ALBERT

Notizen: The German author Heinrich Ludwig Lambert Gall (1794-1863) who is characterized as socialist by the authors of histories of economic thought proposed a policy for full employment, based on the multiplier-principle and public expenditures financed by taxes, since 1822. Not Rodbertus but Gall was the first one describing the multiplier scheme. The interpretation of Gall's publications shows his important ideas about interventionism similar to the modern theory of full employment and the activity of the state.

Notizen: Alternativen aussenwirtsckafflicker Anpassung. Jahresgutachten 1968/69 des Sachverständigenrats zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung.Bachmann, Hans: The External Relations of Less-Developed Countries.Bliefernich; Gryck; Pfeifer; Wagner: Aufgaben zur Matrizenrech-nung und linearen Optimierung.BÖs, Dieter: Öffentliche Aufträge in ÖsterreichBraeuer, Walter: Frankreichs wirtschaftliche und soziale Lage urn 1700.Buhr, Walter: Dualvariable als Kriterien unternehmerischer PlanungCrockett, Jean: Consumer Expenditures and Incomes in GreeceCurrie, Laughlin: Obstacles to Development.Einzig, Paul: Foreign Exchange Crisis. An Essay in Economic Pathology.Exo, Reinhold: Die Entwicklung der sozialen und ökonomischen Struktur der Ersparnisbildung in der Bundesrepublik DeutschlandFeinstein, C. H. (Ed.): Socialism, Capitalism and Economic Growth: Essays Presented to Maurice Dobb. Forecasting on a Scientific Basis.Fromm, Gary, and Taubman, Paul: Policy Simulations with an Econometric Model.Gabriel, Peter B.: The International Transfer of Corporate Skills: Management Contracts in Less Developed Countries.Hutchison, T. W. : Economics and Economic Policy in Britain 1946-66.Caves, Richard E. et al.: Britain's Economic Prospects.Johnson, Harry G. (Ed.): Economic Nationalism in Old and Mew States.Jungenfelt, K. G. : Löneandelen och den ekonomiska utvecklingen. Les stratégies d'entreprise.Maass, GÜnther: Die Rolle des Pfund Sterlings in der Weltwirtschaft seit dem Zweiten WeltkriegMcKean, Roland N. (Ed.): Issues in Defense Economics—A Conference.Myrdal, Gunnar: Asian Drama.Pressburger, S.: Österreichische NotenbankSaville, Lloyd: Regional Development in Italy.Schelbert-Syfrig, H.: Empirische Untersuchungen über die Geldnachfrage in der Schweiz.Steiner, Helmut: Soziale Struktuweränderungen im modernen Kapitalismus.Stoleru, L. : L'équilibre et la croissance économiques.Theil, Henri: Applied Economic ForecastingTimm, H., und Haller, H. (Hrsg.): Beiträge zur Theorie der öffentlichen AusgabenTriantis, S. G.: Cyclical Changes in Trade Balances of Countries Exporting Primary Products 1927-33.Walter, Ingo: The European Common Market.Westphal, Uwe: Die importierte Inflation beifestem und flexiblem WechselkursZaleski, EugÈne: Planning Reforms in the Soviet Union, 1962-6.ZohlnhÖfer, Werner: Wettbewerbspolitik im Oligopol - Erfahrungen der amerikanischen Antitrustpolitik

Notizen: In this paper on power relations the author assumes that each participant (A, B) behaves rationally, aims at an increase of his utility. The assumption of the purely instrumental character of power constitutes a second important premise: power is supposed to be a means, not an end in itself.When A tries to compel B to do something he wouldn't otherwise have done by threatening retaliation against any disobedience of B, A is interested in the credibility of his threat indeed. However A has usually no incentive actually to carry out the threat in case of resistance by B. Moreover the realization of the threat very often causes considerable costs to the power-holder. Because of A's dilemma B stands a good chance of resisting the pretension of A without being punished. Finally the author analyses what counter-moves A can make.In another form of influence—often called ‘manipulation’—B doesn't notice at all that his goals conflict with those of A. A does not make explicit the ends he is striving for. As long as the assumption of rational behaviour is retained, this kind of influence can only occur in case of uncertainty—taste structure of A and B assumed constant.

Notizen: This paper develops a conceptual framework for the systematic analysis of inter-community spillovers and their implications for local expenditure-investment decisions. Spillovers are distinguished on the basis of the effects they have upon the rate of exchange between current goods for private consumption and publicly provided goods. The mechanisms of spillovers—economic interaction, fiscal inter-dependence, and migration—and the concept of community are examined in this context. A diagrammatic analysis is used to demonstrate the influence of spill-overs on the decision making unit's allocation of resources. Methodological issues and problems involved in estimating spillover magnitudes are presented. A case study provides numerical counterparts for the theoretical quantities of the analysis. While emphasis is on publicly provided education in the United States, the framework and methodology should be applicable to other local governments and their services.

Notizen: The relationships between international trade and short-term capital placements are shown to be more numerous and complex than is often recognized in the literature. At first instance the trade balance determines a flow of private capital but these flows do not represent movements to equilibrium positions. At least partial repatriation of such flows will be desired by traders but the speed of this repatriation is constrained by the terms on which trade finance has been extended. With full repatriation, a ‘permanent’ change in the trade balance would not lead to a permanent change in private capital flows, but rather to a change in the net stock of short-term assets held abroad due to these constraints on instantaneous portfolio adjustment by traders. The size of the change in this stock is shown to depend on the terms on which trade is financed as well as on the size of the change in the trade balance. The time path of the permanent outward shift is dependent upon these terms as well.The effects just summarized depend upon a divergence between traders’ actual and desired portfolio allocations because of temporary constraints on portfolio adjustment. Longer run changes in the trade balance and absolute volume of trade will affect traders’ convenience and hedging returns from holdings of foreign balances and hence may affect their desired portfolio allocations. While these effects could conceptually go in cither direction, the secular expansion of trade should level to a short-term capital inflow into the United States because of the international role of the dollar.

Notizen: This article presents a mathematical model for monopolistic price competition among firms with differentiated products. The conditions which distinguish the Chamberlinian analysis from that of Edgeworth are examined. Product differentiation is not sufficient to guarantee the existence of a stable non-cooperative equilibrium point in terms of price. The relationship among the degree of product variation, amount of capacity, and stability are examined. Explicit formulas are obtained for the non-cooperative equilibrium and the capacity conditions for its existence. The behavior of the model as the degree of differentiation approaches zero and as competition becomes large is examined. This connects the analysis of oligopoly with the analysis of pure competition.

Notizen: Decision theory is applied to a situation of conflict which a mother of two actually faced in an isolated home in the American Rocky Mountains. While the father was away on a trip which he thought to last seven days, the mother was bitten by a poisonous snake. She thought the bite to be fatal. To spare her two children, aged two months and two years, the agony of death by starvation, she decided to kill them.The mother faced a decision problem under uncertainty. A theoretical analysis of the situation shows which rational decision would have been optimal. However, a rational decision derived in an objective fashion is not free of subjective elements. Assigning utility measures to the possible types of death of the children, suppositions as to nature's strategies, and the choice of one of four established decision criteria are subjective.The criteria of Wald and Savage picture nature as a hostile opponent wanting to inflict greatest possible injury. The difference between them consists merely in the valuation of the disutility of death. Rational behaviour of the mother calls for selecting that strategy which promises the best of the worst possible outcomes.The Hurwicz criterion can accommodate all variations of nature's attitude, from malignant to benignant. According to the mother's optimism a distribution is supposed over nature's most favourable and unfavourable strategies. The probabilities of all other possible strategies are assumed to be zero.The criterion of Laplace assumes an indifferent nature. All possible strategies of nature are equally likely to eventuate.Three strategies are open to the mother, leave both children alive, kill one child, kill both children. Depending on the utility valuations the mother attaches to the different possible types of death, one of these strategies is optimal. If a decision is arrived by the Wald or Savage criterion a mixed strategy is superior to a pure one. The possibility of the childrens survival through the arrival of a stranger only affects the choice of the mother's strategy if she uses the Laplace criterion.

Notizen: Atkinson, Thomas R., and Simpson, Elizabeth T.: Trends in Corporate Bond Quality.Bohnet, Armin: Zur Theorie der personellen EinkotntnensverteilungBosch, Alfred, und Veit, Reinhold : Theorie der Geldpolitik.Brinkmann, Gerhard: Berufsausbildung und Arbeitseinkommen.Buckley, Helen, and Tihanyi, Eva : Canadian Policies for Rural Adjustment.Caves, Richard E., and Johnson, Harry G. (Eds.): Readings in International Economics.Deane, P., and Cole, W. A.: British Economic Growth, 1688-1959.Desai, V. R. Mutalik: Social Aspects of Savings.Diegues jr., Manual, and Wood, Bryce (Eds.): Social Science in Latin AmericaEhrlicher, Werner; Esenwein-Rothe, Ingeborg; JÜrgensen, Harald, und Rose, Klaus (Hrsg.): Kompendium der VolkswirtsckaftslehreEisermann, Gottfried (Hrsg.): Die gegenwärtige Situation der SoziologieFeiwel, George R.: The Soviet Quest for Economic Efficiency.Grand-Jean, Paul: Guerres, Fluctuations et Croissance.Hackett, John and Anne-Marie: The British Economy: Problems and Prospects.Harborth, Hans-JÜrgen : Neue Industriezentren an der weltwirtschaftlichen PeripherieHazelwood, Arthur: African Integration and DisintegrationHeller, Walter W.: New Dimensions of Political Economy.Horvat, Branko : Towards a Theory of Planned Economy.Šik, Ota: K problematice socialistických zbožnich vztahûStÁdnik, Miloš: O koncepci národniho dûchodu v Mad'arskuIdem, Několik statistických i nestatistických pohledû na hospodářské reformy v JugosláviiIdem, The Conception of National Income in Czechoslovakia.JÜrgensen, Harald (Hrsg.): Entzifferung - Bevölkerung als Gesellschaft in Raum und zeitKaldor, Nicholas: Strategic Factors in Economic Development.Kirby, E. Stuart: Economic Development in East Asia.Klinov-Malul, Ruth: The Profitability of Investment in Education in Israel.Nove, Alec und Newth, I. A.: The Soviet Middle East.Ohlin, Bertil: Interregional and International TradePeacock, A. T., and Wiseman, J.: The Growth of Public Expenditure in the United Kingdom.Pickering, J. F.: Resale Price Maintenance in Practice.Preiser, Erich : Wirtschaftspolitik heuteSchachtschabel, Hans G.: Wirtschqftspolitische Konzeptionen.Shaffer, Harry G. (Hrsg.): The Soviet System in Theory and PracticeSimha, S. L. N.: Essays on Finance.Snider, Delbert A.: Introduction to International EconomicsTrappeniers, Felix : Les Avantages comparatifs dans le Marché commun.Youngson, A. J.: Overhead Capital.Zauberman, A.: Aspects of Planometrics