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  • Articles  (3,841)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 44 (1959), S. 315-321 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary By comparing the equalities expressing the solar flux within a wide spectral region on the assumption of an extintion within the atmospheric aerosol given by βαλ−α and that of an extintion represented by β1λ−1, a relationship is established by means of which: 1) The error is discussed which is done when the air opacity is expressed by β1, in the case when α≠1; 2) A simple and quick method is worked out for determining the parameters βα and α from actinometric observations, carried out within the spectral regions λ〈525 mμ and 525 mμ〈λ〈625 mμ.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 44 (1959), S. 321-321 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 44 (1959), S. 322-328 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 44 (1959), S. 303-314 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La recherche nous fournit des preuves nouvelles pour le fait qu'à peu près deux ans avant les maxima et avant les minima des taches solaires, de même que 1 1/4 à 2 ans après les maxima, les zones subtropicales de haute pression sont renforcées et déplacées vers les pôles, et que le gradient de pression atmosphérique de la zone des hautes pressions déplacées vers la région polaire est plus fort dans l'été de l'Hémisphère Nord. Les intervaux du cycle des taches solaires — dans lesquels la zone subtropicale des hautes pressions est déplacée vers le pôle — sont fixés plus exactement par les quantités des précipitations dans l'Europe Centrale pendant l'été et par la pression atmosphérique moyenne d'été à Edinburgh. La distance du début et de la fin de ces intervaux de l'extrême des taches solaires le plus proche n'est pas exprimée par des ans, mais par des fractions de la distance de l'extrême des taches solaires précédent et de celui qui suit. Ce fait explique également les déviations dans des cycles des taches solaires anomaux. Enfin le diagramme des cernes moyens de dix sapins rouges de l'Europe Centrale pendant une époque de presque 200 ans est présenté. Ce diagramme nous montre nettement que l'on ne peut pas se tier à la thèse, que les cernes des vieilles arbres contiennent la période des taches solaires de onze ans. Au moins cette thèse n'est pas valable pour l'Europe Centrale. De l'autre côté ce diagramme exprime bien la double ou triple variation des précipitations au cours du cycle des taches solaires.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung In der Untersuchung werden neue Belege dafür erbracht, daß ungefähr zwei Jahre vor den Maxima und Minima der Sonnenflecken sowie 1 1/4 bis 2 Jahre nach den Maxima die subtropischen Hochdruckgürtel verstärkt und polwärts verschoben sind, und im Sommer der Nordhalbkugel das Luftdruckgefälle von dem verlagerten Hochdruckgürtel neach dem Polargebiet gesteigert ist. Auf Grund der sommerlichen Niederschlagsmengen in Mitteleuropa und des mittleren Sommerluftdrucks in Edinburgh werden die Abschnitte des Sonnenfleckenzyklus, in denen der subtropische Hochdruckgürtel polwärts verschoben ist, genauer festgestellt und der Abstand des Anfangs und Endes dieser Abschnitte vom nächstgelegenen Sonnenfleckenextrem nicht in Jahren, sondern in Bruchteilen des Abstandes des vorausgehenden Fleckenextrems vom nachfolgenden Fleckenextrem angegeben. Dadurch finden die Abweichungen in anomalen Fleckenzyklen eine Erklärung. Schließlich wird eine Kurve der mittleren jährlichen Wachstumsringe von 10 mitteleuropäischen Fichten während eines fast 200-jährigen Zeitraums gezeigt. Aus der Kurve geht mit aller Deutlichkeit die. Unrichtigkeit der Behauptung hervor, daß in den Jahresringen alter Bäume die 11-jährige Sonnenfleckenperiode enthalten sei. Mindestens gilt das nicht für Mitteleuropa. Dagegen kommt die Doppel- oder Dreifachschwankung des Niederschlags innerhalb des Sonnenfleckenzyklus in der Kurve gut zum Ausdruck.
    Notes: Summary The study presents new evidence for the fact that approximately two years prior to the occurrence of maxima and minima of the sunspots, also 1 1/4 to 2 years after the occurrence of maxima, the subtropical high-pressure belts are strengthened and shifted toward the poles, and further that the pressure gradient increases from the high-pressure belt toward the polar region in the summer of the Northern Hemisphere. Based on the summerly amounts of precipitation in Central Europe and average summerly atmospheric pressures in Edinburgh, the intervals of the sunspot cycle, during which the subtropical high-pressure belt is shifted toward the poles, are determined more precisely. The distance of beginning and end of these intervals from the nearest sunspot extreme is expressed in fractions of the distance from the preceding sunspot extreme to the following one, rather than in years. Thus, the departures in anomalous sunspot cycles find their explanation. Finally a chart shows the average annual rings of 10 Central European spruces during a period of almost 200 years. This chart clearly demonstrates the incorrectness of the assertion that the 11-years' sunspot period can be found in annual rings of old trees. This is at least not true in Central Europe. On the other hand the chart expresses well the double or triple variation of precipitations within the sunspot cycle.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 237-242 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The idea of the mean free path of small ions is introduced in a theory previously published, and a value of the combination coefficients of these small ions on very small aerosols particles are evaluated. Theoretical results are discussed in comparison with experimental values.
    Notes: Résumé On introduit dans un calcul anciennement publié la notion de libre parcours moyen des petits ions dans l'air, et on en déduit les valeurs de leurs coefficients de fixation sur des aérosols ultrafins, électriquement chargés ou non. Ces résultats théoriques sont discutés et comparés aux résultats expérimentaux actuellement acquis.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 291-294 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 243-250 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Inside the columns of the Parthenon there have been found prismatic pieces of wood called «έμπόλια». Two of these pieces originated from the same cypress tree, a tree some 200 hundred years old, judging from the number of rings. The study of the thickness of the rings of these pieces of wood, based on theDouglas method, has produced the following results: 1. During the 200 years referred to, which were prior to 440 B.C. (the time when the Parthenon was under construction) the rings of the pieces of wood recently found there showed wide and clearly distinct thickness variations recurring periodically. 2. These variations attest the existence ofBrückner's 35-year and 11-year periods in the precipitation (which occurred some 2,600 years ago). The average values of these two periods are 34.5 and 11.5 years. 3. Two great maxima are noticeable, the gap between which corresponds to 108 years.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 42 (1959), S. 11-20 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A description with illustrating slides is given of the gelatin-silver nitrate technique for identifying chloride particles. Results of samples taken on many flights from an aircraft of the Meteorological Research Flight both in the horizontal and vertical are given. The relationship of these particles and relevant meteorological parameters are discussed.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 42 (1959), S. 24-31 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Since the beginning of the I.G.Y. collections of precipitation for chemical analysis have been made at 22 sample stations distributed all over the territory of Czechoslovakia at different heights above sea level. Analyses are carried out in the laboratories of the Geophysical Institute, Department of Physics of the Air, Hradec Králové. This preliminary report deals with the results of analyses during which the content of chloride ions was determined independently by the polarographic and the microtitration technique, while the content of nitrate ions was established polarographically. Distribution of concentrations of chlorides over the territory of Czechoslovakia represents a roughly homogeneous distribution of concentrations varying in a half year average from 0.6 mg/l to 6.6 mg/l. Generally higher concentrations can befound in mountain stations in the neighbourhood of industrial centres. In the winter months the values are higher than in the summer months in most of the stations. This is commonly due to a higher content of chlorides in solid precipitation as can be seen from the enclosed chart. A correlation between the concentration of chlorides and the intensity of the precipitation is not always clearly visible. Distribution of nitrates does not correspond with the character of the iso-lines of chlorides. Average concentrations range from 0.2 mg/l to 1.5 mg/l. The highest values were not found in the precipitations collected in the mountain stations. This would suggest a different distribution of chemical components of chlorides and nitrates in the lower levels of the troposphere which is clearly illustrated by the established concentrations in the region of High Tatra where the precipitations are collected in two neighbouring stations the height difference of which reaches nearly 2,000 m.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 44 (1959), S. 144-153 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Some measurement methods are described for geoelectrical deepinvestigations down to a depth of 4000 m. Then the obtained results are discussed. The results of the geoelectrical deep-investigations were confirmed in a very satisfactory manner by deep drillings. The average limit of error of the geoelectrical predictions was ±8–13%.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden Messanordnungen beschrieben, die für geoelektrische Tiefsondierungen bis ungefähr 4000 m geeignet sind. Anschliessend werden die erzielten Messergebnisse besprochen. Die Übereinstimmung zwischen der geoelektrischen Prognose und dem Ergebnis der Bohrung ist eine sehr gute. Die Abweichung schwankt im Mittel um ungefähr 8–13%.
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