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  • American Institute of Physics  (7,006)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (2,242)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964  (9,865)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1925-1929
  • 1920-1924
  • 1962  (5,349)
  • 1961  (4,516)
Collection
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964  (9,865)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1925-1929
  • 1920-1924
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BOOK REVIEW (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 3 (1961), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book reviews in this article:THE CHESA PHOTOGRAMMETRIC EXPERIMENT (Technical Publication
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1961.tb00316.x
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  • 2
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    Electronic Resource
    THE PRESIDENT'S ESSAY PRIZE (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1962.tb00338.x
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  • 3
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    PHOTOGRAMMETRY ROUND THE WORLD (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1962.tb00339.x
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  • 4
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    PHOTOGRAMMETRY ROUND THE WORLD (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1962.tb00329.x
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  • 5
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    INTERNATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1962.tb00331.x
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  • 6
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    ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 3 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The salient features of a method of analytical triangulation operating directly on single photographs are described, and the close analogy with geodetic triangulation computation is demonstrated.Any combination of photographs, whether in stereo pairs, stereo triples, strips, sub-blocks or blocks, is handled by forming the set of observation equations for each individual photograph in turn, and then taking all these sets together and solving them simultaneously by the method of least squares.Special procedures for dealing with very large numbers of variables are discussed, and certain applications of the method are indicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1961.tb00309.x
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  • 7
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    INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRY (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 3 (1961), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1961.tb00313.x
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  • 8
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    PHOTOGRAMMETRY ROUND THE WORLD (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 3 (1961), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1961.tb00317.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    The Amino Acid Requirements of the Soil Amoeba, Hartmannella rhysodes Singh (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. A chemically defined culture medium has been developed for the soil amoeba Hartmannella rhysodes Singh which contains the minimum essential organic requirements for growth. The medium consists of 7 amino acids, 3 vitamins, a carbon source (e.g. glucose) and inorganic salts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02639.x
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  • 10
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    Utilization of Glucose by Astasia longa (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. A mutant strain of Astasia longa utilized glucose for growth whereas the parent (J) strain did not. The optimal pH for growth of the mutant with glucose (sole carbon source) was near neutrality; the optimal glucose concentration 0.02 M. Cell-free extracts or cell homogenates produced C14O2 when incubated in the presence of C14-labeled glucose. On the other hand, after incubation with C14-labeled glucose, intact parent cells and their respiratory CO2 showed no radioactivity while the mutant-strain cells and CO2 produced were active. Dissimilation of glucose-1-C14 and glucose-6-C14 yielded the same amount of radioactivity in metabolic CO2 in cell-free extracts of both strains. Of five enzymes assayed, hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase, and lactic dehydrogenase were present whereas glucose-6-PO4 dehydrogenase and glucose dehydrogenase were absent in cell homogenates of both strains. Presumably these two strains of A. longa differ in permeability of the plasma membrane. Further tracer and enzyme studies indicated that the Embden-Meyerhof scheme is the principal pathway of glucose catabolism; the hexose mono-phosphate shunt and the direct oxidative pathway were either not operating or quantitatively insignificant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02641.x
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  • 11
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    Electron Microscope Studies on Eimeria perforans (Sporozoa) (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. By means of electron microscopy, a study has been made of the fine structure of the macrogametocytes, microgametocytes and oocysts of Eimeria perforans from the intestine of the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The parasites lie in a vacuole within the host cell. The surface of the gametocytes is not plain, but displays irregular protrusions. A large intranuclear body can be detected within the macrogametocytes. Similar structures are also found within the cytoplasm. Within the latter there exists a large spread out reticulum, the channels and vesicles of which concentrate especially close to the nuclear membrane. Tubuli are seen in the numerous mitochondria, which often have a dumb-bell shape.In most of the gametocytes irregular, strongly osmiophilic lipid inclusions are observed, which always are surrounded by the endoplasmic reticulum. Strange folded ovoid bodies are found within the cytoplasm of the oocysts. Nothing can be told with certainty of their nature and function. Probably they represent specific storage bodies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02644.x
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  • 12
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    Survival of Tritrichomonas foetus Stored at −28 and −95°C After Freezing in the Presence of Glycerol (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Tritrichomonas foetus survived much better on extended storage at -95 than at -28d̀C following slow freezing in the presence of 1.0 M glycerol. There was no significant difference between these temperatures in survival up to 8 days, but thereafter the protozoa continued to die off slowly at -28d̀, whereas their numbers remained essentially constant at -95d̀ for 128 to 256 days. The trichomonads' motility was much better after storage at -95d̀ than after storage at -28d̀, and fresh cultures could be initiated from the former much more readily.Other constituents of the suspending medium besides glycerol affect the survival of the protozoa upon freezing. Survival was much better when the protozoa were frozen in the original Diamond's trypticase-yeast extract-maltose-cysteine-ascorbic acid-serum medium in which they had been grown than when they were frozen in physiological salt solution or in fresh Diamond's medium. There was no significant difference between survival in the latter two suspending media. The speed and time of centrifugation needed to remove the trichomonads from the medium in which they had been grown had no effect on their survival upon subsequent freezing. Presumably some product or products of the trichomonads' metabolism have an additional protective action which supplements that of glycerol.When frozen in the original Diamond's medium in which they had been grown plus 1.0 M glycerol, an average of 15% of the trichomonads were alive after 128 days' storage at -28d̀ and an average of 38% were alive at -95d̀C. When frozen in physiological salt solution plus 1.0 M glycerol, these percentages were 8% and 12% respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02632.x
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  • 13
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    Sensitivity of Spathidium spathula to Low Doses of X-Radiation (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. When Spathidium spathula was exposed to X-ray doses ranging from 1–25 kr this animal was found to be more radiosensitive than any ciliate previously reported. A dose of 1 kr is sufficient to increase the time of the first generation from 5 to about 5 1/2 hours. A dose of 4 kr is enough to approximately double the generation time. Bacteria in the medium during irradiation do not protect the ciliate against injury. Animals irradiated as dry cysts are only slightly more resistant than vegetative forms, requiring 10 kr to double the generation time. One day after exposure, irradiated lines are uniformly poor in growth rate (0–2 daily divisions), but later a bimodal response is noticed, some lines remaining poor and others recovering. Within 24 hours after treatment, a number of irradiated animals show structural abnormalities and are greatly increased in size. The experiments have not determined the reason for the high sensitivity of Spathidium but have made certain alternatives unlikely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02592.x
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  • 14
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    Biochemical Studies on Irradiated Protozoa. I. Effect of Metabolites on the Respiration of X-Irradiated Tetrahymena pyriformis (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. When Tetrahymena suspended in water were given increasing doses of radiation, oxygen consumption decreased with increasing dose, reaching 60–90% at 600,000 r. Cells irradiated in 0.07 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, showed no significant decrease in oxygen consumption even at 600,000 r. The decrease in respiration observed on irradiation of Tetrahymena pyriformis W in water with 300,000 r of X-radiation was prevented by addition of pyruvate or acetate during or immediately after irradiation. Pyruvate stimulated the respiration of the X-irradiated cells, particularly at 10 and 60 min post-irradiation.Lactate markedly stimulated the respiration of control suspensions of Tetrahymena cells and oxidation of lactate by cells irradiated with 300,000 r was increased by 20 to 100%, depending on the concentration of lactate and the time after irradiation. Pyruvate was considerably more effective than lactate in increasing O2 uptake of X-irradiated cells, particularly at 10 min post-irradiation. Thioctic acid affected neither the respiration of control or X-irradiated Tetrahymena nor the oxidation of pyruvate.The growth lag of Tetrahymena increased proportionately with increasing radiation dose; no cells survived 600,000 r. The presence of metabolites during irradiation did not affect the lag period or subsequent growth rates. The effects observed were discussed in terms of an alteration of the permeability of Tetrahymena after irradiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02596.x
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  • 15
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    Observations on the Life-cycle of a New Race of Blepharisma undulans from India (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. A full account of the nuclear changes during binary fission and conjugation in a local race of Blepharisma is presented in this paper. The macronucleus consists of 2 nodes connected by a strand. Number of micronuclei varies from 6 to 18. During binary fission, condensation of macronucleus is followed by elongation and thinning of the middle region which finally breaks. Daughter nuclei later attain the typical vegetative form. Notably, during binary fission some micronuclei appear to complete their mitoses by the time the macronucleus attains the condensed form, while others lag behind and exhibit practically every stage of mitosis.During conjugation, from 6 to 10 micronuclei undergo the first pregamic division, the same number through the second division, and two products of the second division take part in the third division. The rest degenerate. Division products of the nuclei in the paraoral region take part in synkaryon formation. The synkaryon undergoes either 2 or 3 divisions. In the former case, of the 4 products, 2 become the macronuclear anlagen, one the micronucleus and the fourth degenerates. In the latter case, of the 8 products, 3 to 4 become the macronuclear anlagen and the rest become micronuclei. Chromatin elimination has been observed during the division of the macronuclear anlage, followed by an extra metagamic fission of the cell.Comparison with two other races from India and an American race indicates considerable diversity in the structure and behaviour of the nuclear apparatus in different races of Blepharisma undulans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02617.x
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  • 16
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    The Occurrence of the Protozoan Parasite Histomonas meleagridis in the Adults and Eggs of the Cecal Worm Heterakis gallinae (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Females of Heterakis gallinae were separated on the basis of their capacity to transmit the protozoan parasite Histomonas meleagridis. Sections of worms, capable of transmitting the protozoon, revealed the organism in both males and females as well as in the eggs. Infected male worms contained histomonads in the gut wall and the wall and lumen of the reproductive system. Female worms infected with H. meleagridis showed the organisms throughout the reproductive system. Histomonads, found in uterine eggs possessing shells, had a larger nucleus and reduced cytoplasm.Because of the presence of the protozoon among the sperm in the male reproductive system, it is believed the organism can be transmitted to female worms through copulation. The cycle in the worms also supports the assumption that H. meleagridis was originally a parasite of the worm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02622.x
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  • 17
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    The Mode of Transmission of the Acephaline Gregarine Parasites of Earthworms (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Speculations regarding the mode of transmission of monocystid parasites of earthworms over a period of more than 100 years have never been tested experimentally under controlled conditions. In order to do so a stock of infectionfree Eisenia foetida (Sav.) was raised from cocoons and experimental infections were induced in this host using sporocysts of the gregarine parasites Apolocystis elongata Phillips & Mackinnon 1946, and Nematocystis elmassiani (Hesse, 1909). Experimental infections were obtained by feeding to uninfected worms sporocysts obtained directly from infected host worms. This proved that the intervention of a vector is not a necessary condition of infection. Infections could not be induced by injecting sporocysts through the body wall into the body cavity. Infections are thus probably acquired in nature by the ingestion of sporocysts. Sporocysts do not leave the body of the host by being passed from coelom to lumen of the gut, nor do they pass directly to the exterior through apertures of the body wall. There was no evidence of parasitic autotomy. It is therefore concluded that death and decay of the host is the normal method of dissemination of sporocysts. Sporocysts were not infective after drying in air for three weeks. Other sporocysts lost potency after storage in moist conditions for several months. Infections involving the organisms specified were sporadic and unpredictable; modifying factors, such as variations in host susceptibility and latency in infection, appeared to be operating.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02625.x
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  • 18
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    Influence of Vitamin B12 on the Size and Growth of Euglena gracilis (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. By an automatic electronic technique—the Flying Spot Particle Resolver—the effect of a wide range of concentrations of vitamin B12 on the size and growth of the B12-dependent Euglena gracilis was studied. Rate of cell growth was directly proportional, and cell size inversely proportional, to B12 concentration. Gross B12 depletion resulted in gigantism and prolongation of generation times.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02630.x
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  • 19
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    In vitro Studies of Ablastin, the Reproduction-Inhibiting Antibody to Trypanosoma lewisi (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Previously, the reproduction-inhibiting effects of ablastin could only be shown in vivo. The present report describes techniques for the in vitro demonstration and titration of this antibody. With a medium composed of Hanks' balanced salt solution, rat serum, lactalbumin hydrolysate, yeast extract and rat blood lysate, blood stream forms of Trypanosoma lewisi can be grown for approximately 24 hours at 37d̀C. Starting with the medium containing normal rat serum and inoculated with adult (inhibited) trypanosomes from infected rat blood, 50% or more of the parasites are in various stages of division after incubation overnight. Under similar conditions with ablastic rat serum, the parasites do not reproduce but remain as adults. If the medium is inoculated with reproducing trypanosomes from the blood, parasites in the presence of normal serum continue to reproduce, whereas those exposed to ablastin are almost completely converted to adult, non-reproducing forms. Similar results are obtained when the immune sera used are first adsorbed with living parasites to remove all trypanocidal antibodies. Ablastic serum inactivated at 56d̀C for 20 minutes does not lose its inhibitory activity indicating that ablastin is not complement dependent, and parasites grown on media at room temperature are not affected by the antibody suggesting that basic antigenic differences exist between blood stream forms at 37d̀C and culture forms at room temperature. Studies of the conversion of blood stream forms to culture forms indicate that the critical temperature range for the conversion lies between 28d̀ and 30d̀C. The significance of these results is discussed, and possible applications of the techniques described to studies of the mechanism of ablastic action are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02633.x
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  • 20
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    Alkaline Earth Elements and the Avoidance Reaction in Paramecium multimicronucleatum (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Normal swimming behavior of Paramecium multimicronucleatum in an essential mineral element solution with 0.0002 M calcium changed into continuous avoidance reactions upon replacement by equimolar strontium; equimolar barium produced a less pronounced similar effect. In equivalent pure SrCl2 and BaCl2 solutions, avoidance reactions were less frequent than in the balanced solutions. P. multimicronucleatum inoculated into autoclaved calcium- or strontium-containing cultures of the alga Protosiphon botryoides (ultimate food source) multiplied greatly and essentially equally, but died in barium. Accelerated avoidance reaction rates were observed in strontium up to and at 32 days after inoculation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02594.x
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  • 21
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    The Behavior of Plasmodium berghei Strains Isolated From Relapsed Infections of White Mice (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. A previous study of parasites from relapsed P. berghei infections of mice indicated that the behavior of the relapse parasites differed from that of their parent strain. Experiments have been performed comparing the behavior of relapse and parent parasite infections in mice under two sets of conditions. In one group of experiments the behavior after antimalarial treatments, designed to result in chronic or latent states of infection, was tested. In all, 8 relapse strains were tested against their parent strains in six different experiments which employed 536 mice. It was observed that the mice infected with the relapse strains had a statistically significant greater mortality after the treatments than did mice infected with parent strains. This difference was observed regardless of how the relapse strain had been previously treated, or of what treatment was used in the experiments. In a second group of experiments, the behavior of infections with relapse and parent parasites was compared in normal mice. Five relapse strains were compared to their parent strains in a total of 5 experiments using 356 mice. It was observed that the mean survival time of mice infected with relapse strains was significantly greater than that of mice infected with the parent strains. It is not known whether this apparent difference in the behavior of relapse and parent parasites is related to the mechanism for relapse of P. berghei infections, or is merely a characteristic of parasites that had survived in an immune host.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02591.x
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  • 22
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    Studies on Suctorian Protozoa: The Mechanism of Ingestion of Prey Cytoplasm. (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The rate of ingestion of cytoplasm from its prey ciliate by Podophrya collini shows a maximum at 18°C. The rate of ingestion is the same for all active tentacles during the feeding period. Calculation of the amount of cytoplasm ingested from rate measurement and from dimensional alterations of ciliate and suctorian during feeding indicates conformity to the hypothesis that the motive force for ingestion results from integrated activity of the total cell and not from autonomous activity of the tentacles alone. The estimated motive force approximates 0.2 atmosphere. Data is presented to indicate that energy to maintain this motive force is derived from the normal oxidative metabolism of the suctorian.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01228.x
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  • 23
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    Hepatozoon procyonis, n. sp., from the Raccoon (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Hepatozoon procyonis, n. sp., is described from the raccoon Procyon lotor from southwestern Georgia. Mature gametocytes in monocytes in blood smears and schizocysts and developing gametocytes in sections of heart tissue were observed and described. A Hepatozoon was also found in the fox squirrel Sciurus niger.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01229.x
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  • 24
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    The Mechanism of Ciliary Movement. I. Ciliary Reversal and Activation by Electric Current; the Ludloff Phenomenon in Terms of Core and Volume Conductors. (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In Paramecium there is no known correlation between the direction of electric current through the membrane and of ciliary beat. One reason is that the Ludloff phenomenon, an anodal shift in the limit of the area of reversal with increased current strength, has seemed contradictory to most other data. However, by assuming Paramecium to be a core conductor immersed in a volume conductor and by applying the laws of polarizing currents it is possible to explain all existing data on reversal of normal ciliary action, and also on activation of cilia in immobilized specimens by electrical current. It is assumed that a threshold degree of depolarization of the normal membrane potential or of current density causes reversal. The Ludloff phenomenon is caused by anodal progression of this degree of depolarization with increasing membranecurrent. If it is also assumed that an increase in the membrane potential of immobilized specimens causes activation in the normal direction, one can predict anodal activation, progression of reversal with decrement in velocity, time course of development of excitation, ancdal stimulation upon “break.” stimulation by linearly rising currents, relative refractory and supernormal periods, effect of angle of orientation, and effect of acetylcholine and antiacetylchoiine esterase. Assumption of a neuromotor system is not needed. However, if available data are interpreted in the manner commonly used for nerve it can be concluded that an active accommodative process exists and possibly also a local excitatory state. A recent “dipolar” theory of galvanotaxis is not acceptable because it does not include ciliary reversal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Donnè Structurales et Ultrastructurales Nouvelles sur la Conjugaison de Paramecium caudatum. (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The morphologic phenomena of the conjugation of Paramecium caudatum are analysed by transverse sectioning of couples at the level of the junction zone. This orientation allows exact determination of the adjacent surfaces (which strongly suggests the absence of a paroral cone) and their relation to the ciliary fields. The modifications of the outer pellicle are studied with the electron microscope. It is shown that cytoplasmic communications occur at the top of the ridges which limit the periciliary depressions. The kinetosomes remain apparently intact but cilia and trichocysts disappear. An active role by the latter organelles is suggested for the union of the two conjugants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01237.x
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    Initial Development of Infections with Babesia bigeminal (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01242.x
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    Duration and Reversibility of Sulfonamide-Resistance in Chilomonas Paramecium (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Resistance to sulfanilamide has persisted in a strain of Chilomonas Paramecium for 255 transfers (63 months) in a drug-free medium. In attempts to modify resistance, stocks derived from sulfonamide-resistant and normal strains have been acclimatized to and then maintained in media containing p-aminobenzoic acid at 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0 mgJ100 ml. Each PABA-acclimatized strain was more susceptible to sulfanilamide than its parent stock. In other words, sulfanil-amide-resistant strains lost their resistance and normal strains became hypersensitive. One strain, adapted first to sulfanilamide, subsequently to PABA (15 mgJ100 ml) and again to sulfanilamide, showed a loss of and finally a restoration of sui-fonamide-resistance (but to a degree somewhat lower than the original level).
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    Some Amino Acid-Folic Acid Interrelationships in Tetrahymena pyriformis (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: DL-serine, DL-methionine or DL-serine + DL-methionine in excess inhibited the growth of Tetrahymena pyriformis H. Excess serine was most inhibitory at high concentration of folic acid, whereas the effect of excess methionine or methionine + serine was most pronounced at low levels of folic acid. Inhibition due to excess serine was relieved by raising the level of methionine or by adding pyrimethamine to lower the effective folic acid level, and was intensified by adding Dl.-ethionine or by raising the level of folic acid. Similarly, inhibition due to excess methionine was relieved by supplying more serine or adding DL-ethionine (which reduced the amount of available methionine) and was intensified by adding pyrimethamine. Inhibition by excess methionine + serine was reversed by increasing threonine, provided there was ample guanine present. Low levels of guanine or the presence of 8-azaguanine prevented this reversal. Comparisons are made with the work of others.
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    Autogamy in Frontonia leucas (Ehrbg.) (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Autogamy in Frontonia leucas is described for the first time. The process appears to occur at irregular intervals. From 7 to 10% of the individuals are affected. The beginning of autogamy is marked by a swelling of all the micronuclei which take part in the first two maturation divisions. The third division however affects only one of the second division products. Occasionally two or three may divide. A paroral cone is not prominent. But a small area close to the peristome is distinguishable as the region where the pronuclei fuse. The syn-karyon divides four times. Some of the division products disintegrate, after which 8 to 9 bodies are left which become differentiated into 4 to 5 macronuclear anlagen and 4 micro-nuclei. Mitotic division of the micronuclei results in their increase in number in the daughter individuals after metagamic divisions. Changes in the macronucleus during autogamy consist in its fragmentation and later absorption in the cytoplasm. There is some indirect evidence of a relationship between the dissolution of the old macronucleus and the development of the new.
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    The Role of the Cytoplasm during Reproduction in a Malarial Parasite (Plasmodium lophurae) as Revealed by Electron Microscopy (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: An electron microscope study of Plasmodium lophurae maintained in vivo and in vitro provided information concerning the sequence of events during reproduction, and the role of the cytoplasm in this process.Contrary to the generally held opinion that nuclear fissions precede cytoplasmic division, it was found that the last nuclear fission takes place during advanced stages of cytoplasmic segmentation. This study also supplied evidence that in addition to repeated nuclear divisions, a number of changes occur in all major components of the cytoplasm. These changes are considered as preparatory for reproduction. The cytoplasm continues to be active during the formation of merozoites. At this stage a segregation of cytoplasmic components takes place resulting in the incorporation into the offspring of a condensed cytoplasm containing all the organelles. The watery part of the cytoplasm with the lipids and food vacuoles is withheld and at the end of reproduction forms the residual body, a separate structure bound by a membrane.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01223.x
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    Ophryogleua hypertrophica n.sp. (Giliata Hymenostomatida) (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ophryoglena hypertrophica is distinguished by its tomites and its pyriform theronts; by its elliptical and flattened macronucleus with 2 or 3 coupled micronuclei; by its large trophont; by its tomont covered with a thin mucous layer at the interior of which are formed 4 or 8 tomites closely bound one to another. Its physiological evolution is characteristic; the tomite when it comes out of the tomont undergoes a secondary encystment and then becomes the theront. Sometimes the tomite is rostrated and is not attracted by the tissues; the tomite undergoes as before a secondary encystment, but divides inside the cyst. This type also produces complete or partial particular palintomies and regularly forms resistant cysts.
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    Chemotaxis and Sexual Behavior in Chlamydomonas (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Intraspecific chemotaxis between gametes was demonstrated in Chlamydomonas moewusii Gerloff var. rotunda nov. var. which was previously used as C. sp. 24 (Tsubo Y. 1957). a heterothallic isogamous species from Japan. The reaction is unidirectional; the “+” gametes are attracted by the “—” gametes or cell-free supernatant of medium in which the :“-” gametes were suspended. In a study with 4 other isogamous heterothallic Chlamydomonas — C. moewusii Gerloff, C. eugametos Moewus, C. reinhardi Dangeard, and C. morewusii Gerloff var. tenuichloris nov. var. — none of them revealed any intraspecific chemotactic behavior. However, as with the “—” gametes of C. moewusii var. rotunda, both mating types of C. moewusii, C. eugametos, and C. moewusii var. tenuichloris were interspecifically attracted by the supernatant of the “—” culture of C. moewusii var. rotunda. Only C. rein- hardi showed no chemotactic behavior in intra- or interspecific combinations.Although chemotaxis occurred in the above-mentioaed combinations, neither agglutination nor pairing ner zygete formation followed at all in the same combinations. The“;–” cells of C. moewusii var. rotunda killed by osmium vaper and then washed no longer produced the chemotactic agent, but did agglutinate with living “+” cells. Therefore, evidently, chemo-taxis is a separate step from agglutination and zygote-for-mation yet does not seem necessary in the mating of isoga-mous Chlamydomonas. Nonetheless, since this activity appears not in the vegetative but in the gametic stage, it seems to concern the sexual activity of the cells. In preliminary studies the chemotactic agent produced by C. moewusii var. rotunda was shown to be volatile.
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    Infection of Hydra by Microsporidia (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A microsporidian infection in a laboratory clone of Hydra littoralis has been observed, and the parasite has been tentatively identified as a species of Plistophora. Infected hydra continue to bud and regenerate normally and show no significant physiological or morphological changes. Sexual crossing of infected and non-infected animals shows that the infection is transmitted by the ovum but not by the sperm. Continuous exposure of infected hydra to Fumidil B in solution resulted in the disappearance of all Plistophora spores after a five week period of treatment, and the clones of the treated animals have remained parasite-free for more than a year.
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    Amino Acid Composition of Protozoa. Comparative Studies on Tetrahymena (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Patterns for free and protein amino acids and related substances were determined for Tetrahymena limacis and 7 strains of T. pyriformis from axenic stationary phase cultures grown at 25° C by means of 2-dimensional chromatography in a butanol-acetic acid and phenol solvent system with ninhydrin and other polychromatic indicators. A uniform protein amino acid (PAA) pattern was observed in all strains. There were 14 color spots indicating 19 amino acids (including cysteic acid), identified as follows: alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cysteine/cystine, cysteic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, leucine/isoleucine/phenylalanine, lysine/histidine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, valine/methionine.The following free amino acids and related substances (FAAs) were identified with 14 spots (several different from these for PAA patterns) found in all strains: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, leucine/isoleucine/phenylalanine, lysine histidine. proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, valine/methionine. T. limacis and strains LI and Gf-J of T. pyriformis exhibited these only. Chromatograms of 5 strains of T. pyriformis (PR. F. L3 WH52, HS), however, also contained 1 to 4 spots representing certain of the following substances: Cysteic acid, cysteine/cystine, taurine, and the unknowns X1, X2, and X3, having Rf's of 0.33, 0.79, and 0.72 respectively in 4:1 phenol-H2O system Excepting for F and L3, which were similar, the T. pyriformis strains showed quite different distributional patterns of these substances at 25°C. Other deviations in the distribution of the 6 compounds were noted in the chromatograms of 10° and 35° cultures of WH52 and HS. These findings on FAAs and PAAs are tabulated, along with those of previous investigators, to furnish comparisons on 13 strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis, T. limacis and 9 other species of protozoa.
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    The Biology and Morphology of Crithidia acanthocephali n. sp., Leptomonas leptoglossi n. sp., and Blastocrithidia euschisti n. sp. (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Three new species of Trypanosomatidae were isolated from three species of bugs: Leptomonas leptoglossi from Leptoglossus phyllopus, Crithidia acanthocephali from Acanthocephala femorata, and Blastocrithidia euschisti from Euschistus servus. All were cultured axenically and on avian embryo membranes. In addition to differences in morphology the three organisms displayed different growth rates in the chorio-allantoic fluids of duck and chick embryos incubated at 30°C. L. leptoglossi grew most abundantly. B. euschisti barely maintained itself while C. acanthocephali occupied an intermediate position.When the temperature of incubation was raised to 37°C, there was continued multiplication of L. leptoglossi and C. acanthocephali, but there was no growth of B. euschisti in either duck or chick embryos.It is suggested that the criteria of morphology, cultural characteristics in vitro and in vivo, plus physiological characters be used as future aids in classification of the Trypanosomatidae.
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    Anaerobic Metabolism of Crithidia fasciculata (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS: Crithidia fasciculata was cultured in a modification of the nutrient medium described by Cowperthwaite in 1951. Carbon dioxide, lactic acid, succinic acid and ethyl alcohol were produced by the organisms during anaerobic conditions. Hexokinase, enolase, alcohol dehydrogenase and glucoses-phosphate dehydrogenase were demonstrated in ho-mogenates of the flagellates. Aldolase, phosphohexokinase and lactic acid dehydrogenase could not be demonstrated.
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    Fine Structure of the Silverline and Fibrillar Systems of Three Tetrahymenid Ciliates (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Application of fragmentation and thin-sectioning techniques to Tetrakymena pyriformis, Colpidium compiles and Glaucoma chattoni has permitted an analysis of the ultra-structure of their silverline and fibrillar systems. The classical silverline system consists of a mosaic of flat, membrane-bound blisters whose rims represent the sites of selective silver deposition. Cilia and protrichocysts emerge between adjacent blisters. I The pellicle consists of the membranes outlining the blisters, overlain by a continuous outer membrane that covers the whole cell and cilia. Fibrillar structures, which are not argentophilic, include: (1) tapering, striated kinetodesmal fibers arising singly from the kinetosomes, passing to the right and anteriad, and overlapping to form a loose bundle accompanying each kinety; (2) a longitudinal fibril band immediately beneath the pellicle at the right of each kinety, consisting of overlapping individual fibrils; (3) a transverse band of fibrils arising at the left side of each kinetosome and passing to the left under the pellicle; and (4) a set of postciliary fibrils arising at the right posterior edge of each kinetosome and passing posteriad under the pellicle. The fibrils of sets (2), (3), and (4) all are about 20 Mμ in diameter and appear tubular in cross-section; they are very unlike the heavier, solid kinetodesmal fibers. None of the fibril sets directly interconnect, although transverse and postciliary fibrils end in the vicinity of the longitudinal fibril band.
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    The Ciliature and Infraciliature of Nyctotherus ovalis Leidy (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The structure of a cilium in Nyctotherus ovalis is that usually found: two single central filaments surrounded peripherally by nine double filaments; the whole is encased in a ciliary membrane continuous with the pellicle. The two central filaments end in a single enlarged bulb just above a septum, located at about the level of the pellicle, whereas the nine double filaments extend inward to form the cylindrical basal body, which is open at its inner end. Inside the basal body are granules àrranged in rows parallel to its sides. These granules may have significance in the origin of new basal bodies as well as in the outgrowth of new cilia. The latter may have been observed in a few instances. Parallel to the pellicle are two series of fibrils, one median and one inner, connecting adjacent basal bodies. Fibrils extend from the inner end of each basal body, these converge and extend deep into the ectoplasm, often becoming lost in a pattern of equilateral triangles, arranged to form hexagons. These features are clearly seen in the peristomial membranelles, where the basal bodies of the four rows of cilia are close together, separated from adjacent membranelles by a protoplasmic shelf and supported by a mass of fibrillar material comprising the peristomial ectoplasmic band. This broad band extends to the inner end of the peristome whence it returns along the opposite wall as a narrow mass of fibrillar ectoplasm without basal bodies. Peripherally the fibrils are condensed into fan-like bundles; internally they often form a network of equilateral triangles arranged to form hexagons, with corpuscles at the intersections. Trichite-like structures are also found in the peristomial groove and tube; these are connected to both the basal bodies and the fibrillar network.The functions, origin and development of this complex infraciliature during fission constitute one of the yet unsolved morphological problems in such complex ciliates.
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    Schizonts and Microgametocytes of Eimeria auburnensis Christensen and Porter, 1939, in Calves (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Schizonts were found in the middle and lower third of the small intestine of two calves killed 12 and 14 days after they had been inoculated with pure cultures of oocysts of Eimeria auburnensis. The schizonts ranged from 78 to 250 μ long by 78 to 150 μ wide (mean 92 by 139.9 μ). They were usually located deep in the lamina propria near the muscularis mucosae instead of in the villi where most schizonts of Eimeria bovis are found. The schizonts of E. auburnensis resembled the previously described large microgametocytes of this species but were distinguishable morphologically and by histochemical stains. The microgametocytes were much larger than previously reported; one measured 91 by 287.5 μ.
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    Taxonomy of Genus Blepharisma with Special Reference to Blepharisma undulans (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Three new species of Blepharisma are presented: B. seshachari sp. nov., B. intermedium sp. nov., and B. tropicum sp. nov. Two sub-species of Suzuki are elevated to specific rank, B. undulans americanum to B. americanum and B. undulans japonicum Suzuki to B. japonicum Suzuki. Stein's taxa for the species Blepharisma undulans are considered to be diagnostic for that species.Important features of morphology and life-cycle of the above mentioned species are given. Discussion and position of the species Blepharisma undulans are presented and a proposal for the reorganization of the species is made. The possibility of a new key derived from a hypothesis of the phylogeny on an evolutionary basis of the genus is presented. This hypothesis has been extended to include ciliates like Stentor and Spirostomum and its implications discussed.
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    Growth and Reproduction of Leptomonas oncopelti in the Milkweed Bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. A laboratory colony of Oncopeltus fasciatus was found to be infected with Leptomonas oncopelti. Inasmuch as the parasite is transmitted from parent to offspring an opportunity presented itself to study the biology and transmission of this parasite under controlled laboratory conditions. An apparatus for observing individual bugs was designed and the presence or absence of flagellates in the feces determined. Flagellates were not shed until the bugs became adults after which they appeared in every defecation. Dissection of infected bugs revealed that flagellates were not present in the rectum until adulthood. Further studies indicated that in the midgut of the insect there is a departure from binary fission to budding. The nucleus divides and one of the newly formed nuclei migrates toward a newly formed kinetoplast. Rarely there is still another kinetoplast/nucleus division. In the event the new axoneme grows within the cytoplasmic sheath of the parent flagellum, smaller organisms produced by unequal cytokinesis remain attached. If the axoneme grows free, the smaller daughter organisms become free-swimming. Passage into the rectum of the adult bugs causes a rounding up of all parasites although the leishmaniform organisms continue to divide. It is presumed that infection of clean bugs is accomplished by the ingestion of leishmaniform organisms through a common water source. The reason for the presence of flagellates in the rectum of the adult but not in the nymphal insect and the mechanism responsible for the change from binary to unequal fission are not known.
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    A Survey of the Coccidia of Some Wisconsin Sciuridae with Descriptions of Three New Species (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Examination of intestinal contents and feces of Wisconsin red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) revealed two coccidia, Eimeria tamiasciuri and E. toddi n.sp. In the Eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus), two species, E. vilasi n.sp. and E. wisconsinensis n.sp. occurred. In the northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus), a coccidium resembling E. sciurorum was found.
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    Observations on Neobursaridium gigas Balech, 1941 (Ciliata Heterotrichida) (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. A large heterotrich ciliate (Family: Bursariidae) found in a papyrus swamp in Uganda was used for oxygen tension experiments by Beadle & Nilsson, 1959, under the name of Bursaria sp. This organism has now been identified as Neobursaridium gigas Balech. The morphology of the organism was studied in living and stained specimens, especially with the silver impregnation technique, and the present findings are compared to those of Balech.
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    Intracellular Phagotrophy in Babesia rodhaini as Revealed by Electron Microscopy (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. An electron microscope study of thin sections of Babesia rodhaini parasitizing mouse erythrocytes showed that this intracellular parasite feeds on its host cell in the same way as do malarial parasites. Large portions of erythrocyte cytoplasm are engulfed by invaginations of the plasma membrane leading to the formation of food vacuoles. The digestion of hemoglobin seems to be complete in Babesia since no pigment (hemozoin) could be detected either in the food vacuoles or in the cytoplasm.The fine structure of Babesia rodhaini is very similar to that of Plasmodium berghei. In both, typical mitochondria are lacking. Instead a structure was found composed of concentric membranes which it is assumed might perform mitochondrial functions. As in Plasmodium berghei a double-membraned vacuole with a matrix of low density is present in almost all sections. The endoplasmic reticulum is represented by small vesicles; the ground-substance is filled with Palade's small particles. The nucleus is large and surrounded by two membranes. Babesia reproduces by budding and binary fission. Reproduction is not easy to identify since the parasite forms large pseudopods resembling stages in division.
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    Effect of Wetting Agents on Permeability of Ochromonas danica (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. The effect of 10 detergents on the inhibitory activity of neomycin was tested against Ochromonas danica. All 4 anionic detergents used were synergistic with neomycin. Evidence is presented that the synergisms were due to the effect of the detergents on the cell membrane. In the presence of Tergitol 7, O. danica is more susceptible to changes in osmotic pressure by increasing concentrations of KCl.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02623.x
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  • 46
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    Taxonomic-Nomenclatural Practices in Protozoology and the New International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. All zoologists are affected by provisions in the very recently published International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the first revised edition of these important rules to appear in over 50 years. Common nomenclatural practices, often malpractices, of protozoologists and parasitologists who work primarily in taxonomic fields are revealed and discussed in light of recommendations and mandatory regulations to be found in the new Code. Some errors have been due solely to carelessness; others have involved misinterpretations of various directives; still others have involved cases not adequately covered by the old Règles. Certain mistakes of the past cannot be changed; but others are to be rectified upon discovery, according to mandates in articles of the new Code. Practical applications of the rules of nomenclature are stressed, and examples are taken from actual situations found to exist throughout all major taxa of the phylum Protozoa.Because of the value of such discussion in both new and revisory work in protozoan systematics, the following major topics are given special consideration: matters of orthography, the original spelling of names and their justified or unjustified emendation; authorships and dates of names, who is responsible and when, and how such data are properly cited; mandatory dates in the new Code, and their effect on both already established names and names not yet proposed; the principles of priority and conservation or continuity, and how the rules attempt to satisfy proponents of both of these diametrically opposed “laws”; the concepts of synonymy and homonymy, and proper methods of treating names which have become involved in such situations; family-group names, and the several special nomenclatural problems they present to protozoan taxonomists; the major problem of types, and the peculiar position of protozoologists with regard to the type concept, especially type-specimens for categories in the species-group; miscellaneous considerations, several unrelated but significant topics not appropriate for inclusion in preceding sections of the paper.
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  • 47
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    The Nutrition of Tetrahymena setifera HZ-1; Sterol and Alcohol Requirements (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. In a chemically-defined medium Tetrahymena setifera HZ-1 required a sterol, an alcohol, eleven amino acids, a purine, a pyrimidine, and six B-complex vitamins. The sterol requirement was met by a variety of 3β-OH, C27-C29 sterols including cholesterol and stigmasterol, but not by precursors of cholesterol which precede desmosterol or Δ7-cholestenol. Some combinations of long-chain fatty acids with a synthetic dipalmitoyl phosphorylethanolamine partly substituted for sterol. Ethyl and methyl alcohols (but not a variety of other alcohols and organic acids) satisfied the alcohol requirement.
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  • 48
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    Terminal Respiration in Trichomonas vaginalis (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Trichomonas vaginalis grown aerobically slowly metabolizes glucose-U-C14 and succinate-2,3-C14 to CO2 and to amino acids which are then incorporated into protein. Analysis of protein hydrolysates from cells grown on glucose-U-C14 reveals radioactivity in 15 amino acids. Although the data do not permit a direct interpretation and analysis of the sequence of amino acid biosynthesis, it seems likely that a tricarboxylic acid cycle operates. Attempts to prepare cell-free systems carrying out cycle reactions have proved unsuccessful.
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  • 49
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    Distribution of Tetrahymena pyriformis in Europe (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. One hundred eighty-eight fresh-water samples from France (30), Italy (42), Austria (12), Germany (1), Switzerland (35), Holland (20), England (26), and Sweden (22) were examined for T. pyriformis. The habitats included rivers, mountain streams, lakes, ponds, irrigation ditches, roadside ditches, running and dead water canals, and fountains. The temperature ranged from 10° to 30°C, locations from 42° to 68° North latitude, with elevations from sea level to approximately 3,000 feet. Of the samples taken 28 contained T. pyriformis from which 411 clones were established in axenic media. Thirty-three additional samples contained ciliates other than T. pyriformis. All clones grew well in 1% proteose peptone; when screened for their nutritional requirements a few failed to grow on the completely defined medium and several others survived eight sub-inoculations without thiamine.The nuclear and sexual activity pattern followed that of previous collections. In distribution, variety 6 was found in Italy, variety 3 in Austria, and variety 4 in England. A new variety (variety 10) with two mating types was isolated from four different habitats in England. Several strains from Italy, France, Holland, and England constitute one group which mated among themselves, but only a few of which reacted with mating type I of variety 6 from America. This demonstrates the close affinities of the European and American strains, yet shows the possible evolution of a new variety (species).
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  • 50
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    Steroid Requirements of Trichomonads (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. The steroid requirement of a Trypticase-requiring strain, SLT, of Trichomonas gallinae on the Shorb-Lund synthetic basal medium minus ribonucleic acid was fulfilled by cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol(provitamin D3), cholestanol (dihydrocholesterol), and to a lesser degree, by ergosterol (provitamin D2), β-sitosterol and zymosterol acetate. Cholestanol was inhibitory at certain concentrations. All steroids were subsequently checked by gas chromatography. Only cholesterol and zymosterol acetate showed one peak, the others containing 2 to 4 peaks. Repurified cholestanol was active and showed no inhibition of growth, but repurified β-sitosterol was inactive. The following were also inactive: diethylstilbestrol, estrone, dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, testosterone, desoxycorticosterone acetate, cortisone acetate, compound A, 5,6-dihydro-ergosterol, dihydroergosterol acetate, stigmasterol, sodium taurocholate, cholic acid, methyl desoxycholate, desoxycholic acid and methyl cholate. Precursors in cholesterol synthesis, acetate, mevalonic acid, mevalonic acid plus a liver extract and squalene were inactive in replacing cholesterol, although acetate is required for growth in the presence of cholesterol. Crystalline fat soluble vitamins, carotene, calciferol (vitamin D2), activated 7-dehydrocholesterol (vitamin D3), menadione (vitamin K3) and tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) were inactive in replacing cholesterol. Trichomonas species PN from the pig's nose utilized cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol and the impure β-sitosterol sample in a modified SL medium with acetate omitted. A reinvestigation of steroid requirements seems to be indicated when a completely synthetic medium and pure steroids are available.
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    Limits of Transplantation Tolerance in Large Amoebae. I. Microfusion Studies Using Amoeba proteus, Pelomyxa illinoisensis, and Three Strains of Pelomyxa carolinensis (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Protoplasm transferred to a multinucleated amoeba is well tolerated if the donor and recipient portions are from the same amoeba, from different amoebae of a single clone, from different amoebae of the same species found in a given location, or from different amoebae of the same species found in widely separated geographic areas. On the other hand, protoplasm is not tolerated and death invariably follows interspecific or intergeneric microtransfers between any two of the three species of amoebae used in this study.Attempts to overcome the tolerance block in heterologous transfers by the use of x-radiation failed although a significant extension of the mean survival time was obtained. The latter can also be interpreted as a limited therapeutic effect of nonirradiated, heterologous donor protoplasm on supralethally irradiated recipients.
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  • 52
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    Effect of Illumination on Ichthyotoxin in an Axenic Culture of Prymnesium parvum Carter (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Cultures of Prymnesium parvum subjected to constant illumination failed to produce ichthyotoxin. On the other hand cultures subjected to alternate periods of light and darkness showed a gradually rising ichthyotoxic activity during the dark period reaching a maximum after about 7 hours.
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    The Trypanosomatid Parasites of Horseflies with the Description of Crithidia rileyi n. sp. (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. A new species, Crithidia rileyi (Trypanosomatidae), is described from Tabanus epistates. The most characteristic feature of the flagellate is the frequent occurrence of a broad sucker-like posterior end. In contrast to other species of Crithidia it multiplied very slowly in the first few weeks after isolation. A review of the literature shows that trypanosomatids of two generic types, Crithidia and Blastocrithidia, have been described from flies of the family Tabanidae, although they have nearly always been regarded as stages of the same organism. Some or all of those of the Blastocrithidia type are stages of Trypanosoma theileri. The Crithidia are probably not stages in the development of any trypanosome.
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    Electron-Microscopic Observations of Gromia oviformis (Sarcodina). (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Gromia oviformis from New Zealand has been examined in thin sections after fixing in osmium tetroxide and embedding in methacrylate. The structure of the protein and acid mucopolysaccharide shell and the canals which pass radially through it are described. Multiple honeycomb membranes located between the shell and the cytoplasm, as well as mitochondria and “Golgi bodies,” none of which has hitherto been seen in light microscope studies, are discussed and illustrated. The previously known stercomata and xanthosomes are considered. Though still regarded as enigmatic cytoplasmic inclusions, observations suggest that they are waste products retained within the animal throughout life.
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  • 55
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    The Agar Layer Method for Determining the Activity of Diverse Materials against Selected Protozoa (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. An agar overlay technique developed to investigate the effect of various substances on growth of a selected group of protozoa is described. Test systems employing Crithidia fasciculata (culex), Ochromonas malhamensis, Tetrahymena pyriformis W and Trichomonas foetus were devised to evaluate the effect of known compounds and to assay the activity of antibiotic fermentation beers. This disc-plate method can be summarized as follows: preparation of a foundation layer; overlaying of a mixture of agar, nutrients, protective antibiotics, and inoculum; placing of paper discs with the test material on the overlay followed by incubation and subsequent observation of the plates for zones of inhibition of growth. The concentration of agar in the overlay sufficient to restrict movement of the protozoa without inhibiting their growth, nutrients required for adequate growth and continued viability of the inoculum, and the concentration of penicillin and streptomycin which will not inhibit the assay protozoa but beeffective against the microorganisms in the fermentation beers are discussed. This technique offers a method not only for primary screening for cytotoxic substances but also one which may be adaptable to other studies of protozoa.
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    Studies on Feeding and Digestion in Protozoa. III. Acid Phosphatase Activity in Food Vacuoles of Paramecium multimicronucleatum (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Acid phosphatase activity was studied in total mounts and sections of agnotobiotic Paramecium multimicronucleatum by the alpha-naphthyl phosphate-hexazotized rosanilin method. Timing was achieved by India ink marking of food vacuoles. Enzyme activity is present in small endoplasmic granules and in the greatest part of food vacuoles. Following an inactive stage (stage I) of an average length of 5 min the activity appears at the periphery of the vacuole, in most cases in the form of granules (stage II). A high activity level (stage III) is attained within 1 1/2 min and maintained for the most part of the vacuolar cycle. The activity disappears only in the latest vacuoles before egestion (stage IV). The appearance of activity is not concurrent with but succeeding to the maximum of vacuolar acidity as ascertained by feeding Congo red stained killed yeast cells. On the basis of these results the food vacuoles may be looked upon as belonging to the lysosomes sensu lato.
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    Relationships between Feeding Organelles and Encystment in Oxytricha fallax Stein (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. In Oxytricha fallax, extrusion of all the excretory crystals and some refractile bodies occurs when food is with held. The precystic animals thus resulting become transparent and undergo dedifferentiation of organelles. First the undulating membrane and cytostome are entirely resorbed, producing astomial forms. Then the adoral membranelles vanish gradually, accompanying which the somatic ciliature such as the cirri comes to be resorbed. Occasionally, early precystic animals retaining the intact feeding organelles reorganize spontaneously (physiological regeneration), but they become irreversibly encystable by high-temperature treatment; for hastening resorption of feeding organelles accelerates encystment.When transparent animals at various precystic stages are cut in half the posterior fragment (PF) always encysts faster than the anterior one (AF) from the same parent, except that some of the AFs from early stages reorganize into normal vegetative forms. The time difference for completion of encystment between an AF and PF pair is at early stages larger than at later ones. If the anterior part of AF is further excised, the time difference for encystment between AF and PF from the same source becomes smaller or indistinguishable, with the exception that some AFs from early stages regenerate instead. Further, when the anterior part of whole precystic animals is removed, the time for their encystment is reduced. Also in this case, the fragments from early stages normally regenerate.From these results, it is presumed that the adoral membranelles tend to inhibit the encystment process as they do the initiation of an oral primordium in dividers and regenerants of Stentor and other ciliates. Accordingly, when resorption of membranelles becomes extensive as precystic processes progress, their dominance over and inhibition of cyst formation may be diminishing. From the fact that regeneration of fragments from early stages into normal forms may be due to retention of the undulating membrane, its resorption is considered to be an essential prerequisite for the initiation of irreversible encystment.
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    Partial Characterization of Hexokinase from Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. A partially purified hexokinase extracted from Euglena had the following properties: 1) pH optimum 8.0–8.5; 2) an absolute requirement for Mg++ and adenosine triphosphate with Mn++, Co++, Zn++, and Ca++ less active or inactive under the test conditions. Inosine triphosphate could not be substituted for adenosine triphosphate; 3) an apparent Km (glucose) of 5 × 10−4 M; 4) the enzyme was not inhibited by the usual sulfhydryl agents, but was inhibited 24% by adenosine diphosphate. The extract phosphorylated fructose and mannose. It was not clear whether a separate enzyme phosphorylated fructose. Relative rates of phosphorylation, as determined by labile phosphate analyses, were: glucose, 1.00; fructose, 1.19; mannose, 0.56. The partially purified extract also contained phosphohexose isomerase activity; 6-phosphogluconic acid dehydrogenase was absent. Euglena hexokinase is apparently localized in the cytoplasmic or small-particle fraction of the cell. In most respects the enzyme seems to resemble the well-characterized yeast hexokinase rather than the muscle enzyme.
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    Lankesterella bufonis sp. nov. Parasitizing Toads, Bufo regularis Reuss, in Egypt (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Lankesterella bufonis sp. nov., from toads, Bufo regularis Reuss, in Egypt, described herein, appears to be the first species of this genus to be found in Bufo. Sporozoites of the parasite in circulating blood are usually intracorpuscular, rarely free. Free forms, abundant in smears of internal organs, particularly from lungs, are small, slender, slightly curved bodies with the anterior end more pointed than the other. The small, oval, delicate nucleus is always situated in the posterior third of the parasite, either terminal or more usually subterminal. A single cytoplasmic vacuole is located just anterior of the nucleus and more-or-less centrally. Few darkly stained granules are sometimes seen around the vacuole. Though intracorpuscular forms retain morphological characteristics of the free forms, they frequently undergo peculiar changes: apparently flattening of host-cells during smearing and fixation results in shorter and wider, and sometimes greater width of the parasite. Multiple infection with two and rarely three Lankesterella sporozoites is not uncommon. In liver and spleen smears, certain large cells, apparently of the macrophage or endothelial types, contain forms similar to those described in the peripheral blood, but mostly shorter and broader. Various developmental stages of schizonts were also seen in the liver and lung. In liver, lung, spleen, and kidney sections, numerous young forms, possibly merozoites, were scattered among tissue cells. The present parasite differs morphologically from Lankesterella minima (Chaussat, 1850), L. monilis Labbé, (1894), and L. canadensis Fantham et al., 1942.
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    An Electron Microscope Study of Food Vacuoles in Paramecium aurelia (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The foed vacuoles of Paramecium aurelia, when examined in the electron microscope, are seen to be surrounded by small secondary vacuoles 0.05 - 0.2 μ. in diameter. Similar small vacuoles also surround the deepest part of the buccal cavity. Young focd vacuoles, i.e. those containing well preserved bacteria, are encircled by a smooth. vacuolar membrane. In older food vacuoles the vacuolar membrane in a transverse section often appears more wavy with small gulfs and protuberances. It is suggested that the small surrounding vacuoles are formed by the vacuolar membrane of older vacuoles by means of a process similar to pinocytosis. There is no evidence, however, that formation of small surrounding vacuoles takes place by pinocytosis in young food vacuoles. Examination of the cytoplasmic membrane of the deepest parts of the buccal cavity shows a similar prccess of vacuole formation by pinocytosis.
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    Carbohydrate Metabolism of Trichomonads: Growth, Respiration, and Enzyme Activity in Four Species (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Tritrichomonas foetus, Pentatrichomonas gallinarum, and nasal and fecal forms of Trichomonas suis grew well in NIH Thioglycollate Broth with 1% beef serum, and produced acid end-products. Succinic acid was the major acid produced by T. foetus P. gallinarum, and the nasal T. suis, accounting for over 50% of the total acid for each. The fecal T. suis produced more lactic than succinic acid; about 45% of the total acid was not accounted for. Pyruvic acid was found in small amounts in all cultures. The lactic/pyruvic ratio was about 2.5 for the two swine forms, and about 1.0 for the other two. The nasal form of T. suis produced much more total acid than the others.O2 uptake, CO2 production, H2 evolution, and anaerobic acid formation varied with age of organism. Respiratory activity was highest at 12 hours but varied considerably thereafter. The nature of the buffer used in manometric experiments also affected the results.Glucose, mannose, fructose and galactose most stimulated respiration. Disaccharides were slowly utilized (lactose and sucrose were not used by P. gallinarum). In a few cases lactate, pyruvate, formate, and malate stimulated O2 uptake.Evidence was obtained for hexokinase, phosphohexoisomer-ase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, and glucose-6-phcsphate dehydrogenase in all 4 organisms. Phosphoglucomutase was demonstrated in T. foetus and the fecal T. suis. T. foetus and P. gallinarum showed evidence of phosphoglyceromutase and enolase. T. suis (fecal) and P. gallinarum had malic dehydrogenase, and P. gallinarum gave evidence of “malic enzyme” activity. Formic dehydrogenase activity was marked in all and presumptive evidence for a formic hydrogenlyase system was obtained for T. foetus and P. gallinarum.Study of reactions involving pyruvate and malate (with a possible linkage to a hexose monophosphate shunt) might perhaps provide a key to a better understanding of trichmonad metabolism.
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    The Nutrition of Glaucoma chaitoni A (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Glaucoma chaitoni. A has been grown in a medium free from protein. Twelve amino acids, seven B-vita-mins, a purine and pyrimidine were essential. Long-chain unsaturated fatty acids and their triglycerides, synthetic phosphatides, and carbohydrates were stimulatory. Oleic acid- containing lipids were best. The significance of the phosphatide activity and the applicability of the results of this work to problems in tissue cell and bacterial cultivation are discussed.
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    Accumulation of Co58-Vitamin B12 by Euglena gracilis (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Some conditions for optimum accumulation of vitamin B12 by resting Euglena gracilis cells were studied. Accumulation involves intracellular binding, as confirmed by disruption of the cells and differential centrifugation. At least 70% of the intracellular B12 was attached to sedimentable particles, apparently to the mitochondrial and cell wall-membrane fractions. The latter contains a heat-labile substance which rapidly binds B12.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01206.x
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    Professor Eduard Reichenow (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01172.x
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    Effect of Storage Temperature, Equilibration Time, and Buffers on Survival of Tritrichomonas foetus in the Presence of Glycerol at Freezing Temperatures (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Tritrichomonas foetus survives when frozen in the presence of 1 M glycerol after growth in cysteine-peptone-liver-maltose (CPLM) medium. In the present study, survival upon storage was better in a chest-type freezer at a constant −21°C than in an upright freezer from which were recorded cyclic temperature fluctuations between −23 and −25° or in a dry-ice chest with a nominal temperature of −72°. By the use of special thermocouples inside the freezing tubes, it was found that the temperature fluctuated between −22 and −24° in the chest-type freezer, between −19 and −30° in the upright freezer, but rising as high as -2° when the door was opened and samples were removed, and markedly in the dry-ice chest as the dry ice melted and was replaced, sometimes rising to as high as −27°. The poorer survival in the latter 2 freezers was considered due to temperature fluctuation.When equilibration with glycerol was carried out at room temperature, survival upon subsequent freezing was better following rapid equilibration (glycerol added all at once; equilibration time, 1 hour) than following slow equilibration (1/6 of the final amount of glycerol added each hour for 6 hr.; equilibration time, 7 hr.).Survival was extremely poor following either rapid or slow equilibration in the refrigerator (4°). Since T. foetus can grow indefinitely at 37° in the presence of 10% glycerol and since it is protected by glycerol when frozen, there is a critical zone near 4° in which glycerol appears to be toxic.Buffering the storage medium to pH's 6.3 to 7.1 with glycyl-glycine increased survival upon freezing, but buffering to the same pH's with triethanolamine had no significant effect upon survival, and buffering to pH's 7.1 to 7.5 with phosphates decreased survival upon freezing.
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    Further observations on Eimeria dolichotis, a coccidium of the Patagonian (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In three Patagonian cavies (Dolichotis Patagonia) which died in Dutch zoological gardens, coccidia were found. They were determined as Eimeria dolichotis (Morini Boero & Rodriguez, 1955). Cross-infection experiments with guinea-pigs exclude the identity with Eimenc cmvimt.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01181.x
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    Studies on the Metabolism of L-Phenylalanine by Tetrahymena performs W (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effect of a series of phenylalanine- or tyro-sine-containing peptides and derivatives on the oxygen consumption of washed Tetrahymena performers W cells was determined. Peptides gave greater stimulation of oxygen uptake than phenylalanine or tyrosine alone. Intermediary reaction products of phenylalanine metabolism were not oxidized, nor were derivatives of phenylalanine in which the amino group was blocked. The action of several tyrosine or phenylalanine ant metabolites was determined. It was demonstrated that extra-cellular hydrolysis of glycyl-L-phenylalanine and alanyl-L-phenylalanine took place when these peptides were incubated with washed protozoa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01184.x
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    Cytamoeba bacterifera Labbé, 1894. I. Morphology and Host Incidence of the Parasite in California. (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SVXOPSIS. Parasites belonging to the genus Cytamoeba have been found in amphibians from central and northern California. The infected animals and their numbers were (URODELA) Aneides flavipunctatus (2), A. lugubris (29), Batrachoseps a. atttnuatus (81). Dicamptodon ensatus (2), and (SALIENTIA) Rana b. boyli (1). The rates of infection varied between 0.6% and 29.3%, and the number of parasites per infected cell ranged from one to seven.Preparations stained with haematoxylin and Romanowsky dyes indicated several types of parasite: some were homogeneous, others possessed several dark staining granules and some possessed large, dark staining central bodies or peripheral dark staining rims. Parasites were seen in the erythrocytes, the plasma and, occasionally, in endothelial cells and monocytes. They were found in the peripheral and heart blood and in the blood of the liver, spleen, kidneys and lungs. Cell division was common in erythrocytes, and yielded daughter cells of identical size. In some cases, chains of 3 to 5 individuals were seen and, rarely, three bodies, in a cloverleaf configuration, were produced as the result of a single division. Following acid hydrolysis, methylene blue-stained parasites showed a peripheral ring of granules, and, in some, a few stained centrally located bodies.
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    The Coccidia of the Zorille letonyx (Zorilia) capensis Kaup (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The literature on the coccidia of the carnivorous mammals of the family Mustelidae has been reviewed. Three species of Isospora are described for the first time from the zoriile, Ictcnyx (Zorilla) capensis (Fam. Mustelidae). Two of these, I. hoogstraali sp. now, and 7. africana sp. nov are considered to be new species, while the third one, I. bigemina var. zorillae var. nov. is recognized as a new variety.
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    The Ultrastructure of Tritrichomonas with Special Reference to the Blepharoplast Complex (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Electron micrographs of sections through the blepharoplast complex reveal it to be composed of four kineto-somes. In many of the sections the kinetosomes contain dense particles approximately 180-200 A in diameter. The costa is a striated fiber which extends posteriorly almost the entire length of the body. Its slender proximal portion appears to be attached to the base of the kinetosome of the recurrent flagellum. The parabolas fiber is similarly constructed, but is more slender than the costa. It is attached to the base of the kinetosome of an interiorly directed flagellum and subsequently proceeds posteriorly to the level of the nucleus. The costa and parabasal fiber probably serve as anchoring or supportive structures. The size of the costa may reflect its role as a supporting structure for the most highly differentiated locomotors organelle, the undulating membrane.
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    Ophryoglena mugardi n. sp. (Ciliata Hymenostomatida Ophryoglenidae). Cycles de reproduction (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Ophryoglena mugardi is an Ophryoglena of medium size characterized by its spindle-shaped and bimicronuclear theront, by its rather bulky trophont and by its physiological reproductive cycle. During starvation its physiological evolution causes a secondary and temporary encystment of the theront lasting 6 or 7 days (at 18°C). The ultimate re-encystment leads to cytolysis. Feeding induces the physiological reproductive cycle; if food is given soon after the release of the tomites, it determines a primary cycle, usually allowing eight tomites; if it is dispensed only after the secondary encystment of the hungry theront and after its excystment it causes the appearance of secondary cycles, allowing two or four tomites.When the starved theront, becoming smaller and smaller, is fed it produces trophonts which encyst. These no longer divide; each one delivers one theront only. These theronts, smaller and smaller, are able to produce the original major forms, but only after several successive alimental cycles and without any secondary encystment of the theront.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02624.x
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    The Plastid System of Normal and Bleached Euglena gracilis (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. The plastid system of “normal”Euglena gracilis strain Z was found to be extremely unstable. Under normal culture conditions in the light about 1 or 2% of the cells were found to have lost spontaneously the capacity to green on further culturing. Cells treated with streptomycin, heat or U.V. all lost the capacity to green on further culturing. Bleached cells whether appearing spontaneously or by induction with streptomycin, heat, or U.V. light, were all found to possess within them organelles which were identified as proplastids.The proplastids of some “bleached” strains were capable of synthesizing porphyrins when grown in a standard culture medium. Others synthesized porphyrins only after the addition of delta-aminolevulinic acid to their medium, while proplastids of still other strains could not synthesize porphyrins from this precursor. Normal cells when grown in total darkness were found to possess proplastids morphologically identical with those of the bleached strains. Upon exposure to light the proplastids enlarged and greened. In cells which grew under continuous light the plastid system appeared as an interconnected system of tubules. Cells maintained on a schedule of 12-hour light and 12-hour dark had plastids which were detached from each other.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02628.x
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    Cellular Responses to Thermal and Photo Stress I. Euglena and Chlamydomonas (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Euglena and Chlamydomonas were cultured in an organic medium in the dark and at several light intensities (15, 60 and 150 ft-c) at temperatures from 20d̀ to 35d̀C. Below 32.5d̀, growth of Euglena was independent of light. Chlamydomonas was light dependent at all temperatures where growth occurred; there was no growth in the dark, at 15 ft-c, or at temperatures above 32.5d̀. At 35d̀, growth of Euglena became inversely light dependent; the higher the illumination, the poorer the growth. Multinucleated, giant euglenas were found at 35d̀, a greater percent of abnormal cells appearing at the higher light intensities. Monsters were not observed in Chlamydomonas.To explain the growth-inhibiting, monster-inducing effect of elevated temperatures on Euglena, it is postulated that a dark-formed thermosensitive protein, essential for normal cell division, is denatured. Light may increase the effect of heat on chlorophyll and the chloroplast, possibly by being converted to intraplastidic heat through the plastid carotenoids, thus having some indirect synergistic role in the phenomenon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02631.x
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    Erythromycin-Induced Bleaching of Euglena gracilis (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Erythromycin bleaches Euglena gracilis in a manner resembling that of streptomycin. Erythromycin-bleached substrains have been cultivated 16 months in light on erythro-mycin-free media without greening. Bleached substrains were obtained only if erythromycin was added to actively growing cultures: erythromycin did not bleach if added during the stationary phase of growth of green cultures.
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    The Chemical Nature and Function of the Endoplasmic Granules of the Ciliate Conchophthirus curtus (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Conchophthirus curtus is a thigmotrich that occurs on the gills of Unionid clams (Elliptio complanatus in this study). The anterior third of the endoplasm, unlike the remainder, is relatively firm and without gastrioles; it contains an extensive aggregation of specialized endoplasmic granules and is therefore called granuloplasm. On the surface ventral to the granuloplasm is a thigmotactic area that bears closely set, strongly adherent cilia. There is no evidence that the granules are intracellular microorganisms; they are Feulgen-negative and do not divide, nor do they stain like bacteria. Cytochemical tests show that the granules contain neutral fat, fatty acid, phospholipid, glycogen, and mucin. The evidence indicates that the principal function of the granules and granuloplasm is the production of mucin, which is supplied to the underlying thigmotactic cilia, thereby conferring on them their adhesive properties. Thus, the granules and granuloplasm constitute a mucous organelle, and to the extent that they are osmiophilic and secretory they qualify as Golgi bodies and Golgi material, respectively. Since endoplasmic granule is a general term for any of the granules of protozoan endoplasm, it is recommended that the granules of the present study be called muciferous granules.
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    Studies on the Macronucleus of Paramecium aurelia. I. (with a note on Ultra-violet Micrography). (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. This is a description of structures seen in EM preparations of the macronucleus of Paramecium aurelia, using both starved and growing organisms, the latter at timed stages after fission. The effects of treatment with RNA-ase, DNA-ase and of the “silver-Feulgen” reaction are described, and comparisons made between structures in the macronucleus and the micronucleus. The appearance of macronuclei in thin (2 μ) paraffin sections, stained by the Feulgen, azure A and pyroninmethyl green methods, and upon examination by ultra-violet micrography, is also considered. From these observations it is concluded that the macronucleus contains a large number of structures, 0.5 μ in diameter, consisting of an outer RNA-containing region and central elements containing DNA. These bodies, which are usually thought to be “nucleoli” by other workers, are now considered to be the most likely candidates for the genetic “sub-nuclei” which have been postulated from genetic work.
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    Le Genre Trimyema Lackey et les Caracteristiques Structurales des Ciliés Trichostomatida (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. The longitudinal kineties of the holotrich ciliate Trimyema marinum each bear only three widely spaced cilia; but these cilia are located at identical horizontal levels so that they comprise three helicoidal ciliary bands running around the anterior pole of the organism. The two kineties whose cilia are found most anteriorad, located in a right dorso-lateral position on the body, are exceptional, however: they are prolonged anteriorly, bearing numerous short additional cilia.These two “polykineties” wind clockwise around a kind of apical disc; their distal extremities continue to curve, dipping into a “prebuccal invagination” in which they may be said to constitute a vestibular ciliature.In spite of its rather unique characteristics, the curious anatomy of this ciliate does conform to the organizational type recognized for holotrichs of the order Trichostomatida.
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    Glucose Metabolism of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris; Growth and Enzymatic Studies (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. A number of small molecules including CO2, certain Krebs cycle acids and certain amino acids stimulated growth and glucose utilization of a colorless strain of Euglena gracilis in a phthalate-buffered mineral salts medium. Their major effect was to shorten markedly the lag period; some compounds also gave small increases in maximum growth rate and total cell yield. The stimulatory substances were effective in small (sparking) amounts. It is suggested that all the stimulatory substances acted similarly, by keeping the internal concentration of oxaloacetate at a sufficiently high level to allow effective operation of the terminal respiratory cycle.Glucose utilization was initiated within a pH range of 3.0 to 5.0. This range could be extended by the addition of glycine to the growth medium. Cells cultured at pH 4.5 could be adapted to growth at pH 7.0 in a phosphate-buffered mineral salts medium containing a small amount of citrate. Neither adaptation nor growth occurred at pH 7.0 in the absence of citrate. Since no evidence of citrate utilization was obtained and since EDTA replaced citrate, it is concluded that citrate was acting as a chelator.The major enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas and pentose phosphate pathways were demonstrated in cell-free extracts. The data presented indicate that glucose metabolism in Euglena is similar to that found in a wide variety of other cells. Indirect evidence was also obtained for the operation of a uridine linked pathway in hexose metabolism.With the exception of hexokinase, for which results were inconsistent, all the enzymes demonstrated were routinely found in the supernatant fraction of the cell-free extracts. The pH optima of a number of the enzymes were found to be between pH 7.5 and 8.6, although the cells from which the enzymes were obtained were grown in acid medium.
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    Nucleic Acid Digestion and Macronuclear Form in Cannibal Blepharisma, New York University Strain (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Cannibal giant Blepharisma undulans americanus, NYU strain, grown in mass culture, showed increased numbers of macronuclear lobes and greater variability in their number, compared to the bacteria-fed form. Feulgen and methyl greenpyronin preparations stained both the DNA and RNA of the cannibals and of the ingested forms within the food vacuoles.During the first 3 to 6 hours of digestion, macronucleus and deoxyribonucleic acid disappear from the food vacuole; during the last 6 hours the ribonucleic acid disappears from the food vacuole; DNA and RNA are therefore presumed to be digested and absorbed.
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    Production of a Vitamin B12 Compound by Tetrahymenids (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Production of a “vitamin B22-like compound” by Tetrahymena pyriformis mating type II, variety 1, and 3 other tetrahymenids was demonstrated. The compound produced by T. pyriformis was nutritionally active for Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus leichmannii and inert for Ochromonas malhamensis and Euglena gracilis, despite use of a variety of the standard methods for liberating bound B12. By dry-weight it is present in 1 part in 30 million. Its chromatographic and electrophoretic properties are described.
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    Protozoology Today (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02571.x
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    Malayan Protozoa 5. Two Avian Malaria Parasites (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Turnix suscitator (Galliformes), Phaenicophaeus javanicus (Cuculiformes), and two passerine birds, Dicaeum cruentatum and Pycnonotus dispar, harbor Plasmodium vaughani Novy and MacNeal in the States of Pahang, Perak and Trengganu. P. rouxi Sergent, Sergent and Catanei occurs in the same localities and in Kelantan too, in the following eight passerines: Chloropsis cyanopogon, Copsychus malabaricus, Geokichla sibirica, Malacocincla rostrata, Pitta megar-hyncha, Pomatorhinus hypoleucos, Pteruthius erythropterus and Pycnonotus goiavier. This is the first report of either parasite from Malaya, and from the hosts listed. Taxonomic criteria are discussed, and it is pointed out that Dr. A. H. Helmy Mohammed's “bow-tie” schizonts are a useful guide to the recognition of P. rouxi.
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    Observations on the Life Cycle of Phytomonas elmassiani (Migone) in East Africa (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. A leptomonad flagellate found in large numbers in the latex of the asclepiad plant Pergularia extensa in East Africa has been identified as Phytomonas elmassiani (Migone). The flagellate is believed to undergo cyclical development in the lygaeid bug Oncopeltus famelicus which feeds on Pergularia. Following the ingestion of infected latex by the insect, the flagellates on reaching the midgut enter a growth phase and increase in size to form giant leptomonads. These probably then migrate to the salivary glands of the bug, possibly by boring through the gut wall, haemocoel and walls of the salivary glands. The salivary gland forms represent a multiplication phase in the life-cycle, and numerous small metacyclic forms are produced which are then injected into a plant host to initiate a new infection.Also infecting the midgut of Oncopeltus famelicus is another trypanosomatid, Blastocrithidia familiaris (Gibbs). It is characterised by the possession of an undulating membrane and the habit of budding off leishmania bodies from its anterior end.These bodies are resistant and serve in the transmission of the parasite from bug to bug.The two flagellates of Oncopeltus famelicus are readily distinguished from one another, not only on morphological grounds but also on their behaviour in vitro. B. familiaris can be cultivated on a monophasic glucose-peptone broth. It then loses its undulating membrane but retains its budding habit. Phytomonas elmassiani will not grow on this medium but when inoculated into a diphasic peptone blood-agar medium the latex forms will undergo development comparable to their insect midgut phase.The plant trypanosomatids appear to form a well-defined group bearing little similarity to the monogenetic insect flagellates of the “crithidia” type. It is suggested that the culture form Strigomonas (=Crithidia) oncopelti, allegedly parasitic in asclepiads and Oncopeltus fasciatus, might be simply an insect parasite, its original plant association being quite fortuitous.
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    The Cultural Forms of Trypanosoma ranarum (Lankester, 1871). I. Relation Between Cyclic Development of Culture Forms, Oxygen Consumption in the Presence of Glucose, and Malonate Inhibition. (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Ten- or 12-day cultures of Trypanosoma ranarum in Diamond's SNB-9 medium contain large numbers of slender crithidia and considerably smaller numbers of pear-shaped crithidia, but in fresh media the pear-shaped bodies constitute about 93% of the population after 5 days whereas slender forms make up about 4–5%; the remainder are leishman bodies. Succeeding days show a different cycle in that the slender forms increase to some 93% at 10–13 days and the pear bodies decrease to some 3% of the total at the same time.When washed in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer alone, neither morphological type shows endogenous respiration; in glucose containing buffer, O2 consumption becomes evident; pear-shaped crithidia use, on an average, 12.6 μl O2/hr/108 whereas slender forms utilize 17.7 μl O2/hr/108 parasites. Malonate at 0.01 m inhibits O2 consumption of slender forms about 61% as compared to 27% with the pear-shaped bodies. A speculative discussion of the relation between morphological types, O2 consumption in the presence of glucose, and malonate inhibition is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02581.x
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    Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis and Distribution During Growth and Amitosis of the Macronucleus of Euplotes (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Short sections of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the elongated macronucleus of Euplotes eurystomus were labeled by means of a short exposure to tritiated (H3-) thymidine to follow by autoradiography the fate of the labeled DNA during amitotic reorganization of the macronucleus. During amitosis the radioactive DNA that was restricted during interphase to short sections of the nucleus is dispersed and becomes evenly distributed throughout each daughter macronucleus.Although the reorganization bands normally originate only at the ends of the macronucleus, additional bands can start at other places on the macronuclear surface. Bands of the same macronucleus originate with a high degree of synchrony. DNA synthesis is a constant feature of the rear zone of every reorganization band.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02586.x
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  • 86
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    The Fine Structure of Lankesterella garnhami (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Thin sections of Lankesterella garnhami were examined by electron microscope and the morphology of trophozoites and sporozoites is described. The envelope of the organism consists of a double membrane, which (in the presumed sporozoite) is broken at one point posteriorly by the microphyle. The anterior end possesses characteristic organelles, which include an open apical ring leading to a collar or conoid and to 30 peripheral fibrils, a paired organelle, and numerous “lankesterellonemes.” Typical mitochondria and a Golgi apparatus are found in the cytoplasm and a nucleus of heterogeneous nature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02590.x
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  • 87
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    Characterization and Distribution of “H” Serotypes in 25°C Cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis, Variety 1. (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A survey of antigenic types, as revealed by immobilization reactions, among 78 strains of variety 1 of T. pyriformis grown in monoxenic cultures at 25°C discloses a minimum of six distinct classes. These are called the H serotypes, and are designated as types Ha, Hb, Hc, Hd, He and Hf. The terminal members of highly inbred series (Families A, A1, B, D, etc.) are of a single immunological class, but different inbred series show different serotypes. Early representatives of the inbred series show in contrast considerable serotypic variation. The distribution of serotypes is generally consistent with the genetic hypothesis developed in a parallel study, but new serotypes arise occasionally through some mechanism not yet adequately studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01233.x
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  • 88
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    Polymorphism in Tetrahymena vorax (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Two types of polymorphism, differing greatly in stability characteristics, have been recognized in Tetrahymena vorax strain V2. The basic life history involves three stages: a microstome, a macrostome, and a cyst. The appearance of each of these stages is dependent upon conditions of substrate availability, i.e., macrostomes persist in the presence of suitable ciliate prey, microstomes persist in the presence of bacteria or organic nutrient solutions, and cysts appear under conditions of starvation.Superimposed upon the basic life history is a second level of polymorphism: three markedly different types of sublines have been obtained from a single parental clone. No intermediate types have been observed. When grown under identical controlled conditions, the three types of sublines differ significantly in cell and nuclear size, meridian number, growth properties, competence to form cysts and macrostomes, and serotype. Each subline of a given type is subject to transformation into one or both of the other types. These transformations are usually spontaneous events with very low frequencies, although certain transformations may be induced. Once a transformation has occurred, the new phenotype is inherited by subsequent generations of cells for an indefinite period in a way which is independent of environmental influences. The available information suggests that the three types of sublines are not the result of gene mutations, but rather represent alternate epigenetic stable states of a single cellular system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01235.x
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  • 89
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    La Structure Fine de Chlorogonium elongatum. I. Etude Systematique au Microscope Electronique. (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The flagellate Chlorogonium elongatum has been studied in the electron microscope by thin-sectioning techniques. The nucleus, limited by a porous membrane, contains a large nucleolus and some dense masses, probably of chromatin. When the medium is rich or the culture young, the chloroplast has few lamellae, and very few pyrenoids. Inversely, when the medium is poor or jthe culture old, the lamellae are abundant, appearing as piled discs or as a tortuous lamellar system. The pyrenoids are then numerous and are surrounded by starch grains. They are composed of an opaque, finely granular substance, and are never traversed by chloroplast lamellae. The stigma, within the chloroplast, is a circular or oval plate composed of a single tier of dense granulations. The cytoplasm contains mitochondria which are concentrated near the pellicle of the cell, an endoplasmic reticulum, an abundance of ribo-nucleoprotein particles or ribosomes, and a Golgi apparatus. These organelles resemble those observed in other protozoa. The two fiagella are encased in cylinders situated at the anterior end of the cell. At the base of the fiagella are the basal corpuscles or kinetosomes, which repose within a cupule. A dense granule which probably corresponds to the centrosome appears near this structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01241.x
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  • 90
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    Excystment Ability, Respiratory Metabolism, and Ribonucleic Acid Content in Two Types of Resting Cysts of Colpoda cucullus O. F. Miiller (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Colpoda cucullus forms two kinds of resting cysts: stable cysts which withstand freezing and need 24 hours for activation, and unstable cysts which do not survive freezing, but are activated within 3-4 hours. ImM 2,4-dinitrophenol has no effect on stable cysts, and increases the respiration rate of unstable cysts by 100%. 1 mM methylene blue increases oxygen consumption in both stable and unstable cysts, by 200% and 400% resp. The results suggest that the inhibition of metabolism is more complete in stable cysts. These differences are not correlated with nucleic acid level, as both kinds of cysts contain approximately equal amounts of RNA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01212.x
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  • 91
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    Lipid and Sterol Content of Some Protozoa (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Total lipids of several protozoa were determined and found higher than in most other microorganisms. The lipid content in a phytoflagellate, Ochromonas malhamensis, could be increased by excess nicotinic acid or deficiency in nitrogen supply. Cell multiplication and lipid synthesis were unaffected by inhibitors of vitamin synthesis such as penicillamine, pan-toyltaurine, or pyridine-3-sulfonic acid, up to 100 mg%. The phytoflagellates, O. danica, O. malhamensis, Euglena gracilis, and the photosynthetic bacterium Chlorobium limkola contained large quantities of non-saponifiable lipids: ergesterol was identified as a major component of this lipid fraction. Sterols were not found in the bacteria, Streptococcus faecalis, Rhodopseudomonas palustris; the algae. Cyanidium calidarnm. Anacystis nidulans, and Porphyridium cruentum; and the protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01216.x
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  • 92
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    The Sterol Requirement of Tetrahymena paravorax RP (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Tetrahymena paravorax RP was cultured axenically in a medium of known chemical composition (within the limits of contemporary standards of chemical purity). In this medium, it required 12 amino acids, 6 B-complex vitamins, a purine, a pyrimidine, and inorganic salts. A sterol or sterol ester was necessary for optimal growth. Plant and animal 3 β-OH sterols with saturated and unsaturated ring systems, and with a variety of side chain structures, were active. Several methylated sterols suggested as intermediates in cholesterol synthesis were inhibitory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01221.x
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  • 93
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    Hexamastix dobelli n.sp., a New Trichomonad Parasitic in the Starred Tortoise (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Hexamastix dobelli n. sp. (Trichomonadidae) is described from the large intestine of the starred tortoise, Testu-do elegans Schoepff. This is the first species of Hexamastix to be reported from a chelonian. The organism is pyriform, oval, or round in shape. There are five anterior flagella, of which two are long and three short and a single recurrent flagellum, which equals the short anterior flagella in length. The axostyle is very slender and projects for some distance outside the body. The nucleus contains three to six granules and has no endosome. The pelta is crescent-shaped and the parabasal body is rod-like. Perinuclear granules are present in the anterior half of the body. The parasite is 6.0 to 16.5 μ long, 2.0 to 10.3 μ wide and the diameter of nucleus is 2.5 μ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01220.x
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  • 94
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    Comparison of Trypanosome Incidence in Blood and Bone Marrow from 79 Colorado Birds (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Seventy-nine adult birds in 8 species were examined at autopsy for the presence of Trypansoma avium. Films of thoracic blood were stained in Giemsa and later searched for trypanosomes. Marrow was removed from femora and humeri, mixed with Ringer's solution, and examined direct for living flagellates. Sixty-four birds (81%) showed positive marrows; 5 (6%) had positive bloods. In the 15 birds with negative marrows, only 2 had trypanosomes in the blood. These data emphasize the advantage of marrow over blood examination in determining the incidence of avian trypanosomiasis and point up the excellence of fresh marrow examination in such studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01192.x
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  • 95
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    Eimeria leucopi n. sp., a Coccidium from the Deer Mouse Peromyscus leucopus (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Eimeria leucopi n. sp. (Sporozoa) is described from oocysts in the feces of the deer mouse Peromyscus leu-copus (Rafinesque) taken in the vicinity of Durham, North Carolina. The oocysts are ellipsoidal, occasionally ovoid, and rarely round, 14-24 ± 14 - 21 μ, mean of 19.2 ± 16.8 μ. Length-width index 1.0 to 1.37, mean of 1.13. Micropyle absent. Oocyst wall composed of 2 layers. Clear residual bodies present. Sporocysts 11.5 - 14.0 ± 6.5 - 8.0 μ, mean 12 0 ± 6.8 μ Stieda body present. Minimum sporulation time about 74-hours, sporulation range about 54 hours. Prepatent period 5 or 6 days with a 6 day patent period. Although the intensity of infection was light in all naturally infected hosts, the incidence of infection ranged from 16.6 to 71.9%E. leucopi could not be transferred to the sympatric golden mouse P. nuttalli.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01195.x
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  • 96
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    New Species of Gregarines from Millipedes of Mysore State, India (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Five species of millipedes under investigation revealed the presence of six species of gregarines, five of which are new. A new method for the study of development of the gametocyst is described. A list of the millipedes and their gregarine parasites is given below:
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01200.x
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  • 97
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    Survival and Reproduction of Paramecium after X-irradiation (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Four species of Paramecium, P. calkinsi, P. mul-timicronucleatum, P. bursaria, and P. trichium, were treated in the following way. Counted numbers (100 or 200) were irradiated with X-rays in 2 ml air-tight Nylon syringes in steps of 50,000 r begining with this dosage and extending up to at least 450,000 r. For each experiment, the four different species were irradiated simultaneously each in one syringe. Survival and reproduction were then followed for at least 48 hours by expressing irradiated specimens from the syringes into spot plates. P. trichium was the most radiosensitive and recovery and reproduction occurred only after the lower dosages. P. calkinsi was the most radioresistant and showed relatively fast recovery and reproduction even after moderately high dosages. With certain high dosages, reproduction was blocked temporarily for 24-30 hours, after which there was not only recovery from irradiation but a gradually in creased reproductive rate. The greater the dosage, the slower the recovery to reproductive ability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01199.x
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    Gymnodinium chukwanii n. sp. and Other Marine Dinoflagellates Collected in the Vicinity of Zanzibar (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Thirty-five species of marine dinoflagellates are described and figured, including one new species, Gymnodinium chukwanii. These were collected by the author during the period February - March 1956. G. chukwanii has affinities to G. splendens and G. nelsoni and their group. The remainder of the paper is concerned with described species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01207.x
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  • 99
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    Some Unfinished Investigations of Malaria in Pigeons (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01171.x
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  • 100
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    Direct and Indirect Evidence that Free-living Ciliates Conjugate in Nature (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 8 (1961), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A brief summary of the literature exemplifying the indirect lines of evidence leading to the conclusion that -living ciliates conjugate in natural environments is followed by a description of the isolation of potential mates, conjugating pairs and recent exconjugants of Paramecium bur-saria from a pond in Westwood Village. Calif. The data suggest that natural populations of Paramecium pursaria pass through infrequent epidemics of conjugation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1961.tb01176.x
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