ALBERT

Notes: Zusammenfassung Legende Hennen erhielten ein Futter, dem 180 Tage lang 2 mVal Strontium- und 218 Tage lang dieselbe Menge Calciumcarbonat beigemischt war. Sie legten im Verlauf des Versuches mehr als 200 Eier, deren Schalen nach Veraschung auf Strontium und Calcium untersucht wurden. Strontium war bereits am Tage der ersten oralen Aufnahme nachweisbar. Die Strontiumkonzentration zeigte im weiteren Verlauf starke Schwankungen. Sie stieg in höchstens 57 Tagen auf einen Sättigungswert von etwa 2,6% der Asche an, Nach Beendigung der Strontiumverabreichung war Strontium in der Schalenasche noch mehr als 200 Tage lang nachweisbar. Der Befund wird als Umlagerung von Skelett-Strontium in die Schale erklärt.

Notes: Summary Experimental cardiopathies that are widely different in their histologic characteristics were studied in the albino rat. The main purpose of these comparative investigations was to determine the participation of various cations and anions (especially of K, Mg, Na and Cl) in the pathogenesis of metabolic cardiopathies that are induced by chemical means, but are not accompanied by histologically detectable changes of the coronary arteries. It was observed that variations in dietary intake, not only of certain cations (K and Mg) but also of the anions (Cl and PO4), play an important role in the pathogenesis of certain necrotizing cardiopathies as well as in the mechanism of adaptive reactions that basically alter the disease-susceptibility of the myocardium. It was also noted that most of the agents that are capable of inducing cardiac lesions through some biochemical mechanism are potentially acting pathogens, whose cardiotoxicity largely depends upon other factors or conditions: some of which (i. e., corticoids, Na-salts, dietary deficiencies in K, Mg and Cl, sudden stress situations, age and coronary sclerosis) uniformly sensitize, while others (i. e., Cl-excess, Na-deficiency, adaptation to stressor agents and the condition produced by pregnancy) desensitize the myocardium to the production of cardiac lesions (necrosis, inflammation, calcification) by most diverse potentially pathogenic agents. On the other hand, the cardiac infarcts that can be produced by surgical occlusion of coronary arteries in the rat, differ basically in many respects from all metabolic cardiopathies studied. The latter are characterized precisely by the fact that they depend upon complex anion-cation interactions, not upon a single pathogen. The importance of K, Mg, Na and Cl in the pathogenesis of cardiac necroses and the possible role of the ionic equilibrium in the production and prevention of necrotizing cardiac diseases are discussed on the basis of experimental studies performed by the author and of previous observations described by others.

Notes: Summary The composition of bladder bile with respect toph, cholesterol, lipid phosphorus, glycine conjugated cholic, chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic acids, and of taurine conjugated cholic and chenodeoxycholic plus deoxycholic acids was analyzed in young hamsters reared from the age of 30–46 days for various lengths of time on 1) a fat-free diet with glucose as the carbohydrate component, producing cholesterol gallstones in young hamsters, 2) a fat-free with rice starch as the carbohydrate component which, largely, prevents the formation of cholesterol gallstones. 3) a fat-free diet with lactose as the carbohydrate component which also counteracts the formation of cholesterol gallstones, 4) a diet of more complicated composition, containing 10% of lard, 20% of casein, 36% of dried brewer's yeast, 28.3% of ground polished rice, and with Cu added to the salt mixture. This “curative diet” completely prevents the formation of cholesterol and amorphous pigmented gallstones and causes already formed cholesterol stones to dissolve. The bladder bile of hamsters transferred from the stock colony diet to the glucose diet at the age of 107–111 days was analyzed similarly. Theph was essentially the same in all groups. The abundance of cholesterol gallstones among the hamsters fed the fat-free glucose diet from 30–46 days of age paralleled a tendency to higher levels of cholesterol and lower levels of total bile acids — and, therefore, generally lower levels of the ratio total bile acids/cholesterol than in the groups fed the rice starch diet and the “curative diet”. In the glucose groups and in the rice starch groups the levels of lipid phosphorus were within the same range and lower than in the groups fed the “curative diet”. However, in the rice starch groups the values for lipid phosphorus increased after about 100 days of feeding. In the lactose fed groups, the values for cholesterol, bile acids and lipid phosphorus were almost within the same range as in the glucose groups, suggesting that other factors than those analyzed may be responsible for the rare occurrence of cholesterol gallstones in lactose fed hamsters. The hamsters in the groups transferred to the glucose diet at 107–111 days of age did not get cholesterol stones but had a marked tendency to formation of amorphous pigmented stones. This condition corresponded to a tendency to higher values of the ratios total bile acids/cholesterol, and, especially, lipid phosphorus/cholesterol than in the groups transferred to the glucose diet at the age of 30–46 days.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Chronische Fütterungsversuche an Ratten mit bestrahltem Sojaöl haben ergeben, daß das öl ab einer Strahlendosis von 10 Mrad toxische Eigenschaften annimmt, die sich in einer hohen Letalität der Tiere äußert. Mit fallender Strahlendosis wird die Latenzzeit bis zum Auftreten der Symptome immer länger. Die Todesursache der Tiere konnt noch nicht geklärt werden. Jedoch konnten an ihnen einige auffallende Symtome festgestellt werden: Ablagerung eines braunen, Eisen enthaltenden Pigments in der Leber und in der Milz, Funktionsstörungen der Leber, Veränderungen der Plasmaproteine, Ihaktivierung der Schilddrüse, Abnahme der Körpertemperatur, Senkung des Grundumsatzes, Bradykardie, Linksverschiebung der Zellkerngröße in der Nebennierenrinde. Die histologische Untersuchung der anderen Organe ergab keine auffallenden Befunde, insbesondere auch nicht des zentralen Nervensystems. Am Verdauungstrakt wurden nur ganz geringfügige Veränderungen gefunden. Die Ausnutzung des bestrahlten öls ist verschlechtert.

Notes: Summary 1. Modified131I-triolein and131I-oleic acid tests were performed on patients of the malabsorption group. 2. Elevated excretion ratio of131I in stool was observed in the malabsorption group. So, this test has a diagnostic value in the malabsorption group. 3. Festal showed a remarkable effect on the absorption test in malabsorption group as well as in a control group having a sufficient digestion. 4. Symptoms due to deficient digestion, especially meteorism, were much improved by Festal. 5. Digestive condition of the stool was also improved by the administration of Festal. 6. Festal had no side effects.

Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Anhand eines Wachstumstestes an Wistar-Ratten wird experimentell die Frage erörtert, ob zwischen „Schwerresorbierbarkeit“ und „Thiamin-Spareffekt“ eines Kohlenhydrates ein kausaler Zusammenhang besteht. Hierzu wird den Tieren eine saccharosehaltige Vitamin-B1-Mangeldiät — unter Zusatz ausgewählter Kohlenhydrat-Komponenten (Sorbit, Mannit, Inosit, Sorbose, Fruktose, Dextrin, Stärkesirup, Glukose-Reversionsprodukte, Pektin, Natriumalginat, karamelisierte Saccharose, erhitztes Glukose/Glyzin-Gemisch) — verabfolgt; Coprophagie wird nicht verhindert. 2. Eine Vitamin-B1-sparende Wirkung ist lediglich bei Zugabe von Inosit, Mannit, Sorbit und Pektin zum Mangelfutter sicher erkennbar. 3. Die Befunde weisen aus, daß neben „Schwerresorbierbarkeit“ offenbar noch ein substanzspezifischer Faktor für das Auftreten des Thiamin-Spareffektes verantwortlich zu machen ist. Die Ergebnisse werden diskutiert.

Notes: Summary Kofler's quinone with a side chain of 45 carbon atoms, ubiquinone with a side chain of 50 carbon atoms, and a synthetic analogue of Kofler's quinone, 2,3-dimethyl-5-phytyl-benzoquinone, were assayed for vitamin K activity by the curative blood clotting method in vitamin K deficient chicks. The role of these substances as sources of error in that method was found to be negligible.

Notes: Summary Polyenoic fatty acids in liver, heart, brain and depot fat, and cholesterol in plasma, liver, heart, brain, aorta and depot fat were determined in chicks fed a low-fat diet (the fat content of which was only that present inFleischmann yeast 50 B), and the low-fat diet supplemented with 1.5% ethyl linoleate and 1.5% ethyl linolenate, respectively, through 4 weeks. Regardingpolyenoic fatty acids, the most pronounced findings were the following: In the group fed linoleate, dienoic acid was deposited in liver, heart and depot fat, tetraenoic acid was deposited in liver, heart and in brain. In the linolenate group, trienoic acid was deposited in depot fat, pentaenoic acid in liver and heart and hexaenoic in liver and brain. The total amount of polyenoic acids in the organs examined was higher in the linoleate group than in the linolenate group. Thecholesterol contents of heart, brain, aorta and depot fat showed no significant differences between the groups. In plasma and in liver, ethyl linolenate had a depressing effect on the cholesterol content compared with the low-fat diet. Ethyl linoleate had no effect on plasma cholesterol, whereas it depressed liver cholesterol to a greater extent than linolenate.

Notes: Summary Vitamin E-free diets containing 1.5% of the ethyl estera of linoleic and arachidonic acids, respectively, and a vitamin E-free diet containing 30% lard were fed to groups of 10 chicks from the age of 5 days through a period of maximally 35 days. All chicks in the arachidonate group developed encephalomalacia within 13 days. In the linoleate group, encephalomalacia began after 13 days. A total of 7 of the chicks in this group had encephalomalacia at the end of the feeding period. In the group receiving 30% lard, encephalomalacia developed somewhat faster than in the linoleate group but slower than in the arachidonate group. Earlier experiments in which 1.5% of ethyl linoleate and 1.5% of ethyl linolenate were compared showed that ethyl linolenate did not give rise to encephalomalacia within the feeding period. The integrity of that part of the linoleic acid molecule comprising the 10 last carbon atoms (counted from the carboxyl group) seems to be of importance for the development of encephalomalacia. A corresponding structure is present in arachidonic but not in linolenic acid. The additional unsaturation of arachidonic acid may contribute to the superiority of this fatty acid as encephalomalacia producing agent. Further, it is possible that the encephalomalacia producing effect of dietary linoleic acid is mediated by arachidonic acid formed in the tissues from the ingested linoleic acid. The possibility of explaining the development of encephalomalacia on the basis ofin vivo autoxidation of fatty acids is discussed.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Im kurativen Meerschweinchen-Test läßt sich L-Ascorbinsäure durch 2-Ketogulonsäure ersetzen.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland hat in den letzten Jahren in zunehmendem Maße ernährungswirtschaftliche Güter aus einer großen Zahl von Ländern importiert. 1959/60 wurden 30 v.H. aller Nahrungsgüter eingeführt. Der Anteil der in diesen Produkten enthaltenen Nährstoffe betrug (in v.H. der gesamten Versorgung): Eiweiß 18, tierisches Eiweiß 16, Fett 32, Kohlenhydrate 17, Kalorien 24, Calcium 13, Phosphor 20, Eisen 19, Axerophthol 29, Thiamin 18, Riboflavin 17, Niacin 20 und Ascorbinsäure 28. Die wichtigsten Güter sowie die wichtigsten Herkunftsländer für die einzelnen Nährstoffe bzw. für Kalorien nach dem Nahrungsmittelimport 1959/60 werden in Tabellen dargestellt.

Notes: Summary Young white mice did not develop gallstones when they were reared on a diet which causes cholesterol gallstones in young hamsters, viz. a fat-free diet with glucose as the carbohydrate component. The cholesterol content andph of the bladder bile of the mice was about the same as previously found for hamsters, but the ratio total bile acids∶cholesterol was somewhat higher and the ratio lipid phosphorus∶cholesterol much higher in the mice than in the hamsters. The ratio dihydroxy∶trihydroxy cholanic acids was much lower in the mice.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Legenden Hennen wurde 180 Tage lang strontiumhaltiges Futter (Sr:Ca ≈ 1:22) verabreicht; der gesamte Versuch erstreckte sich über 607 Tage. Die Dotter der angefallenen Eier und das Skelett wurden auf Strontium und Calcium untersucht. Das Eigelb enthielt erstmals vier Tage nach Versuchsbeginn einen nachweisbaren Strontiumgehalt, der nach zwei bis drei Wochen ein Niveau um 0,5% der Asche erreichte. Das Strontium:Calcium-Verhältnis des Dotters war jetzt 1:15. Nach Absetzen des Strontiumfutters war Strontium noch bis zum 186. Tag in der Dotterasche nachweisbar. Der Befund wird mit einer Umlagerung von Skelett-Strontium in den Dotter erklärt. In der Asche der Tibiae und Halswirbel stieg der Strontiumgehalt bis zum Ende der Strontiumfütterung auf 0,50 bzw. 0,58% am. Er fiel in den folgenden 427 Tagen auf 0,14 bzw. 0,16% ab.

Notes: Summary Carcass composition, plasma protein, and hematocrit determinations were carried out on normal adult male chickens, and on adult males depleted by starvation for 4 weeks. For the first 2 weeks of depletion, N excretion was also determined for the starved animals. The following observations were recorded: 1. During 2 weeks of starvation the adult rooster lost approximately 25% of his body weight, and between 10 and 20% of his carcass N. 2. There was no loss in either weight or N content of feathers upon depletion; there was, however, a significant loss in feather fat. 3. The survival time of starved birds appeared to be related to their initial, prestarvation fat reserves. 4. The energy needs for repletion of depleted roosters, expressed on a body weight basis, were considerably higher than those necessary for maintaining normal animals. This appeared to be primarily a reflection of the greater proportion of ‘lean body mass’ (carcass N) in the starved birds.

Notes: Summary A dietary survey by the interview method was undertaken on the Finnish Lapps in 1960. Data on the food consumption of 135 families including 812 persons in all was collected. The average energy intake varies from 2250 to 2775 kcal in the different Lapp groups, when estimating the waste and refuse at approximately 15% of the total food consumed. The intake of energy may be considered adequate, since the Lapps are of normal physique according to height, weight, and skinfold measurements. The intake of some essential nutrients is scarce, especially that of calcium of the Skolt Lapps, which after deduction of waste is only 370 mg per day. The daily intake of ascorbic acid in the nomadic Mountain Lapp and Skolt groups is as low as 30 mg. Considering the losses of ascorbic acid in food preparation, the intake of this vitamin is very low in both these groups. Of the groups studied, the food of the Skolt Lapps is clearly the poorest.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein überblick über die Verfrachtungsbedingungen von Spaltprodukten bei Kernwaffenversuchen zeigt die sich daraus ergebenden Kontaminationsverhältnisse (Kontaminationsgrad und Fallout-Rate) speziell in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Diese beiden Faktoren sind ausschlaggebend für den Kontaminationsgrad landwirtschaftlich genutzter Pflanzen. Ebenso werden Hinweise über die Kontaminationsveränderung bei verschiedenen Nahrungsmittelketten gegeben. Die Ergebnisse der Lebensmittelüberwachung im Hinblick auf eine radioaktive Verseuchung werden zusammengefaßt als „mittlere tägliche Zufuhr“ pro Kopf der Gesamtbevölkerung und verglichen mit einer „maximal zulässigen Zufuhr“ pro Kopf der Bevölkerung, die z. Zt. die beste Möglichkeit zur Abschätzung einer Gefährdung des Menschen durch Aufnahme radioaktiver Substanzen darstellt.

Notes: Summary A fat-free diet in which the carbohydrate component consists of glucose is particularly suited for rapid and regular production of cholesterol gallstones in young hamsters. Testing of the ablity of substances to counteract dietary formation of cholesterol gallstones can be carried out under the strictest possible conditions known when the composition of the basal diet fallows the above principle. In a test of this type the addition of 0.1 per cent hyodeoxycholic acid to the basal diet afforded a high degree of protection against cholesterol gallstones, whereas a similar protection could not be demonstrated when cholic, deoxycholic, dehydrocholic or lithocholic acids were given at the same dietary level. In earlier experiments with a basal diet containing sucrose instead of glucose and in addition 2 per cent lard, 0,1 per cent deoxycholic acid protected against cholesterol gallstones, whereas it was less certain that cholic acid at the same level was protective.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden die möglichen Gründe erörtert für die so widerspruchsvollen Angaben über den Einfluß einer fettreichen Kost auf die Gerinnbarkeit des Blutes. Es wird dargelegt, daß diese nur zum Teil in methodischen Unzulänglichkeiten zu sehen sind, vielmehr darüberhinaus vor allem in falschen gedanklichen Voraussetzungen bei der Durchführung und Auswertung der Versuche. Zu diesen gehören 1. die Außerachtlassung des phasischen Charakters der vegetativen Reaktionen, 2. die Annahme, daß es sich um ein bei allen Menschen gleiches Geschehen handele und daß daher die bei einem bestimmten Personenkreis wie gesunden Soldaten oder älteren Patienten erhaltenen Ergebnisse unbedenklich als für alle Menschen gültig anzusehen seien und schließlich 3. die Nichtberücksichtigung der noch innerhalb eines hinsichtlich Alter, Gesundheit, Ernährung einheitlichen Personenkollektives bestehenden erheblichen interindividuellen Reaktionsunterschiede. Unter Berücksichtigung alles dessen wurden eigene Untersuchungen durchgeführt über die Einwirkung einer Fettmahlzeit, welche hauptsächlich aus 200 g mit 75 g Butterschmalz gebratenen Kartoffeln bestand und 932 kcal mit einem Fettanteil von 73,6% enthielt. In dieser 1. Mitteilung wird über die Ergebnisse an 31 gesunden Studierenden im Alter von 21–26 Jahren berichtet, von denen sich 15 fettarm und 16 fettreich zu ernähren pflegten. Im Thrombelastogramm sowie im Thrombinbildungstest zeigten sich große individuelle Reaktionsunterschiede von Verkürzungen über Nichtbeeinflussung bis zu Verlängerungen der Gerinnungszeit; doch waren bei unserem Personenkreis und unter unseren Versuchsbedingungen, zumal im Thrombelastogramm, stärkere Verkürzungen weitaus überwiegend. Sie entwickelten sich bei den Fettungewohnten besonders früh, meist noch vor der Lipämie und hielten auch länger an als bei den Fettgewohnten. Die Verkürzungen der Gerinnungszeit gingen zwar mehrfach bis an die untere Grenze des Normbereiches, unterschritten sie jedoch in keinem Falle. Im Hinblick darauf und insbesondere wegen des Ausbleibens einer stärkeren Steigerung der Thrombuselastizität scheint bei gesunden Jugendlichen selbst eine ganz ungewohnte fettreiche Mahlzeit keine zeitweise Hyperkoagulabilität oder Thrombophilie hervorzurufen vermögen. Auch für die untersuchten fördernden Einzelfaktoren (Ptb, V,VII, VIII, IX und X) fanden sich individuell stark unterschiedliche Reaktionen, wobei es zu stärkeren Steigerungen der Aktivitäten weit seltener kam als in unseren früheren Untersuchungen auf anstrengende körperliche Betätigung. Es fanden sich keine festen Beziehungen zwischen den Ausgangswerten der globalen Gerinnungszeiten sowie deren Veränderungen auf die Fettmahlzeit und den Aktivitäten einzelner dieser fördernden Faktoren oder einer Kombination von ihnen. Solche Beziehungen fehlten auch zu den untersuchten Hemmfaktoren (Antithrombin II, Progressiv-Antithrombin III), von denen nur das letztere auf die Fettmahlzeit eine Veränderung erfuhr und zwar im Sinne einer mehr oder minder starken Zunahme der Aktivität, die bei den fettungewohnten Vpn. besonders ausgeprägt war.

Notes: Résumé On introduit dans un calcul anciennement publié la notion de libre parcours moyen des petits ions dans l'air, et on en déduit les valeurs de leurs coefficients de fixation sur des aérosols ultrafins, électriquement chargés ou non. Ces résultats théoriques sont discutés et comparés aux résultats expérimentaux actuellement acquis.

Notes: Summary Inside the columns of the Parthenon there have been found prismatic pieces of wood called «έμπόλια». Two of these pieces originated from the same cypress tree, a tree some 200 hundred years old, judging from the number of rings. The study of the thickness of the rings of these pieces of wood, based on theDouglas method, has produced the following results: 1. During the 200 years referred to, which were prior to 440 B.C. (the time when the Parthenon was under construction) the rings of the pieces of wood recently found there showed wide and clearly distinct thickness variations recurring periodically. 2. These variations attest the existence ofBrückner's 35-year and 11-year periods in the precipitation (which occurred some 2,600 years ago). The average values of these two periods are 34.5 and 11.5 years. 3. Two great maxima are noticeable, the gap between which corresponds to 108 years.

Notes: Summary Using the values of vertical velocities computed byJensen (1960) and the values of the meridional component of the wind for the months of January and April 1958, the covariances of both quantities were evaluated at different levels at various latitudes. These covariances are tabulated and the terms associated with transient eddies are compared to the standing eddy terms, the relative magnitudes of both contributions being finally investigated.

Notes: Summary Over the tropics as a whole, the correlations between sunspot number and tropical temperatures, which prior to 1920 were on the whole negative, have become zero or even positive subsequent to this date. This was associated with a minor climatic change or oscillation, for which evidence has been obtained from the work of several authors. Examination of the pressure and circulation changes in the Indo-Pacific region in the Southern Hemisphere during December-February suggests a secular change in the Southern Oscillation, by which the reversal of sign of the above correlation coefficients can be accounted for in this particular area. This secular change is associated with an increase in the upper westerlies in low latitudes in the Australian longitudes.

Notes: Summary It is shown that there is a close mathematical similarity between the cell and parcel formulations of the convection problem, and analogies are drawn between some of the more significant properties of the solutions in the two cases.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird der Transmissionsfaktor der Globalstrahlung alsm te-Wurzel der relativen Bestrahlung (gemessene Globalstrahlung/I o sinh) definiert. Die Auswertung von Meßreihen gemäß dieser Definition führt zu Transmissionsfaktoren zwischen 0.8 bis 0.9 Eine theoretische Überprüfung führt zu dem gleichen, Ergebnis.

Notes: Summary By analogy with the calculation from data of angular momentum flow across latitude surfaces in the earth's atmosphere, the corresponding calculation is proposed for the case of our galaxy and possibly other spiral nebulae. A cylindrical wall of constant radius is used to replace the latitude wall, and the subject is developed through consideration of an ideal model. Gravitational torques enter the problem in addition to advective effects and possible other torques in actual systems. The relation of gravitational torques to the structure of ordinary spirals is discussed, and certain more special effects for the case of barred spirals are introduced and discussed. The connection of the subject with the classical theory of tidal evolution is pointed out.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, dass sich unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen aus Feldstärkeregistrierungen im Langwellenbereich grossräumige Driftbewegungen der reflektierenden Schicht ableiten lassen.

Notes: Summary Natural aerosols over the ocean are usually in electrical equilibrium. Aerosols in cities are hardly ever in electrical equilibrium. Aerosols over land are frequently not in equilibrium even though distant from any obvious source of contamination. Calculations are given of the time required to reach equilibrium which would lead one to expect the conditions encountered over the ocean and in cities. Some speculations are made on the lack of equilibrium over land.

Notes: Summary The approach during natural aging to charge equilibrium of an aerosol produced and stored in a polyester «Mylar» balloon gasometer with metallized internal surface and 4200 litres content is studied. The number of charged condensation nuclei at any instant is related to the number of charged nuclei present at the same moment in electrical equilibrium produced by alpha-irradiation of the aerosol. It is shown that a stored aerosol consisting of small nuclei of moderate concentration is not later than 15 minutes after their birth in electrical equilibrium. With increasing size and concentration of the nuclei it takes longer and longer until the stored aerosol attains charge equilibrium. Stored large nuclei appear not to reach exact charge equilibrium even after several days. The reasons for replacing the rubber balloon gasometer, used previously, by the Mylar balloon for this investigation are given. In connection with the ionizing radiation required for producing charge equilibrium, the generation of condensation nuclei by alpha-radiation in stagnant and moving nucleus-free air has been investigated. It has been found that no condensation nuclei are being produced in filtered (nucleus-free) air for air-flows of between 0.1 and 20 litres/min in a tube of 4.2 cm diameter by the alpha-rays of Polonium 210 of about 125 μc.

Notes: Summary Kisslinger and others have observed that there is strongSH-motion in clay resulting in fracture of the surface when a strong shot is made inside. To explain this phenomenon, it has been assumed that the thickness of this visco-elastic clay above the comparatively harder elastic medium is not uniform. This non-uniformity of thickness contributes to a term in the displacement which becomes theoretically very large for certain wave-lengths.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Interpretation der dreigliedrigen Laufzeitfunktion (1) vervollständigt und als Beispiel (P n (α) nachJeffreys-Bullen im Bereich von 0° bis 19° behandelt.

Notes: Summary Many tabulations of climatological data present the distribution of specified elements with wind direction. It is shown that statistical characteristics expressing the relationship between cloud cover or visibility andwind direction can be computed with meaningful meteorological interpretation. The U.S. Navy Summaries of Monthly Aerological Records (SMAR) are used. Several distribution characteristics are suggested and the method of computing is discussed with samples given. The linear correlation coefficientr yx between cloud cover or visibility classes and wind directions seems to be a fairly good characteristic but because of the nonlinearity of the relationship, the correlation ratioη yx is more efficient. Climatological features may also be studied by the linear correlation coefficientR yx, which expresses the unweighted relation between cloud cover (visibility) classes and wind direction. The mathematical formulation of the relationship by polynomials indicates that higher order terms affect the functional connection.

Notes: Summary Speeded-up magnetic tape recordings of earthquake signals can be analyzed by means of an electronic sound spectrograph. The time-dependent spectrum of body waves obtained through transient analysis provides some insight into the physical properties of the earth's interior. In the short-period arrivals traveling through the outer core and inner core dispersion has been observed. A group velocity maximum has been found forP′ at periods between 1 and 2 seconds. The direct rayP′and the surface reflected phasePP convey more energy than the arrivalsP′ 2 andPcPP′ which, firstly, enter the outer core at incidence far from vertical, and secondly spend more time in the outer part of the fluid core.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird für die Frontgeschwindigkeit (1) und eine beliebige Lage der Quelle die Laufzeitfunktion in geschlossener Form ermittelt.

Notes: Summary A unification of the theories of Biot and Weiskopf has been made to form the suitable equations of motion for porous water saturated soils and marine sediments. It has been shown that the velocities of the body waves depend on the direction of propagation. In the vertical direction there are three, one distortional and two dilatational waves. In the horizontal direction there are two dilatational and two distortional waves. Finally, propagation of Love waves and Rayleigh waves have been discussed. Suitable potential functions have been derived to find the frequency equation for Rayleigh waves.

Notes: Summary The possibility of propagation of Rayleigh waves in a transversely isotropic medium resting on (i) a rigid base and (ii) a yielding base has been studied in this paper. In the former case the relation between the wave velocity and ratio of wave length to thickness has been found and in the latter case the frequency equation and its possible solutions are obtained.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden mit Hilfe der sphärischen Trigonometrie und der Ausgleichsrechnung Methoden angegeben, die die Berechnung der bestanschmiegenden Ebene an eine Anzahl von Geraden mit einem gemeinsamen Punkt ermöglichen.

Notes: Summary The effect of thickening of the crustal layer in mountainous region on the dispersion curve of Love waves has been studied. Perturbation method has been applied to obtain the modified frequency equation for Love waves through the surface of separation between a semi-infinite material and a layer the thickness of which abruptly increases throughout a certain length of the path. The effect is to decrease the phase velocity of the waves particularly in the low period range. It has been pointed out that by proper study, the amount of thickening may be obtained.

Notes: Summary The theory of the formation of marine terraces is studied. A model is set up which is believed to describe the physical processes involved. This model leads to a nonlinear partial differential equation which is integrated for some special cases by means of a digital computer. Asymptotic solutions of the differential equation are also found by direct analytical means. It is found that no terraces can develop if eustatic changes occur at a constant rate, contrary to some contentions that have been advanced in the literature.

Notes: Summary It is shown that hydraulic fracture pressures are related to the stresses in the formation and the strength of the rock composing it. Using the Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion and the principle of effective stress, expressions can be obtained relating these factors. The theory indicates that in areas characterized by thrust faulting, the fractures will be inclined horizontally whereas in areas subject to normal faulting stress conditions, they will be more vertical. The analysis of some field data gives reasonable results.

Notes: Summary In this paper, the displacements produced at the surface of a semi-infinite, clastic medium by the sudden creation and subsequent motion of discontinuities in the normal and tangential stresses have been obtained in the form of definite integrals byCagniard's method. Numerical values are given in a particular case.

Notes: Zusammenfassung In Richtung des Streichens großräumiger Leitfähigkeitsän-derungen entsteht durch die Induktion der zeitlich variablen ionosphärischen Ströme eine Stromdrängung im Untergrund. Dadurch werden orts- und periodenabhängigeZ-Variationen erzeugt. Mit Hilfe einfacher Annahmen kann man demzufolge aus den zeitlichen magnetischen Variationen die Streichrichtung horizontaler Leitfähigkeitssprünge bestimmen. Die Methoden dazu werden auch mit Hilfe derssc undsfe-Auswert-ungen fremder Autoren ausführlich geschildert und die angenäherte statistische Eliminierung der ionosphärischenZ-Variationen in mittleren Breiten dargelegt. Die berechneten Richtungen stehen im Einklang mit dem Streichen großräumiger geologischer Formationen. Die Tiefe der anomalen magnetischen Induktionserscheinungen dürfte zwischen wenigen km bis deka-km liegen.

Notes: Resumen Presentamos un método numérico para la determinación del efecto regulador de un lago. Este método se basa en una transformación de la integral de la ecuación diferencial del efecto de embalse, utilizando una ley lineal del desagüe.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Einleitung gibt einige Gesichtspunkte der heutigen geoelektrischen Instrumentenentwicklung in Ungarn. Dann werden zwei neue ungarische geoelektrische Instrumente u.z.w.: 1) ein den spezifischen Widerstand unmittelbar lieferndes Instrument und 2) ein isolationsfehlerloses geophysikalisches Fotoregistrier-instrument mit ihren theoretischen Grundlagen behandelt. Am Ende des Artikels werden einige technische Daten der Instrumenten mitgeteilt.

Notes: Summary In this study the different forms of the electromagnetic field strength recordings at the Thera-Crete microwave line of link are examined, in comparison with the corresponding weather situations prevailing over that area. According to the amplitude of fluctuations, the different forms of recordings have been classified in three basic typesA, B, C and the annual frequency of the appearance of these types has been observed. Finally, the influence of weather situations on radio wave propagation was examined and it has been found that in most cases a close relationship exists between weather situations and the different fading forms of the electromagnetic field so that a prediction of the fading form be possible by means of the weather forecast.

Notes: Summary The application of the snow plow approximation to the magnetic pinch effect in the return stroke of lightning is described. Results are presented for a constant electric field and for a measured stroke current. In general, the solutions indicate that the magnetic pinch effect is important for cases of high currents, small channel diameters, and low degrees of ionization.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird versucht, die beobachtete Aufspaltung derF-Schicht, die zur Ausbildung derF1- undF2-Schicht führt, dadurch zu erklären, daß zwei — in ihrer Wellenlänge verschiedene — Strahlungsanteile als Ionisationsquellen angenommen werden. Die aus dieser Annahme folgenden mathematischen Beziehungen werden abgeleitet, für die Lösung der komplizierten Gleichungen wird eine graphische Methode verwendet. Vergleiche mit dem aus Beobachtungen folgenden Verhalten der F1- und F2-Schicht führen jedoch zum Ergebnis, daß die Aufspaltungserscheinungen derF-Schicht auf diese Art nicht in befriedingender Weise erklärt werden können.

Notes: Summary Fundamental equations governing the forced response of the atmosphere to the fixed sources and sinks of heat and momentum are reviewed. Empirical forcing functions, computed from data for the winter of 1950, representing the effects only of the horizontal transient eddy transport field, are presented. These appear to be of the same order as is required to account for the observed mean conditions and, hence, should be included in the general theory of the mean state along with other diabatic and mechanical effects which have been considered previously.

Notes: Summary An exact forecasting of lightning is not possible so far. On the other hand situations occur to-day more often than in earlier times in which the best lightning protection is not sufficient to prevent harmful effects of lightning strokes. For this reason it should be attempted to use informations from the field of atmospheric electricity to improve the existing possibilities of lightning forecasting. These improvements are shortly pointed out, further experiments are under way.

Notes: Summary Measurements of the number of condensation nuclei have been carried out with the photo-electric automatic nucleus counter of F. Verzár at Locarno-Monti on the Southern slope of the Alps. The records of one year have been elaborated with respect to the so called sunrise effect. There is a very strong significance for this phenomenon. It seems that a sunset effect does not exist.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von der Temperaturänderung eines Einheitsvolumens einer inkompressiblen Strömung werden die Gleichungen für den Transport von Bewegungsgröße und von fühlbarer und latenter Wärme bestimmt. Mit der Annahme, daß die Temperaturschichtung in den untersten 10 cm vernachlässigbar ist, kann man aus den vorhandenen Messungen der Schubspannung bei adiabatischer Schichtung die Schubspannung bei nichtadiabatischer Schichtung berechnen, wenn man voraussetzt, daß die Windgeschwindigkeit einem Potenzgesetz der Höhe gehorcht und die Schubspannung höhenkonstant ist. Aus diesen Schubspannungswerten kann man den turbulenten Diffusionskoeffizienten für den Transport von Bewegungsgröße bestimmen. Nimmt man weiter an, daß sich die turbulenten Diffusionskoeffizienten für die drei Transporte nicht unterscheiden und daß auch die Temperatur und Feuchte einem Potenzgesetz der Höhe gehorchen, dann kann man aus den Temperatur-und Feuchtemessungen in zwei Höhen und einer Windgeschwindigkeitsmessung den fühlbaren und latenten Wärmestrom berechnen. Ein Vergleich mit denJacobs'schen Formeln für die Verdunstung und den Transport von fühlbarer Wärme zeigt, daß die Ergebnisse nur für mittlere Windgeschwindigkeiten gut übereinstimmen. Für höhere Windstärken liefern dieJacobs'schen Formeln viel zu kleine Werte.

Notes: Summary The evaporation does not be restricted to the surface of the snow. The evaporated quantity is demonstrated.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Abweichend von der in einem früheren Aufsatz versuchten Erklärung der sommerlichen Feuchtezunahme über dem Mittelmeer wird plausibel gemacht, daß im wesentlichen die normale Erhöhung der Temperatur der Meeresoberfläche dafür verantwortlich ist.

Notes: Summary On the assumption of a constant earth radius the spherical-trigonometric determination of former pole positions depends on the position of the North Pole of today. On the basis of an expanding earth, the determination of the palaeopoles should not be attempted on the present globe. There should rather be used a pole position on a model globe with a reckoning pole which is situated along the present northern direction of the measuring origin and spaced therefrom by its present pole distance. In that way Palaeozoic pole positions formerly determined in the Mid-Pacific shift to northeastern Siberia.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund von Messungen im Gemünder Maar/Eifel in den Jahren 1959 und 1960 wird der Jahresverlauf der Temperatur in verschiedenen Tiefen und das Verhalten der Sprungschicht diskutiert. Zusammen mit Registrierungen der Globalstrahlung in Köln ergibt sich ein Einblick in den Wärmehaushalt des Sees.

Notes: Summary Relative intensities and amplitudes of earthquake wavesPcP, PcS, PKP, PKS, ScP, ScS, SKP, SKS, are computed under two assumptions: (1) The core is fluid; wavesK are of longitudinal character; velocity of shear waves in the core is zero. (2) The core is solid; wavesK are of transverse character; velocity of longitudinal waves in the core is very, respectively infinitely, high. Results plotted against angles of incidence are represented on Figures 3 and 4. Results plotted against the epicentral distance are represented on Figure 6. The correspondence between the computed values and the measured ones, as well as the plausibility of the assumptions, is open for discussion.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine neue Methode zur Berechnung der Frontgeschwindigkeiten im Bereich der Erdbebenherde entwickelt und dabei die Erde als ein einachsig inhomogener Körper betrachtet.

Notes: Summary Propagation of Love waves over the spherical surface of a layered earth model has been discussed with special emphasis on the dispersion produced in the layer. The velocity of the waves with large wave-length increases appreciably as compared to the case of plane layer. The analysis has been extended to deduce an expression for the dispersion equation of the waves when the upper layer is of varying thickness. The modifications imparted to the dispersion equation depends on the amplitude only and not the shape of the corrugations provided we neglect small quantities of the second order. The effect is a substantial decrease in the phase velocity and becomes more pronounced if the amplitude of the corrugations increases.

Notes: Summary In this paper a general and exact expression of the gravitational attraction of a right vertical circular cylinder at points external to it is developed. This expression is derived in terms of complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kind and the Neumann's Lambda function. Since the solution involves only tabulated functions, it is well suited for rapid desk calculations with any degree of accuracy at any points, including the points in the plane of the cylinder (outcroping cylinder). For this case, the corresponding master curve is given. Finally, a relation between the abscissa of the inflexion point of the Δg curve and the depth of the cylinder is established.

Notes: Summary The demagnetisation depends on the shape of the magnetised body. Here we investigate the possibility of calculating the shape of the magnetised body by means of the demagnetisation. It can be done if the gravity field and the induced magnetic field of a body with constant susceptibility and density are known. As the method is approximative it is not restricted just to bodies with a 2nd degree surface, but can be applied to all bodies, for which the demagnetisation can be regarded as constantly dependent on the direction. This means, with certain approximation, all bodies that are homogeneously magnetised, but not in the direction of the magnetising field due to demagnetisation.

Notes: Resumen Presentamos una solución numérica del problema del efecto de embalse con ayuda de una ecuación lineal inhomogénea en diferencias finitas de primer orden, suponiendo una ley lineal del desagüe. Este método numérico es de maneje cómodo para un cálculo aproximado.

Notes: Summary The process of radon diffusion in space and time through rocks is treated in detail from the point of view of radiometric prospecting for oil. Taking into account the depth and diffusivity conditions encountered in nature it is stated that vertical radon diffusion reaching from the oil deposits up to the surface cannot be expected. Time intervals as required for setting in of a stationary concentration state and decay conditions of the radon lead to the conclusion that the penetration of emanometric measurements seldom exceeds the depth of 5–10 m.

Notes: Summary Courvoisier, Schulze andYanishevsky type balancemeters have been compared in field exposure under different weather conditions and in the laboratory. Special attention has been devoted to the selectivity and the temperature regime of the detectors. The installation of the instruments is described and the main results of simultaneous measurements with the above-mentioned balancemeters are presented.

Notes: Summary Various formulations of the mass-transport problem are compared for progressive waves in deep water. In order to calculate the mass-transport velocity as a function of depth in the main body of the fluid, it is necessary to include the effect of viscous wave attenuation. It is shown that the usual assumptions of periodicity in distance and attenuation with time or periodicity in time and attenuation with distance, are both physically unsatisfactory. The first does not specify a unique solution, and the second is incompatible with the assumption of zero surface stress. A certain critical constant tangential wind stress will maintain strictly time-periodic deep water waves. The corresponding attenuation with distance is then calculated to order ν3. A constant tangential stress greater or less than the critical causes waves, necessarily decaying with distance, to grow or decay with time.

Notes: Summary Ionospheric disturbances recorded at Genova are studied in relation to the corresponding geomagnetic disturbances. Storm time and disturbance daily variation are derived, as well as some characteristic features of ionospheric perturbations. Generally these perturbations are dealyed with respect to the corresponding geomagnetic disturbances: the mean time-lag referred to the whole day is of the order of 1h30m, but if thessc occurs in the morning or near noon the mean time-lag is nearly of 4h.

Notes: Summary A simple method of calculating fluxes and intensities (both spectral and integral) of radiation in the spectral region 0.29–4 μ in troposphere and lower stratosphere is proposed. This method allows to calculate with satisfactory accuracy the mean radiative regime of real atmosphere and to solve a wide range of problems both atmosphere-optical and thermal with arbitrary receivers of radiation.

Notes: Summary The validity ofBoltzmann's energy distribution law as applied to the charge distribution of monodisperse aerosols, i.e. aerosols which contain particles of one size only, was studied with improved equipment now available. Since monodisperse aerosols with particle size of about 10−6 cm cannot yet be produced and because aerosols in general contain particles of different sizes, polydisperse aerosols stored in a large gasometer were used for the investigation. The composition and the average radius of these aerosols heterogeneous in particle size were determined by the Exhaustion Method employing a diffusion battery without end-pieces or connecting tubing. The experimental curve found for the ratio of the uncharged (N 0) to the charged (N) nuclei versus radius (r) of the particles deviates for all investigated radii between 0.5 and 4.0·10−6 cm from the theoretical curve of a monodisperse aerosol computed according to the Boltzmann law. For radii smaller than about 1.4·10−6 cmN 0/N is smaller than that given by Boltzmann's law, for radii greater than 1.4·10−6 cm larger, or, in other words, forr〈1.4·10−6 cm the number of charged nuclei found in the aerosols investigated is greater than that predicted byBoltzmann's law, and forr〉1.4·10−6 cm smaller. The deviations from the theoretical curve forr〉1.4·10−6 cm can be fully explained by the polydispersity of the aerosols used; forr〈1.4·10−6 cm the deviations are too big to be attributed to polydispersity. From this it must be concluded thatBoltzmann's distribution law is not valid for the charge distribution of homogenous aerosols containing nuclei with radii smaller than about 1.4·10−6 cm. The equivalent radius as deduced from a substitute monodisperse aerosol in charge equilibrium for which theBoltzmann law is assumed valid, deviates in the range of 1.0·10−6〈r〈3.0·10−6 cm (or 90%〉100N 0/Z〉55%) on the average by up to 35% from the actual mean radius of the investigated polydisperse aerosols computed from the radii of their singly sized components.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein transportabler Gitterspektrograph für Untersuchungen der atmosphärischen Infrarotstrahlung wird beschrieben und die Absoluteichung des Gerätes mit Hilfe schwarzer Hohlraumstrahler eingehend diskutiert. Wegen des symmetrischen Strahlenganges minimalisieren sich die Einflüsse von Spiegelabsorption. Luftabsorption und Gerätetemperatur auf die Messung.

Notes: Summary A cloud chamber for investigating the ice-forming properties of natural and artificial aerosols consisting of three adjacent compartments is described. Each compartment is a mixing-type cloud chamber, each held at a different preselected temperature. The sample to be examined is introduced simultaneously into all compartments and the crystals which form in the compartments, are recorded in a sugar solution. The temperature distribution in the compartments and the composition of the sugar solution are detailed. The connection between the temperature of the sugar solution for melting and growing of ice crystals and for self-crystalisation of the sugar solution and the concentration of the sugar solution is discussed. The measuring procedure is outlined and examples of counts of freezing nuclei in Dublin air are given.

Notes: Summary Winter and summer Mid-Latitude (45oN) atmospheres to 90 km, two of a family of nine atmospheres supplemental to the U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1962), provide information on atmospheric structure by seasons rather than the mean annual data shown in the Standard, which is described for reference. Principal data sources for constructing these atmospheres consisted of summaries of Northern Hemisphere radiosonde observations at stations near, 45oN, and observations made from rockets and instruments released by rockets, from nearly a dozen Northern Hemisphere launching sites. Winter and summer temperature-height profiles begin with surface temperatures of −1° and +21 °C, respectively, and contain three isothermal layers: −58°C at 19 to 27 km in winter and −57.5°C at 13 to 17 km in summer; −7.5° and +2.5°C at 47 to 52 km; and −79.5 and −99°C at 80 to 90 km, respectively. The temperature-height curve for the U.S. Standard has a surface temperature of +15°C with isothermal regions at 11 to 20 km (−56.5°C), 47 to 52 km (−2.5°C), and 80 to 90 km (−92.5°C). In all three atmospheres, temperature gradients for various segments are linear with geopotential, height. Humidity is incorporated into the lowest 10 km of the Supplemental Atmospheres, whereas the Standard is dry. Figures and tables depict temperature, relative humidity, pressure, and density for winter and summer, and temperature, pressure, density, speed of sound, and dynamic viscosity for the U.S. Standard Atmosphere. The Supplemental Atmospheres are mutually consistent; zonal wind profiles, computed from the geostrophic wind equation and selected pressure heights, compare favorably with existing radiosonde and rocket wind observations.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine photographische Methode berichtet, die gestattet, die Verteilung der Himmelsstrahlung zu bestimmen. Der Himmel wird mit einer Weitwinkelkamera photographiert und die Aufnahmen werden mit einem Photometer ausgewertet. Über einen Graukeil, der auf das gleiche filmmaterial aufbelichtet und mit den Aufnahmen zusammen entwickelt wird, lassen sich die mit dem Photometer ermittelten Schwärzungswerte in (relative) Intensitätswerte der Himmelsstrahlung umrechnen. Der durch das Photoobjektiv bedingte Helligkeitsabfall von der Bildmitte aus nach den Bildrändern zu wird experimentell ermittelt und als Korrektur an den Meßwerten angebracht. Die Intensitätsverteilung der Himmelsstrahlung während der totalen Sonnenfinsternis am 15. Februar 1961 in Viareggio (Norditalien), am Abend zuvor und am Folgetag wird wiedergegeben und diskutiert. Während der totalen Verfinsterung spiegelt sich insbesondere die Wanderung des Mondschattens relativ zum Beobachtungsort in den Darstellungen wieder. Während der partiellen Verfinsterung ist dagegen die relative Helligkeitsverteilung praktisch die gleiche wie bei unverfinsterter Sonne.

Notes: Summary The individual wind profile may differ considerably from the mean monthly profile. In cognizance, the correlation method was developed. This method yields some improvement, but requires elaborate mathematical treatment. The computational effort is probably not in accord with the results obtained due to the limitations of the linear correlation concept. The author has developed a new method, called characteristics method. The individual wind profile is represented by mathematically describing the profile with a few characteristic coefficients. This method seems superior to the correlation method.

Notes: Summary The barometric pressure curve at Jakarta is presumed to consist of two components. The first is the basic air pressure, which shows a relaxation oscillation during a periodt 1. The value oft 1 may differ for the successive periods. The second component is the Southern Oscillation proper, which is superimposed on the basic air pressure. This system of two kinds of oscillations may be expressed in the form of a differential equation. The solution of the equation depends on the value of a certain constant. If the value is greater than zero, the solution shows a S.O. the amplitude and period of oscillation of which decreases in time. If the value is less than zero, the solution shows a S.O. the amplitude of which decreases in time and the period of oscillation of which increases in time. As an example of the first contingency the values of the constants occurring in the solution were determined for the period 1868–1876 so that a good approximation to the existing air pressure curve could be attained. It was possible to establish a relationship between the basic air pressure level and the period of oscillation of the S.O. The air pressure curve at Jakarta during the years 1876–1884 was reconstructed from this relationship. The two trains of 3-year waves in 1885–1891 and 1896–1905 may be regarded as an example of the second contingency.

Notes: Susammenfassung Alle dem Verfasser zur Verfügung stehenden Meßergebnisse, die mit Hilfe von Thermistoren in der Stratosphäre und unteren Mesosphäre gewonnen wurden, wurden bearbeitet und aufgeteilt auf 30° Nord und 60° Nord einerseits, sowie auf Sommer und Winter andererseits. Es ergeben sich somit vier Vertikalprofile der Temperatureverteilung, die in Abbildung 1b dargestellt sind. Die erhaltenen Temperaturmeßergebnisse werden verglichen mit den in dieser Zeitschrift (6) veröffentlichten Temperaturmeßergebnissen und bestätigen diese.

Notes: Summary Annual average precipitation values obtained at 765 Italian raingauge stations south of the Rome parallel and in the Italian Isles, are analyzed. The analysis is extended over 18 years and marked variations in precipitation with the Zürich annual relative sunspot numbers are found. It is found furthermore that the magnitude of change appears to depend also on the average altitude of the 5 categories of stations considered.

Notes: Summary It is well known that the problem of determination of subsurface masses from gravity observations does not offer any unique solution. Yet, as has been shown in this paper, under some simplified but realistic assumptions some parameters of the subterrainean body are uniquely determinable in terms of some weighted double summations of gravity values (residuals). Physical significances of these parameters are also discussed. They themselves suggest about the possible mass distribution, more over they can be utilised in «cut and try method» of the determining masses.

Notes: Summary Generally Love-wave is absent in the corresponding spectrum of the phase in the low period range when the path tranversed is oceanic. ButOliver, Ewing & Press were able to observe this phase in seismograms of volcanic islands like Honolulu, Bermuda and others. Here, it has been attempted to explain why these waves could be recorded at volcanic stations and not elsewhere. It has been supposed that the lava settles down to form a transversely isotropic layer. Green's Function technique has been adopted to solve the problem of propagation of Love-waves through a crust whose thickness gradually decreases towards the ocean.

Notes: Summary Records of underwater explosions in Iceland in 1959 and 1960, mainly performed for crustal studies, have been investigated with regard to amplitudes. The amplitudes ofP2 in the 1959 explosions and of the first arrivingP waves in the 1960 explosions were found to be proportional to the first power of the charge weight, whereas amplitudes ofP1 andS1 in the 1959 explosions were proportional to the 3/4-power of the charge up to 200 kg, but increased much slower for larger charges. The influence of water depth of shot point on the charge weights, required to obtain a certain amplitude, has been determined and it was found that the logarithm of the charge weight has a linear relation to water depth down to about 8 meters. The amplitudes of first arrivingP waves decrease as the inverse 2.2-power of the distance up to about 30 km. For greater distances an exponential decrease of the form (const./Δ) exp (−βΔ) is valid. ForP2 waves with a frequency of 10 cps we found β=0.027±0.003 km−1 for a profile across central Iceland and β=0.009±0.004 km−1 for a profile in the western part of Iceland.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Die magneto-tellurischen Verhältnisse in Niemegk und Ückermünde wurden für einen Periodenbereich von 10 bzw. 50 sec bis 86 400 sec ausgewertet. Der scheinbare Widerstand ist abhängig von der Richtung und von der Periode. Aus den magnetischen Variationen läßt sich angenähert die Richtung der Induktionsströme bei inhomogenem Untergrund feststellen. Durch Vergleich mit Ergebnissen an anderen Orten zeigt sich, daß der elektrische Widerstand der Kruste und des Mantels in horizontaler Richtung sehr unterschiedlich ist. Die Widerstände sind kleiner als man bisher angenommen hat und keinesfalls in der Größe von 10 000 Ωm.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine allgemeine Theorie der mehrparametrigen Gleichgewichtsfiguren entwickelt. Die Gleichgewichtsbedingung wird folgendermaßen formuliert: 1. Das Dichtegesetz ist streng individuell. 2. Jede Gleichgewichtsfigur besteht aus mehreren, durch Diskontinuitätsflächen getrennten Teilen, deren jeder das Dichtegesetz der einparametrigen Gleichgewichtsfiguren aufweist oder homogen ist. 3. Bei Entblätterung der Figur bis zur innersten Diskontinuitätsfläche resultiert ein null oder einparametriger Kern. Für das Normalsphäroid der Erde wird ein dreiteiliges Modell zugrundegelegt, bestehend aus einer homogenen Wasserhülle, einem heterogenen Mantel und einem ebensolchen Kern. Nach Abhebung des Ozeans verbleibt eine vierparametrige Festerde, wobei die Kernoberfläche in 2900 km Tiefe angenommen wird. Da zur eindeutigen Lösung zwei Bestimmungsstücke fehlen, erhält man ∞2 Lösungen, deren Gültigkeitsbereich durch drei lineare Reihen von Grenzfiguren abgeschlossen ist: eine Figurenreihe mit homogenem Kern und heterogenem Mantel, eine Reihe mit homogenem Mantel und heterogenem Kern und eine Reihe mit verschwindendem Dichtesprung an der Kernoberfläche. Die drei Ecken des Feldes sind durch folgende Figuren gegeben:a) einWiechert'sches Modell, bestehend aus einem homogenen Mantel und einem homogen Kern; diese Figur weist das maximale HauptträgheitsmomentC auf.b) die GrenzfigurB mit homogenem Kern und verschwindendem Dichtesprung, welche das minimale Trägheitsmoment hat.c) die GrenzfigurC mit homogenem Mantel und dem Dichtesprung Null. Innerhalb der empirischen Unsicherheit fällt das aus der dynamischen und statischen Abplattung der wirklichen Erde für die Festerde berechnete Hauptträgheitsmoment mit dem Minimalwert der FigurB zusammen. Es scheint demnach, daß die wirkliche Erde durch einen minimalen Drehimpuls ausgezeichnet ist, womit aber gleichzeitig der Kern homogen sein muß und an der Kernoberfläche kein Dichtesprung auftreten dürfte.

Notes: Summary The paper deals with the slope of the sea surface in the Baltic. Chapter 1 gives a survey of the mean annual slope. In Chapter 2 are presented a few cases corresponding to the maximal observed height differences in sea level for south winds, on the one and, and north winds, on the other hand. The shares of the effect of air pressure, a progressive wave and the pilling-up of water due to the pressure of the wind force upon the water surface are estimated.

Notes: Summary In August 1955 a series of specially arranged quarry blasts in the Kiruna iron ore mines was recorded with a refraction apparatus at approx. 10 km distance. The experiments are the first seismic investigations of the deeper crustal structure in Fennoscandia and were mainly undertaken in order to study near-vertical reflections from crustal discontinuities. The records show clear directP waves with sharp onsets and a velocity of 5.65±0.13 km/sec (in porphyry), furthermoreS waves of less definite onsets and sound waves through the atmosphere.P waves reflected from crustal discontinuities are weak and of erratic occurrence, in agreement with theoretical expectation for near-vertical reflections. Approx. depths to the Conrad and the Mohoroviči'c discontinuities are calculated as 19 km and 33–34 km. There is general agreement with the explosion records written by the Grenet seismograph at Kiruna, and the differences which exist can be explained by the different frequency response of the two instruments.

Notes: Summary Meridional cross sections of temperature, salinity and oxygen of the North Pacific Ocean are prepared to show location of the intermediate water, which is formed at the polar front and spreads on constantsigma-t surfaces. Geostrophic flow in a meridional plane is obtained by dynamic calculation. Friction-driven meridional circulation is determined from the zonally averaged density distribution. The latter flow seems to be more appropriate for explanation of mechanism of spread of the water.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Vom Basalt aus Kollnitz bei St. Paul im Lavanttal werden zwei neue Analysen gebracht (AnalytikerK. Fabich). Sie werden mit Hilfe derNiggli- undKöhler-Raaz-Methode berechnet bzw. projiziert. Damit und auf Grund der Mineralzusammensetzung ist das Gestein ein normaler Feldspatbasalt und kein “basaltischer Andesit”, wie ihnK. Schoklitsch, 1933, bezeichnet hat. Wenn man aus der chemischen Verwandtschaft auf das Alter des Kärntner Basaltes schließen will, muß er in die pliozäne basische Eruptionsphase eingeordnet und nicht zum miozänen Andesitvulkanismus der Oststeiermark (und Ungarns) gestellt werden. Die volumetrische Vermessung verschiedener Basalttypen weist auf eine schwache gravitative Differentiation und auf den Ersatz von Augit (und nicht von Feldspat) durch die Glasbasis in den Gesteinsproben der oberflächennahen Lavapartien. Von den meisten Gestenskomponenten werden optische Daten angegeben. Neu ist die Feststellung von Cumingtonit. Im mineralogischen Abschnitt werden zum Teil neuentdeckte Mineralien aus den Hohlräumen beschrieben und ihre optischen Eigenschaften angeführt. Damit kennen wir von Kollnitz folgende hydrothermale Bildungen: Pyrit, Markasit, Quarz, Amethyst, Chalcedon, Quarzin, Lussatit, Opal, Kalzit, Aragonit, Baryt, Natrolith, Heulandit, Phillipsit, Erionit, Serpentin, Chlorit, Saponit und ein noch nicht identifiziertes Mineral.

Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Lage der B-Achse von Glimmergürteln läßt sich rechnerisch bestimmen. 2. Der Äquatorabstand der Glimmer ist bei b-axialer Regelung nach dem Gaußschen Verteilungsgesetz verteilt. Die Häufigkeitsverteilung der Äquatorabstände der Glimmer folgt bei straffer Regelung der Kurve $$\frac{1}{{s\sqrt {2\pi } }}\exp \left( { - \frac{1}{2}\frac{{z^2 }}{{s^2 }}} \right)$$ (z=Äquatorabstand−1〈z〈+1). Bei schwacher Regelung läßt sich die Verteilung der Glimmerpole mit guter Näherung als Gaußsche Verteilung darstellen, die an den Grenzen z=±1 abgeschnitten ist. 3. Die Streuung s der Äquatorabstände ist ein Maß des b-axialen Regelungsgrades. Dieses Maß des Regelungsgrades gestattet es, den Regelungsgrad b-axialer Glimmergefüge zu vergleichen, unabhängig von der Zahl und Ausbildung des Maxima im Glimmergürtel.