure balance was then combined with differential equations describing the geometry of the droplet. Computed profiles compared favorably with those obtained experimentally.An additional result was the definition of a parameter, f, indicating the importance of internal fluid motion on the shape of the profile. A method of estimating this parameter without solving the equations was developed.
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  • 24
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 426-434 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Bench-scale size fluidization system was constructed for the purpose of conducting experiments to determine density and pressure fluctuations in gas fluidized beds. Density fluctuations and bubble sizes were measured with a photocell device and β-ray absorption. Pressure fluctuations were determined with a conductivity cell. The frequency distributions of the density and pressure fluctuations and bubble sizes were determined as functions of several variables. They could be described by dimensionless coefficients and X2-distributions with different degrees of freedom. Such variables as distance from the gas distribution plate, bed height, particle size, gas flow rate, and internal screens were considered.
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  • 25
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 421-425 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dialysis of binary aqueous solutions of several sugars through a cellophane membrane was studied in a stirred batch dialyzer. Sherwood numbers describing mass transfer resistance in the fluid adjacent to the membrane were determined as a function of the corresponding Reynolds and Schmidt numbers. The results establish a reproducible environment for membrane testing in which a known controllable and small interfacial resistance is placed in series with that of the membrane. The results are also shown to support, for this geometry, the postulation of a third power relationship between eddy diffusivity and dimensionless distance from the phase boundary as well as the Sherwood-Ryan nondimensionalization of this distance.
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  • 26
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 458-467 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is developed for predicting rates of gas absorption into laminar rippling films in terms of the surface velocities. The description is an extension of the surface-stretch model of mass transfer (1) and is therefore useful for cases of high Peclet number. The description can be used with any of the presently known hydrodynamic models of rippling films and with any future models which may be developed, provided they satisfy two relatively nonrestrictive conditions: (1) the ripples are of a two dimensional nature, being of constant thickness in the direction normal to their direction of propagation, and having no velocity components in this transverse direction; and (2) the ripples propagate at constant celerity and with constant shape. It can be used for both traveling and standing waves and can be extended to describe the effects of high net-mass transfer rates and combined diffusion and chemical reaction.
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 473-479 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data and a mathematical model for the dehydrogenation of cyclohexane on a platinum-on-alumina catalyst in the presence of excess hydrogen are presented. Differential rate data were obtained by using a fixed bed flow reactor over a temperature range of 400° to 500°C., and a pressure range of 21.3 to 41.8 atm. at modified Reynold's numbers of 20 to 65. Cyclohexane concentration was varied from 16 to 25 mole %. In the development of the basic model, complete transport control of the overall reaction rate with equilibrium at the fluid external surface interface is assumed. The average deviation between experimentally determined and basic model calculated rates was 5.65%.Modification of the model by replacing the equilibrium assumption by a crude surface rate expression resulted in a reduction in average deviation to 4.3% and the maximum deviation was reduced from 22 to 12%.
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 490-496 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A finite difference method combined with the quasilinearization technique is used to solve the nonlinear two-point boundary value problems. This method does not have the stability problem connected with the marching integration techniques. A scheme which can be used to reduce the rapid access memory requirements of digital computers is also proposed. The steady state equations resulting from mass and energy balances in a tubular reactor with axial diffusion are solved by this method. With very poor initial approximations, only three to seven iterations are needed to obtain the correct answer.
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 650-650 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 658-659 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 661-662 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 666-667 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 671-673 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 673-673 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various modifications of the Prandtl mixing-length model for turbulent momentum transport in pipes and between parallel plane walls are discussed. The most complete modification, due to Gill and Scher, is improved by replacing one of their two empirical constants by a theoretically calculable parameter. The new theory is compared with experimental data from the literature and found to reproduce frictional resistance data accurately for all values of the Reynolds number. It is somewhat in error for velocity profiles at high Reynolds numbers, but accurately reproduces velocity profile data in the transition region. The new theory represents the first accurate semi-theoretical calculation of frictional resistance coefficients for all regimes of flow (laminar, transitional, and turbulent) for both pipes and parallel plane ducts, and of velocity profiles in the transitional flow regime in either geometry.
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 703-708 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analysis of oxygen absorption by blood flowing through a small oxygen-permeable fiber in steady state laminar flow is presented. The rigidity and geometry of the fibers eliminate unpredictable shunting and distention, permitting a more detailed analysis of blood-membrane factors than has previously been undertaken. The mathematical analysis treats the blood as a homogeneous, non-Newtonian fluid with a reversible nonlinear oxygen sink (erythrocytes). The differential equations are solved numerically and the results of the parametric analysis are presented. The parameters that have a major influence on residence time necessary to obtain a specified oxygen content are the Grashof number, the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, and wall Nusselt number, γ: γ = DLαL/DMαM In [1 + tm/R] where D = diffusion coefficient, α = Bunsen solubility coefficient, subscript L = liquid in tube, subscript M = tube material, R = inner radius of tube, tm = tube wall thickness.Comparison of the experimental results to the model indicate that mixing due to the heterogeneous nature of blood is minimal and that the major limitation in oxygen absorption is the blood film. Means of reducing this resistance are discussed.
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  • 40
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 866-869 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made to evaluate pulses as a forcing function on a 24-plate distillation column. Pulses of two shapes, rectangular and displaced cosines, and of different widths were used as inputs to the reflux return line from the condenser to the column. The effect of the disturbance was a change in the liquid return rate which correspond to the shape and size of the pulse. The output responses of the system were temperatures measured at different times and at different plates in the column.Bode diagrams were plotted from the experimentally determined data. From these plots, it was determined that the system could be approximated by linear first-order equatons. The time constants for the linear system were determined both by direct sinusoidal forcing and by pulse forcing. Pulse data were considered acceptable when the values of the time constant and the phase angle determined by the pulse compared favorably with those determined by steady state sinusoidal forcing.
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  • 41
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 903-908 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Free convective effects on forced convective mass transfer in the Stokes flow region were studied experimentally by using a single drop in a liquid-liquid system.Liquids used to form the drops were methyl acetate or 2-ethoxyethyl acetate with distilled water as the continuous medium. Spherical drops were formed on the capillary tip of a 0.58 cm. O.D. capillary glass tube centered in a 2.5 cm. O.D. pyrex tubular flow cell.Results are presented graphically as NSh vs. NPe, NSh vs. NRe, and NSh/NRa1/4 vs. NPe to show the variation of mass transfer with flow rate and free convection. The range of variables was 10 ≤ NPe ≤35,000; 0.1 ≤ NRe ≤ 30; 578 ≤ NSc ≤ 1,149; and 12.3 ≤ NGr ≤ 75.7.Satisfactory comparisons were also made with other investigators' findings.Results substantiate that at low flow rates (Reynolds number 〈 10, Peclet number 〈 1,000) free convective effects either reinforce or interfere with mass transfer. This interference takes place until flow becomes high enough to overcome interfering effects of free convection.
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 934-939 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: If the transient equations of a plug flow tubular reactor are transformed into a set of corresponding ordinary differential equations, stability information for the former may be obtained graphically from knowledge about the transients of the latter. The analysis presented in this paper combines this simplification with the definitions and theorems of Weiss and Infante to propose a method of direct computation whereby transient bounds may be found for this important class of distributed-parameter chemical reactor systems.
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 813-813 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 946-955 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents the cause of instabilities which arise during the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. By using the numerical integration routines presently available, one actually approximates the differential equation by a difference equation. If the difference equation is of a higher order than the original differential equation, the approximate solution contains extraneous solutions which are not at all related to the true solution. It is the behavior of these extraneous solutions that one is usually concerned with in a stability analysis.Also presented is a procedure for obtaining a bound on the largest allowable integration step size for a class of chemical engineering problems. A detailed explanation of the procedure is illustrated for unsteady state distillation calculations.
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 966-969 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 977-979 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 986-988 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 762-771 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method for determining adsorption equilibrium constants, rate constants, and intraparticle diffusivities is described and applied for the adsorption of ethane, propane, and n-butane on silica gel. The method rests upon recently developed theory for relating the moments of the effluent concentration wave from a bed of adsorbent particles to the rate constants associated with the various steps in the overall adsorption process. It is necessary to operate at concentrations of adsorbable gas such that the adsorption isotherm is linear. However, it is possible to take into account effects of longitudinal dispersion and diffusion to the particle surface as well as the intraparticle processes of diffusion and adsorption on the pore surface.The method gave reasonable values for intraparticle diffusivities and adsorption rate constants. Intraparticle diffusion was a major resistance for all particle sizes studied and for the largest size (R = 0.50 mm.) this step controlled the overall rate.From the constants determined chromatographically it is possible to predict breakthrough curves for the adsorption of these hydrocarbons on silica gel. The predicted curves agree well with experimentally established breakthrough curves.
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 805-806 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 809-811 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 816-817 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 825-826 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 835-836 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 886-895 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method, based upon chromatography, was used to measure surface diffusion coefficients for ethane, propane, and n-butane on silica gel. The diffusivities correspond to very low surface coverages (fraction of a monolayer of the order of 10-4) and hence should represent limiting values. A survey of available surface diffusion information, all at higher coverages, indicated that the results reported here are at the lower end of the range of diffusivities. The activation energy and heat of adsorption, for example, for n-butane, were 4.4 and -7.8 k cal./mole, respectively.Surface diffusion was a significant fraction of the total intraparticle mass transport, in part because in the small pores in silica gel gas phase diffusion was solely by the Knudsen mechanism. For propane, surface migration was 73% of the total transport at 50°C. and 61.5% at 125°C.
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 917-922 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study has been made of the expansion characteristics of beds of uniformly sized spherical particles of lead, nickel, sand, glass, and plastic that have been fluidized with air, carbon dioxide, and helium in columns packed with open-ended cylindrical screen packing. The addition of packing to a gas-fluidized bed limits the bubble size, prevents slugging and allows beds of high aspect ratio to expand smoothly in a manner similar to the behavior of liquid-fluidized beds. Moreover, much of the experimental data for gas-fluidized screen-packed beds have yielded straight lines on a Richardson-Zaki type of plot, again similar to the expansion of liquid-fluidized beds. The conditions necessary for this pseudoparticulate behavior in packed gas-fluidized beds are discussed. A correlation, based on the analysis given by Richardson and Zaki for liquid-fluidized beds, is proposed to relate bed porosity with gas velocity, density and viscosity, particle size and density, and bed diameter.
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 939-946 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Convective diffusion in laminar flows which develop from rest and in the velocity entrance region of tubes, is studied. Criteria for the validity of the simple dispersion model are established by comparison of analytical results with numerical experiments.It is found that the extent of dispersion is less in developing velocity fields than in those which are fully developed. This occurs because dispersion is enhanced by differences in the velocity of the fluid particles on a plane perpendicular to the main direction of flow. Such differences are greatest when the flow is fully developed.
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 956-961 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical study was made of transient diffusion to a body immersed in a finite volume of well-stirred fluid. The major contribution of this work was the development of a technique for solving the problem for a three-dimensional body of arbitrary shape. The solutions are in a form that is useful for determining diffusion coefficients insolids by means of the constant-volume experimental technique.The partial differential equation coupled with the ordinary differential equation describing the diffusion process is transformed into a single integral equation in terms of the solute concentration in the reservoir. A numerical technique is then presented for solving the integral equation. Numerical solutions were computed for the three geometries that possess analytical solutions: the infinite slab, the infinite cylinder, and the sphere. By properly choosing the step-size numerical results were easily obtained that agreed with the exact solution to four decimal places.New solutions were computed for two three-dimensional geometries: the finite cylinder and the rectangular prism. A range of shape factors and ratios of the volume of the reservoir to that of the solid body were employed for each geometry. It was shown that by selecting the ratio of volume to external surface area as the characteristic length of each shape object, the solutions for all shapes were brought close together and were identical during the initial part of the transient.
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 973-975 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 983-983 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 993-993 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 54-58 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The diffusion of carbon dioxide through ethanol-water, benzene toluene, and carbon tetrachloride benzene was studied over the entire range of compositions for the solvent pairs. The results were interpreted in terms of an effective binary diffusion coefficient. Two semiempirical correlations were derived with the aid of absolute reaction rate theory to predict the effective binary diffusion coefficient from the binary diffusion coefficients of the solute in the individual pure solvents. These equations, although only crude approximations, reproduced the experimental data for six diffusion systems fairly well, including the highly nonideal solvent mixture ethanol-water.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 73-79 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies of the air oxidation of aquoeus sodium sulfite solutions were made in simple bubble contacting columns of 3-, 4-, and 6-in. diameter. Superficial gas rates up to 300 lb./hr.-sq.ft. were used. Contacting action is described in detail, and comparisons with air-water data show the marked influence of small, ionic bubbles. Mass transfer and dynamic gas holdup data are presented, and the former are compared with mass transfer data for bubble-cap trays.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 85-95 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analysis of the stability of a packed-bed reactor is presented subject to a model including axial and radial gradients in the interparticle field and gradients plus reaction in the intraparticle field. The stability of the entire reactor is characterized in terms of various stable and unstable conditions inside the porous particles. Simplifications in the mathematical model are shown to be invalid in many situations.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 138-144 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: If air flows concurrently with a liquid, there are critical air velocities above which two-dimensional and three-dimensional waves appear at the interface. The physical process responsible for these transitions is as follows: The disturbance in the velocity field in the air caused by these waves gives rise to pressure and shear stress variations over the wavy surface. Pressure variations in phase with the wave slope and shear stress variations in phase with the wave height transmit energy from the air flow to the liquid film. If the rate at which energy is transmitted to the waves by these mechanisms is not larger than the rate of viscous dissipation in the liquid, the waves will decay.The model of the gas flow proposed by Miles and Benjamin is used to calculate shear stress and pressure variations over the wavy surface. The agreement between predicted and measured critical air velocities, wave lengths, and wave velocities is good.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 164-167 
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    Notes: A generalized method has been developed for the prediction of the diffusivity and thermal conductivity of nonpolar gases for temperatures up to 10,000°K. This method is applicable to monatomic gases and to diatomic gases existing in their molecular and dissociated states. Dimensional analysis has been used to obtain relationships for self- and mutual diffusivities and for the translational contribution to the thermal conductivity of these substances. For the internal contribution to thermal conductivity, a modified Eucken-factor relationship is presented. Furthermore, relationships have been developed for the calculation of these transport properties for the equilibrium mixture of a dissociating gas.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 29-33 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 41-45 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This work utilizes the developments of the foregoing paper (10) to analyze adsorption data, in the form of breakthrough curves, for ethyl alcohol on silica gel at 90° to 155°C. It was found that for the smallest particle size, and in the lower part of the temperature range, the overall rate was determined by the surface adsorption process. At other conditions intraparticle diffusion was also a significant resistance in the overall process. The theoretical breakthrough curves agreed well with the experimental ones, so that the surface rate constant and diffusivity could be calculated.Analysis of the diffusivity results showed that surface migration on the pore walls was the predominant contribution rather than gas-phase diffusion in the pore volume.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 59-64 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: Experimental equipment to study the film boiling of liquid nitrogen on a porous heat source with vapor suction was developed. The electrically heated element was a 3.69 in. sintered stainless steel screen, which was also used as a resistance thermometer in conjunction with an a.c. potentiometric circuit. In preliminary work, this mode of heat transfer was unstable, but stability was achieved by placing a porous flow control element on the liquid side of the heater. It was found that the Nusselt number was a function of only the Reynolds number; the heat transfer coefficient was increased by a factor of as much as 2.5 over the heat transfer coefficient in normal film boiling; it was possible to vary independently any two of the three variables, heat flux, flow rate through the plate, and temperature difference; and the generated vapor was considerably superheated. Fluctuations in the local surface temperature were measured in film boiling from both porous and nonporous flat plates, indicating that momentary solid-liquid contacts can occur, for all practical purposes, in film boiling.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 96-99 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: The experimental procedure for determining the initial hydrate formation conditions along the univariant gas-water rich liquid-hydrate locus through the measurement of equilibrium pressures and temperatures alone in a constant volume system has been successfully applied to several binary gas mixtures with water to pressures as high as 15,000 lb./sq. in.The general hydrate theory of van der Waals and Platteeuw, after appropriate modifications, was found valid for the accurate prediction of the initial hydrate formation conditions for selected mixtures of argon-methane and argon-nitrogen.The calculated methane-argon compositions in the hydrate phase are presented as a function of the methane-argon composition in the gas phase on a water-free basis but were not verified experimentally.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 274-279 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The presence of colloidal particulates has a significant effect upon the foam fractionation of aqueous solutions of surface-active agents. An experimental investigation is presented of the foam fractionation-flotation of the stannic oxide-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and stannic oxide-alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS) systems. The average diameter of the stannic oxide particles was 180Å, and particle concentrations were determined by turbidmetry. For stannic oxide-CTAB a froth flotation mechanism controls, and upon foaming feed sols of fixed concentration, fractional residuals of particulates and surfactant are approximately equal. Maximum enrichment ratios are obtained at maximum aeration time, minimum air rate, and maximum foam height. Increasing the feed concentration of particulates increases the collapsed foam volume, while the CTAB concentration in the residual sol first decreases and then becomes virtually constant. For stannic oxide-ABS sols, no particulates are removed preferentially in the foam. A foam fractionation mechanism controls, and compared with ABS solutions the addition of stannic oxide decreases the foam volume and residual ABS concentration, producing a pronounced increase in the enrichment ratio.
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    Notes: The use of chromatographic retention volume data to obtain vapor-liquid equilibrium coefficients has been extended to a ternary system with all components present at finite concentrations in the liquid phase and essentially a light binary gas comprising the vapor phase. The data are obtained by observing the retention time of the solute of interest when that solute is eluted by a flowing gas stream through a column packed with an inert porous firebrick on which is impregnated a fixed, relatively nonvolatile liquid. The retention times are used to compute retention volumes which may be related to the K values of the solute.A previous mathematical description of the elution process is modified to include the case of an N component elution gas, all constituents of which are soluble in the fixed liquid phase. A general solution is derived for the multicomponent elution gas from which K values for each component may be calculated if retention volume data are taken for each, provided molecules of the solute samples used are distinguishable from others of the same species present in the eloution gas. For the case of indistinguishable sample molecules, the rate theory development of Stalkup and Deans is verified for a binary elution gas.Sufficient retention data were taken to completely define the concentration dependence of the K value for propane in the system methane-propane-n-decane at -20°, 0°, 40°, and 70°F. from 20 to 1,000 lb/sq.in.abs. Six methane-propane binary mixtures were used as elution gases, consisting of 2.08, 4.31, 6.90, 9.44, 13.09, 16.27 mole % propane. Retention data were also taken for methane under the same conditions. Distinguishability of sample molecules was achieved by using radioactive solute samples tagged with carbon-14.Propane retention data were also obtained for the system methane-propane-n-heptane at -20° and -40°F. from 100 to 1,000 lb./sq.in.abs. for propane at infinite dilution and for binary elution gases composed of 2.08 mole % propane at -40°F. and 4.31 mole % propane at -20°F.All K values determined chromatographically were either compared directly with published static equilibrium values or tested for consistency with such values and found to be in substantial agreement.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 311-318 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The vertical upflow of air-water mixtures in the dispersed-annular flow regime has been studied in a ¼ × 3-in. rectangular channel. Dye injection into the wall film was used to determine film and gas core properties along with the rate of droplet interchange between the core and the film. Visual observations demonstrated that the most important characteristic of this flow regime is the surface waves generated by the gas flow over the liquid film. Despite the surface waves, these data indicate that the liquid film approximately follows the generalized u+  -  y+ relationship for turbulent pipe flow. The droplet motion is discussed in terms of transverse diffusion and momentum transfer.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 334-339 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Lydersen-Greenkorn-Hougen (L-G-H) charts correlating the isothermal pressure effects on enthalpy for pure compounds based on a modified corresponding states principle have been improved with the aid of reliable literature data. To facilitate machine computations, the improved charts, divided into the superheated vapor region, the subcooled liquid region, the saturated vapor, and the saturated liquid lines, have been expressed in analytical forms. This correlation reproduces the literature enthalpy data including those in the critical region for pure compounds with an average deviation of about 5 B.t.u./lb. It can also be used for the estimation of enthalpies of nonpolar mixtures with satisfactory results.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 364-365 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 369-373 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965) 
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 387-387 
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 395-402 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental measurements have been performed for pulsed perforated-plate columns of different sizes and geometry to obtain longitudinal dispersion coefficients for continuous and dispersed phases and size and holdup of liquid droplets dispersed in the columns. These quantities are correlated with operating conditions and column design, including the data published by different authors. Longitudinal dispersion coefficients for the continuous phase are shown to follow the backflow model. A superficial number of stages in series in each compartment is shown to come from inherent instability of fluid motion in the compartment. The longitudinal dispersion coefficient of the dispersed phase approaches that of the continuous phase with increasing pulse velocity. Holdup and mean size of droplets are correlated mainly on the basis of the rate of energy dissipation in the column fluid. Inclusion of dispersed-phase viscosity is shown to correlate the holdup data successfully for different liquid-liquid systems.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 418-424 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Theoretical models for the drainage of the liquid film between a droplet and the interface have been presented in which the thickness of the film is assumed to vary. The models have been used to derive expressions for the film drainage time and the pressure drop through the film. The experimental results presented in Part I of this paper, when inserted into the equations, show that the drainage film is thinnest at its periphery. These conclusions have been supported by high-speed photography and have been used to explain the distribution of coalescence times reported by all investigators in this field.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 435-439 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equations are derived for the effect of a total pressure gradient on flow and diffusion of a binary gas system in a fine capillary. The results apply over the pressure and pore radius regimes from Knudsen flow to Poiseuille flow.Application of the equations to a pure component leads to an expression for the permeability which predicts the observed minimum flow in the slip-flow region. This expression agrees well with Knudsen's data for carbon dioxide and for new measurements for nitrogen in a glass capillary (radius = 0.01244 cm.).
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 450-452 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A matrix method is given for determining the nests of cycles of a directed graph. This has been applied to determining the recycle loops of a chemical process flow diagram.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 462-467 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analysis is presented of fully developed laminar flow in an eccentric annulus. An exact solution for the velocity distribution is presented. From this solution may be obtained expressions for local shear stress on the inner and outer surfaces of the annulus, friction factors based on the inner and outer surfaces, and the overall friction factor. Curves of these data are presented covering a range of eccentricity values and radius ratio values.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 467-473 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Normal stress and viscometric measurements were made on nine polymer solutions with cone-and-plate instruments. Temperature, concentration, molecular weight, and chemical structure were varied. Zero-shear viscosities, obtained by extrapolation of falling-sphere data, ranged from 0.7 to 380 poise.A brief description is given of a normal stress-measurement apparatus, incorporating fast-response strain gauge pressure transducers. Measurements were made at shear rates between 5 and 2,800 sec.-1, sometimes necessitating a considerable correction for inertial forces.Non-Newtonian viscosity, normal stress, recoverable shear strain, and elastic modulus are presented in terms of modified Ferry reduced variables.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 497-502 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The performance of a perfectly mixed photochemical reactor has been analyzed for systems having low light absorption coefficients. The analysis has been tested by an experimental study of the decomposition of hexachloroplatinic acid in dilute aqueous solution. Results tend to verify the analysis, but indicate the need for additional experimental work.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 513-520 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of catalyst particle size upon the reaction rate was studied for the hydrogenation of ethylene with nickel-on-alumina in a packed-bed flow reactor. A threefold increase in particle diameter through a critical size range (0.03- to 0.09-cm. diameter, corresponding to a Reynolds number of around 1) produced a thirtyfold increase in reaction rate per unit external surface area. The behavior of the system indicates that this increase was due to the influence of external gas-solid transport phenomena on the reaction kinetics. j-Factor correlations were used to calculate the catalyst surface temperatures and concentrations, which were used to calculate Arrhenius activation energies and reaction rates from available rate expressions.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 369-369 
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 381-381 
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 386-563 
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 563-563 
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 237-245 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Although it is already known how to apply feedforward control to an overdetermined system (2), feedback control is more difficult because overdeterminancy involves more measured variables than controllers. Feedback control is possible for a system of production units separated by storage tanks holding intermediate products and perturbed by random external upsets (1). Two types of feedback control are studied: local control in which each manipulated variable is controlled by the levels in the two tanks immediately adjacent, and central control in which all the levels simultaneously affect each manipulated variable. The behavior of these systems for three-action linear controllers is described. Proportional local control is shown to have a structure similar to those of the unrefluxed countercurrent separation processes of the chemical industry. Such systems are therefore inherently stable. Central control, although requiring a more complicated equipment arrangement, actually has a simpler dynamic behavior because it cancels out interactions between controllers.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 279-287 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental study with fixed and fluidized beds in the isomerization of cyclopropane on a silica alumina catalyst is reported for a temperature range of 150° to 250°C. and of 5 to 150 W/F (g-catalyst, hr./g.-mole). The effects of various cylindrical screen packing, 0.2-, 0.4-, and 1.0-in. diameter, and 1.0-in. diameter pall ring, on final conversion were determined. Reactor scale effects were also considered with reactors of 0.9-, 1.8-, and 6.0-in. diameter and bed heights 1.8 to 11.0 in.Overall conversions were higher in a fluidized bed with packing than in a normal fluidized bed but were less than in a fixed bed, though approaching it in some cases. Rate data from the fixed bed closely followed first-order kinetics. When the same catalyst was tested in a normal fluidized bed, the rate was dependent on linear gas velocity and catalyst bed height. With packing present in the fluidized bed, this dependency was much less, but packing size and shape had some effect.Several previously proposed reactor models were considered for correlating the data.
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    Notes: The effect of a change in moles, due to reaction, on the effectiveness of a catalytic reaction is analyzed by calculating the concentration profile along a capillary whose wall surface acts as a catalyst and within a spherical, porous, catalyst pellet. The effectiveness factor E is influenced most when the diffusion is predominately of the bulk type and none at all for Knudsen diffusion. For an increase in moles, the diffusion of reactant into the pellet is suppressed because of the opposing pressure gradient. The result is a decrease in E.Application to a typical bidisperse catalyst pellet such as alumina indicates that the reduction in E due to an increase in moles is not likely to be large. The effect can be important only if the change in moles exceeds 1 or 2, and the pellet is of the low-density type with large macropores.In contrast the pressure gradient is large only when mass transfer is by the Knudsen process.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 457-461 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new vapor-liquid equilibrium experimental facility has been built for and operated on light gas-hydrocarbon systems. The range of operating conditions are 3 to 1,000 atm. and 25° to 400°C. A dynamic flow type of equilibrium cell is used. This and most of the other apparatus are from designs by Michels. Solubilities of hydrogen in benzene and in cyclohexane were obtained at 150° and 250°F. and at pressures up to 10,000 lb./sq.in.abs.Compositions of the equilibrium vapor phases were determined so the vapor-liquid K ratios could be derived. Thermodynamic consistency tests were applied to the data with the conclusion that the new data are consistent with volumetric properties, predicted by other methods.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 662-665 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Moore and Mesler postulated microlayer evaporation beneath a bubble to explain the sudden temperature drops observed by them during nucleate boiling of water.A method was devised to estimate the microlayer thickness from the deposit formed by a series of bubbles during nucleate boiling of saturated calcium sulfate solution containing radioactive sulfur-35. The results support the microlayer evaporation hypothesis.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 673-677 
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    Notes: A scheme is outlined which enables the calculation of the normal stress difference P11-P22 in fluids undergoing steady Poiseuille flow from measurements with a pitot tube of local velocity distributions. This new technique should enable measurements in a region of shear rate comparable to that encountered in the torsional and circular flow methods. A particularly interesting consequence of the method is it leads one to the inescapable conclusion that the presence of finite normal stresses should produce significant aberrations on the measurement of the velocity profile in the laminar flow of viscoelastic fluids. The presence of a P11-P22 induced aberration on the velocity profile measurement suggests that caution be exercised in the practice of deducing estimates of the thickness of a boundary layer in the nonlaminar flow of these fluids.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 690-695 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sufficiently accurate values of first twenty eigenvalues, eigenfunctions Rn (1), and the coefficients for series expansion, as well as asymptotic expressions for these quantities, have been obtained for heat (or mass) transfer to fully developed laminar flow inside a round tube with uniform wall heat (or mass) flux. The first ten eigenfunctions are shown graphically for the radius range 0 ≤ r/ro ≤ 1.These quantities are used to calculate the Nusselt numbers for sinusoidal wall heat flux distribution and are compared with the corresponding slug flow Nusselt numbers.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 526-532 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method has been developed for the calculation of the viscosity of nonpolar gas mixtures at moderate and elevated pressures from the molecular weights and critical constants of the components. By the use of available experimental data and appropriate pseudocritical constant rules, results obtained previously for the viscosity of pure gases have been extended to mixtures. Viscosity values calculated by the method developed in this study for a number of nonpolar gas mixtures were found to reproduce reported values with a high degree of accuracy.
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 546-548 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 11 (1965), S. 555-555 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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