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  • Chemical Engineering  (567)
  • 1980-1984  (460)
  • 1955-1959  (107)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1981  (460)
  • 1958  (107)
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  • 1980-1984  (460)
  • 1955-1959  (107)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of porosity in filtration part 3: Variable-pressure - variable-rate filtration (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 170-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Virtually all filtration literature has been concerned with constant rate or constant pressure with greater emphasis on the latter. In contrast to these types of operations, industrial filtrations involving centrifugal pumps are accomplished under variable-pressure - variable-rate conditions. In spite of its importance virtually no work has been reported in connection with variable-rate - variable-pressure filtration. Formulas developed for constant pressure and constant-rate filtration are not in general applicable to operations effected by centrifugal pumps. Methods solving variable-pressure - variable-rate filtration problems are presented.A method of determining average filtration resistance as a function of compressive pressure under variable-pressure - variable-rate conditions is discussed, and formulas for determining point filtration resistance from data for average resistances are presented.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040210
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Individual film coefficients of mass transfer in liquid-liquid extractionThis paper is based on a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Carnegie Institute of Technology. (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 180-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study has been made of the individual film coefficients of mass transfer for two binary liquid-liquid systems of differing physical properties, namely methyl isobutyl carbinol-water and methylethyl ketone-water, in a 4-in. diam. extraction column operated as a spray column and with 1/2-in. Raschig ring packing. The value of Ht for the dispersed phase was found to be a constant, C1 for a given system in a given column. The Ht values for the continuous phase could be correlated by the equation, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$(H_t )_c = C_2 (V_c /V_d )^n $$\end{document} Values of the constants C1, C2, and n are tabulated along with the values found by earlier investigators for other systems and column packings. The Ht values have been reduced to area base coefficients by the expression for droplet surface area proposed by Gaylor and Pratt (3).Presaturation of either phase was found to have no effect on mass transfer rates. There appears to be relatively little difference in the efficiency of spray and packed columns for systems of low interfacial tension, but for high interfacial-tension systems packed columns are considerably more efficient than spray columns.While no definitive correlations for the effect of physical properties are proposed, there are some indications that n is a function of the viscosity ratio of the two liquid phases and that C2 is a function of the 1/4 power of the groups (dΔργ/μ2c)(μc/μa) and (NS c)c. No correlation was found for the effect of physical properties on (Ht)d.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040212
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat transfer from superheated vapors to a horizontal tube (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 43-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data are reported for condensing Freon-114 (tetrafluorodichloroethane) and steam at several pressures. The condition of the vapors ranged from saturation to 180°F. of superheat. The condensing tube containing embedded thermocouples was 3/4 in. in diameter and 3 ft. long. Visual observation showed that steam condensed by dropwise condensation in part. Increase of superheat in the vapor at constant pressure caused a lowering of the tube-wall temperature, which was indicative of a lowering of the surface temperature of the condensate. The lowering of the condensate-surface temperature below the saturation temperature was computed from the experimental tube-wall temperatures, the heat flux, and Nusselt's equation for the condensate-film resistance. The lowering of the condensate-surface temperature is correlated with degree of superheat. An interfacial coefficient of heat transfer between the superheated vapor and the condensate surface is reported based on the computed surface temperatures. Schrage's analysis and equations for relating mass and heat transfer with conditions at an interface were simplified and used to correlated the experimental condensing load with the degree of superheat.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040109
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat and momentum transfer in the flow of gases through packed beds (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 63-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat and momentum transfer studies have been made for the flow of gases through fixed beds consisting of randomly packed, solid metallic particles. The experimental technique employed in these studies made possible for the first time the procurement of gas-film heat transfer data under steady state conditions and in the absence of mass transfer effects. Electric current passed through the metallic particles of the bed created within the particles a steady generation of heat, which was continuously removed by gases flowing through the bed. Several direct temperature measurements of both gases and solids within the bed made possible the direct calculation of the heat transfer coefficient for the gas film to produce the Colburn heat transfer factor jh, which has been found to correlate with the modified Reynolds number, Reh = √ ApG/[µ(1 - ∊)ϕ]. The shape factor ϕ was established in these studies for cubes and cylinders and was found to be identical to their respective sphericities.Pressure-drop measurements produced a friction factor fk of the Blake type, which yielded separate curves for each shape when correlated with the modified Reynolds number Rem. No simple relationship was found to exist between the heat transfer and friction factors. A single correlation of the pressure-drop data was obtained for the modulus fkoϕn when correlated with a Reynolds number of the type Rem = √ ApG/[µ(1 - ∊)]. The exponent n varies with the particle shape.Experimental runs have been carried out for 3/16, 1/4, 5/16-in. spheres, 1/4 and 3/8-in. cubes, and regular cylinders using hydrogen and carbon dioxide to extend the range of molecular weights beyond that of air, used for the majority of these runs. A particle-size, column-diameter effect was found to exist for both heat and momentum transfer. This effect becomes significant in the low Reynolds region.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040113
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Natural-convection heat transfer in regions of maximum fluid density (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 81-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One of the important factors affecting the rate of heat transfer by natural convection is the temperature-density relationship of the convecting fluid. The importance of this factor is amplified when the heat is being transferred to a medium which has a maximum density.This investigation consisted of measuring the heat transfer rates, velocity gradients, and temperature profiles when heat is transferred from a flat vertical plate to water in the region of 4°C. In some experiments the flow in the boundary layer was observed to be downward while at other conditions of plate and fluid temperature a dual motion (both up and down) was noted, thus establishing a basic difference in the heat transfer mechanism and precluding a unified theory. Theoretical consideration is given to each mechanism and a criterion is derived to predict the flow regime which will prevail at fixed conditions of plate and bulk temperatures.An analogue computer was used to establish theoretical velocity and temperature profiles. The theoretical values agree reasonably well with the measured values; however, the experimental temperrature gradients near the wall were not sufficiently accurate to be extrapolated to determine a point heat transfer coefficent.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040116
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass transfer from a soluble solid sphere (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 114-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer from 3/8- and 1/2-in.-diameter spheres of adipic acid and from 3/8-, 1/2-, 5/8- and 3/4-in.-diameter spheres of benzoic acid into a controlled stream of water passing in laminar flow through a 3-in.-diameter pipe is found to be correlated by the single equaton NSh = 2 + 0.95 NRe0.5 NSc0.33 for sphere Reynolds numbers between 100 and 700. The limitations on the application of this equation, due to mass transfer by natural convection, are discussed. Correlations are also obtained for transfer from separate regions of the sphere surface.Skin-friction-drag coefficients for single fixed spheres have been calculated from reported pressure distributions for Reynolds numbers between 100 and 1,000.Good agreement is obtained between the mass transfer j factor and other reported values for heat transfer, but comparison with the calculated frictional forces indicates that the equality proposed by Colburn (3) does not hold, because the distributions of the mass transfer and the skin friction over the surface differ.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040120
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Errata (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 6M 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040123
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The first transactions (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 125-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040202
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calculation of the diffusion coefficient of dilute gases and of the self-diffusion coefficient of dense gases (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 137-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A corresponding-states correlation of low-density binary- and self-diffusion coefficients is presented. The equations are simple to use, are sufficiently accurate for most calculations, and correlate those data used in their derivation somewhat better than calculations based on the Lennard-Jones potential if potential parameters have to be estimated from the critical properties. The Enskog kinetic theory of dense gases is used in modified form to obtain an expression for the high-density diffusion coefficient for isotopic mixtures in terms of the viscosity and compressibility of the gas. Generalized viscosity and compressibility charts are then used to construct a graph for predicting a reduced self-diffusion coefficient as a function of reduced temperature Tr = T/Tc and reduced pressure pr = p/pc. The effect of the pressure on the Schmidt number, Sc = μ/ρD, is also discussed. Finally the extension of this chart to nonisotopic mixtures is considered.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040205
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas absorption accompanied by a liquid-phase chemical reaction (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 223-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rate of absorption of chlorine from chlorine-nitrogen mixtures into solutions of ferrous chloride in 0.203 N aqueous hydrochloric acid was studied in a short wetted-wall column. Dimensional analysis and the film and penetration theories were used to infer, from the absorption rate data, that the chemical reaction between chlorine and the ferrous ion is second order. The absorption-rate results for experiments with a dilute gas phase agreed with theoretical predictions for absorption accompanied by a second order reaction with a reaction rate constant of 188 liters/(g. mole) (sec.). The results for experiments with pure chlorine gas deviated from the rest of the results, and they did not agree with the theoretical equations. It was shown that the assumption of a three-step mechanism for the chemical reaction, including the formation of a complex ion and the decompositon of this complex ion, explains, at least qualitatively, the deviations observed for the pure chlorine gas runs.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040219
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reply (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 6J 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040224
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040301
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscosity: Reduced-state correlation for the inert gases (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 257-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A reduced-state viscosity correlation has been constructed from the available data of the inert gases. For the development of this correlation, the fragmentary experimental data for argon were utilized along the lines proposed for thermal conductivities by Owens and Thodos (21) in order to determine the effect of pressure on viscosity. In addition, the only available low-pressure viscosity data for neon and helium have been incorporated in this correlation to produce for the first time the effect of subatmospheric pressures. This correlation covers the range of pressures included between PR = 40 and PR = 0.015 × 10-4 and extends up to temperatures of TR = 100. It has been found that the effect of subatmospheric pressures on viscosity does not become significant above pressures of 1 mm. of mercury. However, at lower pressures, viscosity is found to decrease rapidly, particularly in the regions below absolute pressures of 0.01 mm. of mercury.Viscosities calculated with the reduced state correlation produce an average over-all deviation of 0.93% for neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. In these comparisons the available viscosity data for the gaseous and liquid states of these substances have been included. Deviations of the same order of magnitude are produced for helium in the gaseous state; however, these deviations become excessive for viscosities of helium in the liquid state.The application of the final reduced state correlation has been extended to a number of diatomic and polyatomic gases and found to apply well to the diatomic gases only.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040304
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discharge coefficients through perforated plates at reynolds numbers of 400 to 3,000 (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 266-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The correlation of Kolodzie and Van Winkle (3) for predicting dry plate orifice coefficients through perforated plates originally covering a Reynolds number range of 2000 to 20,000 has been extended to apply to Reynolds numbers as low as 400. The correlation applies to column diameters ranging from 3 to 15 in.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040306
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase relations of binary systems that form azeotropes: I. The ammonia-n-Butane system (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 293-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Binary systems that form azeotropes in the critical region of the system show a wide variation in their phase behavior. As part of an investigation of the factors responsible for this variation, the P-V-T-x relations of the ammonia-n-butane system were determined at the liquid-vapor phase boundaries from near room temperature to the highest temperature and pressure at which the liquid and vapor coexist. Ammonia and n-butane form an azeotrope whose composition varies from 81.7 mole % ammonia at 300 1b./sq. in. to 86.3 mole % at 1295 1b./sq. in. The critical locus possesses a minimum temperature point similar to other binary systems that form azeotropes in the critical region. The experimental results support the hypothesis that binary systems that form azetropes exhibit a characteristic pattern of P-T-x relations in the critical region that is distinctively different from systems that do not form azeotropes.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040312
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drainage of packed beds in gravitational and centrifugal-force fields (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 305-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The basic differential equations are developed for the prediction of saturation-time curves for the drainage of packed beds in either gravitational or centrifugal fields. The only mathematical solution existing at present, a series solution, is provided for these equations. A film drainage function is included to describe the movement of liquid along the surface of the particles when the main liquid level has passed through the pores of the bed. This method of analysis has been used successfully to predict the drainage of packed beds in a 9-in.-diameter hydroextractor. The important value of capillary suction head is best found from ancillary tests with Haines apparatus, but the value can be found with reasonable accuracy from the change in drainage rate as the liquid surface enters the upper surface of the packed bed. When these two rates are available, the permeability can also be found, and all the major variables are obtained from the drainage test on either the hydroextractor cake or the packed bed under gravity drainage.
    Additional Material: 28 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040315
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generalized correlation for loading in packed towers with countercurrent gas-liquid flow (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 324-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments in which a liquid film runs over a vertical string of spheres surrounded by a concentric tube through which air is blown upward have shown that loading in a packed tower is due to the formation of standing waves on the liquid film. In the ball-and-tube system a wave is formed just below the equator of each ball, owing to the pressure gradient within the air stream as it accelerates through the narrowing gap between the ball and the tube. Interfacial shear and surface tension are of secondary importance. The similarity between the characteristics of the ball-and-tube system and those of the randomly packed tower suggests that loading in the latter system is also due to wave formation. With this concept of loading, a correlation has been dérived.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040318
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suboptimal stochastic control of a continuous latex reactor (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A suboptimal control algorithm is derived for a continuous latex reactor subject to deterministic and stochastic disturbances to control the pathological behavior of the reactor. An extended Kalman filter based on an instantaneous local linearization technique is used to estimate the reactor states, and a quadratic performance index is used to derive the suboptimal feedback control law. This study successfully demonstrates the application of the multivariable control theory to the control of a simulated continuous latex reactor operating under limit-cycle conditions. The mathematical model used for the control studies was previously developed and has been shown to describe the performance of an actual reactor system extremely well over its entire range of operation.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270104
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement and application of limiting activity coefficients (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Infinite dilution activity coefficients (γ∞) in binary liquid mixtures are data of wide practical and theoretical applicability, but their extensive use has been hindered by the experimental limitations of classical vapor-liquid equilibrium techniques. Two new experimental methods for accurate γ∞ determinations are presented. These techniques, both faster and more accurate than classical methods, are complementary, and their applicability to different types of binary systems is discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270107
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-phase combustion in fluidized beds (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 59-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kerosine or propane was injected near the base of a small, air-fluidized bed of sand at 940°C. The fraction of fuel burnt within the bed was determined from a heat balance, for various particle sizes, fluidizing velocities, and bed depths.Assuming the initial formation of a train of fuel vapor bubbles, theoretical analysis indicated two stages of combustion: (1) rapid consumption of the oxygen initially between fuel vapor bubbles; (2) slow consumption of oxygen initially outside the fuel vapor region by radial diffusion of oxygen and fuel vapor, analogous to a diffusion flame.Comparison of experiment with theory gave effective radial diffusion coefficients of the same order of magnitude as the molecular diffusion coefficient. It was inferred that combustion occurs largely by a diffusion flame within the bed, with diffusion through the particulate phase being the rate-controlling step. This explains why fuel distribution is so important in attaining efficient combustion.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270110
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Effective diffusivity by the gas chromatography technique: Analysis and application to measurements of diffusion of various hydrocarbons in zeolite NaY (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 81-91 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The gas chromatography technique was applied to measurements of diffusion of n-butane in zeolite NaY. The linear chromatography theory failed to explain these results quantitatively, and a significant system nonlinearity was demonstrated. This nonlinearity is likely associated with non-Fickian diffusion. Order of magnitude estimates of the diffusivity could still be obtained, however. Over the range of temperatures 105 to 240°C, the n-butane diffusivities were in the range 10-8 to 10-6 cm2/s. Similar results were obtained with n-hexane and calculated diffusivities were about an order of magnitude smaller than the corresponding n-butane values. In contrast, limited experiments with cyclohexane, 2, 2-dimethylbutane, and trans-decalin were entirely consistent with the linear chromatography theory. At the measurement temperatures, the intracrystalline diffusion was too rapid to be detected in any of these systems. Attempts to operate at lower temperatures where diffusion might be significant were frustrated by extensive peak broadening and concomitant loss of detector response.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270113
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of external diffusion on deactivation rates (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 125-131 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Alteration in concentration-independent catalyst decay rates due to the presence of finite external and internal mass transfer resistances is examined. Analytical expressions for external and overall time-dependent catalytic effectiveness are developed. Analysis of diffusion-limited catalyst deactivation in flow reactors is discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270118
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  • 23
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    Correlation of solubility of hydrogen in hydrocarbon solvents (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 138-148 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A correlation is developed for the solubility of hydrogen in hydrocarbon solvents at temperatures from 310 to 700 K and pressures to 30 MPa (300 bar). The fugacity of dissolved hydrogen at zero pressure is correlated as a function of solubility parameter and temperature. The high-pressure fugacity is obtained upon applying a Poynting factor for which the required partial molal volume of hydrogen is also correlated in terms of solubility parameter and temperature. The Henry constant of hydrogen is included in the correlation. The correlated results are compared with experimental data for 22 systems of binary and ternary solutions and five narrow-boiling cuts of coal liquids. The overall average absolute deviation for all systems studied is approximately 6%.
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    Diffusional influences on deactivation rates (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 120-125 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The interrelation between internal diffusion and concentration-independent deactivation is examined using a simple mathematical model. Analytical procedures are developed for evaluating the performance of single catalyst particles in the presence of diffusion and deactivation. By incorporating time-dependent effectiveness factors in design equations, reactor performance under the combined influence of diffusion and deactivation is predicted. By analogy to the effectiveness factor for non-deactivating systems, the concept of a deactivation effectiveness factor is introduced.
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    Hydrogen permeation through nickel in gas and liquid phase (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 159-162 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Interlinked, multistaged separators with nonstandard specifications solved by the Newton-Raphson method (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 163-166 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Correlation of eddy diffusivities for pipe flow (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 170-172 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Gas-liquid-solid reactor design, Y. T. Shah, McGraw-Hill; 373 pages; $4.00; January, 1979 (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 174-174 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Masthead (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Vapor liquid equilibria up to 100 MPa: A new apparatus (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 203-207 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new static cell for vapor-liquid equilibria up to 100 MPa between 233 and 433 K is presented. A detachable sampling microcell and a special chromatographic injector are used in a new sampling system suitable for gas chromatographic analysis of mixtures with high boiling components. The test system is N2 - n-Heptane at 305.45 K.
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    High gradient magnetic filtration of fine particles from a gas stream (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 193-202 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dust particles originally generated by two steelmaking processes were dispersed in an air stream and passed through a pilot-scale high gradient magnetic filter. In accordance with theoretical predictions, the experimental results showed that collection was improved by increasing the depth or density of the steel wool filter, increasing the applied magnetic field, or decreasing the filtration velocity. Collection efficiency increased with particle size up to about 2 μm, above which the efficiency tapered off, apparently due to reentrainment effects. Collection efficiencies of greater than 99% were obtained, indicating that high gradient magnetic filtration may be a practical method of controlling particulate emission from processes in the iron and steel industry.
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    An experimental investigation of stability and multiplicity of steady states in a biological reactor (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 284-292 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The existence of multiple stable and unstable steady states in a continuous stirred tank biological reactor (CSTBR) was demonstrated experimentally for the first time. These experiments resulted in the determination of growth rate, yield and intermediate metabolite concentration data entirely from continuous culture. This information was used to qualitatively interpret the stability behavior in terms of the biochemistry and bioenergetics of substrate metabolism.
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    On the possible existence of concentration stability effects within a continuous well-mixed reactor when a solid catalyzed liquid to gas reaction occurs (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 301-303 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    A group contribution molecular model of liquids and solutions: II. Groups and their interactions in water and aqueous solutions of paraffins, ketones, and alcohols (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 303-309 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    Heterogeneous catalysis in practice by Charles N. Satterfield, McGraw-Hill Company, May 1980; 416 pages; $26.95 (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 316-316 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Masthead (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981) 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Laminar condensation heat and mass transfer to a moving drop (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 372-377 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents numerical solutions to the nonlinear, coupled boundary-layer equations governing laminar condensation heat and mass transfer in the vicinity of the forward stagnation point of a spherical cold water droplet translating in a saturated mixture of three components. The environment surrounding the droplet is composed of a condensable (steam), a noncondensable and nonabsorbable (air), and a third component which is noncondensable but absorbable (Elemental Iodine, for example). The dispersed and the continuous phases have been treated simultaneously. Results obtained here show excellent agreement with experimental results where available. An important conclusion is that for laminar condensation on a freely falling droplet, for a given thermal driving force and noncondensable gas concentration in the bulk, the dimensionless heat transfer decreases with increasing saturation temperature of the outside medium.
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    Bacterial film growth in adsorbent surfaces (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 396-403 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Simultaneous biological and activated-carbon treatment of organic wastewaters appears promising. The effects of bacterial film growth on adsorbent particles is investigated by laboratory work and mathematical modelling. Regeneration of the adsorbent due to film growth does occur, but faster than predicted. The discrepancy reflects uncertainty about the structure of bacterial films.
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    Studies in reaction path synthesis (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 429-442 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The development of processes requires the consideration of a wide variety of reactions which are required to transform raw materials into desired products, solve separation problems, and heat or cool process streams. These reactions have to be evaluated on the basis of raw material costs, kinetics, potential separation difficulties, catalyst costs, safety and reliability, as well as other factors that would arise in their industrial implementation. In this paper, the current status of research in reaction path synthesis has been reviewed. Details have been presented on the REACT program that has been developed for the synthesis of reaction paths for industrial organic chemicals.
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    An efficient, general method for computation of countercurrent separation processes with axial dispersion (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 277-284 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A calculational method is proposed for the simulation of steady-state, multisolute, countercurrent extraction with axial dispersion. The method provides for complex chemical-equilibrium and phase-equilibrium relationships, and accounts for the individual resistances of the liquid phases in the calculation of mass-transfer rates. The solution procedure follows that developed by Newman (1967, 1968) for systems of simultaneous, second-order difference equations.Three example problems are solved to demonstrate the efficiency and flexibility of the method. These include (1) an example from McSwain and Durbin (1966), (2) calculation of axial-dispersion and mass-transfer parameters from experimental data for the extraction of acetic acid from water by a tertiary amine in an RDC extractor, and (3) simultaneous extraction of solutes that interact in an acid-base complexing reaction at the liquid-liquid interface. The examples all assume that extraction is governed by interphase mass-transfer rates and cell-wise backmixing; however, the method is also applicable to equilibrium-stage separators, separators described by the diffusional model of axial dispersion, and other countercurrent separation processes.
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    Secondary nucleation of citric acid due to fluid forces in a Couette flow crystallizer (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 312-315 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Convective solids settling induced by a buoyant phase (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 588-592 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Quantitative measurements of the effect of a third phase of buoyant solid particles on the settling rates of suspensions of heavy particles are reported. It is found that for a wide range of concentration of both buoyant and heavy particles, the settling rates of both solid phases are greatly increased. If the phases are dilute, the settling velocities of both are retarded. The total settling time of heavy particles can be halved, but only under conditions that the light phase is unaccelerated. This suggests that small gas bubbles would form a more satisfactory buoyant phase. The high concentrations of thickened suspensions which result from the acceleration process are also reported.
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    Concentration polarization in protein ultrafiltration. Part I: An optical shadowgraph technique for measuring concenration profiles near a solution-membrane interface (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 632-636 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Employment of vapor pressure data in the description of vapor-liquid equilibrium with direct method (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 673-679 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure for inserting vapor pressure data in the equations of state is presented. It provides a straightforward scheme for the extension of direct methods to the study of phase equilibria of polar mixtures and of solutions containing nonvolatile electrolytes. Some examples of application are also given.
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    Solubility extrema in solid-fluid equilibria (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 861-863 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data and theory both support the contention that there is a maximum solubility in solid-fluid equilibria. An example system, naphthalene-ethylene, at temperatures between the upper and lower critical end points and at pressures from 1 to 1000 bar is considered. There is also a solubility minimum in this system.
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    Characterization and analysis of continuous recycle systems: Part II. CascadePart I of this paper appeared in AIChE J., 25, 873 (1979). (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 829-836 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general analysis of a cascade of identical recycle units is presented by means of studying the fluid history inside the system. This is an extension of Part I (Mann et al., 1979) in which a single recycle unit was analyzed. The history of a fluid element is expressed in terms of the number of cycles it completes, the time it resides in the system and the total time it resides in a specific section of the system - all are random variables. Concepts from probability theory and stochastic processes are used to derive the number of cycles distribution (NCD), residence time distribution (RTD) and various total regional residence time distributions (TRRTDs) as well as their means and variances. Expressions for the joint distributions of pairs of these random variables are also derived as well as explicit expressions for their covariances and correlation coefficients. Two applications of the results are illustrated: one in analyzing a continuous spouted-bed coating unit and the second in using the cascade as a flexible, physically based multi-parameter flow model.
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    Progressive freezing of composites analyzed by isotherm migration methods (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 928-937 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Isotherm Migration Method of numerically analyzing conduction with phase change is modified to handle surface and external resistances, appearance, and propagation of successive fronts into slabs of composite material of one or more constituents finely dispersed in a matrix, different components transforming at different temperatures. Procedures are developed for selecting temperature intervals between isotherms, initially locating isotherms by means of analytical approximations to the earliest stages, and thereafter inserting and removing isotherms as appropriate, particularly when each component gives rise to a separate front.
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    Numerical solution of nonequilibrium multicomponent mass transfer operations (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 968-974 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An improved model and solution procedure for nonequilibrium, multicomponent, two-phase, steady-state mass transfer problems are developed. Processes as diverse as packed column operation and the drying of porous solids are included. Ideas such as “HETP,” “HTU” or “mass transfer section” are avoided. “Stiff” systems appear to be handled well.
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    Adsorption-desorption barrier, diffusional exchanges and surface instabilities of longitudinal waves for aperiodic regimes (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 1002-1008 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Our purpose is to give the physical conditions under which transfer of a surfactant through a fluid interface between two immiscible liquids may induce aperiodic convective motion.Adsorption-desorption rates are considered together with diffusional exchanges. New kinds of surface instabilities are then predicted.
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    Concentration profiles for solids suspended in a continuous agitated reactor (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 1017-1020 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Conversions and temperature rises in a tubular reactor with heat transfer at the wall-exothermic reaction (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 1026-1028 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Kinetic analysis of a non-isothermal reactor (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 1039-1041 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Gas backmixing in large fluidized beds containing tube assemblies (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 509-514 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Calculation of critical points from cubic two-constant equations of state (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 521-523 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Errata (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 527-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270331
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    Waterborne coatings: Emulsion and water-soluble paints by Charles R. Martens, Van Nostrand Reinhold, october 1980, 316 pages, $22.50 (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 526-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270330
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    Steady flow through porous media (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 529-545 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The increasing demands for oil, water, and food produced in an environmentally sound manner have placed emphasis on the manner of their production, a major part of which is concerned with flow through porous media.The movement of materials through porous media is of interest in many disciplines: in chemical engineering - adsorption, chromatography, filtration, flow in packed columns, ion exchange, reactor-engineering; in petroleum engineering - displacement of oil with gas, water and miscible solvents including surface-active agent solutions and description of reservoirs; in hydrology - movement of trace pollutants in water systems, recovery of water for drinking and irrigation, salt water encorachment into fresh water reservoirs; in soil physics - movement of water, nutrients, and pollutants into plants; in biophysics - life processes such as flow in the lung and the kidney.This paper reviews the fundamentals of steady flow through porous media: it discusses the pseudotransport coefficients permeability, capillary pressure, and dispersion and relates these coefficients to the geometry of porous media. It also discusses single-fluid flow, multifluid immiscible flow, and multifluid miscible flow including the effects of heterogeneity, nonuniformity, and anisotropy of media.
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    Evolutionary synthesis of separation processes (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 578-587 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with the problem of finding, among many alternatives, the sequence of separation units that will isolate desired products from given feed at the minimum cost. Multicomponent products can be specified. An evolutionary procedure is presented. This method consists of two phases. In the first phase, a good initial structure is created by heuristic methods. In the second phase, the initial structure is successively modified by making evolutionary structural changes. This logic has been programmed on a digital computer and has been tested on several problems.
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    Solubilities of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and nitrogen mixtures in methanol (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 605-613 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Previously published data for the six binary combinations that can be formed from CO2, H2S, N2 and methanol are used to obtain parameters of the four-suffix Margules equation describing liquid solution behavior. The vapor phase is described by the Soave modification of the Redlich-Kwong equation of state. Isothermal binary data are fit well by these equations. The effects of temperature on the Margules parameters are significant and, except for N2-containing mixtures, the parameters were taken to be inversely proportional to absolute temperature.Experimental data were obtained for multicomponent mixtures of CO2, H2S, N2 and methanol. Model predictions were tested against these data. Comparisons of predicted and measured values of bubble point pressure and equilibrium vapor compositions are satisfactory.
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    Connection between relative gain and control loop stability and design (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 613-619 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The objective of this paper is to point out the relationship between the relative gain array (RGA) and control system stability and design. Rigorous stability limits are presented for a general 2 × 2 system for several cases involving both steady state and dynamic interactions. These stability limits explicity involve the RGA. Two specific examples of interaction in distillation models are also discussed.
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    Concentration polarization in protein ultrafiltration. Part II: Theoretical and experimental study of albumin ultrafiltered in an unstirred cell (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 637-645 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270416
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    Kinetics of nonisothermal sorption: Systems with bed diffusion control (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 654-663 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical model is presented to describe the kinetics of nonisothermal sorption for a system in which the main resistance to mass transfer is the macrodiffusional resistance of the absorbent particle bed while the main resistance to heat transfer is the resistance at the external surface of the adsorbent sample. The model is used to interpret experimental kinetic data for the sorption of several hydrocarbons in 10X and 13X zeolite crystals. By varying the configuration of the sample bed and the size of the zeolite crystals it is shown that, for n-heptane and iso-octane in 13X, the intracrystalline diffusional resistance is negligible even in 40-μm crystals. The assumption of intracrystalline diffusion control which has been made in earlier kinetic studies of similar systems is therefore incorrect.
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    Analysis of control-output interactions in dynamic systems (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 690-693 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general theory for examining the dynamic as well as static interactions among inputs and outputs in a multivariable control system has been developed. Both state space and frequency domain approaches are used, and at steady state the interaction equations assume the same form as the relative gain array developed by Bristol. Implications of selecting input-output pairings with regard to steady state vs. dynamic consideration are discussed. The application of the method of analysis to a distillation column control system is presented.
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    Optimum pore size for the catalytic conversion of large molecules (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 697-699 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Masthead (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981) 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270501
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    Exact calculation methods for systems of interlinked columns. Part I: Separation of binary heterogeneous azeotropes (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 733-739 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model and iterative correction algorithm are described for the exact solution of separation systems which contain interlinked columns in which some stages have two liquid phases and others have a vapor and liquid phase. The correction algorithm is based on Newton's method and provides for simultaneous correction of all iteration variables. The derivatives are calculated analytically from the model equations. The separation of a binary mixture which forms a heterogeneous azeotrope is analyzed. Modifications to the correction algorithm which provide for fixed condenser temperature and fixed product flows are described. The separation of butanol and water is used to illustrate the method.
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    Part II: Reaction rate studies and the analysis of batch esterification in two phase systems (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 761-767 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of the esterification of n-butyl alcohol with acetic acid has been studied experimentally in concentrated solutions at near ambient temperature in the presence of a sulphuric acid catalyst and the rate constants for the forward and reverse reaction determined.The rate data obtained from the homogeneous system has been applied to analyse the performance of a batch-extractive reactor using n-heptane as solvent. The rate of mass transfer of the ester was found to be significant and when introduced in a model of the reaction process gave good agreement with the experimental results.
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    Design of advanced process controllers (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 793-805 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with defining the relation between modeling of process units and controller design. In the process industries, it is often difficult to obtain accurate process models. It is shown that advanced algorithms such as dead-time compensators require more detailed process information for design than do with PI and PID controllers. A method is described to systematically evaluate the relation between process identification and controller design, stability, and performance. It is shown that conventional gain and phase margins do not provide proper safety margins for dead-time compensators and optimal controllers. Methods for safe design of dead-time compensators are derived, and the approach could be useful in a wide class of problems.To illustrate the approach presented, the design of PI controllers by conventional methods is analyzed. The conditions, as well as the exceptions, are specified in which methods such as described by Ziegler and Nichols or Cohen and Coon will give good results. It is shown that for any stable nonlinear system with an input/output function y = G*p(u), a linearized design function G′pd can be constructed and identified that guarantees stability and reasonable performance of the controller (Eqs. 21 and 22 and Figures 4-7) over a wide range of operating conditions. A rigorous framework for identifying the exceptions and understanding the reason why such methods work is presented.
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    Influence of turbulence on mass transfer between a liquid and a solid sphere (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 819-823 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Electrochemical measurements of overall mass transfer rates from a single sphere have been performed in a highly turbulent liquid. The increase in mass transfer rate due to turbulence has been shown to be more important at high Reynolds number and high turbulence intensity. Various equations of correlation have been proposed between the overall Sherwood number, the Reynolds number and turbulence intensity, the simplest one being \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ Sh = 6.82\,{\mathop{Re}\nolimits} ^{0.559}\, Tu^{0.069} $$\end{document} A correct agreement has been found with previous heat or mass transfer results between a gas and a sphere.
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    Bubble nucleation studies. Part I: Formation of bubble nuclei in superheated water by bursting bubbles (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 851-853 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Part II: Bubble entrainment by drop-formed vortex rings (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 853-856 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Prediction of thermal conductivity for dense fluids and fluid mixtures (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 864-866 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Heat transfer to laminar in-tube flow of pseudoplastic fluids (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 872-875 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Process level instrumentation and control by Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Morcel Dekker, Inc., 1981; 252 pages; $29.75 (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 876-876 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270533
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    Distillation models for two partially immiscible liquids (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 881-888 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We hereby submit three different numerical methods for the solution of the multicomponent distillation model for two partially immiscible liquids. A procedure to define the real number of phases present on each stage has been developed. The proposed Newton-Raphson method allows efficient solution of problems with a large selection of the unknowns and the specification equations.
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    Collection efficiency of cyclone separators (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 888-892 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based on terLinden's (A. J. terLinden, “Investigations into Cyclone Dust Collectors,” IME Proc., 160, 233, 1949) experimental observations, a three-region model is proposed for the fluid flow in a cyclone. Within each region, turbulence is assumed to promote mixing of the suspended particles. Incorporation of this mixing concept into the three-region model allows an analytic expression for the collection efficiency of the cyclone to be developed.The theoretical result is compared with data obtained in the high temperature, high pressure exhaust from a pressurized fluidized bed combustor.
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    Reaction regimes in coal oxidation (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 920-927 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A series of seven coals were oxidized in a fixed bed reactor to determine the controlling reaction regimes during mild coal oxidation. The effects of coal porosity and particle size, reactor temperature, and oxygen partial pressure were evaluated. The results show that coal-oxygen reactions are controlled by the rate of internal gaseous diffusion for most coals, and by the rate of chemical reaction for the most porous coal of the set tested. Particle size effects also suggest internal diffusional control. Determinations of cumulative oxygen deposition indicate that surface areas several orders of magnitude greater than the superficial surface can participate in oxidation reactions, putting in doubt the applicability of the model previously derived by Kam et al. (1976a) for external mass transfer control.
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    Coke deposition in the thermal cracking of ethane (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 946-951 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A novel experimental setup allowed both the kinetics of the thermal cracking of ethane and of the coke formation to be studied over a temperature range extending from 750 to 870°C. The overall kinetics of ethane disappearance are in excellent agreement with previously reported pilot results. Coking rates are initially high but rapidly decrease to reach an asymptotic value. The initial product distribution also differs from the asymptotic product distribution. A kinetic model for the coking is derived from the experiments and used in conjunction with a set of conservation equations for the simulation of industrial ethane cracking. The predicted run length, thickness of the coke layer and evolution of the tubeskin temperatures are in agreement with industrial observations.
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    Analysis of particulate removal in venturi scrubbers - effect of operating variables on performance (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 984-993 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical model of venturi scrubber performance consisting of the governing differential equations for momentum, material, and energy exchange is solved using a Milne fourth-order predictor - Hamming corrector numerical integration procedure. The model provides for specification of the operating variables, including scrubber geometry, throat gas velocity, liquid to gas loading ratio, and collector droplet and particle-size distributions. Liquid loading ratio and gas velocity are shown to be the two most important operating variables, while the dispersity of the droplet size distribution only slightly affects collection efficiency over the operating range normally encountered. Location of the liquid injection site and length of the throat are also important design considerations. While particle collection in venturi scrubbers has typically been assumed to occur in the potential flow regime, the present results show that collection can also occur under conditions corresponding to viscous flow about the collecting droplets. The transition Reynolds number used to change from the potential to viscous flow equations affects the predicted performance.
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    Catalyst decay by a leaching mechanism (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 1024-1026 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Measurement of surface self-diffusion of sulfur dioxide on porous vycor glass by radioisotope tracer method (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 1035-1038 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Local boiling coefficients on a horizontal tube (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 75-80 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Local boiling heat transfer coefficients were experimentally determined for nucleate boiling around the outer circumference of horizontal copper tubing. The tubes used were of 16 B.W.G. hard-temper copper with outside diameters of 1 1/4 and 2 in; the liquids boiled were methanol and n-hexane. The maximum peripheral variation occurred with the 1 1/4-in. tube in methanol where an over-all ΔT of 30.2°F. gave local outside coefficients varying between 249 and 548 B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.)(°F.). The minimum variation was found to occur in the same system, in which an over-all ΔT of 72.3°F. gave coefficients varying between 856 and 910 B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.)(F.°). The results, plotted in polar coordinates, showed a cardioid configuration for methanol with the maximum coefficients occurring at the bottom of the tube. The n-hexane results had the general shape of horizontal ellipses with maximum coefficients occurring at the sides of the tube.
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    Film-penetration model for mass and heat transfer (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 97-101 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Radial porosity variations in packed beds (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 460-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The radial variation of void fraction in randomly packed beds of spheres, cylinders, Raschig rings, and Berl saddles was investigated. After packing, the beds were filled with paraffin, which was then allowed to solidify. Slabs were cut from the bed, and annular rings were removed by two different experimental techniques. An analysis of experimental error revealed that reproducibility, for the sample size used, between different parts of the same bed and different beds was quite good.For highly irregular shapes such as Berl saddles results indicate that the void fraction decreases regularly from one at the wall to the average porosity at about 1 particle radius from the wall. This is in agreement with work of other investigators using irregularly shaped packings; most commercial packings would probably fit in this category.For regularly shaped particles results are quite different. For spheres and cylinders cycling was observed for more than 2 particle diam. into the bed, the amplitude decreasing as distance from the wall was increased. The maxima and minima were observed at integral multiples of the particle radius. For Raschig rings a hump was observed at about 1/2 particle radius from the wall. The void fraction then decreased to its average value at 1 particle radius and then remained constant.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040415
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    Pseudocritical constants from volumetric data for gas mixtures (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 494-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040421
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    Steady state absorption of a sparingly soluble gas in an agitated tank with simultaneous irreversible first-order reaction (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 499-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040425
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    A new type of countercurrent column for the zirconium-hafnium separation (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 498-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040424
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    Applied mathematics in chemical engineering, 2 ed., Harold S. Mickley, Thomas K. Sherwood, and Charles E. Reed. McGraw-Hill Book Company. Inc., New York (1957). 413 pages. $9.00. (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 11D-12D 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040429
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  • 89
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    Heat transfer in forced convection with internal heat generation (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 319-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A solution to the problem of heat transfer with simultaneous heat generation in viscous tubular flow is presented. The temperature profiles and heat transfer coefficients which are obtained apply to compressible as well as incompressible Newtonian and power-law non-Newtonian fluids with constant physical properties and to systems in which the heat generation is an arbitrary function of radius. An example of heat transfer with frictional heat generation in a non-Newtonian fluid is also presented, and the solution to the problem in which a fluid enters a tube in laminar flow with an arbitrary temperature profile is given, with a consideration of a first approximation to the case of heat transfer in a turbulent fluid in which heat is being generated.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040317
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    Local shell-side heat transfer coefficients in baffled tubular heat exchangers (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 332-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental study of local heat transfer coefficients in a baffled tubular heat exchanger for five baffle spacings and two tube spacings (23/16-in.-pitch, four-tube bundle, and 11/4-in.-pitch, fourteen-tube bundle) is reported. Shell-side air-flow rate was constant for all runs. The variation of the local heat transfer coefficient around the tubes and along the length of the tubes for each tube spacing and baffle spacing was investigated. Average shell-side heat transfer coefficients were evaluated from local values and were found to agree with average values reported in the literature. These average values varied with the six-tenths power of the mass velocity in the heat exchanger. The average Nusselt number and the pressure drop across the exchanger each increased at about the same rate as the number of baffles was increased from two to ten. The average heat transfer rate decreased with decreased tube spacing. This effect was evident from the local heat transfer coefficients, and it is explained on the basis of the mechanism of flow around tubes. An eddy flow zone was detected between the baffles. Average heat transfer rates in the eddy and crossflow zones were almost equal and were about 15% below the average rate in the longitudinal-flow zone. The variation of the average heat transfer coefficient along a tube definitely showed the effects of baffles. High coefficients occurred in the baffle holes and in the baffle windows.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040320
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    Critical temperatures and pressures of hydrocarbons (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 356-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method has been developed for the calculation of van der Waals' constants both a and b for hydrocarbons usually encountered, including the aliphatic, naphthenic, and aromatic types. With these constants critical temperatures and pressures can be calculated directly.Methods recently made available (12, 13, 14, 15) allow the calculation of these constants through the use of substitution values involving the replacement of hydrogen atoms by methyl groups in a definitely prescribed pattern. In this study van der Waals' constants are directly calculated from a consideration only of the molecular structure of the hydrocarbon. This approach has become possible through the assignment of group contributions to different types of carbon atoms, which can be combined in any manner to produce the van der Waals' constants representative of the molecular structure of the hydrocarbon.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040325
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    Flow measurement with ball flow meters (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 380-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040329
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  • 93
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    Axial dispersion of mass in flow through fixed beds (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 367-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The axial dispersion of water flowing through fixed beds was determined by measuring and recording the dispersion of a pulse input of dye at one or two points downstream of the injection site. Dispersion coefficients at various flow rates were obtained in systems of 1/2-, 1-, 3-, and 5-mm. spheres and 2- and 6-mm. rings each packed in a 1.5-in. I.D. column. Data were also obtained with 3-mm. spheres in a 1-in. I.D. column. Bed length was varied from 6 to 36 in. Void fractions of from 0.365 to 0.645 were represented by the systems studied. One gas system was studied at Reynolds numbers below unity.The results of the water study indicate that the dispersion coefficient increases linearly with the Reynolds number in the range of Re = 0.5 to 100. Beyond that point the Reynolds number exponent decreases through 0.85 to a value of about 0.25 at a characteristic breakpoint in the region of Re = 350 to 400. Pressure-drop data secured for the systems studied clearly indicate that the cited breakpoint in dispersion behavior is identical with the well-known region of flow transition as characterized by the friction-factor-Reynolds-number relationship within a given system.The dispersion values for the 5- and 6-mm. particles, while obeying this Reynolds-number functionality, are of lower magnitude.A theory based upon bed-v⊙id cell-mixing efficiency is developed, and this efficiency is shown to be directly proportional to the Peclet number, which at the condition of perfect void-cell mixing should attain a value of about 2.Anomalous behavior was noted in two respects: (1) the pulse amplitude change between two stations is greater than that predicted by either diffusion or cell-mixing theory, lending strong support to a bed-capacitance effect, and (2) short-bed studies revealed unusually high dispersion coefficients, reflecting short-circuiting, that is, poor cell-mixing efficiencies in these shallow beds, presumably owing to entrance effects, yet independent of the mode of pulse injection.The dispersion of a pulse of air injected into a stream of helium flowing through a gas chromatographic column was briefly investigated. At Re 〈 1, E was found to be about equal to the calculated molecular diffusivity of this gas system.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040327
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    A general index of fractional distillation power for hydrocarbon mixtures (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 389-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Results from precise calculations for fractionation of multicomponent hydrocarbon mixtures show that the relative separations between components are rationalized in a simple manner in terms of the relative volatilities. A quantitative criterion for sharpness of fractionation with complex mixtures, the Fractionation Index, is suggested. This function is useful for general correlation purposes. It also enables prediction of the detailed compositions of the products from a proposed fractionation and thereby simplifies the computation procedures.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040403
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    Wetting effects on boiling heat transfer: The copper-stearic acid system (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 409-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to study effects of wetting on heat transfer in the nucleate boiling regime, stearic acid was boiled in contact with different crystal planes of single crystals of copper. One crystal plane being wetted by the acid more completely than the other, they are called wetted and nonwetted surfaces. In the region of low heat flux, where heat transfer is primarily nonboiling natural convection, the nonwetted crystal required higher values of temperature difference than the wetted crystal for the same flux. At high values of heat flux, though not in the vicinity of the critical temperature difference, the situation was reversed; that is, the nonwetted surface required lower temperature difference than the wetted surface.In the present studies, stearic acid was boiled at about 465°F., corresponding to a pressure of 17 mm. of mercury. Heat flux ranged from 3,450 to 63,300-B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.), and temperature difference between the copper crystal and the stearic acid ranged from 38° to 132°F. The corresponding range of heat transfer coefficient was from 91 to 510 B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.)(°F.).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040406
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    On phase equilibrium at the gas-liquid interface during absorption (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 439-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: That phase equilibrium exists at the gas-liquid interface during gas absorption is usually assumed in the analysis and design of absorption equipment, but the validity of this assumption has been in doubt since Higbie's pioneering gas-absorption studies. Accurate measurements are reported herein of the absorption rates at 25°C. of carbon dioxide into short water jets in which the liquid was in laminar flow. The jets issued from circular nozzles of about 1.5-mm. diam., flowed intact downward through an atmosphere of carbon dioxide at average velocities of from 75 to 550 cm./sec. over distances of 1 to 15 cm., and were collected in a receiver slightly larger in diameter than the nozzles. The measured absorption rates are in excellent agreement with predictions based on unsteady state diffusion theory, when one assumes interfacial equilibrium. It is concluded from these results and those of other investigators that equilibrium prevails at a freshly formed, relatively clean, carbon dioxide-water interface and that the same statement probably applies to the absorption of other slightly soluble gases in water.Evidence is discussed which indicates that an accumulation of minute quantitities of surface-active materials may seriously reduce the rate of gas absorption, either by affecting the hydrodynamic characteristics of the system or perhaps by offering resistance to the transfer of solute molecules across the interface.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040412
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    Extraction of sugar from beets (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 453-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents the results of a previous investigation on the continuous counter-current extraction of sugar beets (3) and its correlations. The relationship between the continuous diffusion and the simple diffusion is discussed from the standpoint of extraction rate.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040414
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    Perforated plate efficiency-effect of design and operating variables (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 465-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental plate efficiency and pressure drop data were obtained on the n-octane-toluene system in a 5 plate, 6 in. diam. column at atmospheric pressure. Hole sizes of 1/16, 1/8, and 3/16 in.; 5.68 and 12.5% free areas; weir heights of 1, 2, and 3 in.; and plate spacings of 6, 12, 18, and 24 in. were studied. Reflux ratios of one, two, four, five, ten, and total were utilized to determine the effect on efficiency.It was found that hole diameter, free area, plate spacing, and a wide range of reflux ratio had relatively small effect on efficiency and pressure drop; however weir height and lower reflux showed relatively larger effects on both variables.Efficiencies and pressure drops were lower than those predicted from published correlations particularly at low flow rates.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040416
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    Flow patterns of liquids in agitated vessels (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 485-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper flow patterns of liquids in an agitated vessel of 11 1/2-in.I.D. were measured with the radioisotope of cobalt as a means of measurement. Flow patterns of representative types of impellers, namely paddle, turbine, and propeller, were studied. Water and glycerine solutions were used as liquids the viscosity of which ranged from 1 to 108 cp. Effects of geometrical factors of agitated systems on flow patterns were investigated, in particular those of baffles.Experimental results obtained were analyzed, and a curve showing the relation between flow patterns and power consumption by the agitation was made.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040419
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    Elements of Water Supply and Waste-Water Disposal. G. M. Fair and J. C. Geyer. John Wiley and Sons, New York (1958). 615 pages. $8.95. (1958)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 10D-11D 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690040428
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