ALBERT

Notes: Professor F. Ackermann was specially invited to contribute an article to mark the 50th issue of The Photogrammetric Record. As the only photogrammetrist to have received both the Brock and von Gruber awards of the International Society for Photogrammetry, he is particularly well qualified to express his views on the past and future development of photogrammetry.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLe professeur Ackermann a été invitéàécrire un article pour fêter la sortie du 50ème numéro. Seul photogrammètre cumulant médaille de Brock et médaille de von Gruber, il était particulièrement qualifié pour juger du passé et préjuger de l'avenir de la photogrammétrie.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Professor Ackermann wurde gezielt eingeladen, um einen Beitrag anlässlich des Erscheinens der 50. Ausgabe des Photogrammetric Record beizusteuern. Als einziger Photogrammeter, der sowohl den Brock- als auch v. Gruber-Preis der ISP erhalten hat, ist er besonders qualifiziert, seine Ansichten über Vergangenheit und Zukunft der Photogrammetrie zu äussern.

Notes: The author describes his experiences of working with Professor E. H. Thompson on the design and construction of the Thompson-Watts plotter and he relates several anecdotes of incidents which took place at the Hilger and Watts factory.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOù on décrit l'expérience d'années passées à travailler avec le professeur Thompson sur le projet du restituteur Thompson- Watts avec de nombreuses anecdotes sur la vie à l'usine Hilger and Watts.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer Autor schreibt über seine Erfahrungen, die er bei der Zusammenarbeit mit Professor E. H. Thompson beim Entwurf und der Konstruktion des Thompson–Watts-Plotters sammelte. Er erwähnt dabei einige Anekdoten über Vorfälle, die sich bei der Firma Hilger und Watts ereigneten.

Notes: A history and analysis of stereoplotting instrument design and construction in the United Kingdom is given, beginning with the earliest instruments of F. V. Thompson dating from 1907 and 1908 and covering all known designs up till the late 1960s. In the first part of the paper, the instruments built in the 1920s and 1930s are described, much new information having come to light recently in the archives of Ban and Stroud Ltd. and in the papers of the late Professor E. H. Thompson. In the second part of the paper, the instruments which were produced during and after the Second World War are discussed in detail, with an emphasis on those designs which are less well known rather than those which were produced in quantity. The ideas and designs of Deville, F. V. Thompson, Fourcade and E. H. Thompson have been the dominating influences throughout the period and a strong thread of continuity can be established between them.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn fait l'histoire du restituteur analogique en Grande Bretagne, depuis ses balbutiements (F. V. Thompson 1907–1908), jusq'aux années 60. On décrit en particulier les appareils conçus dans les années 20 et 30, en tenant compte d'une masse d'informations inconnues à ce jour tirées des archives de M. Barr et Stroud, et de celles de feu le professeur Thompson. Puis on passe à ceux qui ont été produits pendant et après la guerre, en s'attachant surtout à ceux qui sont moins connus parce que n'ayant pas été produits en série. Ce sont les idées et projets de Deville, F. V. Thompson, Fourcade et E. H. Thompson qui ont dominé cette période, et le fil qui les relie reste très perceptible.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs wird ein Überblick und eine Analyse über den Entwurf und die Konstruktion von Stereoauswertegeräten im Vereinigten Königreich gegeben, wobei der Autor, beginnend mit den ersten Geräten von F. V. Thompson aus den Jahren 1907 und 1908 alle bekannten Entwürfe bis Ende der 60iger Jahre behandelt. Im 1. Teil werden die Geräte der 20iger und 30iger Jahre beschrieben, wobei viel neue Informationen aus dem Archiv der Firma Barr und Stroud und den Beiträgen des verstorbenen Professor E. H. Thompson entstammen. Im 2. Teil werden die während des 2. Weltkrieges und danach produzierten Geräte diskutiert, wobeisolche hervorgehoben werden, die weniger bekannt wurden als die in grossen Stückzahlen produzierten. Die Ideen und Entwürfe von Deville, F. V. Thompson, Fourcade, E. H. Thompson hatten einen bedeutenden Einfluss während dieser Zeit, und es kann eine starke kontinuierliche Verbindung zwischen ihnen aufgezeigt werden.

Notes: The development of remote sensing techniques for land use studies is briefly reviewed and some problems of interpretation of aerial and satellite photography considered. The need for a ground based data collection system is indicated and a prototype system developed at the University of Bristol is described. Some preliminary results obtained with this system are presented.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn passe en revue les progrès des techniques de télédétection en matière d'étude des sols et on examine certains problèmes d'interprétation des photographies aériennes et satellitaires. On insiste sur la nécessite d'établir une banque de données pour l'interprétation; on décrit le prototype qu'on met au point à l'université de Bristol, et certains résultats qu'il a déjà permis d'obtenir.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie Entwicklung der Fernerkundungsverfahren für Landnutzungsstudien wird kurz eingeschätzt und einige Probleme der Interpretation von Luftbildern und Satellitenphotos werden analysiert. Dabei wird die Notwendigkeit zur Schaffung eines Datenerfassungssystems im Gelände aufgezeigt und ein Prototyp eines solchen Systems, das an der Universität Bristol entwickelt wurde, beschrieben. Einige hiermit erhaltene vorläufige Ergebnisse werden angegeben.

Notes: The fourth biennial symposium of the Photogrammetric Society was held at the University of Birmingham on 22nd to 24th April and was dedicated to the memory of the late Professor E. H. Thompson. Nine papers were delivered. The first three were concerned with the life and work of Professor Thompson. Other speakers dealt, in turn, with future instrumentation in photogrammetry; aerial triangulation and film stability; photomaps and tests related to the perception of map users; map revision; and the recording of archaeological information. The majority of the papers are published in this issue of The Photogrammetric Record.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Le quatrième symposium biannuel de la Photogrammetric Society s'est tenu à l'université de Birmingham du 22 au 24 avril et était dédiéà la mémoire de feu le professeur Thompson. Il y eut neuf exposés, dont les trois premiers portaient sur la vie et l'oeuvre du défunt. D'autres orateurs traitèrent: de l'évolution prévisible des appareillages en photogrammétrie; de l'aérotriangulation et de la stabilité des films; des photoplans et de la manière dont Us sont accueillis par les utilisateurs de cartes; de la révision; et des cartes archéologiques. On trouvera ici la plupart de ces exposés.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDas 4. alle zwei Jahre stattfindende Symposium der Britischen Photogrammetrischen Gesellschaft wurde vom 22. bis 24. April an der Universität Birmingham durchgeführt und war dem Gedenken an Professor E. H. Thompson gewidmet. Insgesamt wurden 9 Vorträge gehalten. Die ersten 3 befassten sich mit dem Leben und Wirken von Professor Thompson. Andere Referenten behandelten: künftige photogrammetrische Geräte, Aerotriangulation und Filmstabilität, Kartenergänzung, Bildkarten und Tests über die Auffassung der Kartennutzer, Aufzeichnung archäologischer Informationen. Die Mehrzahl der Beiträge wird im vorliegenden Heft veröffentlicht.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. When two strains cf T. pyriformis that do not require exogenous pyridoxine are crossed, all progeny grow without the vitamin. Offspring from crosses of two pyridoxine requiring clones require pyridoxine with the exception of a few which will grow without pyridoxine. The ratio is approximately 3:1 favoring the pyridoxine requiring category. In matings involving the homozygous dominant pyridoxine requiring clones with the double recessive mutant, that is +/+ X p/p, all of the resulting progeny need pyridoxine. Test crossing these heterozygotes (+/p) with the parental pyridoxine non-requiring clones (p/p) gives offspring approximating a 1:1 ratio. Matings between two heterozygotes derived from breeding experiments also yield progeny in approximately 3 pyridoxine requiring: 1 pyridoxine non-requiring. All data indicate selection for the heterozygote in the population and a possible selection against either homozygote. The great abundance of heterozygotes and rarity of recessive homozygotes in natural habitats corroborates these findings. The genetic evidence supports a single gene hypothesis although the possibility of multiple closely linked genes cannot be ignored. There is also the possibility that a dominant suppressor gene may function in blocking the activity of the pyridoxine mutant genes. Moreover, if this gene exists it may be incompletely dominant since the heterozygote grows slightly on deficient media.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Trichodina urinicola was found in newts, Triturus cristatus and T. taeniatus, in three localities in Czechoslovakia. The ciliate populations showed important differences on the basis of which they were separated as three new forms of this species: T. urinicola f. typica, T. urinicola f. bohemica, both from Triturus cristatus, and T. urinicola f. taeniatus from Triturus taeniatus. The great variability of trichodinids is evident from the literature as well as from our own observations, so that these new forms are to be regarded as provisional ones until it is possible to decide on the basis of a large number of observations the extent of specificity and variation of individual endozoic species of Trichodina. A detailed description of these forms is given as well as a comparison with the known species of trichodinids inhabiting the urinary tract of amphibians. A brief comment on the present taxonomy of the Urceolaridae in general is outlined.The need for a uniform description of these ciliates is emphasized; in connection with this, the taxonomic value of individual body characters is discussed. Special attention is paid to the adhesive disk of Trichodina, the structure of which is of greatest importance in the taxonomy of this group. On the basis of Dogel's and Fauré-Fremiet's descriptive methods employed in study of trichodinids, a proposal of a uniform description of Trichodina is made which involves all the important features of these protozoa.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Several substrains of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris made chlorotic by treatment with pyribenzamine or streptomycin, or by growth at high temperature (35–36°C.), have been examined for their carotenoid content. They differ from the normal green strain both qualitatively and quantitatively. Some strains produce no detectable carotenoids while the carotenoid concentration in the strains producing most is at best only one-fifth that of the normal strain. In all substrains producing carotenoids, the carotene fraction consists of β-carotene accompanied by some members of the phytofluene series. In only two of these substrains, HB-G and PBZ-G3, are xanthophylls produced in significant amounts. In HB-G, the main pigment is echinenone, and in PBZ-G3 it is zeaxanthin. The significance of these findings is briefly discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Association of gamonts of Pyxinia crystalligera takes place in the midgut of its beetle host, Dermestes vulpinus. At 25°C. the development of gametocysts to the point of liberation of sporocysts is completed between about 15 hours and 27 hours after the gametocysts are deposited with fecal material. Dehiscence is favored by relative humidities of 0% to 90%, but is not favored by a relative humidity of 100%. During the early development of the gametocysts outside the host, the crystals and paraglycogen granules in the cytoplasm of the associated gamonts become concentrated in large masses. The gametes are formed at the periphery of the gamonts. After fusion of the gametes takes place and the sporoblasts begin to develop, the residual cytoplasm containing the inclusions moves outward to form a continuous layer next to the gametocyst envelope, so that the sporoblasts become crowded into a central core. A few hours before dehiscence is initiated a clear area appears on the upper side of the gametocyst. The contents of the gametocyst begin to shrink away from the envelope except in the region of the clear area. Eventually the sporocysts emerge through the clear area and press against the envelope of the gametocyst, causing formation of a conical papilla in the envelope. With continued pressure from the sporocysts, the papilla ruptures at its tip, and the sporocysts emerge in a continuous thread until dehiscence is completed. The thread of sporocysts may attain a length of about 11 mm.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The steps leading to purine ring closure were examined in Strigomonas oncopelti. The flagellate has an obligate adenine requirement (hypoxanthine and guanine are inert) when grown without p-aminobenzoic acid. The imidazole counterpart of adenine but not the imidazole counterpart of hypoxanthine was active. A pathway for purine biosynthesis compatible with these results is sketched.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The Nuttallia of the gerbil is transmitted by Rhipicephalus secundus only if the infected meal is taken by the larva, and the subsequent nymphal stage is the only one which is able to infect. There is no transovarial transmission.Infective trophozoites remain in the larval caeca for about 12 hours after gorging. The infective nymph is able to give rise to new infections at various times after it has been allowed to feed, but never later than the third day after disengagement from the host.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The process of autogamy in unassociated individuals of Paramecium polycaryum was reported by the author in 1954. In May, 1955, conjugation was first seen in this species in cultures collected by me at Annamalainagar, South India, thus removing it from the list of non-conjugating species. This appears to be the first instance in which the process of autogamy was detected prior to observation of conjugation in the same species. Autogamy occurs in singles of the Indian race and appears to be similar, cytologically, to that of American races. The details of the micronuclear behavior in conjugation parallel those of autogamy in singles. In fact, the conjugation process seems to be one of double autogamy (cytogamy), rather than of reciprocal gametic interchange. Paroral cones, often of fair size, are formed but breakdown of the cones to permit micronuclear passage has not been observed. In conjugation there are the usual three pregamic divisions; the first shows four characteristic crescents. The resulting nuclei may all participate in the second division. Fertilization occurs in the paroral cone area. Frequently, separation of the conjugants takes place immediately after the first division of the synkaryon. The old macronucleus undergoes very little change prior to the last postzygotic micronuclear division in the ex-conjugant, when it goes into a skein condition. Four macronuclear and four micronuclear anlagen are formed in the ex-conjugants at the completion of reorganization. On occasion giant individuals of P. polycaryum were observed to have ingested numbers of Tetrahymena pyriformis. The presence of an unidentified rod-like organism in the cytoplasm of the paramecia (non-conjugating) was detected in one collection from Bangalore, India.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Cortical ultrastructure of the scuticociliates Dexiotricha media and Dexiotricha colpidiopsis was investigated. The following elements of the somatic cortex were studied: the cell membrane, alveolar membranes and the epiplasm, kinetodesmal fibers, postciliary and transverse microtubular ribbons, and transverse fibers associated with single and paired kinetosomes; mitochondria and single microtubules located in interkinetal ridges; mature and early extrusion stages of mucocysts: the expulsion vacuole pore and tube, the nephridioplasm and the cytoproct. In the buccal cortex, the paroral kinety-ribbed wall complex, the 3 polykineties, and the cytostome-cytopharynx were investigated.Comparative survey of ciliate ultrastructure indicates 2 principal orientation patterns for kinetodesmal and postciliary fibers, recognition of which leads to reevaluation of the theory of paroral kinety formation and the ideas of homology based on this theory. Ultrastructurally, the scuticociliates are not distinct from tetrahymenines and peniculines; the 3 groups appear to be 1 assemblage.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. In this study the characteristics of the synthesis of DNA and RNA in the nuclei of Loxodes were investigated. Loxodes striatus is a primitive ciliate with 2 pairs of structurally differentiated diploid nuclei, the macro- and micronuclei. The macronuclei are differentiated morphologically into a clearly recognizable central core and an outer zone.To determine DNA and RNA synthesis, individual organisms were analyzed by autoradiography after incubating groups of cells with a 3H-labeled precursor ([3H]thymidine for DNA and [3H]uridine for RNA).The following observations were made: (A) All portions of macro- and micronuclei appeared to contain DNA as judged by the localizations of incorporated [3H]thymidine. (B) The macro- and micronuclei did not synthesize DNA at the same time; moreover, the duration of DNA synthesis in the former was much longer than of the latter nucleus. (C) Replication of DNA in the inner core and outer zone of the macronucleus occurred at separate times with little if any overlap. (D) All of the detectable [3H]uridine incorporation was found in the macronucleus and none in the micronucleus. Within the macro-nucleus the central core was more heavily labeled. (E) The quantitative differences in the label of the different components of the nuclear complex were investigated. (F) Contrary to the previously reported information our results suggest that DNA synthesis can occur in adult macronuclei.The possible explanation of these results is discussed in the context of the nuclear evolution of ciliates and of recent information on nuclear differentiation.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Eimeria dispersa (turkey strain) and Eimeria gallopavonis sporozoites were inoculated into primary cultures of chicken kidney (CK) and turkey kidney (TK) cells. Eimeria dispersa sporozoites were more infective in either cell type than those of E. gallopavonis: at 4 hr, the percentage of infection was 67-98 for E. dispersa but only 23-56 for E. gallopavonis. E. dispersa also survived better in culture: at 2 days, losses of E. dispersa in both cell types were only 4-19%, whereas losses of E. gallopavonis were 35-47% in TK cells and 60–95% in CK cells. However, E. gallopavonis developed further than E. dispersa. Location and increase in numbers of intracellular stages at 4 days indicated that E. dispersa proceeded through 2 schizogonic generations before development stopped.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Cuatrecasas, P. & Greaves, M. F., eds. 1976, Receptors and Recognition, Vol. I, Series A.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A mating type analysis was performed on 231 isolates of the cellular slime mold, Polysphondylium pallidum found in 61 samples collected in eastern North America between northern Florida and southern Canada. Seventy-eight percent of the isolates belonged to one of 2 mating types; 18% were incapable of mating with any partner; 3% were homothallic; and 1%, consisting of 2 isolates from a Florida sample, belonged to a separate breeding group. It is suggested that the majority of isolates represent a species capable of local genetic adaptation to a niche, the parameters of which undergo considerable variation over space and time.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Avakyan, A. A. 1976. Atlas Anatomii Prosteishikh, Patogen-nykh dlya Cheloveka i Zhivotnykh.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Cell size, macromolecular composition, carbohydrate utilization patterns, and O2 concentrations were measured throughout the growth stages of Naegleria gruberi in agitated cultures in a complex medium. Biphasic logarithmic growth occurred during the initial 83 hr of growth and the mean generation time was 7.0 hr and 19 hr during initial and secondary log growth stages, respectively. The maximum yield was 5 × 10* amebaeJml. The pH rose rapidly (1 pH unit) during the secondary log growth phase (52-83 hr) and continued into the stationary growth phase (83-120 hr). Dry weight, total protein, carbohydrate, and RNA per ameba increased just before the secondary log growth phase. RNA increased 31% to 35% per ameba at the end of each phase of log growth. DNA increased ∼ 2-fold throughout the different growth phases. Average cell size increased 90% during biphasic log growth then decreased during stationary phase. O2 tension decreased from 100% to 18% of saturation during the biphasic growth phase, then increased during stationary growth to near 100% saturation. Glucose and total carbohydrate assays showed little utilization of those substrates throughout the growth stages. Naegleria gruberi presumably has a predominantly aerobic metabolism, also its metabolism may change during the different growth phases.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The effects of some environmental influences on the cycle of Trypanosoma diemyctyli in Triturus v. viridescens are described. Bleeding of the host produced a reduction in the number of trypanosomes but did not affect their growth rate. The temperature at which the host was maintained affected the cycle of the trypanosomes. The length of the post-inoculation latent stage increased from 24 hours at 25°C. to an indefinitely long time at 5°C. The trypanosomes were found to be dimorphic. Adult parasites of the short form had a range of 45–75 μ and those of the long form of 76–116 μ. Growth rate of the trypanosomes was inhibited or greatly retarded at temperatures of 10°C. or lower and was greatest at 25°C. The size attained by the parasites and the number of parasites were greatest at 15°C. At this temperature the infection was pathogenic and the dimorphic parasites were in their long form. At the higher temperatures (20–25°C.) the infection was non-pathogenic with the trypanosomes in their short form.The infection is primarily one of adult newts. Experiments indicated that the larvae were resistant to the trypanosomes at all temperatures while the red efts were not. The latter are usually free from the trypanosomes because they are not exposed to them. Attempts to infect other newts and to locate any cryptic stages by the injection of blood and tissues from infected newts gave negative results.Starvation, sodium salicylate, and treatments used to control fungus infection of the newts had no detectable effects on the trypanosomes.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A comparative study of five species of Tetrahymena, including thirteen strains, was made to ascertain their ability to act as facultative parasites. A variety of experimental hosts, including both vertebrates and invertebrates, were inoculated with axenic cultures of protozoa. Infections were numerous in both larval and adult insects. Tissues of living vertebrates were invaded by one species of Tetrahymena through artificially produced wounds.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Unabsorbed, complement-inactivated antisera produced in rabbits were used in an immobilization system to study the serology of 31 strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis grown in axenic cultures at 26°C. Fourteen serological “groups” were found: 1. “H”: H, E, S, GC, L3, W, T, GHH, G1-R and sublines W-P and T-P; 2. “PR”: PR; 3. “GL”: GL; 4. “LR”: LR; 5. “L1”: L1 and L2; 6. “GP”: GP and Ch-S; 7. “WH”: WH6, WH14 and WH52; 8. “N”: N and HS; 9. “Y”: Y and TC; 10. “AA”: AA1, AA2 and AA4; 11. “F”: F and BF; 12. “Gf-J”: Gf-J; 13. “EZ”: EZ; 14. “Lava”: Lava. Not all of these “groups” were completely distinct; weak or variable cross-reactions occurring for particular cultures and antisera during the course of several years of observation suggested a relationship in terms of serotype potentialities, for strains in groups 1 and 2, and in groups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Non-reciprocal cross-reactions are tentatively explained in terms of population fluctuations of serotype within particular cultures; several other suggested explanations remain possible. On the whole, however, the strains remained remarkably stable in dominant serotype.Observations on Tetrahymena in paralyzing antisera, with respect to the extrusion of a gelatinous exudate, in general confirmed previous observations by others. “Chain” formation was noted upon recovery, under conditions suggesting that the chains do not always derive entirely from incomplete cytokinesis of dividing organisms but that at least sometimes an aggregation of separate individuals is also involved. Synchronized division was observed for recovering organisms. A gelatinous material was obtained by centrifugation of a large number of individuals; this material provided a degree of protection to the organisms against antiserum effects while other colloidal materials did not, but the protective effects proved nonspecific in the sense that they were not confined to particular strain-antiserum combinations.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A rapid quantitative method for measuring trypanostatic activity by means of the nonpathogenic flagellate Herpetomonas culicidarum is described. Of the known trypanocidal agents tested, pentamidine was the most active; stilbamidine and propamidine somewhat less active. H. culicidarum is more resistant to these agents than are some pathogenic hemoflagellates. Two new antifungal antibiotics, nystatin and heptamycin (a candicidin-like antibiotic), had powerful trypanostatic activity in vitro. The potential trypanostatic activity of antifungal agents is noted.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Approximately fifty % of Natrix piscator from the vicinity of Bombay showed a haemogregarine in the peripheral blood. Schizogonic stages were found in great abundance in the lung capillaries, and occasionally in other internal organs. No parasites could be demonstrated in trombiculid mites of the genus Schongastia fed on infected snakes. Various developmental stages were found in the leech, Hirudinaria granulosa allowed to feed on infected Natrix piscator. The haemogregarine was originally described from this host in Ceylon on the basis of blood stages only and was named Haemogregarina mirabilis. Although the parasite exhibits several of the characters diagnostic of the schizogonic stages of the genus Hepatozoon, it is advisable for the present to retain it in the genus Haemogregarina.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A new species of a freshwater reticulate dinoflagellate, Woloszynskia limnetica, is described. The membrane structure and the shape of the membrane plates change during cell development. The rod-shaped mitochondria found among the membrane plates disappear in the adult cells; they constitute a center from which starch grains develop. Mitochondria also occur free in the endoplasm. Different physiological activities appear to be performed by morphologically identical chondriosomes. The stigma changes in different phases of the life cycle. The physicochemical properties of the ectoplasm govern the formation of specific structures of the membrane plates, which in turn determine the taxonomic position.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Pseudomicrothorax dubius, a rather rare protozoon assigned by Kahl to the trichostome order of ciliates, has been found and positively identified for the first time in America, and its morphology and morphogenesis have been studied in detail with the aid of modern techniques. The Chatton-Lwoff silver impregnation method is considered indispensable in acquiring an understanding of the ciliate's infraciliature: both its anatomy in the mature vegetative animal and its activities during the morphogenetics of binary fission.Stomatogenesis is of a complex type, considered here as “semi-autonomous” in nature, although a single, true stomatogenous meridian also is involved. Details of this explicit morphogenetic phenomenon are offered.The presence of a true zone of three adoral membranelles, never before recognized with any accuracy in this ciliate, a buccal cavity and associated structures, and the mode of stomatogenesis have led the writers to propose transfer of the genus Pseudomicrothorax from the Trichostomatida to the order Hymenostomatida.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Studies of the body ciliature of Balantidium coli and B. caviae (?) after Breslau's opal-blue and Klein's silver nitrate techniques revealed a preoral-dorsal suture area where some of the ciliary rows fail to reach the peristomial margin. The incomplete kineties ranged up to a dozen in number and were variable in arrangement. In a count of 100 specimens of B. caviae (?) the incomplete kineties were at the right of the suture in 39, at the left in 24 and on both sides of the suture line in 37. At the posterior end not many kineties reach the pole but no sutural pattern was seen in that region. Scattered irregularities in the ciliary rows were sometimes seen.Studies of the oral region tend to confirm the view of Fauré-Fremiet that the peristomial ciliature consists of short rows of cilia which are continuations of the anterior body kineties. Membranelles were not found. Thus, some species of Balantidium, at least, show affinities with the Holotricha in agreement with Nie and Fauré-Fremiet.Fission commonly produces two equal-sized daughters but many cases of unequal division were observed. In both these species conjugants are much smaller than vegetative animals and two preconjugant divisions are indicated, the first of which may be unequal.During the early stages of fission, the anterior ends of the kineties of the posterior daughter change direction, becoming oblique in the fission zone. In this region the kinetosomes multiply; possibly some of the kineties also divide but evidence for this is incomplete. No evidence of reorganization at the anterior end of the anterior daughter was seen.Attempts to infect hamsters with B. coli and B. caviae (?) failed. No parasites were found in two collared peccaries repeatedly examined.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Purification by migration on solid agar plates was studied with a small soil amoeba, Acanthamoeba sp., and a large fresh-water amoeba, Amoeba proteus. Purification seems accomplished largely by two mechanisms: egestion and attrition of contaminating organisms. Digestion may also play a role but probably is less important. The migration method is applicable to motile forms of the two amoebae which differ greatly in volume and motility. Therefore the method may be of potential value in purifying many species. Modifications which should extend the usefulness of the method are considered.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The gametes of Trichonympha grandis fuse quite differently from those of all the other species of Trichonympha in Cryptocercus; fusion is partial and temporary instead of complete and permanent as in other species. In this species, as in the others, fusion brings about the disintegration of all the extranuclear organelles of the male gamete, but none of those of the female; these persist to become the organelles of the zygote. Gametic union accomplishes two things: loss of extranuclear organelles of male and fusion of pronuclei. Unlike that of the other species of Trichonympha, the cytoplasm of the male gamete of T. grandis contributes slightly, if at all, to the formation of the zygote.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A new species of Hepatocystis (H. hippopotami) is described from the blood and liver of a Rhodesian hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Its relationship with other members of the genus is briefly discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The role of eleven different types of achromatic figures in chromosomal movement of Barbulanympha is analyzed. When only one pole is present, no chromosomes are ever connected with it, and hence they do not move. The chromosomes go through their usual life cycle including pairing, but remain in the parent nucleus, which, of course, does not divide. When two poles are present with only one pole near the nucleus, the poles, which are the distal ends of the elongate centrioles, do not cooperate in the formation of a central spindle and the chromosomal behavior is just as if there were only one pole—no movement. The same is true when more than two poles are present with only one near the nucleus.Unless a central spindle is present, movement of chromosomes never occurs. However, when many central spindles are present, sister chromosomes may separate and move to poles which are not directly connected by a central spindle. In other words, sisters may separate without moving along a central spindle.In binucleate cells with one central spindle the chromosomes of one nucleus move to the poles, but those of the other do not. Movement always occurs in the nucleus that has its nuclear membrane depressed by the central spindle. When two or more central spindles are present, the chromosomes of both nuclei may move to the poles.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Euplotes eurystomus Wrzesniowski was cultured on bacterial media with Tetrahymena pyriformis serving as the food organism. Animals were injured with various types of operations using the Chambers' micromanipulator. These animals were followed during the course of their regeneration using various nuclear stains, silver impregnation techniques and vital staining methods. It was found that two cirral fields arose as a result of injury removing one or more of the locomotor organelles and that the posterior field was soon resorbed, while the anterior one replaced all of the old cirri of the regenerating animal. In addition, in response to this sort of injury, complete nuclear reorganization took place. Animals which were injured in a manner not affecting the locomotor organelles directly, responded by proliferating a fine network in the area of injury. This network seemed to reinforce the injured area and persisted until the next binary fission of the animal. No nuclear reorganization took place in these cases.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The leech, Erpobdella sp., is a suitable invertebrate host for Trypanosoma ambystomae. The developmental cycle involves a mononucleate, rounded body derived from the bloodstream form; this body then transforms into a large plump crithidia. Subsequent divisions yield medium crithidia, small crithidia, and ultimately, metacyclic trypanosomes.

Notes: RESUME. L' étude ultrastructurale de la grégarine Gregarina blaberae a été entreprise après mise au point d'un protocole d'infestation expérimentale de larves vierges de Blattes, Blaberus craniifer. Les observations en microscopie électronique, effectuées en fonction du temps, ont permis de suivre le développement du sporozoïte, ainsi que la croissance et l' évolution du trophozoïte.La croissance est spectaculaire puisqu'en 18 jours elle entraîne la transformation du germe infectieux ou sporozoïte (L = 15 μm, φ=1 μm) en un céphalin—trophozoïte fixéà l' épithélium intestinal—de 250 μm de longueur pour un diamètre de 65 μm. L'organisation ultrastructurale du sporozoïte ne diffère pas de celle de la plupart des sporozoïtes des autres sporozoaires étudiés jusqu' à présent, le conoïde et les corps denses sont présents. La paroi est trimembranaire. toutefois le complexe membranaire interne présente quelques interruptions. Les premiers dictyosomes s' élaborent à partir de l'enveloppe nucléaire. La migration du noyau et des corps denses, puis la régression de toutes les formations caractéristiques du sporozoïte et l' établissement d'une zone corticale venant coiffer l' épimérite, ont lieu dans les 48 heures suivant l'infestation et marquent la transformation sporozoïte-céphalin.L' évolution du céphalin, se poursuit par la formation des ébauches des plis épicytaires qui s'effectue à partir du 3éme jour du développement à la base du deutomérite. Un système régulier de plis longitudinaux ou épicyte s' établit ainsi sur toute la partie extra-cellulaire de la grégarine. Dès les 4éme-5éme jours de développement, un réseau vacuolaire et un chondriome important se différencient dans l' épimérite, tandis qu'un septum de nature fibrillaire isole le protomérite du deutomérite. Le stade suivant—à partir du 6éme jour—est marqué par une ségrégation du matériel glucidique au niveau de ces 2 segments.Le modèle étudié permet de préciser le rôle de l' épimérite dansla nutrition du parasite, l' évolution du chondriome et des membranes corticales au cours de la phase de croissance végétative des grégarines polycystidées.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Stomatogenesis was studied in the heterotrich ciliate Blepharisma japonicum stained with protargol. During binary fission not only is a new oral apparatus made for the posterior daughter, but the already existing oral apparatus of the parent cell is reorganized, i.e. partially disassembled and then subsequently reassembled to provide a functional feeding apparatus for the anterior daughter cell. These morphogenetic events, requiring 21/2 to 3 hr, are complete by the time the anterior and posterior daughters separate.In preparation for division, an oral anlage is formed by the rapid proliferation of kinetosomes along 4–5 stomatogenic kinetics directly subtending the cytostome. This field of randomly oriented kinetosomes ultimately gives rise to the feeding apparatus of the posterior daughter cell. Early in division, the oral anlage separates into 2 longitudinal fields of kinetosomes: one is destined to give rise to the undulating membrane and the other forms the adoral zone of membranelles. Shortly after the anlage is established posterior to the cytostome, reorganization of the existing functional mouth is initiated. The morphologic changes associated with this dedifferentiation-redifferentiation sequence lead to the formation of an oral apparatus for the anterior daughter and cannot be distinguished from those characteristically seen during physiologic reorganization.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The effects of age and sex of the cat on oocyst shedding, multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of cats, and acquisition of immunity were investigated after oral inoculation of cats with Toxoplasma cysts. Twenty-five cats varying in age from 1 week to 39 months were killed 7-97 days after inoculation with T. gondii. Homogenates of brain, heart, mesenteric lymph nodes, retina, and blood from these cats were inoculated into mice to test for Toxoplasma infectivity. Toxoplasma was isolated more frequently and in higher titers in mice receiving inocula from cats of the youngest age group (1 week old). Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from tissues of only 2 of 21 cats older than 2 months (at the time of inoculation), although all of the animals shed oocysts within 1 week after ingesting the parasites.The number of oocysts shed varied among littermates of the same sex and between sexes. Generally, cats younger than 12 months shed more oocysts than older cats. The number of oocysts shed by older cats varied considerably; males generally shed more oocysts than the females. However, the numbers of cats examined were too small for statistical comparison. Nevertheless, the observations suggest that cats older than 12 months should not be used in experiments where numbers of oocysts shed is critical.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Changes in the metabolism of Crithidia fasciculata ATCC 11745 when grown in the presence of ethidium bromide were studied. Ethidium bromide-grown cells had decreased respiratory activity as measured by oxygen consumption. More than 50% of the organisms cultivated in a defined medium containing 1.0 mg/liter of ethidium bromide became dyskine-toplastic and had decreased activities of particulate succinate and NADH-linked dehydrogenases as well as of soluble isocitrate dehydrogenase. These cells also had increased activities of particulate α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, soluble α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, hexokinase, and malate dehydrogenase. Ethidium bromide-grown cells had a lower level of ATP and contained less DNA than cells grown in its absence.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. California ground squirrels (Citellus beecheyi) were found to be infected with trypa-nosomes whose most striking morphological features are an unusually large kinetoplast and a long, tapering posterior end. The total length is 25.2 μ, and body length is 18.0 μ. This “lewisi”-type species is compared with other trypanosomes reported from American ground squirrels, but a specific diagnosis is not made because the life cycle has not been observed and because morphological features of trypanosomes are known to vary widely under differing environmental conditions.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The basal apparatus of the flagella and kinetoplast in Leishmania donovani have been studied with the electron microscope. The flagellar fibrils extend into the body of the protozoan to form the kinetosome. At the point of origin of the flagellum, the pellicle invaginates to form a kinetosomal vacuole around the kinetosome. The kinetoplast is formed by a transversely elongated banded structure, surrounded at some distance by a double layered kinetoplast membrane. There is no apparent connection between the kinetosome and the kinetoplast.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Starvation of Isotricha prostoma for 72–96 hours decreased the cellular amylopectin granules and facilitated the microscopic search for bacterial feeding. I. prostoma selected and ingested only certain rods from among many types of rumen bacteria. In order to isolate the bacteria important as a food source for Isotricha, the starved protozoa were allowed to feed on mixed rumen bacteria, washed, and the crushed protozoan contents quickly cultured for bacteria. Several strains of bacteria were isolated in pure culture. Three of the rod strains isolated were rapidly ingested by I. prostoma when fed to the ciliate. In a monobacterial culture I. prostoma divided once before succumbing.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Cultures of Trypanosoma theileri were obtained at 36° and at 37.5°C. in a blood-lysate medium inoculated with blood from three dairy cows showing subnormal milk production. The organisms were first seen after 4 days in the first subculture, reached a maximum number of about 500,000 per ml. on the 4th day of the second subculture, and attained about this same number on the 4th day of subsequent transfers. Crithidial forms predominated but trypanosomes of the blood-stream type were also numerous. Cultures were not obtained from cows with normal milk production. The infected cows, although free from helminth parasites, showed a marked eosinophilia.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A new species of Paramecium, P. jenningsi, n. sp., from South India, is described. It is like P. aurelia except that nuclei are larger, the cell size is somewhat larger, and the macronuclear anlagen (“placentae”) have long-persisting chromatinic centers.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The nutritional requirements of 3 isolates of Prymnesium parvum (2 Israeli, 1 Scottish) included vitamin B12 and thiamine. For comparison, 2 other brackish chrysomonads were studied: Monochrysis lutheri isolated by Droop in Scotland and Isochrysis galbana purified by McLaughlin from a culture obtained from the Plymouth laboratory.The isolates of Prymnesium parvum and Isochrysis galbana had a molecular B12 specificity like Ochromonas malhamensis: no response to Factor B, pseudovitamin B12, Factor A or Factor H. M. lutheri, in contrast, responded to pseudovitamin B12, Factor H, and Factor A.Thiamine was essential; 1.0 μg.% allowed full growth of P. parvum. The NaCl concentration for good growth was 0.3–5.0%; growth was possible from 6–12%. Dark growth was not achieved.Ammonia, as suggested from its use in suppressing outbreaks of P. parvum, was sharply inhibitory, less so at high concentrations of NaCl or at acid pH.Nitrate, ammonia, arginine, asparagine, methionine, histidine, alanine, glycine, serine, proline, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, aspartic and glutamic acids, acetylurea, and creatine served as nitrogen sources in both acid and alkaline media.The phosphate requirement of P. parvum and M. lutheri and Isochrysis galbana was satisfied by inorganic phosphate, commercial glycerophosphate, yeast adenylic acid, cytidylic acid, monoethyl phosphate, and riboflavin monophosphate.Laboratory cultures in defined media of the isolates of P. parvum were toxigenic to Lebistes and Gambusia. Culture fluids from alkaline media were more toxic than those from acid media, as previously noted in Israel.Culture media suitable for production of large quantities of these organisms were developed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Certain aspects of the metabolism of a Trichomonas batrachorum-type flagellate from the cecum of swine were studied. This trichomonad (1) oxidized glucose, mannose, maltose, sucrose, and inulin, (2) was incapable of oxidizing Krebs' cycle intermediates, (3) possessed peroxide-splitting capabilities, (4) was inhibited by only iodoacetate and arsenite, and (5) formed acid(s) aerobically. Although there was no effect on oxygen uptake, pyruvate and lactate increased the anaerobic evolution of gas(es). In addition to CO2, other gas, not absorbed by KOH, was produced anaerobically.Compared with other porcine trichomonads, the metabolism of this small trichomonad resembles most closely that of the large cecal trichomonad, T. suis. However, the smaller trichomonad had a generally lower respiratory rate, a slightly lower optimal pH, and failed to oxidize fructose, galactose, lactose, raffinose, and trehalose.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The “dry” silver method is redescribed with special attention to the possible difficulties encountered in its use. This method first revealed the silverline or neuroformative system of the ciliates, and is considered the best method for the demonstration of this structure. The valuable results obtainable with this technique are pointed out and illustrated with appropriate photomicrographs.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. It has been assumed by others that green euglenas and derived bleached forms are physiologically equivalent except for chlorophyll and plastids. Some workers, however, have remarked upon differences which might depend on the mode of bleaching.Several hitherto undescribed chlorotic substrains of E. gracilis var. bacillaris were examined for pigment alteration, growth under a variety of conditions, and ability to withstand high temperature. These studies indicated physiological variation in the different chlorotic substrains. Although all were apparently chlorophyll-less and aplastidic, only one seemed completely achromatic. The carotenoid content of others varied. Metabolic changes manifested by altered pigmentation may reflect enzymatic variation caused by the chlorosis-inducing agents.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Thin sections of Amoeba proteus, fixed in osmium tetroxide and embedded in methacrylate, were examined in the electron microscope. The fine structure of various protoplasmic components is described. The plasmalemma, or cell membrane, varies in thickness and structure. These variations may be due to variations in physiological state, or they may be due to differences in preparation. Along its cytoplasmic edge is always present a definite line approximately 0.01 to 0.02 μ thick. The mitochondria, or beta granules, exhibit a structure similar to that of the mitochondria of several other protozoa and comparable to that of the mitochondria of other animals. In definite association with the membrane of the food vacuole are dense, rounded particles which in size are below the limit of resolution of the light microscope. Such dense particles are much less frequently present in the hyaloplasm and in association with the plasmalemma. A possible relationship to the neutral red granules associated with food vacuoles of Paramecium is suggested. The contractile vacuole possesses a thin membrane surrounded by a much thicker circum-vacuolar zone of irregular strands which may form a three-dimensional network around the membrane. This may represent the contractile element of the vacuole. A single layer of mitochondria is closely apposed to the circum-vacuolar zone. Many small vacuoles and irregular vesicles are present throughout the cytoplasm. At times there occur groups of small, thin-walled vesicles, which may correspond to an endoplasmic reticulum. The nuclear envelope consists of a thick inner porous layer and a thinner outer layer that is continuous yet is marked by the presence of numerous small annuli, each apparently surrounding a pore. In its structure, this outer layer appears to correspond to the entire nuclear envelope of many other cell forms.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Irradiation of Stentor coeruleus with Xray doses of 150–300 kr inhibited growth in size and fission. The irradiation also led to the development of structural abnormalities, which appeared about a day after irradiation. The inhibition of growth and fission was independent of the oxygen concentration during irradiation, but the abnormalities were produced at lower doses in nitrogen than in air. Regeneration of parts removed by cutting occurred even at the highest doses at essentially normal rate even during the period when over-all growth was completely inhibited. The conclusion is drawn that delay in fission by radiation is a secondary consequence of inhibition of growth and not a consequence of blocks in the specific morphogenetic processes required for division.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A description is given of the formation of an unusual type of achromatic figure by two very long, narrow centrioles. The unique manner in which this structure functions in chromosomal movement is explained.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Phenol is the major organic constituent of coal-conversion scrub water and is therefore a potential environmental contaminant. After Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL-C, syngen 1 was exposed to phenol, its behavior, cytology, respiration, and growth rates were examined. Concentrations ≥ 75 mg/liter alter cell motility, shape, and contractile vacuole activity. O2 uptake was abruptly reduced within 3 min of exposure to phenol in concentrations as low as 10 mg/liter. Concomitantly there was an increase in the electron density of the mitochondrial matrix. Recovery to normal rates of O2 consumption was paralleled by a return to normal matrix density. Alterations of mucocysts, pellicle, and glycogen were also observed. The length of lag phase growth curves increased generally in proportion to concentration of toxicant. Phenol, however, did not affect the rate of cell multiplication during the exponential growth phase. The potential use of this system to examine the effects of other possible organic pollutants is discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria nieschulzi Dieben, a rat coccidium, were exposed for 1 hr to Cobalt-60 γ-radiation (15, 30. or 60 k-rads), to heat (35, 40, or 45 C). or to both concurrently (15, 30, or 60 k-rads at 35 C) to compare the excystation capabilities of treated vs nontreated parasites. Intact, treated oocysts appeared structurally unaltered when viewed with the light microscope. Excystation of sporozoites occurred in all treated groups when their sporocysts were exposed to a trypsin-sodium taurocholate (TST) fluid, but after 150 min in TST the excystation rate was significantly lower than in non-treated sporocysts. Sporozoites which excysted from treated sporocysts were abnormal both in the excystation process and in their form and movement once outside the sporocyst.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Mitochondria were isolated from Euglena gracilis strain Z by pressure-breakage of the cells and sucrose-cushion centrifugation. Multiple peaks (2-4) were observed in the rate of phosphorylation with Mg-ADP-phosphate concentration curves. The phosphorylative and oxidative activities were highest with NADH as the substrate, moderate with succinate, and lowest with glutamate. Inhibition of phosphorylation with 2,4-dinitrophenol and carbonyl cyanide, m-chlorophenylhydrazone gave sigmoidal concentration curves, with the extent of inhibition by DNP depending on the substrate used. Inhibition of phosphorylation by valinomycin, atractyloside, or carboxyatractyloside was only ∼ 60%. Oligomycin inhibited phosphorylation in 2 phases at low and high concentrations; it inhibited Mg-ATPase in a sigmoidal fashion. Both phosphorylation and oxidation had discontinuities in Arrhenius plots at 34 C and 18 C.The relative Mg2+-dependent nucleoside triphosphatase activity was: 1 for ATP and GTP, 0.6 for ITP, 0.15 for CTP and and UTP; with Ca2+ in place of Mg2+ this activity was 0.35. Both DNP and CCCP stimulated the Mg-ATPase 50-200%. The optimal pH for the stimulation was ∼ 7 regardless of the uncoupler used, and ∼ 8 without the uncouplers.The few differences observed between mitochondria from Euglena and those from other sources are probably due to the fragmentation of the reticular mitochondrial structure during isolation and not to unique characteristics of these mitochondria.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Jennings, D. H., Lee, D. L., eds. 1975. Symbiosis (Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology Number XXIX).

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Crosses between serine requiring and non-requiring clones from natural habitats give rise to progeny that are numerically equally distributed between the two categories. Most of the progeny from crosses between two serine requiring parental clones require serine with a few segregating out that do not need the amino acid. These data indicate that the gene or genes controlling the serine non-requirement are recessive to the wild type which requires serine. Growth of the F1 progeny was highly variable. Some clones failed to survive on serine deficient media and were therefore tentatively assigned the genotype +/+. The remaining clones were of two classes: one grew slowly on serine deficient media and was given the genotype of the heterozygote, +/s; the other grew without serine, hence was given the double recessive genotype, s/s. The F2 progeny from matings of s/s and s/s need no serine whereas the cross of +/s and s/s gave equal numbers of serine requiring and serine non-requiring progeny. The cross of two heterozygotes, +/s and +/s, yield progeny approximating the 3:1 ratio in favor of serine requiring clones. Crosses at the F3 level produced non-viable offspring in all cases except one. Progeny from this cross with the genotype s/s were mated giving rise to F4 progeny all of which grew without serine. The data support an outbreeding economy for this organism with selection in favor of the heterozygote. Although the data seem to favor a single-gene hypothysis, suppressor genes may be involved. With selection favoring the heterzygote, distorted genetic ratios make the data difficult to analyze.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Intracardial inoculation of 1–10 million L. donovani in 0.1 ml. of ground spleen suspension from an infected animal (hamster) results in a uniform rise of parasite numbers in the untreated animal over the first 8 days after the inoculation. This rise is highly consistent from experiment to experiment.Treatment is accomplished by parenteral injection of a compound for 6 successive days in this time interval, starting 24 hours after inoculation.No known active compound in proper dosage (sodium stibogluconate, pentamidine, fuadin) has failed to show a significant suppression of the expected rise in parasite numbers. No known inactive compound has had any effect on the course of the infection.The dosage-response curve for the active compounds suggests that the method is a sensitive one. Since it takes only 8 days to complete, it is economical as well.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. It has been shown that the output of the contractile vacuole of Crithidia fasciculata increases as the concentration of solute in the external solution decreases when NaCl is the solute. The increase in output is the result of increased rate of growth as well as increased maximum size, the latter being more important in the range 0.1M–0.01M. Solutions of penta-erythritol produce the same effects as isosmolar solutions of NaCl. Body volume is not maintained constant but increases less than two-fold between 0.1M and 0.0001M. The isotonic concentration of NaCl is estimated as 0.12M. It is not possible to demonstrate any effect of concentration of the external environment on the endogenous rate of oxygen consumption. A linear relationship between output and calculated osmotic gradient across the cell membrane has been shown in the concentration range 0.1M–0.01M. Absence of this relationship, and failure of body volume to increase as predicted, in solutions more dilute than 0.01M are interpreted as indications that other processes probably become predominant in these solutions. It is concluded that the contractile vacuole of this flagellate is incapable of maintaining absolute constancy of internal osmotic pressure and body volume but prevents much of the change expected on physical grounds.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The rather rarely found holotrichous ciliate Pseudomicrothorax dubius, generally considered in the most authoritative literature to be a member of the order Trichostomatida, more likely belongs in the Hymenostomatida. Its curious combination of trans-ordinal characteristics, however, makes difficult exact systematic allocation of it and of the congeneric species P. agilis. The provocative morphological features include: a gymnostome-like cytopharyngeal “basket”; a tetrahymenal buccal apparatus, with membranelles comparable with those of primitive hymenostomes; an advanced semi-autonomous type of stomatogenesis; and sensory bristles, flattened rigid form, and restricted ciliature reminiscent of certain spirotrichs. Brief discussion is presented concerning the influence of modern ideas of ciliate classification upon what is considered the proper taxonomic position of the genus.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A new fresh water species of Actinosphaerium is described, the fourth member of the genus. Some of the more significant of its diagnostic traits are: 1) the Actinophrys-like nuclei with peripheral nucleolar granules and without central rosette-shaped nucleoli, 2) the occurrence of some nuclei in the ecto-endoplasmic border and the insertion of axial filaments on them, and 3) the low ratio of endoplasm to ectoplasm.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. In cultures of the marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra grown with alternating light and dark periods of 12 hours each, at least 85% of all cell divisions which occur in a day take place during a 5-hour period spanning the end of the dark period and the beginning of the light period. A very distinct maximum in the number of recently divided cells occurs at about the time the light period begins.This diurnal periodicity in cell division is lost after 4 to 6 days in continuous bright light, but will persist for at least 14 days in continuous dim light. The period of approximately 24 hours under constant conditions is only slightly altered by varying light intensity and temperature, both of which factors are known to affect markedly the generation time. The time at which cell division occurs is therefore postulated to be controlled by some sort of rhythmic or clock mechanism.Similarities between the cell division rhythm and the endogenous rhythm of luminescence in this organism are discussed. The occurrence of a glow, or steady light emission of low intensity, at about the time of cell division, is described, and it is suggested that this glow may result from cellular changes accompanying certain stages of cell division.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The photographs illustrate male and female gametes before fertilization, several progressive stages in the entrance of the male gamete into the cytoplasm of the female, cytoplasmic fusion of gametes, loss of extranuclear organelles of male gamete, retention of extranuclear organelles of female gamete, movement of pronucleus of male gamete to that of female, progressive stages in fusion of pronuclei, and the formation of the zygote which possesses the extranuclear organelles of the female gamete. Some abortive attempts at fertilization, resulting from failure of gametes to differentiate, are shown.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Detailed directions are given for the preparation of a simplified assay medium and of natural materials for assay of pteridines with Crithidia fasciculata. Unconjugated pteridines in natural materials which also contain conjugated pteridines (folic and folinic acids) can be assayed by destroying the conjugated pteridines with acid hydrolysis, which does not appreciably alter Crithidia-active unconjugated pteridines. The widespread occurrence of unconjugated pteridines and their significance in such processes as photoreception are discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Photokinesis or the non-directed rate of swimming of Euglena gracilis for various light intensities was studied. The rate of swimming in white light was found to increase with light intensity until it reaches 0.16 mm./sec. at a saturation of 40 ft. candles, and then decreased with increasing light intensities. Polarized light appeared to be more effective (0.18 mm./sec. at 13 ft. candles) than non-polarized light.The action spectrum for photokinesis showed two peaks, a major one near 465 mμ, and another in the neighborhood of 630 mμ, having the values of 0.18 mm./sec. and 0.16 mm./sec. respectively at an intensity of 4 ft. candles.The action spectrum for phototaxis, or directed orientation, had a peak near 420 mμ and showed a maximum near 490 mμ. Both dark-grown and dark-adapted Euglena showed spectral peaks similar to those of the light-grown cells. For polarized light, the action spectrum had two additional peaks at 468 mμ and 508 mμ. The polarized light effect may indicate more than one light-absorbing pigment within the “eye spot” or that other pigments within Euglena were absorbing.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Four new species of Eimeria are described from small mammals in Liberia. These are: E. levinei, sp. nov. from a free-tailed bat, E. firestonei, sp. nov., and E. milleri, sp. nov., from a shrew, and E. putevelata, sp. nov., from a striped grass mouse.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A new species of Stentor is described, a fresh water form, medium sized, with cerulean blue pigment, and characterized by retractable feeding organelles.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Coprozoic protozoa from elk, bison, bear, moose, coyote, marmot, cattle, horse, sheep and man were kept in feces at 4° C. for 2–6 months. During that time in most of the samples there developed the flagellates Cercomonas sp., Copromonas ruminantium and Monas communis; the amoebae Vahlkampfia sp. and Sappinia diploidea, and ciliates of the Nyctotherus type, and an unidentified smaller species. There was a correlation between numbers of protozoa and bacteria. The same species of protozoa in soil or in soil mixed with boiled feces failed to live. Coprozoic protozoa may require certain essential metabolites from bacteria as do true parasites. The wide variation in appearance of cysts made it practically impossible to identify the protozoa with certainty in that stage. Reliance had to be on motile forms which readily developed in the cold cultures.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Stanier, R. Y., Adelberg, E. A. & Ingraham, J. L. 1975. The Microbial World, 4th ed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Discotricha papillifera Tuffrau, a marine interstitial ciliate, is redescribed with the aid of light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy from cells collected at a New Hampshire beach. Presence of primitive membranelles as well an an advanced stomatogenesis is demonstrated. The ultrastructure, including a unique membrane-bounded septate structure, is described. The cell is tentatively placed in the nassulid suborder Microthoracina, but affinities with other groups are discussed.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Noble, E. R., Noble, G. A. 1976. Parasitology. The Biology of Animal Parasites. 4th Ed.

Notes: RESUME. L' étude détaillée du cortex et des organelles buccaux adoraux d' Espejoia montre que ce Cilié possède une organisation ultrastructurale comparable à celle des Tétrahyméniens. Tout en restant conforme au plan général d'organisation de ces derniers, des variations spécifiques décelées tant au niveau du cortex d'une part, que des membranelles, d'autre part, font ressortir des affinités trés marquées pour le genre Glaucoma et autres Ciliés voisins. En conséquence, en nous appuyant en outre sur les données récentes de la morphogenèse, nous confirmons la position d' E. mucicola parmi les Tetrahymenina, dans la famille des Glaucomidae.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Budding and metamorphosis in the suctorian ciliate, Discophrya collini, have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The adult body form, tentacles, stalk, and attachment disk are described. A field of depressions or small pits was observed in the pellicle of adult suctorians in the early stages of bud formation. These pits deepen and coalesce until one large pore, the birth pore, remains. Cilia protrude through the pore, and as eversion of the bud proceeds the meridional arrangement of the larval ciliation is evident. After eversion is completed, a pronounced division furrow is found between the adult and soon-to-be-released swarmer. The stalk-forming region is seen on swarmers. Metamorphosing swarmers produce tentacles upon settling before any indication of ciliary resorption. Resorption of cilia and change in body form occur progressively with the production of the attachment disk and stalk.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Cohen, S., & Sadun, E. H., eds. 1976. Immunology of Parasitic Infections.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Herman, C. M., Greiner, E. C., Bennett, G. F. and Laird, M. 1976. Bibliography of the Avian Blood-Inhabiting Protozoa.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Marine, sediment-dwelling ciliates were examined for cytochrome oxidase activity by a cytochemical method and for fine structural details. Species of Plagiopylidae (Trichostomatida), i.e. Plagiopyla frontata, Sonderia vorax and Sonderia sp., and of Heterotrichida, i.e., Parablepharisma pellitum, Parablepharisma sp., Metopus contortus, Metopus vestitus and Caenomorpha capucina; previously considered to be obligate anaerobes because of their sulfide-containing habitat, do not have cytochrome oxidase activity or mitochondria with cristae or tubuli. The evolutionary origin and significance of anaerobic ciliates is discussed. Most of the anaerobic ciliates harbor a flora of ecto- and endosymbiotic bacteria as demonstrated by transmission and scanning electron micrographs. It is speculated that the bacteria may utilize the metabolic end products of the protozoa for growth and energy yielding processes. These associations are also compared with other, previously described cases of symbiosis involving prokaryotes and protozoa.

Notes: The paper is concerned with the concept, definition and measurement of a service. Although services are often dismissed as immaterial goods, they are not special kinds of goods and belong in a quite different logical category from goods. The search for appropriate units of quantity in which to measure services is not an idle metaphysical pursuit. Without quantity units there can be no prices, and most economic theory becomes irrelevant. Indeed, large parts of economic theory may be irrelevant to the analysis of services anyway, precisely because they are not goods which can be exchanged among economic units. Services are as important as goods in modern developed economies and they need to be identified and quantified properly if the measurement of economic growth and inflation is to have any meaning for the economy as a whole. The concept of a service is explained in some detail in the paper, and various ways in which services can be classified for purposes of economic analysis are elaborated. The distinction between private and public goods, or rather between private and collective services, is re-examined in the light of the general concept of a service proposed in the paper. Externalities are shown to be simply special kinds of services.

Notes: This article examines several hypotheses concerning the stochastic nature of year to year variations in individual incomes in light of newly available microdata on individual earnings. In particular, the models of Solow (1951), Champernowne (1953), and Rutherford (1955) are examined in some detail, and their predictions as to changes to be expected in the distribution of individual incomes are tested. The author concludes that the distributions arrived at using these models are not very similar either to each other or to the actual distribution of earnings. Thus, he believes that as an “explanation” of earnings dynamics stochastic process models are unsatisfactory. He further criticizes these models on the grounds that they foster a bias toward the belief in the inevitability, and perhaps desirability, of the current distribution of earnings.

Notes: This paper investigates the relation between schooling and earnings across and within occupations. Across occupations earnings are positively related to mean education. Within occupations the variance in schooling levels is generally substantial, but within two thirds of the occupations no relation between schooling and earnings is observed, while in the remaining third the pattern of sensitivity varies considerably. The sensitivity of earnings to education is greater for white males than white females and substantially greater for whites than blacks. When the white sample is divided into age cohorts, the degree of sensitivity of earnings to schooling is found to be greater for younger cohorts than older ones, except for the youngest cohort in 1970. In the conclusion, a structural interpretation of the distribution of earnings is proposed to account for the findings.

Notes: The historical background and present methodology used in compiling the U.K. official estimates of the stock of fixed capital are described. Mention is made of the possibility that with the development of commercial accounting direct estimates of capital stock may be derived from enterprise accounts at some future time. For the present, however, an indirect perpetual inventory approach is followed. Some of the deficiencies of the present estimates are discussed including the effects of possible biases in the life-length assumptions, price indices and the treatment of secondhand assets. Estimates of gross capital stock are given analysed by industry group of ownership and by type of asset.Some conceptual issues are discussed in relation to user requirements, including the distinction between the stock of capital and the flow of services from it.The authors conclude that little can be done to improve the perpetual inventory estimate of fixed capital in the U.K. without devoting more resources to the collection and analysis of new information, particularly on the service lives of fixed assets, the extent of leasing and the transfer of assets between industries.

Notes: This paper is concerned with the theoretical problems of devising indexes of quality change and with some of the practical problems of constructing such indexes from market data, relating these to the various attempts to construct such indexes in the past. The general conclusion is that, while quality is inherently ordinal, there are three different indexes which might be taken as “measures” of quality change. If changes are sufficiently small, the values of all three indexes will coincide and then, only, can we consider any one of them to be an unambiguous measure of the change.

Notes: This paper assesses the effects of including wealth and the variability of income on the incidence of poverty and the degree of income inequality in Israel. A special survey, which includes data on the wealth and income of a national sample of Israeli families in 1963–64 and 1964–65, allows us to go beyond measures based on current income alone.The first section reviews earlier studies of poverty in Israel. The next section looks at poverty and inequality in terms of current income, current wealth, and a combined measure of income and wealth. The combined measure is the Hansen-Weisbrod measure (HW), which equals income plus the annuity value of wealth, assuming all wealth is just consumed at the time of death. It is interesting that, in spite of the much higher wealth inequality than income inequality, the HW measure was slightly more equally distributed than income. This result occurred because the annuity component made up a low share of the total HW measure and the correlation between income and wealth was well under 1. Although overall inequality and poverty were similar for income and HW measures, the incidence of poverty by subgroup depended on the measure used.The final section presents a dynamic view of poverty and inequality. Year-to-year changes in poverty were substantial. Because of the use of a relative poverty concept and the rise in real incomes, the real income poverty line rose by 15 percent between 1963 and 1964. Still, of those in income poverty in 1963, 37 percent managed to escape poverty in 1964. The paper shows how the degree to which poverty was stable or transitory varied substantially by age and country of origin.

Notes: The main purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the measurement problems in connection with the perpetual inventory method applied for estimates of capital stock. In the Federal Republic of Germany, highly aggregated capital stock data by business sector are compiled by the Federal Statistical Office within its national accounts calculations, while more detailed capital stock estimates by industrial sectors are published by the German Institute of Economic Research (DIW) in Berlin. Because of various gaps in the statistical sources, the accuracy of the capital stock calculations is not yet entirely satisfactory. Aside from the problem of establishing long time series for gross fixed capital formation in constant prices for all sectors, it is difficult to obtain reliable data on the inter-sectoral transactions in secondhand capital goods. In addition, there are problems of determining price indices and service life distributions of the fixed assets in the various parts of the economy. This paper shows a way to arrive at a reasonably close approximation to the latter problem.

Notes: Recent attempts to measure value of household work and other non-market activities have been based on a simplistic interpretation of Opportunity Cost of Time Theory; this paper attempts to refine this and develop practical definitions from basic Utility Theory. First a distinction is made between economic and other activities, the former being the only ones subject to dollar-measurement; we recognize economic activities can occur outside the market and focus our analysis upon these latter. In the framework of Becker-Lancaster a Household-Production Function is posited which produces jointly such non-market economic activities-called indirect utility-and welfare or satisfaction- called utility. A criterion for identifying the indirect utility activities (Third-Person Criterion) is outlined, and related to time-use survey data.Finally, four practical estimation methods are outlined: simple opportunity cost of time; gross replacement cost; individual function replacement cost; and the full production function approach. This latter, which includes evaluation of capital contributions, is deemed theoretically most valid but for present purposes least practical because of lack of data on domestic capital stock. The paper concludes that there exists both a theoretical basis for valuing non-market activities, and the necessary data to apply the formulas developed.

Notes: Starting out from the observation that both imports and exports may be viewed as the difference between domestic consumption (use) and production, static standard theory of biases in consumption and production indices is brought to bear upon trade indices: Laspeyres tends to overrate when applied to imports and to underrate when applied to exports; for Paasche, the opposite holds true. Hence, terms of trade tend to be underrated (exaggerated) when based upon Laspeyres (Paasche) price indices. The problem of extending these conclusions to the case of changes in production frontiers and preference maps is discussed. When homotheticity is absent, correlation between price and quantity relatives may upset the simple conclusions. This is of special importance in the large-country situation. Dynamics further complicate the situation. A cobweb mechanism in exports may thus reverse the static results.

Notes: This article considers the major results of a study of relative wage structures in the LAFTA region. It first discusses the nature and methodology of the study, which was undertaken for ECIEL. Data on the size of labor income differences are introduced, and an attempt is made to determine the causes of such differences, and to relate them to various wage differentials. The main findings of the study are then summarized, with discussions of inter-country, intra-country, and occupational labor income differentials and their causes. Finally, the results of the study are updated to the end of 1970, and some conclusions are derived regarding the inter-temporal behavior of wages in LAFTA.

Notes: Some relationships between NNP and economic welfare are explored in the confines of a simple, static welfare maximization model. Various assumptions concerning both the measurement of NNP and the economic system underlying this model are dropped seriatem and the implications for the correspondence between NNP and economic welfare are examined.The following conclusions emerge. There are several classes of resource reorganization in which NNP and welfare move in the same direction, so that NNP can serve as an ordinal proxy for welfare. These include changes in taxes or competitive imperfections which result in product substitution and movements along the transformation function.With a general qualification, NNP-welfare correspondence is preserved for allocative changes which affect the real costs and prices of goods included in NNP or of non-included goods in inelastic demand; changes in involuntary unemployment; and changes in technological externalities affecting producers. There are other cases where changes in NNP and welfare are not positively correlated. Included here are changes in real costs of non-included goods for which demand is elastic and changes in technological externalities imposed on consumers.

Notes: The purpose of this paper is to describe the conceptual and statistical basis of the estimates of United States public and private spending for pollution abatement and control (PAC) prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce. The concepts and definitions were designed to ensure comparability with the national economic accounts since much of the analysis of the effects of environmental programs on the economy is conducted with the aid of the accounts. The work to date has been limited to pollution associated with harmful “foreign” substances and forms of energy discharged in the course of production, distribution and consumption. The conceptual base includes evaluation of benefits, but estimates completed thus far are limited to the cost of pollution abatement and control.Definitions are given for pollution, pollution abatement, direct pollution abatement cost, indirect pollution abatement cost and indirect benefits. A framework for the estimation and presentation of PAC expenditures is developed and the estimate of U.S. PAC expenditures for 1972 and 1973 is presented. A brief chronological summary of the BEA project is also provided.

Notes: This paper computes new indexes of output for refrigerators, using hedonic methods to adjust for quality change. The hedonic technique is applied in a new way (it is used to make quality adjustments to prices before they are used in the index), and the results are compared with those from methods used in previous hedonic investigations.There are three major findings. (1) Overall (1960–1972), our hedonic deflated output series rise more rapidly than conventional measures, because the price indexes used for deflation rise more slowly. (2) The output measures fluctuate more than do output measures produced by conventional methods, because adding hedonic quality adjustments to WPI indexes moves them up in some years and down in others, and the resulting adjustments to the output series were positively correlated with changes in output. (3) Applying methods used in previous studies produces larger adjustments to the published indexes, suggesting that some of the differences noted in previous studies between hedonic indexes and official published indexes are related to computational methods, not to quality adjustment.