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  • Articles  (329)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (329)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1955-1959  (329)
  • 1957  (329)
  • Chemistry and Pharmacology  (329)
  • Geosciences
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • Articles  (329)
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  • 1970-1974
  • 1955-1959  (329)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 23 (1957), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 23 (1957), S. 47-55 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The swelling and solution of elastic polymers, like the mixing of liquids, results in the formation of equilibrium systems. In the interaction of conventional glasses and liquids, however, quite different phenomena appear and cause nonequilibrium systems to form. The density of molecules in conventional glasses is similar t o that of tightly packed liquids, but the diffusion rates are very low. Such glasses sorb practically nothing at low vapor pressures. Sorption begins only when the vapor pressure and the concentration of sorbed liquid in the surface layer are sufficient to cause the glass to melt. It should be noted that in this case sorption shows a sharp rise and an equilibrium solution forms. The degree of tight packing of polymeric glasses varies considerably, decreasing with increasing molecular weight and rigidity of the chain molecules. This packing can be estimated by comparing the densities of the polymers with the volume of the molecular groups of which these polymers consist, the latter being obtained from x-ray data, or by comparing the density of the monomer with that of the polymer. Cellulose, which unlike tightly packed glucose sorbs water over the whole range of vapor pressures, is a typical example of a loosely packed polymer. The effect of the density of packing on the sorbing properties of glasses can be more clearly demonstrated by the sorption of ethylbenzene by polystyrenes of different molecular weights. Low molecular weight polystyrenes dissolve in ethylbenzene without any heat production and sorb ethylbenzene from the vapor at high pressures only. This process results in the formation of a solution. High molecular weight polystyrenes, however, dissolve in ethylbenzene, producing heat, and sorb ethylbenzene a t all vapor pressures. The loose packing of polymers is the result of the long relaxation times existent in glasses. When the deformation time of the polymer is less than the volume relaxation time, the polymer becomes porous. Thus both the sorbing properties and the heats of solution of polystyrene become more pronounced during orientation. The degree of tight packing again increases at heats close to the glass point. Thus polymeric glasses hold an intermediate position between liquids and hard porous sorbents, such as silica gel, in regard to their sorbing properties. Unlike hard sorbents, however, they are apt to change their structure not only under external influence but also in the process of sorption.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 23 (1957), S. 69-73 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An osmometer has been constructed in which the only possible transition from one cell to the other is through the vapor phase. In this way the problem of passage of solute is completely eliminated. In order to obtain a sufficient rate of transition of solvent, the distance between the cells has been made as small as possible. An osmometer with a vapor “membrane” of 0.05 mm. thickness is described and measurements with this osmometer are reported.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 23 (1957), S. 83-92 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Some intrinsic viscosity measurements have been made on different monodisperse, linear, short-chain molecules dissolved in two solvents, benzene and carbon tetrachloride. In order to visualize the influence of oxygen atoms on the viscometric behavior of such molecules, we have studied n-hydrocarbons, and different compounds containing oxygen, like ethers, dialkoxy alkanes, alkoxy derivatives of diethyleneglycols, etc. The results of our experiments lead to the following conclusions: (1) n-hydrocarbons with less than 11 carbon atoms have a negative intrinsic viscosity. The following law [η] = - A + B ln N is in good agreement with our experimental values. (2) If a CH2 group is replaced with an oxygen atom the intrinsic viscosity increase. All our results, concerning paraffins as well as oxygenated derivatives, are in agreement, within experimental error, with the following law [η] = - A(x0) + B(x0) ln N, where A(x0) and B(x0) are functions of the atom fraction of oxygen in the chain molecules. (3) The substances we have studied behave similarly in both carbon tetrachloride and benzene.
    Notes: Dans le but d'étudier le comportement physicochimique de diverses molécules à chaǐne courte, monodisperses et sans ramifications, nous avons fait une série de mesures viscosimétriques comparatives sur des paraffines normales d'une part, et d'autre part sur des dérivés oxygénés: éthers, dialcoxyalcanes, dialcoxydiéthyléther, etc… Toutes ces mesures ont été effectuées en solution diluée, dans le tétrachlorure de carbone et dans le benzène. Les résultats font apparaǐtre que: (1) Dans le cas des paraffines la viscosité intrinsèque devient négative si la chaǐne comporte moins de dix chaǐnons. Les résultats expérimentaux sont valablement représentés par une loi de la forme [η] = - A + B ln N. (2) Le remplacement d'un CH2 par un atome d'oxygène entraǐne une augmentation de [η]. L'ensemble de nos résultats - paraffines et dérivés oxygénés - peut ětre représenté par une loi de la forme \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ [\eta ] = - A(X_0 ) + B(X_0 )\ln {\rm }N $$\end{document} A et B étant des fonctions du rapport du nombre d'atomes d'oxygène au nombre total de chaǐnons de la chaǐne. (3) Le comportement des deux solvants étudiés à l'égard de tous leurs solutés est rigoureusement comparable.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A theory of fiber formation from concentrated polymer solutions is presented which is based on the overlap of polymer molecules. The extent of overlapping is estimated from our diffusion measurements (J. Polymer Sci., 19, 337 (1956)). Above a certain concentration, which is lower the greater the size of the individual molecules, the polymer molecules lose their identity and the solution becomes a continuous network. Under these conditions the solution is spinnable and the structure of the network is independent of the molecular weight but depends on the flexibility of the chains. Calculations show that the drawn-out network which forms the fiber has long-range periodicity (100-500 A.) and is in agreement with the order of magnitude observed in smallangle x-ray diffraction of synthetic fibers.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 23 (1957), S. 151-166 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The experimental study of the dynamic double refraction in polymer solutions in different solvents shows a parabolic dependence of the dynamooptical constant from the refractive index of the solvent. This character of the said dependence can be explained qualitatively in terms of the molecular coil asymmetry; it can be interpreted quantitatively on the basis of the equivalent molecular ellipsoids model. The investigation of the Maxwell effect in a series of polymer fractions with different MW gives the following law: If the refractive indexes, ns and nk of the solvent and polymer are equal, the ratio [n]/[η] is independent of the MW. Here [η] is the dynamooptical constant and [η] is the intrinsic viscosity. If the value of nk - ns is high enough, the ratio [n]/[η] increases as the MW becomes higher and sometimes changes the sign. This law is determined also by the form anisotropy of macromolecules. It agrees well with the theory of equivalent ellipsoids. This theory can be used for the quantitative interpretation of the experimental results. It gives the estimation of the value of the molecular coil asymmetry in agreement with Kuhn's theory. In some cases (e.g., polystyrene in dioxane) the experiment shows change of sign of double refraction as the flow velocity gradient increases. This effect can be explained also by the equivalent molecular ellipsoids theory. As the molecular chains are uncoiling in the field of flow velocity gradient, their intrinsic optical anisotropy increases more than the form anisotropy. The comparative study of photoelasticity in the films of some polymers and of dynamic double refraction in their solutions shows the direct dependence of both effects to be in accordance with Kuhn's statistical theory.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In laminar flow, polymer molecules are deformed and oriented. The effect is generally observed by investigating the resulting streaming birefringence. From the measurement of the magnitude of the effect, not only the optical anisotropy of the monomer unit, and its dependence on the solvent, but also the uncoiling of the linear macromolecule in the flow can be determined. From the extinction angle, information about the size and flexibility of the coil can be obtained. Since evaluation of the experimental data depends on the special model and on the statistics of the chain elements, an independent check is highly desireble. Light scattering yields such additional information on the size and shape of the deformed macromolecule, information which is less influenced by the special assumptions of the individual models. The pertinent scattering functions are calculated for the freely draining Gaussian coil and for the optically isotropic monomer unit, which in turn allows the determination of molecular parameters i.e., of the main gyration radii from the measurement of the angular dependence of the scattered light.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 23 (1957), S. 125-150 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A general theory of hydrodynamic behavior of solutions of macromolecules is developed using as a model a chain divided into N Gaussian subchains, the frictional forces exerted by the liquid being located at the junction points of the subchains. It is an old model, but one which has been used recently with great success by Rouse in studying the viscoelastic behavior at high frequencies. In order to develop a general theory from this model we have: (1) introduced the internal viscosity, and (2) taken into account the hydrodynamic interactions between the subchains. From a practical point of view (1) is more important than (2). The introduction of internal viscosity is required to explain the different effects which are exhibited when the solution is under flow (orientation of “stiffened” configurations, or deformation). The effect of hydrodynamic interactions, on the other hand, had already been studied with a more detailed model (Kirkwood and Riseman), and the intrinsic viscosity versus molecular weight law had been explained in this way. Taking into account hydrodynamic interactions with the present model adds nothing fundamental in this instance. In particular, one notices that the intrinsic viscosity can be introduced into the equations (for example those for tan α and Δn in the flow birefringence problem); thus hydrodynamic interactions only modify slightly a few numerical coefficients. The internal viscosity, as introduced here, differs in its dehition from that of W. Kuhn and H. Kuhn. The instantaneous rotation of the chain molecule is defined, and then the instantaneous local deformation. In each subchain the internal viscosity opposes the relative deformation velocity of the ends of the subchain. As a first application of the general theory the dynamic optical properties of a monodispersed infinitely dilute solution under constant gradient are studied. The principal results of the theory are as follows: (a) Magnitude of birefringence. The ratio of Maxwell's constant to intrinsic viscosity is independent of molecular weight in a series of homologous polymers. A general expression (which holds for any value of the internal viscosity) is given for the initial slope tan α of the curve giving the extinction angle as a function of velocity gradient. Calculations are carried through for low values of the internal viscosity (high values of the solvent viscosity η0) and for high values of the internal viscosity (low values of the solvent viscosity η0). Thus the asymptote to the tan α versus η0 curve is determined, as well as the initial tangent and the initial curvature. The shape of the tan α versus η0 curve is the same as in the elastic sphere theory. Therefore the possibility is confirmed of distinguishing between an orientation effect upon “stiffened” configurations (or upon rigid particles) and a deformation effect when the experimental curve giving tan α versus η0 has been obtained. The possibilities of determining the internal viscosity by means of flow birefringence measurements are examined. The ratio of the slope of the initial tangent to that of the asymptote is very nearly 10 (and independent of the nature of the polymer and its molecular weight). The variation of tan α with η0 can be represented quantitatively for a sample of polystyrene. A desovyribonucleic acid sample also behaves in accord with the theory.
    Notes: On donne les principes d'une théorie générale des propriétés hydrodynaniiques des macromolécules en solution qui utilise comme modèle moléculaire un chaîne subdivisée en N sous-chaînes de Gauss, les frottements du liquide sur la chaîne étant localisés au points de jonction des sous-chaînes. II s'agit d'un modèle déjà ancien, mais qui a été utilisé récemment avec un succès tout particulier par Rouse pour étudier les propriétés visco-élastiques en haute fréquence. Pour édifier une théorie générale à partir de ce modèle nous avons (1) introduit la viscosité interne, (2) tenu compte des interactions hydrodynamiques entre les sous-chaînes. Du point de vue pratique (1) est plus important que (2). L'introduction de la viscosité interne est indispensable pour rendre compte des différents phénomènes qui peuvent se présenter lorsque la solution est soumise à un écoulement (orientation de configurations “figées,” ou déformation). L'effet des interactions hydrodynamiques, de son côté, avait déjà été étudié à l'aide d'un modèle plus détaillé (Kirkwood et Riseman) et I'on avait pu expliquer ainsi les variations de la viscasité intrinsèque avec la masse moléculaire. Si l'on tient compte des interactions hydrodynamiques avec le modèle actuel on n'obtient pas pour I'instant de résultat fondamental supplémentaire. On constate en particulier que la viscosité intrinsèque peut être introduite dans les formules (par exemple dans les expressions de tg α et de Δn en biréfringence d'écoulement); les interactions hydrodynamiqnes ne se manifestent plus alors que par des modifications peu importantes de quelques coefficients numériques. La viscosité interne telle qu'elle est introduite ici diffère dans sa définition de celle de W. Kuhn et H. Kuhn. On définit la rotation instantanée de la molécule en chaîne, puis la défonnation locale instantanée. La viscosité interne s'oppose alors, dans chaque sous-chaîne,à la vitesse de déformation relative des extrémités de cette sous-chaîne. Comme première application de la théorie générale, on étudie les propriétés dynamo-optiques d'une solution monodispersée, infiniment diluée, soumise à un écoulement à gradient de vitesse constant. Les principaux résultats sont les suivants: (a) Grandeur de la biréfringence. Le rapport constante de Maxwell sur viscosité intrinsèque est indépendant de la masse dans une série de polymères homologues. (b) Angle d'extinction. On donne une expression générale (valable pour toutes les valeurs de la viscosité interne) de la pente initiale tg α de la courbe donnant I'angle d'extinction en fonction du gradient de vitesse. Les calculs sont explicités pour les faibles valeurs de la viscosité interne (viscosité η0 du solvant élevée) et pour les valeurs élevées de la viscosité interne (viscosité η0 du solvant petite). On détermine ainsi, respectivement, l'asymptote de la courbe tg α(η0) et la tangente initiale ainsi que le terme de courbure à l'origine. La forme générale de la courbe tg α(η0) est exactement celle qui avait été obtenue par la théorie de la sphère élastique. Ainsi se trouve confimée la possibilité de distinguer entre un effet d'orientation sur des configurations “figées” (ou sur des particules rigides) et urn effet de déformation, lorsque la courbe expérimentale tg α(η0) est connue. On étudie des possibilités de déterminer la viscosité interne par des mesures de biréfringence d'écoulement. Le rapport de la pente de la tangente initiale et de la pente de l'asymptote est très voisin de 10. (Il est indépendant de la nature du polymère et de la masse moléculaire.) Des confrontations avec l'expérience sont ensuite effectuées. On constate que la théorie est susceptible de représenter de façon quantitative les variations de tg α avec η0 dans le cas d'un polystyrène. Un echantillon d'acide désoxyribonucléique montre également un comportement conforme à la théorie.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 23 (1957), S. 57-68 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Simultaneous measurements of osmotic pressure and permeation of solute have been made for a nonfractionated polystyrene with a number of membranes of widely different permeability. It is shown that, even after many days, no real equilibrium is reached in an osmometer with a membrane permeable to part of the polymer. The theory of equilibria in such osmometers is developed and shows that, in first approximation, the distribution of permeating solute over the two osmometer cells is not affected by the presence of nonpermeating solute. In second approximation, this distribution is affected indeed, but in this approximation the osmotic pressure is not affected by this unequal distribution. Some short-time experiments also show that when the number of permeated molecules is negligible (t → 0) the contribution of a molecular species to the osmotic pressure is less than the value given by equilibrium thermodynamics if the membrane is not completely impermeable to that molecular species. This phenomenon is in accordance with the theory of permeability of membranes based upon nonequilibrium thermodynamics.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 23 (1957), S. 9-21 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A set of substituted n-pentatriacontane (C35H72) was prepared as model substances of substituted high polymers. The influence of the substitution on the partial molal free energy \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \overline {\Delta F_0 } $\end{document} of the solvent was investigated in benzene solution. Special attention was given to the second coefficient A2 of the series expansion of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \overline {\Delta F_0 } $\end{document} as a function of γ, the molal concentration. A2 values for different substituted n-C35H72 were compared directly, using the isothermal distillation method. It appears that branching increases A2, whereas a phenyl substitution or the subtraction of a CH2 link has only a minute influence. On the contrary, a Cl substitution decreases A2 and even more so the introduction of a double bond into the chain. This last effect proves to be additive, if the double bonds are separated by a sufficient number of CH2 links and rather independent of the position of the double bond within the chain. Direct measurement of the heat of mixing seems to give the sum of the real heat of mixing plus a heat of desorption. These measured quantities of heat are not very different from one derivative to another. So it seems possible to estimate the partial molal entropy of the solvent, especially its second virial coefficient b. It turns out that b is influenced in the same general way as A2.
    Notes: On a préparé une série de dérivés du n pentatriacontane, considérés comme substances modèles de macromolécules. Leurs solutions benzèniques diluées, ont permis d'étudier l'influence du substituant sur l'énergie libre molaire partielle \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \overline {\Delta F_0 } $\end{document} du solvant, en particulier sur le deuxième coefficient A2 du développement de \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \overline {\Delta F_0 } $\end{document} en série de puissances de γ, la concentration molaire du soluté. Les coefficients ont été comparés directement à celui de la substance mère par la méthode de la distillation isotherme. II apparait que le branchement augmente A2, alors que l'ablation d'un CH2 de la chaǐne ou un substituant phényl n'ont que peu d'influence. Le substituant Cl, et plus encore I'introduction d'une double liaison font au contraire décroǐtre A2. Dans ce dernier cas, on a pu constater que l'effet est additif (si les deux doubles liaisons sont assez éloignées) et indépendant de la position de la double liaison dans la chaǐne. La mesure directe de la chaleur de dilution semble donner la somme de la vraie chaleur de dilution, plus une chaleur de désorbtion. Ces chaleurs mesurées sont relativement peu différentes d'un produit à l'autre. Leurs différences permettent d'estimer l'influence de ces substituants sur l'entropie molaire partielle du solvant \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \overline {\Delta S_0 } $\end{document} en particulier sur le deuxième coefficient b de son développement en série de γ. On retrouve sensiblement les influences signalées sur A2.
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