ALBERT

Description: Bevor ich mit der Bearbeitung des dritten genus der Parnassiinae beginne, muss ich noch einmal einen R\xc3\xbcckblick auf die bereits erfolgte Revision werfen. Ich habe schon fr\xc3\xbcher erw\xc3\xa4hnt, dass meine Publikationen durch Auff\xc3\xbchrung aller in meiner Sammlung befindlichen Exemplare einen wissenschaftlichen Katalog dazu darstellen sollen. Da ich inzwischen die Bestimmung getroffen habe, dass meine Sammlung in den Besitz des Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, \xc3\xbcbergehen soll, hat dieses mich ersucht, sein eigenes Parnassius-Material in meine Sammlung einzugliedern.\nAusserdem habe ich mehr als 20 000 Parnassier aus collection R. Oberth\xc3\xbcr erwerben k\xc3\xb6nnen, die mein schon vorhandenes Material wertvoll erg\xc3\xa4nzen.\nIch beabsichtige deshalb auch, nicht nur Neueing\xc3\xa4nge \xe2\x80\x94 auch aus eigenem Sammeln \xe2\x80\x94 aufzuz\xc3\xa4hlen, sondern \xc3\xbcberall dort, wo das w\xc3\xbcnschenswert, bezw. erforderlich ist, fr\xc3\xbcher gegebene Diagnosen zu erg\xc3\xa4nzen.\nLeider hat die Sichtung des reichen Oberth\xc3\xbcr\'schen Materials erneut erwiesen, wie unzuverl\xc3\xa4ssig sehr h\xc3\xa4ufig die Fundortangaben sind, und im besonderen, dass sehr selten vermerkt ist, welche Tiere aus Zucht stammen.\nF\xc3\xbcr den Widerspruch, der darin liegt, dass es zweifellos distincte subspecies gibt, dass bei deren Zucht die Rassenmerkmale aber verwischt werden, habe ich noch keine plausible Erkl\xc3\xa4rung finden k\xc3\xb6nnen. Die Erbmasse scheint jedenfalls in sich nicht so gefestigt zu sein, dass nicht bei einer St\xc3\xb6rung der nat\xc3\xbcrlichen Entwicklungsbedingungen Ausschl\xc3\xa4ge in der vollen Variabilit\xc3\xa4tsbreite der Art m\xc3\xb6glich w\xc3\xa4ren. Dass die Erscheinungsform der Parnassier auch in ihrem Fluggebiet durch klimatische Bedingungen stark beeinflusst wird, ist eine bekannte Tatsache.\nMit der Aufz\xc3\xa4hlung der Neueing\xc3\xa4nge werde ich auch, um den Nomen-

Description: From August 16 till September 1, 1955, Dr. H. C. Bl\xc3\xb6te, Mr. J. J. Barkman, and the present author were the leaders of an excursion of students in biology of the University at Leiden to Central France. For some two weeks the party was hospitably lodged in the "Station Biologique" in the village Besse-en-Chandesse (d\xc3\xa9partement Puy de D\xc3\xb4me), 30 km S.S.W. of Clermont-Ferrand. Thanks to the generosity of Prof. R. Hovasse and Dr. L.\nOlivier, we could stay in this biological institute, which belongs to the University at Clermont-Ferrand.\nDuring the excursion the author paid special attention to the collecting of land and freshwater Mollusca. The very dry and hot weather during our stay was one of the main difficulties in carrying the project into execution; moreover, the region has a rather poor malacofauna as a result of the nearly complete absence of lime in the soil.\nThe climate of the here discussed part of Auvergne, the massif of the Monts Dore, is typically Atlantic; the region has a considerable amount of rainfall (1150\xe2\x80\x942500 mm per annum). The highlands are situated at the northwestern border of the Massif Central, representing an area completely exposed to the northern and western winds of the Atlantic Ocean. The warmest month is August with an average temperature of 14.80 C.\nThe Massif Central is of volcanic origin; it consists mainly of metamorphous granite, formed during the Lower Carboniferous, on which beds of lava and volcanic ashes were deposited during the Tertiary. The cones of four extinguished volcanoes rise from a slightly undulating table-land of a height of about 1000 m; the highest of these mountains, the Puy de Sancy, attains a height of 1866 m. Mineral sources are the only remains of volcanic

Description: I am indebted to the authorities of the Leiden Museum for the opportunity of examining and reporting on the large collection made by the late Dr. E. Jacobson on Simalur island and on its smaller satellite Pulau Babi, in 1913, between the months of January and September.\nThe collection is large enough to enable one to study good series of a number of the forms collected, and to justify the naming of several new races. Some new forms had already been named by Dr. C. A. van der Willigen, who studied the collection several years ago. Whenever possible I adopted Dr. van der Willigen\'s MS names.\nIt is now possible to compare the faunas of Simalur Is., Nias Is., and Enggano Is., but the fauna of the Mentawi islands is unfortunately still very imperfectly known.\nI have to thank Dr. L. A. W. C. Venmans for figures of the radulae of several species of which he has kindly made preparations, and Mrs. van der Feen (n\xc3\xa9e van Benthem Jutting) for helpful notes. Also my thanks are due to Dr. van Regteren Altena for the trouble he has taken in making the collection available to me. And lastly I must record my indebtedness to the late Mr. Wilkins of the British Museum (Natural History) for the three figures of new forms described below, and for other help which he always was ready to give.\nLarge though the collection is, I do not doubt that future collecting will add other forms to the Simalur list. Any conclusions, therefore, made from the present list are subject to reservations.\nThe type-specimens of the new forms described below are in the Leiden Museum.

Description: For a long time, investigation of the fauna of Suriname encountered great difficulties. These included: great abundance of species; inaccessibility of the territory concerned; lack of zoologists on the spot, and little interest in Neotropical material on the part of Dutch biologists. Moreover, the practice of this branch of science has depended on the initiative of private individuals, the result being that no definite programme has been followed. Owing to these circumstances investigation of the zoology of Suriname has lagged far behind investigation of its botany and geology.

Description: The zoological collections made by the 1948\xe2\x80\x941949 Surinam Expedition contain about 200 mammals, brought together by the zoologists Dr. D. C. GEIJSKES and Mr. P. H. CREUTZBERG. Though the collection consists mainly of species which had already been reported from Dutch Guiana, it is of considerable value, in the first place on account of the detailed data concerning the localities, biotopes, and biology, and secondly because not only the skins and skulls of the collected specimens have been preserved but as a rule also their complete skeletons.\nThe present paper \xc2\xb9) deals with the Primates; the other groups of mammals will be treated in subsequent publications. Thanks are due to Dr. D. C. GEIJSKES, who is responsible for the notes on the biology of the species. The skeletons of the material dealt with here have recently been studied in the Leiden Museum by Mr. G. E. ERIKSON of Harvard Medical School, Boston, who intends to publish the results of his investigation in the near future.

Description: In 1957 werden de karteringen in twee gescheiden gebieden in de Pyrenee\xc3\xabn voortgezet, verder in een gebied in N.-Leon aansluitend aan het N.-Palenciagebied begonnen en in Galicia eveneens voortgezet.\nIn de Spaanse Pyrenee\xc3\xabn werd dit jaar begonnen met gebieden, die uit het Segredal te bereiken zijn en op de duur zullen aansluiten met het Pallaresagebied. In de Franse Pyrenee\xc3\xabn werd het onderzoek aan het massief van Aston voortgezet.

Description: In the introduction the criteria are mentioned which enable us to distinguish the products of the synkinematic and post-kinematic phases of the Hercynian metamorphism. A short characteristic has been given of the Silurian and Cambro-Ordovician rocks.\nThe mica-schists, discussed in Chapter I, are exposed in the southeastern, central and northern parts of the mapped area. The grade of metamorphism increases from north to south in this rock-series. A biotite-, an andalusiteand a sillimanite zone can be distinguished. The biotite- and andalusite zones originated during the synkinematic phase. However, the sillimanite of the mica-schists is thought to be post-kinematic. There are indications that the rocks of the sillimanite zone have undergone high-grade metamorphism. In the low-grade biotite-muscovite-schists a marble layer occurs with biotite-gneiss bands, containing fairly basic plagioclase.\nThree varieties of synkinematic gneiss are distinguished: A) Sillimanitegneisses (migmatites), B) quartz-dioritic gneisses and C) homogeneous biotite-gneisses. The migmatites predominate in a 200 m thick zone which is located structurally below the mica-schists. The migmatization (both lit-par-lit replacement and metamorphic differentiation probably were involved) appears to be late- to post-kinematic. Nearly all the sillimanite, however, is postkinematic. The quartz-dioritic gneisses are supposed to have been formed by a selective sodium metasomatism of lime-bearing pelites. The biotite-gneisses possibly originated from semipelitic or pelitic rocks by sodium metasomatism.\nThe quartz-diorites which occur structurally below the zone of migmatites, mentioned above, occupy most of the area in the north-eastern and southeastern parts of the region investigated. In most cases it was clear that these rocks were formed by rheomorphism at the expense of migmatites. On the other hand, static recrystallization of homogeneous biotite-gneisses may also result in the formation of quartz-diorites. The field observations show that rheomorphism took place on a regional scale in the Trois Seigneurs massif. Nowhere do the quartz-diorites break through the sillimanite-gneiss zone, which forms a continuous envelope around these rocks. Numerous relics of the pre-existing rock series are still recognizable in the autochthonous quartzdiorites.\nThe resisters (Chapter IV) occur as conformable layers or lenses in the synkinematic gneisses. These lenses and layers have been broken into many pieces, due to the flow movements in the rheomorphic quartz-diorites. A series of rock types of sedimentary origin (part I) could be distinguished: magnesian and non-magnesian marbles and lime-silicate rocks, hornblende and biotite-bytownite-gneisses (presumably original marls) and quartzites. They may be intercalated, and usually show a typical sedimentary banding. Transitions between the three different types have been observed. Another group of resisters (part II) show characteristics which indicate that they are of igneous origin. The quartz-gabbros (part III) probably originated at the expense of amphibolites through an extreme static recrystallization.\nIn the registers a synkinematic paragenesis can be distinguished which can be placed in the amphibolite facies. The following minerals: diopside, clinopyroxene, grossularite, wollastonite, forsterite, spinel, calcic plagioclase and green hornblende characterize this paragenesis. Furthermore a high-grade post-kinematic association is present which contains, among others: cummingtonite, light green amphibole, pargasite, cordierite (?), anthophyllite (?), and bytownite. During the post-kinematic phase the green hornblende of the hornblende-bytownite-gneisses apparently remained stable as did the clinopyroxene, grossularite and basic plagioclase of the lime-silicate rocks. In association with late cross-cutting pegmatites a low-grade paragenesis occurs: sericite, pennine, epidote, clinozoisite, prehnite, actinolite and albite. It was not possible to establish, whether the tremolite, epidote and clinozoisite of the lime-silicate rocks originated in association with pegmatites, or as a result of the cooling in the rock series during the latest stages of the metamorphism. In general the resisters probably underwent an isochemical metamorphism.\nSills or cross-cutting dykes of pegmatite and leucocratic granitic rocks (Chapter V) are of frequent occurrence in the gneisses of the Trois Seigneurs massif. They originated during many different stages of the Hercynian metamorphism. In the quartz-diorites the early sills reacted as plastic bodies during the stage of rheomorphism and preserved their original parallel position. The muscovite-granite of the Pic d\xe2\x80\x99Estibat is located close above the migmatite boundary.\nThe biotite-muscovite granite of la Ruse (Chapter VI) is possibly intrusive and perhaps originated at the expense of a concentration of pegmatites and leucocratic granites which, as a rule, occur near the migmatite boundary.\nThe biotite-granodiorite of the Pic des Trois Seigneurs is described in Chapter VII. Its intrusive character is clear, mainly from evidence of shouldering aside the enclosing rocks. It is suggested that the original magma of the granodiorite originated at the expense of autochthonous gneisses and quartzdiorites which have become intrusive. There are indications that the granodiorite body narrows downward and that the connection with the autochthonous rocks has more or less been lost.\nBodies of chlorite-albite rock (Chapter VIII) occur in many places in the gneisses and quartz-diorites of the mapped area, but also in the biotite-granodiorite of the Pic des Trois Seigneurs, and even in the micaschists. It could be proved that these rocks were formed through a strong sodium metasomatism under hydrothermal conditions. Especially in the field, the original appearance of the pre-existing rocks has been well preserved. Small lenses of chloritite frequently occur in the chlorite-albite rocks. They are original basic resisters. These rocks appear to be later than the late-Hercynian cross-cutting pegmatites. The age of the chlorite-albite rocks could not yet be determined. Possibly they are associated with the late-Hercynian period of faulting or with the Alpine orogeny. The influence of chloritization and albitization is also clear in gneisses and quartz-diorites near important fault zones.\nThe structural relations of the Trois Seigneurs massif with respect to the surrounding mesozoic rocks and the axial zone of the Pyrenees are discussed in the last chapter.

Description: Mapping of the Paleozoic of the Central Pyrenees by students in geology of Leiden University under the directorship of Prof. Dr L.U. de Sitter started in 1948 with the Arize massif. Since then the survey has shifted first eastwards, 1949 St. Barth\xc3\xa9lemy massif; then westwards, 1950 Salat valley; 1951 Riberot valley (sheet 2); 1952, Garonne valley (sheet 1), and then southwards, 1953 and 1954 Valle de Ar\xc3\xa1n, then south again to the Pallaresa and the S\xc3\xa8gre (1955\xe2\x80\x941957).\nThe survey has been restricted almost exclusively to the Paleozoic because the Mesozoic had been mapped by Casteras (1933) in the north and by Misch (1934), in the south, therefore only the Paleozoic rocks in their nonmetamorphic and metamorphic state have been differentiated on the map, whereas the Mesozoic rock contours except part of the Triassic, have been taken over in a simplified form from the 1 : 80.000 sheet Foix of the Carte g\xc3\xa9ologique de France. Many internal reports and maps have accumulated in the files of the Geological Institute in Leiden of which only a few have been published. Often preliminary surveys have been succeeded by further detailed fieldwork by graduate students, other regions have been worked over again by ourselves so that now a start can be made with a final comprehensive series of maps on a scale 1:50.000 of which Sheet 3, Ari\xc3\xa8ge, France, containing mainly the satellite massifs of Arize, Trois Seigneurs and St. Barth\xc3\xa9lemy (see fig. 1) is the first to be published.

Description: An inventarisation of the plankton living in an old branch cut off from the river Waal has been made on August 16, 19 and 23, 1955. In the deep part lake plankton (Limnoplankton) was found, and in the shallow parts pond plankton (Heleoplankton) occurs. Some rare plankters typical for oligotrophic waters were found in a certain part of the river branch. A chemical analysis of this part of the water shows no real difference with other parts. The part of the old branch connected with the river Waal has a plankton community of its own. This is caused by the polluted river water. The horizontal distribution of plankton on August 16, 1955, was investigated. The vertical distribution of plankton investigated on August 28, 1941, is also given.

Description: In the spring of 1954, from April 28 to June 14, six members of the scientific staff of the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam made a collecting trip to Yugoslavia. The primary purpose of this journey was collecting for the Museum, animals from that part of Europe being only poorly represented. At the same time, it was the intention to collect large series at as many localities as possible for the study of geographical variation. Collecting activities were restricted to certain animal groups, according to the personal interest and collecting experience of the participants. Therefore, the collections chiefly consist of invertebrates: (Macro) Lepidoptera, Arachnoidea, Isopoda, Mollusca, and aquatic microfauna (Copepoda, Amphipoda, Nematoda, Hydrachnidae, Halacaridae).\nThe results of the expedition will be published under the collective title \xe2\x80\x9cZoological results of a collecting journey to Yugoslavia, 1954\xe2\x80\x9d, and will appear successively in Beaufortia.