ALBERT

Description: 1. The chromosome numbers of 10 species of the genus Viola in the Netherlands were determined. 2. Viola riviniana has various chromosome numbers: 2n = 35, 40, 45, 46, 47 (most often 2n = 40). 3. It was not possible to find a correlation between the external morphology and the various chromosome numbers in V. riviniana. 4. Despite the variability of V. riviniana it proved impossible to divide the Dutch material into subspecies. 5. Some differential characters of V. riviniana and V. reichenbachiana are described. 6. V. canina is not variable in cytological respect in the Netherlands. 7. V. calaminaria is not related to V. lutea but to the V. tricolor complex.

Description: 1. The Orchids in the Netherlands have been subjected to a cytological investigation. 2. The division of the genera Orchis (L.) Klinge into two new genera: Orchis (L.) Vermln. and Dactylorchis (Kl.) Vermln. (Vermeulen, 1947), could be confirmed. 3. In Listera ovata (L.) R. Br. the diploid chromosome number is 34. Deviating numbers 2n = 35 and 2n = 36 were counted. Because aberations in chromosome number do not cause morphological differences these aberations seem to be unimportant. 4. Out of the material investigated it might be concluded that for the moment it does not seem to be correct to consider Dactylorchis fuchsii (Druce) Vermln, as a separate species besides Dactylorchis maculata (L.) Vermln. It seems more likely that D. fuchsii and D. maculata represent two types within a complex-species.

Description: Many countries nowadays have made strict rules (and rightly so) for collectors, partly for the protection of the flora and fauna and to thwart unscrupulous exterminators of butterflies and orchids, partly, we suspect, also as a check on industrial espionage. Obviously, administrators behind their desks have no inkling of what dedicated botanists (and zoologists) are doing in the forest. Especially when the scientists come from the so-called ’rich’ countries the civil servants ask themselves why anybody would like to exchange a nice chair in an air-conditioned office with a lot of paper work for a most uncomfortable, hard log under a leaky fly in an insect-infested, humid, scary forest. Since they themselves certainly are not going to take a look there for themselves, they suspect other motives, and until they find out what these are, scientists are under suspicion and should be kept on a leash. Sometimes the requirements border on the ridiculous, as a few instances that have come to attention show: Unicates must be left with the host institute and can only be had on loan. Well, one could live with this, although especially these collections are often the most interesting.

Description: As a student, I used to enjoy ’Karsten and Schenck’ propped up on the breakfast-table. With equal familiarity I treated ’Kerner’, 'Schimper', and other great picture-books of botany. The time came to translate the dreams of youth into vocation. ”Protista”, said the professor of zoology, ”are the pivot of biology”. I substituted my breakfast-reading with the Archiv für Protistenkunde, and hesitated at the coming call of biophysics. Ever since I have been rent, like the morning toast, by two forces which would make of me a student of the microcosm of protoplasm and a disciple of its greatness. They are the forces splitting biology into macromolecules and macro-organisms, and I do not know how this rift may be spanned. I cannot conceive what energy level, chemical bond, or carbon-grouping can decide whether it is insect-pollination or curiosity that will be inherited. But the pendulum has swung. The young botanist no longer looks at these books? he models molecules and chromosomes, and works very largely in vitro. Nevertheless, if biology is not to stand still, the pendulum will return and its amplitude will be the strength of those who have put their trust in the macrocosm. These were the thoughts which I vaguely entertained, when I found myself in the forests of Malaya and I measured my insignificance against the quiet majesty of the trees. All botanists should be humble. From trampling weeds and cutting lawns they should go where they are lost in the immense structure of the forest. It is built in surpassing beauty without any of the necessities of human endeavour; no muscle or machine, no sense-organ or instrument, no thought or blueprint has hoisted it up. It has grown by plant-nature to a stature and complexity exceeding any presentiment that can be gathered from books, and it is one of the most baffling problems of biology.

Description: Different trees have different sorts of hark, the variation is of two main kinds. The hark of an individual changes as it grows, and there are differences between mature trees of different species. The recognition of large trees in tropical forest depends on living as opposed to herbarium characters and amongst living characters baric is important. Botanists are slowly coming to realise that living characters are of importance to taxonomy and can supplement the characters visible on herbarium sheets but often hard to see in the forest (Corner 1940, Symington 1943, Henderson & Wyatt-Smith 1956). At present many living characters are used empirically if at all.

Description: BROEKHUIJSEN, Dr. H.O. Sent at least 11 specimens to BO, e.g. no. 11 Panicum luzonense from 7 km South of Parungpanjang, Java, collected on 28 October 1943 (’2603’). CAULFIELDS, F.M.G. Collected a Cinnamomum velutinum in Upper Perak for the Perak Museum Herbarium, now in SING.

Description: AIRY SHAW, H.K. see SHAW, H.K.A. BAKHUIZEN VAN DEN BRINK f., Reinier Cornelis (Panjinangan, Java, Indonesia, 11 September 1911 – Leiden, 1 May 1987). Fl. Mal. I, 1 (1950) 32, photo; M. JACOBS, Fl. Mal. Bull. 29 (1976) 2532- 2535; C. KALKMAN, Blumea 23 (1976) 1, photo.

Description: Mssrs. L.G. SAW and K.M. WONG (KEP) collected further in the Endau-Rompin forests of Johore during April and June 1986. Ms. Dr. B.S. PARRIS (K) spent August 1986 based at FRIM collecting fern material and studying fern diversity in montane forests. Together with Mr. K.M. WONG (KEP) she visited the Cameron Highlands (G. Batu Brinchang, G. Berembas, G. Jasar), Penang, the quartzite ridges around Kuala Lumpur, G. Panti (Johore), and G. Ledang (Malacca). 134 numbers were collected, the first set for K, the second for KEP.

Description: Archer, Mildred: Natural History drawings in the India Office Library. London. H.M. Stat. Office 1962. ix + 116 pp., 25 pl. Clothbound Sh. 27/6. This is a catalogue of the c. 5000 drawings still extant in the India Office Library of which only a few hundreds are of plants, the rest representing animals. There is an extensive introduction in which the activities of the persons involved in their donation are explained, which gives the book an interesting biographical and historical aspect. A beautifully executed work showing wide knowledge of its author. -- v. St. Fleming, Charles A.: New Zealand Biogeography. Tuatara 10, 1962, 53-108, 15 fig.

Description: CITES: In February 1987 Singapore finally ratified the Washington Treaty on the international trade in threatened species, exceptions have been made for the trade in crocodile products. A serious breach has now been closed that was of some impediment to the trade between Singapore and many of its partners. FAO’s Tropical Forestry Action Plan. (Unasylva 38, 1986) develops a strategy for action in five fields, among which conservation of tropical forest ecosystems. The main goals of the latter action plan are: to prevent loss or degradation of the tropical forest resource, while furthering development and the wise use of existing natural resources; to promote the sustainable use of tropical forest ecosystems, either exploited or not, for the production of timber and wood, in such a way that the genetic resources they contain are safeguarded; to encourage and facilitate the integrated management of tropical forest ecosystems so as to provide wildlife and non-wood crops with minimal disturbance of the ecosystems and associated wild genetic resources; to promote the conservation and management of samples of ecosystems as reservoirs of species diversity.

Description: Dr. M.M.J VAN BALGOOY (L) visited E and K to discuss cooperation with the Flora Malesiana Project and the Pacific Plant Areas. Ms. Dr. B.G. BRIGGS has for a short period been appointed as Acting Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney (N.S.W.), Australia.

Description: The botany of mangroves by P.B. Tomlinson has been published in the Cambridge Tropical Biology Series, Cambridge University Press. Checklist of the generic names used for Spermatophytes in Malesian botany. During their last years Dr. R.C. BAKHUIZEN VAN DEN BRINK f. and Dr. C.G.G.J VAN STEENIS have revised the Nomina generum Malesianorum, a most useful manual. The manuscript was nearly finished at their deaths and has now been made ready for publication by Ms. M.J. VAN STEENIS-KRUSEMAN and Ms. E.E. VAN NIEUWKOOP. We hope to have it published in 1987.

Description: Please submit your announcement to this Bulletin as early as possible! Several were received too late for interested readers to make use of. After the event please send a summary of the doings, and/or the Proceedings, if any. International Symposium on Resource availability and the structure and functioning of tropical ecosystems: 5—12 June 1988. Universities of Miami, Florida, and San Jose, Costa Rica. Contact: Dr. J.M, Savage, Silver Anniversary Symposium, Dept. of Biology, University of Miami, POB 249118, Coral Gables F1 33124, U.S.A.

Description: Some additional arguments are provided for a few name changes in Russula. We conclude, contrary to Singer & Machol, that the 1821-starting point rules failed to put the nomenclature of the past into order and that the new sanctioning system will be better in this respect. Some dangers inherent in special provisions for particular taxonomic groups are mentioned. The disadvantage of a special typification status for sanctioned names is discussed.

Description: Monographic studies in Pandanaceae continue to yield previously unrecognized taxa both at specific and higher ranks. In Pandanus, with the increase of knowledge of staminate structures becoming available through better collections and more critical observations, use of staminate characters integrated with previously known data is providing important new insights into infrageneric taxa and their affinities, as well as completing the fundamental descriptions at species rank important for both systematic and ecological studies. In the results reported here two new species, Pandanus calvus and P. kosteri, and two new sections, Hastatistigma (based on P. vinaceus) and Macrokurzia (based on P. daymanensis) are proposed. Two species previously known only from pistillate materials, P. cernuifolius and P. irregularis, are clarified by description of staminate specimens, while in the case of P. copelandii, a previously unrecognized staminate feature is described. Field data for the inadequately known species P. leptocarpus are provided, and the first illustrations of the type specimen (staminate) of P. houlletii are provided. These taxa are discussed under the subgenera to which they are referred in the synopsis (Stone, 1974).

Description: Scanning electron microscope studies of the indumentum of Cissus adnata Roxb., C. assamica (Laws.) Craib and C. aristata Blume, show that the structure of the trichomes varies between taxa but is consistent within each taxon. These three species are distinct and easily recognised by the nature and distribution of these trichomes although they have been frequently confused in the literature with respect to their circumscription and synonymy. Cissus adnata, which extends from India to Australia, has both multicellular, uniseriate and unicellular 2-armed trichomes on the abaxial leaf surface, glabrous stipules and pubescent ovary; C. assamica found from India to New Guinea has unicellular, 2-armed hairs sparsely distributed, glabrous stipules and ovary; C. aristata extending from Burma to Papua New Guinea has scattered unicellular, 2-armed hairs, pubescent stipules and glabrous ovary. There are 4 text-figures.

Description: The present investigation arose from a discussion between Dr van Steenis and Mr C. T. White in July 1950 concerning a plant from North Queensland, collected by Mr L. J. Brass. The specimen was pre-identified as an Aristotelia but also showed similarity with the Papuan genus Sericolea. The need was felt to investigate the distinction between the two genera. Mr White was very keen to investigate the problem himself but this was unfortunately prevented by his untimely death, only two weeks after this discussion. The problem has rested ever since, until in 1963 I had to verify the distinction between the two genera for my work on the Pacific flora, a work executed under a grant from the Netherlands Organisation for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.).

Description: On comparing Australian collections of Jagera javanica (Blume) Kalkman with Malesian material, I was struck by some slight but constant differences in the flower. This led me to the recognition of a new subspecies, as follows: Jagera javanica (Blume) Kalkman, Blumea 7 (1953) 470 subsp. australiana Leenh., subsp. nov. Folia 9-15-jugata. Petala intus squama lata incurvata dense villosa 2 cristis grandiusculis latis glabris ornata instructa. Filamenta staminum plene dense candide villosa. – Typus: B. Gray 1455, Queensland, Cook Dist., Little Mossman, State Forest Res. 143, 16° 32' S, 145° 22' E, male fl. (BRI; iso in L, QRS).

Description: The monotypic genus Laumoniera (Simaroubaceae) and the species L. bruceadelpha are described on a collection from Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia.

Description: Twenty-five species of the red algal family Ceramiaceae are reported from the exposed northeast coast of the Caribbean island of Curaçao. Some of the more interesting finds are discussed in some detail, and one species, Spermothamnion antillarum, is described as new to science. Twelve species are recorded from the island for the first time. A survey of all Ceramiaceae ever recorded from Curaçao yields a total of 60 species, an uncommonly high number for any Caribbean region. Explanations for this high number may be found in the large variety of habitats and the relatively intense study the marine environment has undergone on this island.

Description: The development of inflorescences and flowers of the African Oil Palm up to anthesis is illustrated by scanning electron microscopy images. The time of origin relative to the development of the foliage leaves of the basipetalous succession of flowering rachillae is determined, as well as the time of morphological sex definition. The logical stage when sex is determined is inferred to be not before the first appearance of the spikelet primordia. Female flower groups develop acropetally as triaxial cincinni, the male units as reduced ones. A developmental diagram is added.

Description: The flowering specimens of Glyptopetalum are very difficult to separate from those of Euonymus except by examining the number of ovules in each cell of the ovary. The ovules are mostly 2, rarely 3—12, per cell in Euonymus and there is only one in Glyptopetalum. However, the genus Glyptopetalum can be easily distinguished from Euonymus, or recognized, by the characteristic persistent columella of the fruit and the branched raphe of the seed (cf. also Fl. Mai. 1, 5, 1963, 256 and fig. 711). In preparing the Celastraceae for the Flora Malesiana, two additional extra-Malaysian species of Glyptopetalum have been found: a new one from Thailand and a new combination for the flora of China. The range of distribution of this genus is now extending to southwestern China.

Description: The monotypic genus Motleyia (Rubiaceae) and the species M. borneensis are described on material from NW. Borneo. It is similar to Prismatomeris, from which it differs by the morphology of stipules, leaves, flowers, fruits and pollen grains and the occurrence of colleters inside the calyx limb.

Description: There is a great diversity of opinion regarding the interpretation of the genera and some species in the former Hippocrateaceae. If one reads the comprehensive and detailed revision of the New World Hippocrateaceae by A. C. Smith (Brittonia 3, 1940, 341—555), one may have an impression of it. For example, A. C. Smith in his monotypic genus Hemiangium, under H. excelsum, has united species which were recognized as belonging to three different genera by Miers; he has also limited Hippocratea L. to a single species, H. volubilis L., and placed more than 40 names of species and varieties in the synonymy of it. A detailed review of the history and generic delimitation of the family Hippocrateaceae has already ably been summarized and discussed by A. C. Smith in the above mentioned publication. I shall make only a brief account of those works which contain genera, species, or discussions related to the Malaysian flora.

Description: Dacryodes nervosa (H. J. Lam) Leenhouts, nov. comb. — Santiria nervosa H. J. Lam, Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 42 (1932) 206; Leenh., Fl. Males. 1, 5 (1956) 233. Though the fruits were unknown, this species was included in Santiria, probably on account of the stellate hairs, in the Burseraceae furthermore known then only from Santiria conferta ¹). Only recently a fruiting specimen came at hand from Sarawak, Borneo ( Sarawak For. Dep. 13389), and the fruits mark it to be typical Dacryodes. As it is not identical with any known species of the latter genus, a new combination had to be made.

Description: Affinis C. monticoli Baillon ex Guill. sed vulgo fruticosa foliis crassis, plerumque retusis vel emarginatis, calycibus brevibus. – Frutex ad 3 m altus, raro scandens ad 7 m altus. Stipulae 1,3- 4,1 mm longae. Folia 2 ad nodos. Petiolus 3-31 mm longus. Lamina 2,3-15 cm longa, 1-7 cm lata, oblonga vel anguste oblonga vel anguste ad late obovata vel elliptica vel late elliptica, coriacea, infra pallide viridis vel glauca; basis anguste cuneata; margo plus minusve reflexa; apex obtusus vel retusus vel emarginatus vel acuminatus acumine ad 3 mm longo; nervi secundarii (4 —) 5—9 (—10); domatia absentia. Inflorescentia corymbosa vel breviter paniculata, 1-4 cm longa, nodis tumidis, (1-)5-20-flora; inflorescentiae partiales 3-7, 1-4-florae; pedicellus simplex vel raro biconnatus, (0-)0,5-9 mm longus et 0,9-1,3 mm latus (florens). Calycis tubus 0,8-1,9 mm longus et 2,4 – 3,2 mm latus, intus colleteribus numerosis; dentes ad 0,3 mm longi. Corollae tubus 3-7 mm longus et 2,2-2,9 mm latus; lobi 10-16 mm longi et 2,3-4,1 mm lati. Filamenta 3,4-8 mm longa; antherae 5-8 mm longae. Ovarium simplex. Stylus 7,5-11 mm longus; stigma 3,3-6 mm longum. Drupa 15-18 mm longa et 13-15 mm lata, globosa vel obovoidea, lutescens. – Typus: Johansson 107, New Caledonia, Pic du Pin, 400 m alt., 30 Dec. 1983 (S, holo). Usually a shrub up to 3 m, sometimes a liana up to 7 m. Stipules 1.3-4.1 mm long. Leaves 2 at each node; petiole 3-31 mm long; lamina 2.3-15 x 1-7 cm, usually oblong or obovate or elliptic, sometimes narrowly oblong or narrowly or broadly obovate or broadly elliptic, coriaceous and thick, green or yellowish green on adaxial side, paler green to glaucous on abaxial side; base narrowly cuneate; margin reflexed; apex usually obtuse and rounded or broadly acute, sometimes retuse or emarginate or acuminate with acumen up to 3 mm long; pairs of secondary veins (4-)5-9(-10); venation yellowish green to yellow; domatia lacking; cuticle striate. Inflorescence a corymb or a short panicle, 1-4 cm long, with 5-20 flowers (flowers rarely single in an axillary reduced cyme); partial inflorescences 3-7, dichasia, each with 1-4 flowers; nodes of branches swollen; lowermost inflorescence branches 0.6-2 cm long; branches opposite; pedicels usually simple, rarely partially connate, (0-)0.5-9 mm long and 0.9-1.3 mm in diam. in flower, up to 11 mm long and up to at least 2 mm in diam. in fruit; calyx tube 0.8-1.9 mm long, 2.4-3.2 mm in diam.; colleters abundant along base of adaxial side; calyx teeth up to 0.3 mm long; corolla tube 3-7 mm long, 2.2-2.9 mm in diam.; corolla lobes 10-16 mm long, 2.3-4.1 mm wide, 2.1-3.3 times longer than tube; filaments 3.4-8 mm long; anthers 5-8 mm long; pollen grains: P = 39-46 μm; E = 44-60 μm; ovaries simple; style 7.5-11 mm long; stigma 3.3-6 mm long. Fruit 15-18 x 13-15 mm, globose to obovoid, yellow.

Description: The holothurians from the southern end of the Caribbean area are incompletely known. CLARK (1919) discussed a few specimens taken from Tobago, British West Indies, and DEICHMANN (1926) prepared a report on the holothurians from the Barbados-Antigua Expedition. ADA TEN BROEKE (1927) listed 7 holothurians from Curaçao, collected by C. J. VAN DER HORST. This list constituted the first mention of holothurians from the area. CLARK (1933) listed one additional specimen in his “Handbook of the Littoral Echinoderms of Porto Rico and the Other West Indian Islands”. ENGEL (1939), included three additional sea cucumbers in his report on the echinoderms which were gathered by P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK. Neither ENGEL (1939) nor TEN BROEKE (1927) described their specimens. I have found three additional species new to the fauna of the above islands. Two of these specimens, Thyoneria cognata and Trachythonidium occidentale are the first Dendrochirota to be reported from the Netherlands Antilles. After this report has been completed, ELISABETH DEICHMANN (1963) produced a short survey of the ‘Shallow water Holothurians known from the Caribbean Waters’ in which several new data are to be found gathered from material which was collected by WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK in 1948/49 and 1955.

Description: The material on which the present paper is based consists of a small number of Streptaxidae collected by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK during his visits to the Caribbean Islands and the mainland of Venezuela since 1930, and further of some specimens which, at various times, have reached the author through the generosity of Mr. SERGIO ARIAS, Caracas, Dr. G. MARCUZZI, Padova, Professor S. JAECKEL, Berlin, and Mr. TJOA TJIEN MO, Bogor. Besides this material I also investigated some material present in the following collections and kindly put at my disposal: Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel; Zoologisches Staatsinstitut und Museum, Hamburg; British Museum (N.H.), London; American Museum of Natural History, New York; United States National Museum, Washington. I have to thank for their kind assistance: Dr. L. FORCART, Basel; Professor G. WEIDNER and Dr. P. KAISER, Hamburg; Dr. W. J. REES and Dr. GALBRAITH, London; Miss D. E. BLISS, New York; Dr. H. A. REHDER, Washington; and last but not least the late Mr. HUGH WATSON, Cambridge, England, for his most valuable and expert advice. I am also greatly obliged to Mr. PAUL KESSELS, Tilburg, Netherlands, for his help in composing the histograms.

Description: Von den “Inseln unter dem Winde”, dem südlichsten, in Ost-Westrichtung dem Festland von Venezuela vorgelagerten Teil des Antillenbogens, waren bisher keiner Gyriniden bekannt. Erst kürzlich erfuhr ich durch Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, Utrecht, dass auf Curaçao, einer der westlichsten dieser Inseln, Vertreter dieser Käferfamilie erbeutet worden seien, deren Sammler, Ir. R. H. COBBEN von der Landbouwhogeschool in Wageningen, mir seine Ausbeute entgegenkommend zum Studium zur Verfügung stellte. Beiden Herren danke ich hiermit bestens für ihre Freundlichkeit. Das Material war besonders interessant hinsichtlich seiner faunistischen Zusammensetzung, denn während die eine der in ihm enthaltenen Arten festländischen Ursprungs ist, gehört die andere zur karibischen Fauna. Bemerkenswert ist auch, dass beide Arten trotz des abgelegenen Fundorts keine wesentlichen rassischen Besonderheiten aufweisen.

Description: Von Herrn Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, Utrecht, erhielt ich über siebzig Röhrchen mit der Bitte, die darin enthaltenen und von ihm in Westindien gesammelten Landmilben zu bestimmen. Ich komme dieser Aufforderung gerne nach. Nach einem kurzen Besuch Floridas im Frühling 1960 ist es für mich interessant, auch die Milbenfauna der Antillen kennen zu lernen und mit der Floridas zu vergleichen. Ich werde zunächst einige Mitteilungen veröffentlichen über die Uropodina, welche in 13 Fundorten mit 140 Exemplaren vertreten waren:

Description: The solution of the problem whether the ultrabasic inclusions in lavas are accumulation products of early crystallized minerals of the lavas in which they occur, or fragments of the earth’s peridotite shell carried to the surface by the eruptive force of the lavas, largely depends on the answer to the question whether these inclusions are tectonites or not. The structure of the specimens from Auvergne (France), which formed the main subject of this study, has been proved conclusively to be of a tectonic nature, from the macroscopically visible intersecting slip planes which are definitely younger than the banding of the specimen, as well as from microscopic evidence that suggests that both the olivine and enstatite crystals are concentrated in the intersecting slip planes. The fabric of olivine and enstatite proved to be symmetrical in respect of these slip planes, although remnants of an initial, predeformational orientation related with the banding still persist. In order to establish the relation between the old and the new fabric a comparative study of the fabric of a nodule from Dreiser Weiher (chapter II) and the crystal orientation of the banded sample from Auvergne (chapter III) has been made. It was concluded that the tectonic fabric of the sample from Auvergne could be interpreted as the result of a mechanical rotation of the composing crystals around two rotation axes, from their earlier orientation which is observed in the German specimen, into their new orientation which is symmetrical in respect of the intersecting slip planes. The rotation axis of olivine proved to be parallel to the intersection of the banding and a slip plane (S1), the rotation axis of enstatite is parallel to the intersection of the second slip planes (S2) and a plane normal to the banding, which is characterized by the X01—Yen girdle in the pre-deformational fabric. The geometry of the observed fabric further suggests that the crystals rotated in opposite sense over supplementary angles around the rotation axes. The distribution of olivine in the intersecting planes as well as the above mentioned rotation were further proved in a second sample from Auvergne on which an axial distribution analysis was carried out. The results of this analysis confirmed the expectations that crystals of a specific orientation are concentrated in intersecting directions in the plane of observation. The lattice orientation of olivine proved to be dominated by an orientation of {010} parallel to S1 and [010] sub-parallel to S2, while the enstatite crystals showed a strong preferred orientation of [001] sub-parallel to S1 and [100] in S2. The comparison of the preferred orientation of the X01 axes in five samples of different mineralogical composition has demonstrated that the preferred orientation of the X01 axes increases with increasing olivine content. All these results point to a tectonic nature of the structure of the ultrabasic inclusions in the lavas of Auvergne. Since the Mg/Fe distribution in the pyroxenes of the nodules suggests that these minerals crystallized at temperatures well above those of magmatic assemblages, it was concluded that the studied specimens are not derived by crystal fractionation from the lavas in which they occur, but are likely to be fragments of the earth’s peridotite shell. The fabric of the type-locality of the lherzolites in the French Pyrenees proved to be secondary and symmetrical in respect of the local Alpine stress field in such a way that the Z axes of both olivine and enstatite are parallel to the major axis of the stress deviator. The interpretation of this tectonic fabric of olivine has been based on the translation mechanism of olivine, described by Chudoba and Frechen (1950). In the last chapter attention has been paid to some recent theories and experiments which all lead to the conclusion that the orientation of crystals during growth, either in a uniaxial stress field or under a temperature gradient, is governed by the lattice of the crystals involved, a conclusion that might be useful for the interpretation of olivine fabrics, for the results of this study suggest that the crystal structure and not the grain shape governs he fabric of many ultrabasic rocks.

Description: For the identification of certain of the mollusks with which the copepods to be described were associated we wish to thank Dr. RUTH D. TURNER, Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, Harvard College, Cambridge, and Mr. C. J. VAN EEKEN, Zoölogisch Museum, Amsterdam. We also express our appreciation to Mr. J. A. VAN DREVELDT (Amsterdam) for his assistance in the preparation of the drawings of the last two species. This study has been supported by grants from the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Research in Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles (WOSUNA), Amsterdam, and from the National Science Foundation of the United States, Washington.

Description: In continuation of my examination of the Neotropical Acanthocinini, the occasion arises to deal with certain Caribbean species, because of material from various sources, sent to me by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, of the Zoölogisch Laboratorium der Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht; Ir. R. H. COBBEN, of the Laboratorium voor Entomologie der Landbouwhogeschool, Wageningen; Dr. T. H. FARR, of the Museum of Science, Kingston, Jamaica, and the Museum Frey, Tutzing bei München, as well as material from my own collection. The material covered in this paper comprises the following species: Lagocheirus araneiformis guadeloupensis Dillon, from St. John, St. Martin, and St. Eustatius; Fisherostylus bruneri (Fisher) gen. nov., from Cuba; Leplostyloides turbidus gen. nov., sp. n., from Saba, and St. Eustatius (pl. I 1—2); Styloleptus nigrofasciatus sp. n., from Hispaniola (pl. I 3); Styloleptus divisus sp. n., from Hispaniola (pl. I 4); Antilleptostylus nigricans (Fisher) gen. nov., from Puerto Rico; Pygmaleptostylus pygmaeus (Fisher) gen. nov., from Cuba; Atrypanius trinidadensis sp. n., from Trinidad (Pl. II 3); Urgleptes sandersoni sp. n., from Puerto Rico (Pl. II 2); Urgleptes haitiensis sp. n., from Hispaniola (Pl. II 1); Urgleptes cobbeni sp. n., from Saba, and St. Eustatius (Pl. III 1—3); Urgleptes puertoricensis sp. n., from Puerto Rico (Pl. IV 1—3); Pentheochaetes trinidadensis sp. n., from Trinidad (Pl. IV 4); Nyssodrystes freyorum sp. n., from Trinidad and Venezuela (Pl. IV 5).

Description: The notes on Cerambycidae in this paper are based on small collections of material sent to me by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK of the Zoölogisch Laboratorium, Utrecht; Ir. R. H. COBBEN of the Laboratorium voor Entomologie, Wageningen; Dr. H. F. HOWDEN of the Entomological Research Institute, Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa; the Museum Frey, Tutzing bei München; Dr. T. H. FARR of the Institute of Science, Kingston, Jamaica, as well as specimens from my own collection. The opportunity is taken of listing material from new localities and of figuring a few species which have not previously been figured so far as I am aware, as well as describing a number of new genera and species.

Description: 3. An account is given of sound conductivity experiments which were carried out on the auditory structures in a very fresh, dead specimen of Tursiops. 4. The probable function of the external auditory meatus is discussed in relationship to the arrangement of the accessory air sinuses of the middle ear. 5. The so-called ”auditory scanning” behaviour in odontocete cetaceans is commented upon in the light of preliminary experimental evidence of a vocal sound diffraction pattern.

Description: A distribution survey of Hyla arborea has been carried out in the western part of Zealand Flanders over a period of six years. Additional data on the eastern part and the neighbouring Belgian area have been collected. The relationship between the maximum number of males calling on one evening/night and the estimate of their population size is a suitable basis to predict the total number of males in other pools during a season. Methodological aspects of the fieldwork are discussed. Great fluctuations in presence and activity of the Tree Frog illustrate the need for longterm surveys. Hyla arborea is declining, and nowadays its distribution is restricted to some localities in the western part of the region. These localities are classified according to the number of males and their importance for conservation.

Description: The histological structure of cephalothoracic and abdominal integuments has been studied in the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus. In the branchial region of the carapace, there are a thin epicuticle, an exocuticle, and a relatively thick endocuticle, followed by a layer of columnar epithelium and underlying connective tissue. This pattern is repeated on the inner surface of the carapace fold but with generally thinner cuticular layers. Within the connective tissue there are tegumental glands, haemocytes, and some reserve inclusions. The abdominal integument shows a modified cuticle structure which is probably related to its specific function as an adhesive organ attaching the hermit crab to the inner surface of the gastropod shell. The cuticle is uncalcified and it shows deep wrinkles and grooves.

Description: Lipofuscin, body carbon and respiration rates were measured in Hyas araneus from hatching to metamorphosis. Excitation/emission spectra of both the chloroform and the methanol/aqueous phase showed one distinct fluorescence peak in the chloroform (410-415 nm emission/340-350 nm excitation) and the methanol/aqueous phase (405/350 nm) of zoea I (directly after hatching) and megalopa (0 and 24 days old). Individual lipofuscin concentrations increased continuously during zoea I and halfway through zoea II, but remained constant through the entire megalopa despite high metabolic activity in this stage. Individual lipofuscin concentrations were positively correlated with body carbon and carbonspecific lipofuscin was negatively correlated. Moulting cause considerable loss of lipofuscin.

Description: The distribution of ice rafted debris (IRD) is an important parameter in glaciomarine sediments. A simple method is presented allowing the determination of the IRD-contents by counting the gravel fraction of the x-radiographs which are generally taken during sampling. In comparison with sieve analyses corresponding values are obtained by both methods. However, more information can be made available in a shorter time by this method.

Description: An efficient numerical ice sheet model, including time dependence and full thermo-mechanical coupling, has been developed to investigate the thermal regime and overall configuration of apolar ice sheet with respect to changing environmental conditions. From basic sensitivity experiments, in which a schematic East-Antarctic Ice Sheet is forced with a typicalglacial-interglacial climatic shift, it is found that (i):the mutual interaction of temperature and deformation has a stabilizing effect on its steady state configuration and (ii) in the transientmode, this climatic transition initially leads to increased ice thickness due to enhanced accumulation, whereafter this trend is reversed due to a warmer base. Time scales for this reversal areof the order of 10 3 years in marginal zones and of 10 4 years in interior parts. Time-dependent modelling of the Vostok flowline, indicates that the Vostok Station area has risen about 95m since the beginning of the present interglacial due to thermo-mechanical effects, which is of particular interest in interpreting the palaeoclimatic signal of the obtained ice core there.

Description: In prior studies, critical points have been found in the interaction between exogenous (food) and endogenous (hormonal) control of the larval development of decapod crustaceans. One of them was termed "point of reserve saturation" (PRS). If it has been passed under conditions of sufficient availability of food, decapod larvae may complete their moulting cycle and develop, independent of food to the next instar. In the present investigation the PRS and the moulting cycle were studied simultaneously in first instar larvae on nine decapod species belonging to eight families and four higher taxa (Caridea, Macrura, Anomura, and Brachyura). The experimental results suggest that the PRS was in general near the transition between stages C and D sub(o) of Drach's classification system, independent of the species, instar duration, and temperature.

Description: Zoea I larvae of Hyas araneus were dredged in Jan. 1986 from the German Bight and reared in the laboratory at constant 12 degree C, until they reached the transition of stages C/D sub(0) of the moult cycle (4 d after hatching). One part of the larvae was continually fed (control), another group was starved from the D sub(0) threshold until moulting to the zoea II instar. Biomass curves were almost parallel in the two experimental groups of zoea II larvae, with significantly higher values in the control during all stages of the moult cycle. The ecdysteroid titer curve of the zoea II which had moulted from starved zoea I was very similar to that in control larvae, but with a 3-d delay in the occurrence of premoult peak concentration (in both groups in stage D sub(1)). Regulation and coordination of moult cycle, ecdysteroid titers, and growth in the larval development of decapod crustaceans are discussed, with special reference to the D sub(0) threshold.