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  • Development  (16)
  • Springer  (16)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 2020-2024
  • 2015-2019
  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (16)
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  • 1974  (16)
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  • Springer  (16)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
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  • 2020-2024
  • 2015-2019
  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (16)
  • 1965-1969
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 209-217 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mucopolysaccharides ; Collagen ; Calvarium ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mucopolysaccharides (MPS) and collagen have been analyzed in different types of cartilage and some other tissues at various stages of prenatal and postnatal human development. The concentration of the chondroitin sulfate-type MPS increased from the 38th embryonal day, the 6-sulfate exceeding in amount the 4-sulfate. The increase in collagen concentration was accompanied by a decrease in the proportion of neutral salt-soluble collagen. There was no accumulation of chondroitin sulfates in the calvaria. A maximal concentration of MPS of a low molecular weight occurred in the skin and in the ear pinna after the 10th prenatal week. Postnatally, the MPS-concentration in the iliac crest and in the tibial articular cartilages decreased gradually, the highest values being reached in the newborn; the collagen-concentration showed an approximately reciprocal course.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 3 (1974), S. 109-113 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: “Custom Fitting” ; Development ; Evolution ; Antibody response ; Genetic Redundancy ; Perturbation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When the complexity of a developmental system evolves to a certain point, appreciable variation must occur in the process. The problem the biologist faces is whether this point constitutes a limit to the evolution of complexity in developmental systems. If not, what mechanisms are employed to cope with the problem ? The problem—essentially one in “custom fitting” of parts, — and the possible solution(s) to it that have evolved are discussed. The antibody producing system appears to be one that “solves” the custom-fitting problem.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 353-364 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Coprinus ; Agaricaceae ; Mushroom ; Development ; Growth Regulator ; Stipe Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Some of the morphological and physiological parameters of stipe growth or elongation inCoprinus radiatus were investigated. During the development of the fruit body the number of cells in a row in the growing portion of the stipe doubled during the development of the button, and again during the phase of rapid stipe elongation. Also during the stage of rapid elongation the cells in the upper 2/3 of the stipe increased 6–8 fold in length. The existence of a growth regulator synthesized in the cap and exerting control over the stipe was demonstrated through decapitation experiments. The cap appears to be required for normal stipe development until the stipe reaches about 1/4 of its final length. Through decapitation and cap-stipe exchanges it was found that the cap produced growth regulator up to the time of autodigestion; however, the stipe responded to the regulator only during a brief period at the onset of elongation.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 331-344 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Myxomycetes ; Ultrastructure ; Development ; Systematics ; Food Vacuoles ; Stalk Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Observations of sporophore development in fresh and glutaraldehydeosmium sequentially-fixed material ofProtophysarum phloiogenum show the following sequence. Small plasmodia cease streaming and round up. Food vacuoles collect in the lower center of the cytoplasmic mass. As the cytoplasm rises the food vacuolar contents are excluded from the plasmalemma and become the stalk core. A continuous, fibrous peridium and stalk tube enclose cytoplasm and stalk core respectively. Capillitial formation just precedes spore cleavage. Sporophore development is marked by autophagic activity and calcium deposition. Stalks of dried herbarium specimens of seven additional species have been examined. A mature stalk morphology very similar toProtophysarum with recognizable remnants of microorganismal food material is seen in all of them. It is thought that this marker is indicative of non-stemonitaceous stalk development.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 155-166 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: cAMP ; Acanthamoeba ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch drei verschiedene Methoden wurde in Kulturen vonAcanthamoeba castellanii die stationäre Wachstumsphase, in deren Verlauf sich Trophozoiten zu Cysten entwickeln, induziert: Durch Nahrungsmangel, indem Amöben der logarithmischen Wachstumsphase in ein nährstofffreies Medium überführt wurden, durch Sauerstoffmangel, indem Kulturen zu großer Zelldichte heranwuchsen, und durch Hemmung der mitochondrialen DNS-Synthese, indem Kulturen der logarithmischen Phase mit Äthidiumbromid versetzt wurden. Unabhängig von den Encystierungsbedingungen nimmt die intracelluläre Konzentration von Adenosin-3′,5′-monophosphat (cAMP) bei Verminderung der Zellteilungsrate bis zu Beginn der stationären Wachstumsphase um das 2–3 fache zu. Die Ergebnisse deuten an, daß der Anstieg von intracellulärem cAMP auf eine Erhöhung der Adenylat-Cyclase- und nicht auf eine Verminderung der Phosphodiesterase-Aktivität zurückzuführen ist. Extracelluläres cAMP konnte weder in Kulturen der logarithmischen noch in Kulturen der stationären Phase nachgewiesen werden. Dies ist vermutlich auf die extracellulär vorhandene cAMP-Phosphodiesterase zurückzuführen. Die Tatsache, daß auch durch Theophyllin die stationäre Wachstumsphase und Encystierung induziert werden kann, läßt auf eine Beteiligung von cAMP an den Entwicklungsprozessen, speziell an dem Abbau von Glykogen, schließen.
    Notes: Abstract In cultures ofacanthamoeba castellanii the stationary growth phase in which trophozoites develop to cysts, was induced in three ways: by transferring cells from a logarithmic growing culture into a nutrient-free medium, by growth in nutrient medium to high cell density and by inhibition of the mitochondrial DNA synthesis with ethidium bromide. In all cases, the intracellular concentration of adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) rises by a factor of two to three from the end of the logarithmic phase to the beginning of the stationary phase. The results show that this rise may be more a consequence of an increased adenylate cyclase activity than of a diminished cAMP phosphodiesterase activity. No extracellular cAMP could be measured in cultures of the logarithmic and stationary growth phase, perhaps because of the extracellular cAMP phosphodiesterase. Because theophylline also induces the stationary phase and encystation, cAMP seems to be of importance for the development ofAcanthamoeba castellanii, especially for the degradation of glycogen.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 101 (1974), S. 391-399 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Adenosinephosphate System ; Energy Charge ; Acanthamoeba ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Konzentration von Adenosintri-, Adenosindi- und Adenosinmonophosphat wurde in Acanthamoeba castellanii währed der logarithmischen Wachstumsphase und der stationären Wachstumsphase, in deren Verlauf sich Trophozoiten zu Cysten entwickeln, bestimmt. Der Entwicklungsprozess wurde durch drei verschiedene Methoden hervorgerufen: Durch Wachstum im Nährmedium zu großer Zelldichte, durch Überführen von Amöben der logarithmischen Wachstumsphase in ein nährstoffreies Salzmedium und durch Versetzen logarithmisch wachsender Amöben mit Äthidiumbromid. In allen Fällen wird der Adenosinphosphat-Gehalt in den Zellen im Laufe der Entwicklung um etwa 85% reduziert, wozu besonders die Abnahme des ATP-Gehaltes beiträgt. Die Adenosinphosphat-“energy charge” beträgt in logarithmisch wachsenden Amöben 0,83. Im Laufe der Entwicklung wird sie je nach Encystierungsbedingungen auf unterschiedlichen Werten stabilisiert (zwischen 0,58 und 0,81). Die Möglichkeit eines Zusammenhanges von Konzentrationsveränderungen der Adenosinphosphate und entwicklungsspezifischen Prozessen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The concentration of adenosine tri-, adenosine di-, and adenosine monophosphate in cells of Acanthamoeba castellanii was measured during the logarithmic growth phase and the stationary growth phase in which trophozoites were transformed into cysts. This developmental process was induced in three ways: by growth in nutrient medium to high cell density, by transferring cells in the logarithmic phase into a nutrient-free medium, and by mixing logarithmically growing cells with ethidium bromide. In all cases, encystment is accompanied with a reduction of total adenosine phosphate content to about 85%, mainly because of a depletion of cellular ATP. The value of the adenosine phosphate energy charge in logarithmically growing amoebae is 0.83. During development the energy charge becomes stabilized at different values (between 0.58 and 0.81), characteristic to the mode of encystation. A possible functional relationship between changes of the adenosine phosphate concentration and developmental processes of the amoeba is discussed.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 325-334 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chordotonal (Tracheal) organ ; Teleogryllus commodus (Orthoptera) ; Hearing ; Development ; Structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tracheal organ of the mesothoracic tibia of Teleogryllus is located in a corresponding position to the tympanal organ of the prothoracic tibia. The mesothoracic organ contains an average of only 12 scolopidia, the location of which corresponds to that of the proximal group A and proximal main group in the prothoracid tympanal organ. There are no scolopidia corresponding to the distal group of the tympanal organ. The variability in number of scolopidia is much greater in the mesothoracic organ than in the prothoracic organ. The adult tracheal system of the mesothoracic leg resembles the early nymphal tracheal system in both pro- and meso-thoracic legs. The development of the tracheal organ is usually complete by the sixth instar. The mesothoracic tracheal organ of the adult is broadly equivalent to the prothoracic tympanal organ of a fifth instar animal.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 535-550 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptosomes ; Rat brain stem ; Synaptogenesis ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure and protein content of the five subfractions of the crude mitochondrial fraction from the brain stem of the 1-day old and adult rat was examined. The morphological composition of the subfractions after fixation in glutaraldehyde and osmiumtetroxide in the adult rat brain stem resembled that previously reported for the whole brain; synaptosomes sedimented in a sucrose gradient in subfractions C and D. In the 1-day old rat, mature synaptosomes were found in subfractions A, B, C and D; E contained mainly free mitochondria. 80–95% of the processes in the adult and 10–30% in the 1-day old rat contained synaptic vesicles which were of four types: (1) small agranular vesicles (2) large dense core vesicles (3) large agranular vesicles (4) coated vesicles. Pre- and postsynaptic membrane thickenings were demonstrated in many nerve-ending particles. In the subfractions of the 1-day old rat the protein content was one half and the distribution resembled that in the adult. Evidently nerve endings develop faster in the brain stem than in cortical areas; a serotoninor adrenergic origin of the early synaptosomes is suggested.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 425-442 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glandula submandibularis (Mouse) ; Acinar ultrastructure ; Cell types ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the submandibular gland of the mouse was studied by means of electron microscopy, from the 14th day of gestation up to birth. In the first two days the acini are solid and their cells contain polyribosomes and a few lamellae of endoplasmic reticulum. Beginning with the 16th day secretory granules appear and rapidly fill an increasing number of cells. The different electron density of the granules makes it possible to distinguish 1. two types of granules, dense and pale, and sometimes intermediate ones, 2. “polymorphic” granules. The latter consists of electron dense and electron pale parts combined in different configurations. The possible significance of the various types of granules is discussed.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 433-456 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus (Rat) ; Development ; Renin ; Pools ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die perinatale Entwicklung des juxtaglomerulären Apparates, insbesondere das Verhalten der epitheloiden Zellen wurde an 18 trächtigen Ratten and 65 Embryonen bzw. Jungtieren elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Parallel dazu wurde die Reninkonzentration bzw. der Reningehalt bestimmt. Spezifische Sekretgranula finden sich erstmals am 18. Tag der Fetalzeit, und zwar in den epitheloiden Zellen des juxtaglomerulären Apparates juxtamedullärer Nephrone. Die Granula machen einen Struktur- und wahrscheinlich auch Funktionswandel durch, der eine Einteilung in drei verschiedene Granulatypen nahelegt. Diesen drei Typen spezifischer (reninhaltiger) Sekretgranula werden die Lysosomen als unspezifische Einschlüsse der epitheloiden Zellen gegenübergestellt. Im einzelnen kommt es während der perinatalen Phase in den fetalen Epitheloidzellen zuerst, d.h. pränatal, zu einer Hypertrophie des rauhwandigen endoplasmatischen Retikulums und des Golgi-Apparates. Hierin sehen die Autoren einen Hinweis auf eine erhöhte Proteinsynthese mit entsprechender Zunahme der Transport- und Konzentrationsvorgänge. Nach der Geburt findet sich dann auch eine deutliche Zunahme der Sekretgranula vom Typ III, die als reife Reningranula (mature granules) angesehen werden. Die bisher noch nicht beschriebenen kleinen Sekretgranula vom Typ I dagegen kommen in weniger entwickelten Epitheloidzellen häufiger vor. Bestimmungen der Reninverteilung zwischen Zytoplasma und den durch Differential-zentrifugation gewonnenen Granula-Fraktionen ergeben auffallende Parallelen zu den morphologischen Befunden. Diese sprechen im allgemeinen dafür, daß “freies Renin” im Ergasto-plasma und “gebundenes Renin” in den Sekretgranula vorliegt. Mit zunehmendem Alter scheint es außerdem — parallel zur relativen Abnahme des Ergastoplasmas und Zunahme der reifen Reningranula — zu einer Verminderung des extragranulären zugunsten des granulär gebundenen Renins zu kommen.
    Notes: Summary The perinatal development of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), with particular reference to the epithelioid cells, was studied. Electron microscopic studies were carried out on 18 gravid rats and 65 embryos with corresponding determinations of renin concentration and the renin contents by bio-assay. Specific secretory granules of the epithelioid cells of the JGA of juxtamedullary nephrons are first observed on the 18th day of gestation. The classification into three types of secretory granules suggests that they undergo a structural and probably also a functional transformation. All three types of secretory granule may be regarded as specific, renin-containing, cytoplasmic organelles. During the last days of gestation, the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus become hypertrophied in epithelioid cells, indicating an increased protein synthesis as well as transport and concentration processes. After birth, there is a definite increase in the number of Type III secretory granules-which may be regarded as mature granules. The small Type I secretory granulesnot previously described-are found more frequently in the immature epithelioid cells. Determinations of the renin distribution in the plasma and in fractions of cytoplasmic constituents (total homogenate, secretory granules) prepared by differential centrifugation showed striking congruence with the morphological findings. It is generally assumed that “soluble renin” occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and “bound renin” in secretory granules. A shift from extragranular to granular (bound) renin, occurs with increasing age, having its morphological equivalent in the relative decrease of the endoplasmic reticulum and increase in mature secretory granules.
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