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  • Articles  (7)
  • toxicity  (5)
  • Combustion products  (2)
  • cell  (2)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989  (7)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1950-1954
  • 1987  (7)
  • 1959
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (7)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pool fires under atmosphere and ventilation in steady-state burning (part II) (1987)
    Springer
    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 186-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Pool fire ; burning rate ; mass loss rate ; cell ; ventilation ; atmosphere ; burning parameters ; fire model ; solvent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Two pool fire tests for solvent burning were made to obtain the burning rate and the mass loss rate from burning pans under atmosphere and ventilation in a cell. From the data, burning parameters for the Spalding's modified model reported in Part I were determined in steady-state pool burning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01036935
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pool fires under atmosphere and ventilation in steady-state burning (part I) (1987)
    Springer
    Fire technology 23 (1987), S. 146-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Pool fire ; fire model ; burning parameters ; burning rate ; mass loss rate ; Spalding's theory ; cell ; ventilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Modeling based on Spalding's theory was undertaken to obtain information on a solvent pool fire under atmosphere and ventilation in steady-state burning. The model comprised the modified B-number with burning parameters governing the burning rate of solvent. Mass loss rate and burning rate of solvent from the burning pan were governed by heat conduction through the pan wall for small pans and by turbulent free convective heat transfer for large pans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01040429
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A review of the literature on the gaseous products and toxicity generated from the pyrolysis and combustion of rigid polyurethane foamsThis paper is a contribution of the National Bureau of Standards and is not subject to copyright (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 1-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: carbon monoxide ; combustion products ; fire retardants ; hydrogen cyanide ; literature reviews ; polyurethane foams ; rigid foams ; thermal decomposition ; toxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The literature on rigid polyurethane foam has been reviewed with an emphasis on the gaseous products generated under various thermal decomposition conditions and the toxicity of those products. This review is limited to publications in English through 1984. Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) were the predominant toxicants found among more than a hundred other gaseous products. The generation of CO and HCN was found to increase with increasing combustion products from various rigid polyurethane foams. Lethality, incapacitation, physiological and biochemical parameters were employ as biological end points. In general, the combustion products generated from rigid polyurethane foam in the flaming mode appear from to be more toxic than those produced in the non-flaming mode. The LC50 values for 30-min exposures ranged from 10 to 17 mg l-1 in the flaming mode and were greater then 34 mg l-1 in the non-flaming mode. With the exception of one case, in which a reactive type phosphorus containing fire retardant was used, the addition of fire retardants to rigid polyurethane foams does not appear to generate unusual toxic combustion products.
    Additional Material: 33 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110102
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nylons: A review of the literature on products of combustion and toxicity (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 71-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Combustion products ; literature reviews ; nylon ; pyrolysis, thermal decomposition ; toxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The literature on polyamides was reviewed to determine the nature and extent of information available on these materials which are commonly used in consumer and industrial applications. This review was limited to aliphatic polyamides normally called nylon and excludes aromatic polyamides such as Nomex and bicomponent polymers consisting of nylon and other polymers. The review was further limited to those publications in English through June 1984. Typical pyrolysis products from a broad range of nylons do not appear to differ greatly. Many of the decomposition products detected in vacuum pyrolysis experiments appear as products of thermal degradation in inert and air atmospheres. In air, a general reduction in the quantities of heavier hydrocarbons is noted along with an increase in the production of CO, CO2, H2O, NH3, HCN and NOx. The toxicity of the thermal degradation products from various types of nylon has been evaluated by nine different protocols. Reported LC50 values range from 10.8 m l-1 to 61.9 mg l-1. Dyes apparently do not affect the materials' combustion products toxicity but an increase in the amount of backcoating on a nylon fabric increases toxicity. Time to death measurements show that volatile products from nylons are less toxic than those from rayons or cotton, while the blending of wool with nylon greatly increases the toxicity of the thermal decomposition products. In general, however, the overall toxicity of the thermal degradation products from nylon do not appear to be greatly different than those from many other polymeric materials. Large-scale test results are ambiguous, and it is difficult to interpret the results in terms of a single component in a multicomponent system.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110204
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A literature review of the chemical nature and toxicity of the decomposition products of polyethylenes (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 55-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Combustion products ; literature reviews ; polyethylenes ; thermal decomposition ; toxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The literature on polyethylenes has been reviewed with an emphasis on the identification of gaseous products generated under various thermal decomposition conditions and the toxicity of those products. This review is limited to publications in English through 1984. The analytical chemical studies of the thermal decomposition products generated under vacuum, inert and oxidative experimental conditions are described. In oxidative atmosphere, which most closely simulate real fire conditions, carbon monoxide (CO) was found to be the predominant toxicant. Acrolein was another toxicant often noted in these reviewed studies. More acrolein was generated under non-flaming than under flaming conditions. Results from seven different test procedures were considered in assessing the acute inhalation toxicity of combustion products from various polyethylene formulations. The combustion products generated from the polyethylenes studied in the non-flaming mode appeared to be slightly more toxic than those produced in the flaming mode. In the non-flaming mode the LC50 values ranged from 5 to 75 mg l-1. In the flaming mode the LC50 values ranged from 31 to 51 mg l-1. The toxicity of the degradation products of polyethylenes appears to be similar to that found for other common materials designed for the same end uses.
    Additional Material: 14 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110203
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polystyrenes: A review of the literature on the products of thermal decomposition and toxicity (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 109-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: combustion products ; fire data ; literature reviews ; polystyrene ; pyrolysis products ; test methods ; toxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The current English literature through 1984 on the products of pyrolysis and combustion from polystyrenes and the toxicity of those products is reviewed. Among 57 compounds detected by chemical analyses of the thermal decomposition products produced under various atmospheric conditions (vacuum, inert and oxidative), the main volatile component is the styrene monomer, Evidence is provided that the mass fraction of styrene increases with furnace temperatures at least through 500°C. At 800°C and above, the concentration of styrene decreases. In oxidative atmospheres, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxidative hydrocarbons are formed. The concentrations of CO and CO2 are a function of temperature and combustion conditions, i.e. greater amounts are produced in the flaming than in the non-flaming mode. Eleven different test procedures were used to evaluate the toxicity of the pyrolysis and combustion atmospheres of polystyrenes. The more toxic environments produced under flaming conditions appear to be mainly attributed to CO and CO2 but rather to some other toxicant, probably the styrene monomer. When compared with other common materials used in buildings and residences, polystyrenes, in general, are among the least toxic.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110302
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxicity of the pyrolysis and combustion products of poly(vinyl chlorides): A literature assessment (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 11 (1987), S. 131-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: carbon monoxide ; combustion products ; hydrochloric acid ; large-scale fire tests ; polyvinyl chloride ; pyrolysis products ; small-scale fire tests ; toxicity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Poly(vinyl chlorides) (PVC) constitute a major class of synthetic plastics, Many surveys of the voluminous literature have been performed. This report reviews the literature published in English from 1969 through 1984 and endeavors to be more interpretive than comprehensive. PVC compounds, in general, are among the more fire resistant common organic polymers, natural or synthetic. The major products of thermal decomposition include hydrogen chloride, benzene and unsaturated hydrocarbons. In the presence of oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water are included among the common combustion products. The main toxic products from PVC fires are hydrogen chloride (a sensory and pulmonary irritant) and carbon monoxide (an asphyxiant). The LC50 value calculated for a series of natural and synthetic materials thermally decomposed according to the NBS toxicity test method ranged from 0.045 to 57 mg l-1 in the flaming mode and from 0.045 to 〉 40 mg l-1 in the non-flaming mode. The LC50 results for a PVC resin decomposed under the same conditions were 17 mg l-1 in the flaming mode and 20 mg l-1 in the non-flaming mode. These results indicate that PVC decomposition products are not extremely toxic when compared with those from other common building materials. When the combustion toxicity (based on their HCI content) of PVC materials in compared with pure HCI experiments, it appears that much of the post-exposure toxicity can be explained by the HCI that is generated.
    Additional Material: 12 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810110303
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