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  • evolution  (68)
  • temperature  (56)
  • Springer  (124)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Meteorological Society
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 1995-1999  (124)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1999  (124)
  • 1957
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  • 1995-1999  (124)
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  • 1
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Springer
    In:  Heidelberg, Springer, vol. 113, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN 1-56670-263-3)
    Publikationsdatum: 1999
    Schlagwort(e): Handbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Earthquake hazard ; KTB ; ICDP ; IOcean Drilling Program ; climate ; Antarctica ; Nuclear explosion ; Volcanology ; GeodesyY ; satellites ; remote ; sensing ; gas ; hydrates ; Geothermics ; Energy (of earthquakes) ; potable ; water ; waste ; soils ; evolution ; Geol. aspects ; geotechnics ; Engineering geophys. ; ores
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 140 (1999), S. 81-86 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Schlagwort(e): Reed Warbler ; timing of breeding ; spring arrival ; global climate change ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung In einem Untersuchungsgebiet am westlichen Bodensee (Halbinsel Mettnau) zeichnet sich zwischen 1976 und 1997 eine deutliche Zunahme früh ausgeflogener Teichrohrsänger ab, was auf ein früheres Brüten schließen läßt. Weiterhin hat sich die Erstankunft des Teichrohrsängers am Bodensee in den letzten 16 Jahren (1982–1997) im Vergleich zum Zeitraum 1961 bis 1980 um genau eine Woche verfrüht (im Mittel vom 26.4. auf den 19.4.). Während sich zwischen der jährlichen Erstankunft des Teichrohrsängers am Bodensee und der Zahl früh ausgeflogener Jungvögel kein statistisch gesicherter Zusammenhang finden läßt, ist die Temperatur in der ersten Maihälfte ein guter (statistisch signifikanter) Indikator für die Zahl früh ausgeflogener Teichrohrsänger. Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt, daß sich offenbar auch Langstreckenzieher an die sich abzeichnende Klimaveränderung anzupassen beginnen.
    Notizen: Summary Data from a standardized mist-netting programme (the so-called "MRI-Programm") were used to assess the timing of breeding in Reed Warblers (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) at Lake Constance (South Germany). The number of Reed Warblers fledged early in the season increased significantly between 1976 and 1997 (rs=0.614; p〈0.01). This is most probably due to a long-term increase in spring temperature as suggested by the high correlation between the number of early-fledged Reed Warblers and mean temperature in the first half of May (rs=0.416; p〈0.01). While in the period from 1961 to 1980 the mean date of spring arrival was on the 26th of April, it shifted towards the 19th April from 1981 to 1997. However, the number of early-fledged Reed Warblers and the date of spring arrival are not significantly correlated. The lack of a significant correlation may be due to a number of reasons, for instance early arriving birds do not belong to the local population or there could be an observational bias among years. Yet, the most likely explanation is that the timing of breeding in Reed Warblers is triggered by vegetation growth and food supply rather than by the timing of spring arrival. There is growing body of evidence from this and other studies that the recent climate change is responsible for the shift in both the timing of migration and breeding in birds.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 359-368 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata ; Cruciferae ; Phyllotreta nemorum ; Chrysomelidae ; Alticinae ; flea beetle ; plant defence ; host plant range ; near-isogenic ; Y-linkage ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A Y-linked gene (R-gene) in the flea beetle Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) confer the ability of larvae to survive on types of the plant Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. (Brassicaceae) which are immune to attack by susceptible conspecifics. Two near-isogenic flea beetle lines were developed. The YE-line contained the Y-linked R-gene, and male larvae from this line survived on B. vulgaris. The ST-line did not contain the gene and did not survive on the plant. The YE-line had been developed through 8–9 generations of backcrosses (YE-males with ST-females) and the two lines were considered to be isogenic except for genes located on the Y-chromosome. A single copy of the Y-linked gene is sufficient to transfer a susceptible genotype (ST) into a resistant genotype (YE) which is able to utilize a plant that is immune to attack by specimens without R-genes. The Y-linked gene had no effects on survival on other plant species tested. The gene did not have any effect on developmental times and weights of adult beetles reared on other plants than B. vulgaris. Developmental times of larvae with the Y-linked gene were longer on B. vulgaris than on normal host plants, R. sativus and S. arvensis, but the adults obtained the same size on these plant species. No trade-offs of the Y-linked gene were discovered. The results suggest that the occurrence of the Y-linked gene is a derived trait which has enabled the flea beetle to expand its host plant range. The evolution of a host shift to B. vulgaris seems not to be favoured by the presence of this single gene.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 29-35 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): chemoreception ; deterrents ; Pieris ; Brassicaceae ; cardenolides ; host-plant selection ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Pieris butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) are specialist herbivores of cruciferous plants. They exploit glucosinolates, secondary plant metabolites chemotaxonomically characteristic for this plant family, as token stimuli. In addition to particular glucosinolates, some genera of the Cruciferae contain cardenolides, steroidal allelochemicals that act as potent feeding and oviposition deterrents to several Pieris species. We investigated the sensory mechanisms by which these compounds are perceived in larvae. Pieris caterpillars and many other lepidopterous species are endowed with so-called generalist deterrent receptors, that respond to a broad spectrum of secondary plant substances. In Pieris caterpillars we found a second type of deterrent chemoreceptor in maxillary styloconic taste sensilla. This neuron is very sensitive to cardenolides (threshold 0.1–0.3 μM). The generalist deterrent receptor also responds to these substances but its threshold lies at 50–100× higher concentrations. In behavioural preference experiments Pieris brassicae L. caterpillars preferred cardenolide-treated cabbage leaf discs when confronted with a choice between them and a deterrent substance that does not occur in the Brassicaceae. The cardenolides acted as potent deterrents when offered against untreated cabbage leaf discs. This demonstrates that the balance of activity elicited in the two types of deterrent chemoreceptors determines the behavioural decision.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 149-155 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Megalurothrips sjostedti ; temperature ; photoperiod ; development ; pre-oviposition ; oviposition ; diapause
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Megalurothrips sjostedti is an economic pest of cowpea in tropical Africa. There are no reports of the effect of temperature on the development of the pest and no diapause has been detected. The developmental rate and reproduction of M. sjostedti was studied under six constant temperatures (14, 17, 20, 23, 26 and 29 °C ) and a photoperiod of L12:D12 in the laboratory. Total developmental time ranged from 33.1 days at 14 °C to 19.2 days at 26 °C. At 29 °C, all larvae died during hatching. Egg, larval and pupal stages required 94.3, 97.1 and 105.3 deg-days (DD) above a threshold of 8.2, 9.1 and 10.4 °C, respectively, to complete development. Total developmental cycle was completed at 163.9 DD above a threshold of 12.6 °C. Adult longevity was lowest (11.1 days) at 29 °C and highest (28.7 days) at 14 °C. At constant temperatures, the highest pre-oviposition period was observed at 29 °C under a photoperiod of L16:D8. Egg production also ceased at this temperature/photoperiod combination. Total fecundity was highest at 26 °C under L10:D14. At cyclical temperatures, pre-oviposition period was longest (12.4 days) at 20/29 °C under L16:D8. Total fecundity was highest (168.4 eggs) at 14/26 °C under L10:D14, and lowest (8.2 eggs) at 20/29 °C under L16:D8. The significance of these findings in the management of M. sjostedti is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 47 (1999), S. 29-40 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Schlagwort(e): Sexual selection ; mate selection ; gamete selection ; evolution ; ploidy ; asssortative mating
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Results of an agent-based computer simulation of the evolution of diploid sexual organisms showed that several mate selection strategies confer much higher average fitness to the simulated populations, and higher evolutionary stability to the alleles coding for these strategies, than random mating. Strategies which select for 'good genes' were very successful, and so were strategies based on assortative mating. The results support the hypothesis that mating is not likely to be random in nature and that the most successful mate selection strategies are those based on assortative mating or on advantageous genes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 25-35 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Aphis gossypii ; development ; survival ; fecundity ; intrinsic rate of increase ; life table ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Life table parameters of Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Gossypium hirsutum L. were determined at six temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 ± 0.5 °C) in the laboratory. Relationships of life table parameters with temperature were described with mathematical equations. Development was fastest at 30 °C, with a pre-larviposition period of 4.6 d. Survival to adult was greatest at 25 °C (81%). Fecundity was highest at 25 °C, with a total fecundity of 28.3 nymphs per female and a mean reproductive rate of 3.1 nymphs per female per day. Threshold temperatures for development in the first through fourth instar and the adult were 8.2, 8.0, 7.2, 6.2 and 7.9 °C, respectively. The durations of these stages, expressed as temperature sums above these thresholds, were 24.2, 23.7, 23.0, 25.5 and 168.8 degree-days (D°), respectively. A. gossypii achieved its maximum net reproductive number (24.4 nymphs per female) and greatest intrinsic rate of increase (0.386 d−1) at 25 °C. The high relative rate of population increase at 25 °C results in a daily population increase of 47% and a doubling time of only 1.8 d, illustrating the tremendous growth capacity of A. gossypii populations under favourable conditions. Compared to literature sources, our source of A. gossypii, fed on cotton, showed a comparatively great heat tolerance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 297-302 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): smaller fruit tortrix ; Grapholita lobarzewskii ; phenology ; post-diapause development ; temperature ; thermal threshold ; thermal constant ; forecasting ; modelling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The smaller fruit tortrix, Grapholita lobarzewskii Nowicki, has become a major pest in the recent past in apple orchards north of the Alps. Nevertheless little is known about the biology and the behaviour of this species. The effect of temperature on post-diapause development and survival was studied under controlled conditions in order to establish a basis for the forecasting of adult emergence. Survival was found to be highest at 17 °C and lowest at 11.8 °C. The sex ratio did not differ significantly from 1:1. Based on a linear relationship between temperature and developmental rates, thermal thresholds of 9.6 °C and 9.8 °C were determined for females and males respectively. The thermal constants, i.e., the mean developmental times in physiological time units, were found to be 342 day-degrees for females and 317 day-degrees for males, suggesting a slight protandry. Based on the mean and the variance of the developmental times, a simple temperature-driven phenology model was built using a time-varying distributed delay. The model was validated by visually comparing the predictions with independent observations on adult emergence, and by calculating the temporal deviations of the predictions. In 4 out of 5 years the mean error was less than 3 days. The model was therefore found to give reliable forecasts of the emergence of G. lobarzewskii and can be used to determine the optimal time for the exposure of pheromone traps, the application of pheromone dispensers for mating disruption, and for the timing of insecticide applications.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 7 (1999), S. 101-108 
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Schlagwort(e): Polylactic acid ; temperature ; respirometers ; soil degradation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Energietechnik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract A respirometric system was used to analyze the biodegradation of high molecular weight (120,000 to 200,000 g mol−1) polylactic acid (PLA) plastic films in soil under laboratory conditions. The respirometric system consisted of air-conditioning pretraps, a soil reactor, and a carbon dioxide (CO2) posttrap. A 200-g homogeneous soil mixture of all-purpose potting soil : manure soil : sand [1 : 1 : 1 (w/w)] and 1.5 g of PLA plastic films in 1 × 1-cm2 squares was added to each bottle. The respirometers were placed in a 28, 40, or 55°C water bath for 182 days. Treatments (three replicates) included native corn starch (positive control), polyethylene (Glad Cling Wrap; negative control), and three PLA films: Ca-I (Cargill Dow Polymers LLC, monolayer), GII (Cargill Dow Polymers LLC, Generation II), and Ch-I (Chronopol; monolayer). The degree of polymer mineralization was indicated by the cumulative CO2 liberated from each respirometer. The initial average mineralization rate and total percentage mineralized of the PLA plastic films at 28, 40, and 55°C was 24.3, 41.5, and 76.9 mg/day with a 27, 45, and 70% carbon loss, respectively. No decrease in soil pH was observed after 182 days of mineralization. Hence, increase in soil temperature drastically enhanced the biodegradation of PLA plastic films in soil under laboratory conditions (P 〈 0.0001).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 7 (1999), S. 83-92 
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Schlagwort(e): Polylactic acid ; temperature ; relative humidity ; degradation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Energietechnik , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract Three high molecular weight (120,000 to 200,000 g mol−1) polylactic acid (PLA) plastic films from Chronopol (Ch-I) and Cargill Dow Polymers (GII and Ca-I) were analyzed for their degradation under various temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions. Two sets of plastic films, each containing 11 samples, were randomly hung in a temperature/humidity-controlled chamber by means of plastic-coated paper clips. The tested conditions were 28, 40, and 55°C at 50 and 100% RH, respectively, and 55°C at 10% RH. The three tested PLA films started to lose their tensile properties when their weight-average molecular weight (M w) was in the range of 50,000 to 75,000 g mol−1. The average degradation rate of Ch-I, GII, and Ca-I was 28,931, 27,361, and 63,025 M w/week, respectively. Hence, GII had a faster degradation rate than Ch-I and Ca-I under all tested conditions. The degradation rate of PLA plastics was enhanced by the increase in temperature and relative humidity. This trend was observed in all three PLA plastics (Ca-I, GII, and Ch-I). Of the three tested films, Ch-I was the first to lose its mechanical properties, whereas Ca-I demonstrated the slowest loss, with mechanical properties under all tested conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 81-85 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Schlagwort(e): cupric oxide ; powder ; current density ; temperature ; sodium sulfate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: Abstract Electrosynthesis of cupric oxide powder was carried out on a laboratory scale in an electrochemical cell under various experimental conditions. The electrolysis was appraised in terms of the particle size of the cupric oxide product and the anodic dissolution of the copper electrode. Using a previously determined pH value of 7.50, the other optimum electrolysis operating conditions established were a current density of 4000Am−2, temperature of 353K, and Na2SO4 concentration of 0.5m. The optimum values of current efficiency, cell voltage and specific energy consumption for the electrochemical synthesis of cupric oxide powder were determined.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 525-528 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Schlagwort(e): brine ; chlor-alkali cells ; solubility ; sulfate ions ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Minds and machines 9 (1999), S. 309-346 
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Schlagwort(e): language ; grammar ; syntax ; semantics ; evolution ; emergence ; brain size
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract It is commonly argued that the rules of language, as distinct from its semantic features, are the characteristics which most clearly distinguish language from the communication systems of other species. A number of linguists (e.g., Chomsky 1972, 1980; Pinker 1994) have suggested that the universal features of grammar (UG) are unique human adaptations showing no evolutionary continuities with any other species. However, recent summaries of the substantive features of UG are quite remarkable in the very general nature of the features proposed. While the syntax of any given language can be quite complex, the specific rules vary so much between languages that the truly universal (i.e. innate) aspects of grammar are not complex at all. In fact, these features most closely resemble a set of general descriptions of our richly complex semantic cognition, and not a list of specific rules. General principles of the evolutionary process suggest that syntax is more properly understood as an emergent characteristic of the explosion of semantic complexity that occurred during hominid evolution. It is argued that grammatical rules used in given languages are likely to be simply conventionalized, invented features of language, and not the result of an innate, grammar-specific module. The grammatical and syntactic regularities that are found across languages occur simply because all languages attempt to communicate the same sorts of semantic information.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 37-58 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Schlagwort(e): protein ; experimentation ; conceptual variation and selection ; evolution ; Mulder ; Liebig ; Pflüger ; Nägeli
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wissenschaftskunde und Wissenschaftsorganisation, Hochschul- und Universitätswesen, Museumswissenschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A philosophically comprehended account is given of the genesis and evolution of the concept of protein. Characteristic of this development were not shifts in theory in response to new experimental data, but shifts in the range of questions that the available experimental resources were fit to cope with effectively. Apart from explanatory success with regard to its own range of questions, various other selecting factors acted on a conceptual variant, some stemming from a competing set of research questions, others from an altogether different field of inquiry, and still others from the external environment. These results are best explained on, hence support, an evolutionary model of the progress of experimental investigation, whose outlines are briefly discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Schlagwort(e): diatoms ; temperature ; sediment traps ; seasonal succession ; resuspension ; Lake Holzmaar
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract The seasonal sedimentation pattern of diatom valves in Lake Holzmaar was investigated during 1995 by deploying sediment traps at three different lake depths. According to the sedimentation pattern, the major reproduction zone of diatoms was restricted to the upper 6 m of the water body. The population growth started late in April and blooms of Cyclotella cf. comensis Grun., which dominates the plankton diatoms, and Fragilaria crotonensis Kitton were collected in traps during June and September, and July, respectively. During summer, the seasonal sedimentation pattern of each taxon, as collected in the upper traps, was reflected in the concentrations in the lowest trap. However, in May and from September onwards, the community composition in the lowest trap and augmented trapping rates suggest both sediment focusing and resuspension of bottom sediments. The temperature signals as recorded by δ18O values of diatom valves should, therefore, reflect integrated temperatures between 0 and 6 m depth. However, temperatures during summer and autumn are expected to be accentuated in the sedimentary record since the isotopic signal is weighted by both the number and the weight-mass of the valves. During summer, the transfer of these signals by the sedimenting diatoms retains the information pattern recorded, while in spring and autumn/winter additional influxes caused by resuspension may somewhat alter those temperature informations. The proxy signals finally stored in the sediments, may, therefore, not precisely represent the successive temperatures currently recorded during 1995 within mid-lake.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Schlagwort(e): interspecific interactions ; ochratoxin ; Aspergillus ochraceus ; spoilage fungi ; water relations ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of water availability (water activity,aw; 0.995–0.90) and temperature (18–30 °) on in vitro interactions between an ochratoxin producing strain of Aspergillus ochraceus and six other spoilage fungi was assessed in dual culture experiments on a maize meal-based agar medium. Inprimary resource capture of nutrient substrate, A. ochraceus was dominant against many of the interacting species, being able to overgrow and replace A. candidus, and sometimes A. flavus and the Eurotium spp. regardless of aw or temperature. However, with freely available water (0.995 aw) A. alternata and A. niger were dominant, with mutual antagonism between A. ochraceus and A. flavus at 25–30 °C. In the driest conditions tested (0.90 aw) there was also mutual antagonism between A. ochraceus and the two Eurotium spp. Overall, under allconditions tested the Index of Dominance for A. ochraceus was much higher than for other competing species combined suggesting that A. ochraceus wasa good competitive colonist able to replace a numberof other species. However, the growth rate ofA. ochraceus was modified and decreased by the interaction with competitors. Interaction between A. ochraceus and species such as A. alternata (18°C/0.995) and Eurotium spp. (0.995–0.95 and 25–30 °C) resulted in a significant stimulation of ochratoxin production. Theresults are discussed in relation to the effect that environmental factors have on the possible competitiveness of A. ochraceus in the maizegrain ecosystem and the role of ochratoxin in nicheexclusion of competitors.
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 23 (1999), S. 669-679 
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Schlagwort(e): Panonychus ulmi ; dipause eggs ; overwintering ; dipause termination ; temperature ; photoperiod
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In apple orchards in northern Greece, females of Panonychus ulmi Koch were found to lay diapause eggs from late August to the beginning of October. The course of diapause termination in the field was determined by transferring diapause eggs during winter and early spring from apple orchards with the varieties ‘Starkinson’ and ‘Firiki’ to short days (LD 8:16) (1992–1996), and long days (LD 16:8) (1994–1995), both at 20 °C. Percentages of diapause termination were very low to zero from October to the beginning of January, then progressively increased throughout January and February. Diapause termination in 50% of the eggs occurred in the first half of February in lowland mite populations irrespective of the year and location from which the eggs originated, and about one month earlier in a population originating from an altitude of 300 m. For each sampling date throughout the winter, the mean number of days required for 50% egg hatch at 20 °C (T50%) was similar under either a long (LD 16:8) or a short (LD 8:16) photoperiod. Diapause eggs collected in October 1995 from two orchards and maintained at 0, 5, 10 and 15 °C for various periods were subsequently transferred to 20 °C and LD 8:16, where TP50% was determined. It was shown that temperature, duration of maintenance at the different temperatures and the orchard from which the eggs originated had a significant effect on T50% and therefore on diapause development. Additionally, in our strains diapause intensity was much weaker than in strains from more northern latitudes and was terminated even without any cold exposure. The variation in diapause intensity in different strains of P. ulmi may have an adaptive significance for this widespread species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of the history of biology 32 (1999), S. 343-383 
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Schlagwort(e): agnosticism ; Darwinian ; evolution ; materialism ; Malthusian ; nebular hypothesis ; popularization ; professionalization ; transitional forms
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geschichte
    Notizen: Abstract Robert Chambers and Thomas Henry Huxley helped popularize science by writing for general interest publications when science was becoming increasingly professionalized. A non-professional, Chambers used his family-owned Chambers' Edinburgh Journal to report on scientific discoveries, giving his audience access to ideas that were only available to scientists who regularly attended professional meetings or read published transactions of such forums. He had no formal training in the sciences and little interest in advancing the professional status of scientists; his course of action was determined by his disability and interest in scientific phenomena. His skillful reporting enabled readers to learn how the ideas that flowed from scientific innovation affected their lives, and his series of article in the Journal presenting his rudimentary ideas on evolution, served as a prelude to his important popular work, Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. Huxley, an example of the new professional class of scientists, defended science and evolution from attacks by religious spokesmen and other opponents of evolution, informing the British public about science through his lectures and articles in such publications as Nineteenth Century. He understood that by popularizing scientific information, he could effectively challenge the old Tory establishment -- with its orthodox religious and political views -- and promote the ideas of the new class of professional scientists. In attempting to transform British society, he frequently came in conflict with theologians and others on issues in which science and religion seemed to contradict each other but refused to discuss matters of science with non-professionals like Chambers, whose popular writing struck a more resonant chord with working class readers.
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 865-871 
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Orangutan ; MHC class I ; HLA-C ; natural killer cells ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  HLA-B and C are related class I genes which are believed to have arisen by duplication of a common ancestor. Previous study showed the presence of orthologues for both HLA-B and C in African apes but only for HLA-B in Asian apes. These observations suggested that the primate C locus evolved subsequent to the divergence of the Pongidae and Hominidae. From an analysis of orangutan Tengku two HLA-C-like alleles (Popy C*0101 and Popy C*0201) were defined as well as three HLA-B-like (Popy-B) alleles. By contrast, no Popy-C alleles were obtained from orangutan Hati, although three Popy-B alleles were defined. Thus an HLA-C-like locus exists in the orangutan (as well as a duplicated B locus), implying that the primate C locus evolved prior to the divergence of the Pongidae and Hominidae and is at least 12–13 million years old. Uncertain is whether all orangutan MHC haplotypes contain a C locus, as the failure to find C alleles in some individuals could be due to a mispairing of HLA-C-specific primers with certain Popy-C alleles. These results raise the possibilities that other primate species have a C locus and that the regulation of natural killer cells by C allotypes evolved earlier in primate evolution than has been thought.
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 17 (1999), S. 335-349 
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Schlagwort(e): underground gas storage ; pressure barrier ; fibre shotcrete ; stress ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract The paper describes an investigation of pressure barriers (plugs) for an underground gas storage facility which were to be constructed from fibre shotcrete. An extensive measurement program on a test plug was carried out to verify the suitability of fibre shotcrete for this purpose. The results of stress and temperature measurements carried out during the construction of the test plug and during cyclic loading of the plug to a water pressure up to 13 MPa are presented. The measurement program provided information on the stress and temperature development inside the plug body during hydration and hardening and also on the residual tensile stresses at the interface between the plug and the rock mass after the end of hydration. Another important output was information on the quality of the plug-rock mass interface, which was critical for a possible leakage. The results obtained during the cyclic loading of the plug revealed uneven stress distribution at the contact and in the adjacent rock mass. It also provided information on the rate of stress redistribution at the contact and inside the rock mass. The results were used to modify the technology of the shotcrete technique to be applied in the final plugs. The gas storage facility using the modified design has been in trial operation since the end of 1998.
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 31-49 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Chemical ecology ; evolution ; variation ; population dynamics ; community ; species interactions ; infochemical ; semiochemical ; parasitoid ; foraging behavior ; learning ; phenotypic plasticity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The marriage of chemistry with ecology has been a productive one, providing a wealth of examples of how chemicals play important roles in the loves and lives of living organisms. At first the marriage may have been a simple and monogamous one with the major scientific aim of making proximate analyses of chemically mediated, individual level interactions. But times have changed and chemical ecology is broadening, embracing different approaches and disciplines. There is, for example, increasing appreciation of variability in the systems under study and an increase in evolutionary thinking. Another promising development is greater recognition of the potential importance of chemically mediated interactions for population dynamics and for structuring communities and species coexistence. The latter is an utterly underexplored area in chemical ecology. The field of chemical ecology of insect parasitoids shows some of these promising developments. Responses of parasitoids to infochemicals are increasingly studied with an integrated approach of mechanism and function. This integration of “how” and “why” questions significantly enhances the evolutionary and ecological understanding of stimulus–response patterns. The future challenge in chemical ecology is to demonstrate how chemically mediated interactions steer ecological and evolutionary processes at all levels of ecological organization. To reach this goal there is a need for interdisciplinary collaboration among chemists and ecologists working at different levels of organization and with different approaches, with other disciplines as partners.
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 111-119 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Schlagwort(e): adsorbent concentration ; adsorbent size ; adsorption ; chitin ; pH ; reactive dye ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract The adsorption of reactive dye on chitin has been investigated with a view to obtain the design data for batch processing of effluents for dye adsorption. The effect of several factors governing the dye adsorption such as the adsorbent concentration, adsorbent size, temperature and pH have been elicited. Desorption of the dye at different temperatures and pH have also been investigated.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Schlagwort(e): Klebsiella aerogenes ; ribitol dehydrogenase ; evolution ; mutant structures
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A mutant ribitol dehydrogenase (RDH-F) was purified from Klebsiella aerogenes strain F which evolved from the wild-type strain A under selective pressure to improve growth on xylitol, a poor substrate used as sole carbon source. The ratio of activities on xylitol (500 mM) and ribitol (50 mM) was 0.154 for RDH-F compared to 0.033 for the wild-type (RDH-A) enzyme. The complete amino acid sequence of RDH-F showed the mutations. Q60 for E60 and V215 for L215 in the single polypeptide chain of 249 amino acid residues. Structural modeling based on homologies with two other microbial dehydrogenases suggests that E60 → Q60 is a neutral mutation, since it lies in a region far from the catalytic site and should not cause structural perturbations. In contrast, L215 → V215 lies in variable region II and would shift a loop that interacts with the NADH cofactor. Another improved ribitol dehydrogenase, RDH-D, contains an A196 → P196 mutation that would disrupt a surface α-helix in region II. Hence conformational changes in this region appear to be responsible for the improved xylitol specificity.
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Plant systematics and evolution 215 (1999), S. 37-47 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Ranunculaceae ; Aconitum ; Delphinium ; Helleborus ; Nigella ; Seed oil ; fatty acids ; phylogeny ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Many members ofRanunculaceae contain unusual fatty acids in their seed oils. This leads to rather typical genus-specific fatty acid patterns or “fingerprints” in these seed oils. The members of theDelphinioideae and/orHelleboroideae, however, do not contain highly unusual fatty acids. Nevertheless, their seed oil fatty acid fingerprints are also fairly typical and genus-specific, and the patterns found are rather consistent throughout several species of one genus. It was found that species ofAconitum do not contain fatty acids with 20 carbon atoms.Delphinium, Consolida, Helleborus, Nigella and others do contain C20 fatty acids. In allHelleborus species, for example, there was a consistent C20 fatty acid pattern of 20:0≪20:1≫20:2〉20:3. Species ofNigella andGaridella contain high levels,Helleborus low levels, of 20:2n-6 in their seed oils.Delphinium andAconitum both contain low levels of 18:3n-3, whereasHelleborus spp. consistently show high levels of this fatty acid. The genus-specific fatty acid patterns found are discussed, and a correlation with the subfamily and tribe affiliation of the genera investigated here is attempted.
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 216 (1999), S. 135-166 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Dipsacaceae ; Pseudoscabiosa ; Scabiosa ; Sixalix ; Lomelosia ; Pycnocomon ; Scabiosiopsis ; Tremastelma ; Epicalyx ; fruit anatomy ; evolution ; systematics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Fruits ofDipsacaceae are single-seeded, have bristle-shaped calyx segments and are tightly enclosed by four fused bracts forming an epicalyx. Comparative morphological and anatomical studies reveal a great diversity of epicalyx and calyx, often relevant to fruit dispersal. The present contribution deals with theScabiosa group of genera, the core of theScabioseae tribe. Most of its taxa develop a diaphragma from a meristem on the inside of the epicalyx. This diaphragma, together with the lower part of the epicalyx encloses the fruit proper, whereas the upper parts form a so-called “epi-diaphragma” (ed) and a ± hyaline corona. Differences of the epicalyx with respect to the size and position of the ed, elaboration of the corona, origin of pits (=foveoles) and other morphological and anatomical specializations can be demonstrated. Together with palynological and karyological data these new facts support an improved concept of relationships and systematics for the taxa studied:Scabiosa sect.Scabiosa and sect.Cyrtostemma are closely related and should be united to form the genusScabiosa s. str.;Pycnocomon can be maintained as an independent genus, sister toScabiosa sect.Trochocephalus which then has to be treated as a genus,Lomelosia. In contrast, the following genera have to be included inLomelosia:Tremastelma asLomelosia sect.Callistemma, andScabiosiopsis as part ofLomelosia sect.Lomelosia. Pseudoscabiosa deviates in so many features that it has to be excluded from the redefinedScabioseae s. str.
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 216 (1999), S. 289-307 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Gymnosperms ; Pinaceae ; A. alba ; A. cephalonica ; A. borisii-regis ; A. bornmuelleriana ; A. nordmanniana ; A. equi-trojani ; A. pinsapo ; A. numidica ; A. cilicica ; Allozyme variation ; genetic diversity ; phylogenetic relationships ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Nineteen natural Mediterranean fir populations, belonging to eight species and to one natural hybrid (A. ×borisii-regis), were investigated by starch and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A total of 31 alleles was scored at eight loci (IDH-B, ACP-A, PER-B, 6PGD-A, 6PGD-B, MNR-B, PGI-B, PGM-A. Great variation was observed in the heterozygosity among the population studied and ranged from 0.010 (A. pinsapo) to 0.328 (A. cephalonica). The interpopulation genetic diversity was about 26% of the total genetic diversity. From the dendrogram, new phylogenetic relationships were revealed. High affinity was observed between the Calabrian fir population and the one from north-west Greece as well as betweenA. equi-trojani grown in Asia Minor and the southern Greek populations. Species specific alleles were found inA. cilicica. From the findings of the present work, a new hypothesis concerning the taxonomy, distribution and evolution ofAbies species in the Balkan Peninsula is supported.
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 217 (1999), S. 11-30 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Chlorococcales ; Microsporales ; Microspora ; Absolute configuration ; classification ; evolution ; flagellar apparatus ; ultrastructure ; zoospore
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The spatial configuration of the flagellar apparatus of the biflagellate zoospores of the green algal genusMicrospora is reconstructed by serial sectioning analysis using transmission electron microscopy. Along with the unequal length of the flagella, the most remarkable characteristics of the flagellar apparatus are: (1) the subapical emergence of the flagella (especially apparent with scanning electron microscopy); (2) the parallel orientation of the two basal bodies which are interconnected by a prominent one-piece distal connecting fiber; (3) the unique ultrastructure of the distal connecting fiber composed of a central tubular region which is bordered on both sides by a striated zone; (4) the different origin of the d-rootlets from their relative basal bodies; (5) the asymmetry of the papillar region which together with the subapical position of the basal bodies apparently cause the different paths of corresponding rootlets in the zoospore anterior; (6) the presence of single-membered d-rootlets and multi-membered s-rootlets resulting in a 7-1-7-1 cruciate microtubular root system which, through the different rootlet origin, does not exhibit a strict 180° rotational symmetry. It is speculated that the different basal body origin of the d-rootlets is correlated with the subapical implant of flagella. It is further hypothesized that in the course of evolution the ancestors ofMicrospora had a flagellar papilla that has migrated from a strictly apical position towards a subapical position. Simultaneously, ‘ancestral’ shift of flagella along the apical cell body periphery has taken place as can be concluded from the presence of an upper flagellum overlying a lower flagellum in the flagellar apparatus ofMicrospora. The basic features of the flagellar apparatus of theMicrospora zoospore resemble those of the coccoid green algal generaDictyochloris andBracteacoccus and also those of the flagellate green algal genusHeterochlamydomonas. This strengthens the general supposition thatMicrospora is evolutionarily closely related to taxa which were formerly classified in the traditionalChlorococcales.
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  • 28
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    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of bioeconomics 1 (1999), S. 13-18 
    ISSN: 1573-6989
    Schlagwort(e): Malthus ; Darwin ; evolution ; policy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract This is a rather impressionist report of my recollections of the history of the bioeconomics field.
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of bioeconomics 1 (1999), S. 19-34 
    ISSN: 1573-6989
    Schlagwort(e): Darwinian world view ; evolution ; evolutionary economics ; development ; subjectivism ; natural selection ; analogy ; adaptation ; evolutionary progress ; preferences ; genetic endowment ; growth of consumption
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract Bioeconomics—the merging of views from biology and economics—on the one hand invites the 'export' of situational logic and sophisticated optimization developed in economics into biology. On the other hand, human economic activity and its evolution, not least over the past few centuries, may be considered an instance for fruitfully applying ideas from evolutionary biology and Darwinian theory. The latter perspective is taken in the present paper. Three different aspects are discussed in detail. First, the Darwinian revolution provides an example of a paradigm shift which contrasts most significantly with the 'subjectivist revolution' that took place at about the same time in economics. Since many of the features of the paradigmatic change that were introduced into the sciences by Darwinism may be desirable for economics as well, the question is explored whether the Darwinian revolution can be a model for introducing a new paradigm in economic theory. Second, the success of Darwinism and its view of evolution have induced economists who are interested in an evolutionary approach in economics to borrow, more or less extensively, concepts and tools from Darwinian theory. Particularly prominent are constructions based on analogies to the theory of natural selection. Because several objections to such analogy constructions can be raised, generalization rather than analogy is advocated here as a research strategy. This means to search for abstract features which all evolutionary theories have in common. Third, the question of what a Darwinian world view might mean for assessing long term economic evolution is discussed. Such a view, it is argued, can provide a point of departure for reinterpreting the hedonistic approach to economic change and development. On the basis of such an interpretation bioeconomics may not only go beyond the optimization-cum-equilibrium paradigm currently prevailing in economics. It may also mean adding substantial qualifications to the subjectivism the neoclassical economists, at the turn of the century, were proud to establish in the course of their scientific revolution.
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 395-430 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Schlagwort(e): adaptationism ; Daniel C. Dennett ; electric fish ; electroreception ; evolution ; evolutionary function ; indeterminism ; mental content ; neuroethology ; sensory modality ; underdetermination
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract Are attributions of content and function determinate, or is there no fact of the matter to be fixed? Daniel Dennett has argued in favor of indeterminacy and concludes that, in practice, content and function cannot be fixed. The discovery of an electrical modality in vertebrates offers one concrete instance where attributions of function and content are supported by a strong scientific consensus. A century ago, electroreception was unimagined, whereas today it is widely believed that many species of bony fish, amphibians, sharks, skates, and rays possess this non-human sensory modality. A look at the history of science related to this discovery reveals a highly interdisciplinary endeavor, encompassing ethology, behavioral analysis, neuroscience, and evolutionary biology. While each area provides important evidence, none is sufficient on its own to fix content and function. Instead, I argue that an interdisciplinary, neuroethological approach is required to carry out such determinations. Further, a detailed consideration of biological research suggests that while content and function claims are empirically underdetermined and uncertain, there is insufficient reason to believe in an additional problem of indeterminism. In particular, Dennett's indeterminism arises from a research methodology -- logical adaptationism -- that generates evidence from only one of the areas of neuroethology. However, logical adaptationism does not reflect adaptationism as it is practiced in contemporary biology. I conclude that Dennett is faced with a dilemma: On the one hand, he can hold to logical adaptationism and the indeterminism that results from it, while giving up the relevance of his arguments to biological practice. On the other, he can embrace a more accurate version of adaptationism -- one which plays a role in a larger neuroethological framework -- but from which no strong indeterminacy claims follow.
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  • 31
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    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 561-584 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Schlagwort(e): change ; evolution ; evolutionary epistemology ; selection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract This paper is concerned with the debate in evolutionary epistemology about the nature of the evolutionary process at work in the development of science: whether it is Darwinian or Lamarckian. It is claimed that if we are to make progress through the many arguments that have grown up around this issue, we must return to an examination of the concepts of change and evolution, and examine the basic kinds of mechanism capable of bringing evolution about. This examination results in two kinds of processes being identified, dubbed ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’, and these are claimed to exhaust all possibilities. These ideas are then applied to a selection of the debates within evolutionary epistemology. It is shown that while arguments about the pattern and rate of evolutionary change are necessarily inconclusive, those concerning the origin of novel variations and the mode of inheritance can be resolved by means of the distinctions made here. It is claimed that the process of selection in the evolution of science can also be clarified. The conclusion is that the main process producing the evolution of science is a direct or Lamarckian one although, if realism is correct, an indirect or Darwinian process plays a vital role.
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  • 32
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    Digitale Medien
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    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 65-82 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; explanation ; evolution ; preadaptation ; specialization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract The concept of preadaptation, though useful, continues to trouble evolutionary scientists. Usually, it is treated as if it were really adaptation, prompting such diverse theorists as Gould and Vrba, and Dennett to suggest its removal from evolutionary theory altogether. In this paper, I argue that the as-if sense is ill-founded, and that the sense of preadaptation as a process may be defended as unequivocal and generally useful in evolutionary explanations, even in such problem areas as human evolution.
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  • 33
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    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 253-278 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Schlagwort(e): ancestry ; Bayesianism ; creationism ; Darwin ; evolution ; likelihood ; natural selection ; phylogeny ; probability ; Reichenbach
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract Modus Darwin is a principle of inference that licenses the conclusion that two species have a common ancestor, based on the observation that they are similar. The present paper investigates the principle's probabilistic foundations.
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  • 34
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    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 39-54 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Schlagwort(e): experiment ; evolution ; industrial melanism ; natural selection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract H. B. D. Kettlewell's field experiments on industrial melanism in the peppered moth, Biston betularia, have become the best known demonstration of natural selection in action. I argue that textbook accounts routinely portray this research as an example of controlled experimentation, even though this is historically misleading. I examine how idealized accounts of Kettlewell's research have been used by professional biologists and biology teachers. I also respond to some criticisms of David Rudge to my earlier discussions of this case study, and I question Rudge's claims about the importance of purely observational studies for the eventual acceptance and popularization of Kettlewell's explanation for the evolution of industrial melanism.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Schlagwort(e): irradiance ; nitrogen uptake ; phytoplankton ; Tagus estuary ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of light, temperature and ammonium on inorganic nitrogen uptake by phytoplankton was investigated from June 1994 through December 1995 at three sites in the Tagus estuary (Portugal), during high tide of neap tides. Ammonium concentrations higher than 10 μM reduced nitrate uptake down to 24% but never prevented it. Below this threshold concentration, nitrate uptake was neither inhibited nor changed. Uptake of both nitrate and ammonium as a function of light intensity exhibited a saturation response. Uptake reduction occurred in the near bottom phytoplankton populations, particularly for nitrate. The ammonium uptake system was less limited by light than the nitrate uptake system, indicating the importance of ammonium as a nitrogen source for the phytoplankton which is likely to experience high changes in light in the well-mixed water column of this estuarine environment. Ammonium uptake was exponentially related to temperature in the upper estuary whereas in the mid and lower estuary this relationship was linear. The effect of temperature on nitrate uptake was linear but far less marked than for ammonium uptake.
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  • 36
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    Neural processing letters 10 (1999), S. 181-193 
    ISSN: 1573-773X
    Schlagwort(e): evolution ; learning ; ontogeny ; neural development ; structure optimization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract The interaction between learning and evolution has elicited much interest particularly among researchers who use evolutionary algorithms for the optimization of neural structures. In this article, we will propose an extension of the existing models by including a developmental phase – a growth process – of the neural network. In this way, we are able to examine the dynamical interaction between genetic information and information learned during development. Several measures are proposed to quantitatively examine the benefits and the effects of such an overlap between learning and evolution. The proposed model, which is based on the recursive encoding method for structure optimization of neural networks, is applied to the problem domain of time series prediction. Furthermore, comments are made on problem domains which associate growing networks (size) during development with problems of increasing complexity.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Schlagwort(e): alevin ; Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) ; development ; egg ; temperature ; thermal tolerance ; yolk
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Three embryonic stages of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were subjected to eight constant incubation temperatures (4, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 19 and 22 °C) exceeding the range usually experienced in natural conditions. A change in thermal tolerance during the embryonic and larval development was registered: pre-hatching stages showed an upper thermal limit at about 16 °C, while hatched larvae survived until 22 °C. Temperature significantly affects developmental rate, resulting in a faster development and, consequently, lower yolk weight percentage at higher temperatures. We found positive relationships between incubation temperature and body size (length and weight) in the less developed stages, in which some yolk remained, but size decreased at increasing temperatures when yolk was completely exhausted.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Schlagwort(e): cyanobacteria ; microalgae ; Spirulina ; Spirulina composition ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of temperature on growth and biomass composition of two species of Spirulina, S. maxima and S. platensis used for food was studied. A 4L fermenter with temperature and agitation control was used to cultivate both species. Under continuous light, maximum cell production of 2.4 g l−1 was verified for both cultures studied at temperatures above 25 °C: S. maxima (30 °C and 35 °C) and S. platensis (25 °C and 30 °C). An accentuated lag phase was observed for all cultures at lower temperatures (15–20 °C), and a maximum biomass production of 1.5 g l−1 was achieved. It was also observed that an increase of temperature caused a marked decrease in protein content, while carbohydrate synthesis was stimulated. The concentration of γ-linolenic acid varied from 11–16% for S. maxima and from 12–14% for S. platensis, at the optimum growth temperatures. Greater culture volumes were also studied in order to compare the performance of glass and plastic containers. At optimum growth temperature, S. maxima produced the same cell growth and similar final biomass composition.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Schlagwort(e): Histidine decarboxylase ; Tetrahymena ; gene sequencing ; evolution ; histamine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract RNA was isolated from Tetrahymena pyriformis GL and using human histidine decarboxylase (HDC) gene primers, the RT-PCR product was sequenced. A fraction containing 207 base pairs was compared to the published sequences of prokaryotic and mammalian (rat, mouse and human) HDC cDNA (exons). The HDC-cDNA fraction of Tetrahymena was similar to the mammalian cDNA-s and it was completely different from the prokaryotic HDC-gene. The results indicate the presence of a mammalian-like HDC-gene already in a unicellular eukaryote organism and demonstrates also that the divergence of the prokaryotic–eukaryotic common gene took place already at this low evolutionary level.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Schlagwort(e): D. melanogaster ; evolution ; frameshifting ; retrotransposon
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Earlier related to parasitic elements, retrotransposons of eukaryotes have been demonstrated to participate in general cell processes such as chromosome repair and evolution of gene expression (Teng et al., 1996; McDonald, 1993). Here, we report the existence of two class of genomic copies of retrotransposon 1731 with different expression strategies, one of which might be driven by natural selection. The first class uses conventional translation frameshifting known to ensure expression of revere transcriptase (RT) open reading frame (ORF), depending on the efficiency of frameshifting. The bulk of genomic copies are related to the second class where the frameshift is prevented as a result of the substitution of a rare codon recoginsing rare tRNA by a codon preferred by host genome, whereas the RT ORF is restored by downstream single nuclotide deletion. We suggest that natural selection has driven the switching of 1731 expression strategy from retrovirus-like to the fussion-ORF expression. This observation is in accordance with the detection in testes of fused Gag-RT polypetide encoded by 1731. The abundance of RT in testes may serve for normal development of host tissue.
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 509-512 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): tospovirus ; resistance ; Capsicum sp. ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Infection by two isolates of impatiens necrotic spot tospovirus (INSV) under temperature regimes of 25/18°C (day/night) or 33°C (continuous) was studied in Capsicum annuum (systemically susceptible to tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, TSWV), C. chinense PI 152225 and PI 159236 (reacting hypersensitively to TSWV) and Nicotiana benthamiana (systemically susceptible to both tospoviruses). At 25/18°C infection was systemic in all hosts tested. At 33°C infection in N. benthamiana was systemic whereas in C. annuum and C. chinense it was restricted to the inoculated leaves. The result differed from that reported for TSWV, where high temperature made plants more susceptible, or caused no difference. Exchanging temperature regimes 6 h to 4 days after inoculation did not affect the final results one month later, with plants being only locally infected at 33°C continuous regime, or systemically infected at 25/18°C alternate regime. The two INSV isolates were biologically and serologically stable for 5 passages in N. benthamiana held continuously at 33°C.
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 214 (1999), S. 29-47 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Fabaceae ; Medicago ; Systematics ; evolution ; allozymes ; isozymes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Medicago intertexta andM. ciliaris have been controversially recognized as separate species. The only reliable diagnostic character, gland-tipped trichomes on the fruits inM. ciliaris, is controlled by presence of a single dominant allele, and such one-character taxonomies are debatable. Contributing to the difficulty,M. muricoleptis andM. granadensis, the other two species ofMedicago sectionSpirocarpos subsectionIntertextae, are sometimes confusingly similar toM. intertexta or to each other. Allozyme differences provided 95% verification of the suitability of the gland-tipped trichome character for separatingM. intertexta andM. ciliaris, thus corroborating their recognition as separate taxa. Several measures of allozyme variation indicated thatM. intertexta is more polymorphic than its sister species. Heterozygosity was also highest inM. intertexta, suggestive of a higher outcrossing rate, which is also consistent with larger floral size. Heterozygosity ofM. intertexta was concentrated in Sicily and nearby countries. Taxonomic difficulties in identifying SicilianM. intertexta are well known, and may be the result of interspecific hybridization and introgression.Medicago muricoleptis differed from the above two species in the frequency of several alleles, whileM. granadensis possessed numerous unique alleles consistent with its complete absence of genetic exchange with the other three substantially interfertile species.
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 214 (1999), S. 187-198 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Malvales ; Sterculiaceae ; Tiliaceae ; Bombacaceae ; Malvaceae ; Inflorescence morphology ; epicalyx ; systematics ; homology ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A broad comparative analysis reveals that the inflorescences of coreMalvales, familiesSterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, Bombacaceae andMalvaceae, include characteristic repeating units. The basic repeating unit is called bicolor unit (afterTheobroma bicolor, where it was first observed). It is determinate and bears three bracts, one of which is invariably sterile, whereas the others subtend lateral cymes or single flowers. Through the demonstration of intermediate steps in closely related taxa the triad of bracts within a bicolor unit and the trimerous malvalean epicalyx are shown to be homologous. Various possibilities for an origin of the bicolor unit are discussed. Bicolor units are variously arranged to form complete inflorescences. In many taxa they are terminal on modules that comprise two (or fewer) prophylls. These modules may be arranged in elongated anthocladia or condensed sympodia, which in turn may constitute components of higher order inflorescence structures. The presence of the bicolor unit or its derivatives linksSterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, Bombacaceae andMalvaceae. It is absent from all other families included in a broader defined orderMalvales and represents one of the rare morphological synapomorphies of coreMalvales. Furthermore, inflorescence morphology provides characters of systematic significance for various taxa within coreMalvales.
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 215 (1999), S. 169-187 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Salicaceae ; Salix alba ; S. fragilis ; Allozymes ; clones ; population structure ; hybridization ; polyploidy ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Genetic variability was estimated by enzyme electrophoresis in 239 Belgian clones from theSalix alba-S. fragilis complex. This morphological complex suggested a high frequency of hybrids. To test this hypothesis, the clones were pooled as a single co-adapted species complex and secondly as belonging to either species, i.e. beingS. alba-like orS. fragilis-like. The standard genetic variability measures showed higher values for the complex than for the separate species. However, the observed mean heterozygosity was lower in the putative hybrid complex than for each of the species separately. The fixation indices were more variable at the species level and indicated that mostS. fragilis locations appeared fixed forlap-1, whereas no fixation occured inS. alba locations. Averaged at the regional (i.e. catchment) level, this difference between the two species remained and values ranged from 0.457 to 0.617 inS. alba and were much higher, fixed homozygous or monomorph inS. fragilis. Hierarchical F-statistics revealed that most of the differentiation occured at the lower levels of localities and tributaries and that there was no further differentiation between catchments. Tributaries which are 10–25km in length were proposed as the most likely entities for further examination of putative hybridization and events of allelic fixations. By considering the two abovementioned approaches of data input, it could be suggested that most of the allozyme differentiation was between the species and less between the regions.
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 218 (1999), S. 43-54 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Fabaceae ; Phaseolus ; Phaseolus lunatus ; Taxonomy ; germplasm ; evolution ; origin ; allozyme ; Latin America
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract An investigation was made of the phylogenetic relationships among wild accessions of Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and wild allies of Mesoamerican and Andean origins, using electrophoresis of seed storage proteins and isozymes. Mesoamerican wild species are phylogenetically more distant fromP. lunatus than Andean species, and apparently belong to the tertiary gene pool of Lima bean. The Andean wild species, which are investigated for the first time, reveal a high similarity to the Lima bean, and particularly with its Mesoamerican gene pool. These Andean species probably constitute a secondary gene pool of Lima bean, and are thus of considerable interest in the context of genetic improvement of the crop. Based on these observations, an Andean origin is suggested for the Andean wild species and forP. lunatus. These results point out the importance of collecting and conserving AndeanPhaseolus germplasm.
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 217 (1999), S. 279-297 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Arecaceae ; Phytelephantoideae ; Aleocharinae ; Baridinae ; Derelomini ; Mystrops ; Xanthopygus ; Brood-site pollination ; dioecy ; evolution ; floral scents ; flower-breeding ; pollination ; thermogenesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The subfamilyPhytelephantoideae comprises three genera (Ammandra, Aphandra, andPhytelephas) and seven species of dioecious palms. The floral scents ofAmmandra dasyneura, A. decasperma, Aphandra natalia, Phytelephas aequatorialis, P. macrocarpa, andP. seemannii were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We studied the pollination biology ofA. natalia, P. aequatorialis, andP. macrocarpa, and tested how the synthetically produced main constituents of the floral scents ofAphandra andPhytelephas attracted insects in two natural populations ofPhytelephas. The genera are distinct in terms of floral scents.Ammandra has sesquiterpenes,Aphandra (+)-2-methoxy-3-sec-butylpyrazine, andPhytelephas p-methyl anisol. These constituents dominated the scents quantitatively and qualitatively. The similarity between scents of male and female inflorescences was 76.5% inAmmandra, 84.2% inAphandra, and 〉99% inPhytelephas. Different species ofAleocharinae (Staphylinidae) pollinateAphandra natalia andPhytelephas species and reproduce in their male inflorescences.Derelomini (Curculinoidae) andMystrops (Nitidulidae) only visit and pollinatePhytelephas in which male inflorescences they reproduce. A species ofBaridinae (Curculionidae) only visits and pollinatesAphandra natalia, and reproduces in its female inflorescence. The apparent reliance on one or a few floral scent constituents as attractants and few and specific pollinators may indicate co-evolution. Sympatric species ofPhytelephantoideae have different scents. We suggest that species with similar scents have allopatric distributions due to the absence of a pollinator isolation mechanism.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Asteraceae ; Brachycome ; B chromosome ; polymorphism ; evolution ; karyotyping ; centromere
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The A and B chromosomes of different karyotype variants (cytodemes A1, A2, A3 and A4) ofBrachycome dichromosomatica were analysed by computer-aided chromosome image analysis and fluorescencein situ hybridisation (FISH). Ribosomal DNA and the B chromosome-specific sequence Bd49 were detected on all B chromosomes. In addition to minor size variation of the Bs, polymorphism of the rDNA and Bd49 position and copy number revealed two major types of B chromosomes. The B chromosomes of all the cytodemes were indistinguishable from each other in length, but that of A3 showed evidence of rearrangements consistent with its long-term geographic isolation. The results presented suggest a monophyletic origin of the B chromosomes ofB. dichromosomatica.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenophyllopsis ; Lophosoria ; molecular systematics ; evolution ; rbcL ; phylogeny
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Nucleotide sequences fromrbcL were used to infer relationships of Lophosoriaceae and Hymenophyllopsidaceae. The phylogenetic positions of these two monotypic fern families have been debated, and neither group had been included in recent molecular systematic studies of ferns. Maximum parsimony analysis of our data supported a sister relationship betweenLophosoria andDicksonia, and also betweenHymenophyllopsis andCyathea. Thus, both newly-examined families appear to be part of a previously characterized and well-supported clade of tree ferns. The inferred relationships ofLophosoria are consistent with most (but not all) recent treatments. However,Hymenophyllopsis includes only small delicate plants superficially similar to filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae), very different from the large arborescent taxa. Nevertheless, some synapomorphic characteristics are shared with the tree fern clade. Further studies on gametophytes ofHymenophyllopsis are needed to test these hypotheses of relationship.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): amylose ; splicing ; starch synthase ; temperature ; waxy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), a product of the waxy gene in rice (Oryza sativa L.), is necessary for the synthesis of amylose in the endosperm. In an extended pedigree of 89 rice cultivars, we have previously shown that all cultivars with more than 18% amylose had the sequence AGGTATA at the leader intron 5′ splice site, while all cultivars with a lower proportion of amylose had the sequence AGTTATA. This single-nucleotide polymorphism reduces the efficiency of GBSS pre-mRNA processing. It also results in alternate splicing at multiple sites, some of which have non-consensus sequences. Here we demonstrate that this same G-to-T polymorphism is also associated with differential sensitivity to temperature during the period of grain development. Cultivars with the sequence AGTTATA have a substantial increase in accumulation of mature GBSS transcripts at 18 °C compared to 25 or 32 °C. The selection of leader intron 5′ splice sites is also affected by temperature in these cultivars. A 5′ splice site −93 upstream from that used in high-amylose varieties predominates at 18 °C. At higher temperatures there is increased utilization of a 5′ splice site at −1 and a non-consensus site at +1. Potential implications of differential 5′ splice site selection and associated differences in 3′ splice site selection on transcript stability and translational efficiency are discussed.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): Pisum sativum L. ; frost resistance ; floral initiation ; photoperiod ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Frost is one of the main climatic stresses which has to be overcome by a winter pea crop. Some forage lines show a delayed floral initiation, which helps them to escape the main winter freezing periods, as a higher susceptibility to frost is observed after floral initiation commences. Frost tolerant forage peas have been used in all winter pea breeding programs in France and our main purpose was to evaluate to what extent those lines and the current winter varieties are variable for the date of floral initiation in field conditions. A field experiment was carried out during two years at the INRA experimental station of Mons (northern France). Different genotypes (9 in 1995–1996 and 12 in 1996–1997) were sown at approximately monthly intervals between September and June to provide a range of photothermal conditions. The date of floral initiation was determined by destructive sampling. We observed variability for the date of floral initiation among the different genotypes and sowing dates. Our data particularly highlighted the different reactions to photoperiod. Three varieties had no detectable reaction. Six varieties exhibited a quantitative response, with varied intensities. Lastly, the three forage varieties showed a qualitative, high response to photoperiod, which indicated the presence of the Hr allele, already described in Pisum.
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant and soil 214 (1999), S. 133-140 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): ammonium ; eucalyptus ; nitrate ; pH ; root uptake ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Ammonium and nitrate uptake by roots of Eucalyptus nitens was characterised with respect to pH and temperature. Uptake of ammonium and nitrate was measured as depletion from solutions by roots of intact 11 week old solution-cultured seedlings. Uptake rates of ammonium were consistently higher than those of nitrate in all experiments. Uptake rates for ammonium were 200% higher at pH 4 than at pH 6, but for nitrate were unchanged. Uptake rates of ammonium and nitrate were both reduced to a similar extent (70%) with a decrease in temperature from 20 °C to 10 °C. For ammonium uptake, there was rapid (〈24 hr) adaptation to a reduction in root temperature. The apparent preference shown here for ammonium over nitrate could be indicative of E. nitens growing in cold, acidic forest soils where ammonium is commonly more available than nitrate. These results suggest that N uptake rates of E. nitens may be maximised under a wide variety of conditions if N is supplied predominantly in the ammonium form.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): cysteine positions ; evolution ; gene duplication ; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ; isoform classes ; redox regulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In a recent paper (Wenderoth et al., J Biol Chem 272: 26985–26990, 1997) we reported that the positions of the two redox regulatory cysteines identified in a plastidic G6PD isoform from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) differ substantially from those conserved in cyanobacterial G6PDH sequences. To investigate the origin of redox regulation in G6PDH enzymes from photoautotrophic organisms, we isolated and characterized several G6PD cDNA sequences from higher plants and from a green and a red alga. Alignments of the deduced amino acid sequences showed that the cysteine residues cluster in the coenzyme-binding domain of the plastidic isoforms and are conserved at three out of six positions. Comparison of the mature proteins and the signal peptides revealed that two different plastidic G6PDH classes (P1 and P2) evolved from a common ancestral gene. The two algal sequences branch off prior to this class separation in higher plants, sharing about similar amino acid identity with either of the two plastidic G6PDH classes. The genes for cytosolic plant isoforms clearly share a common ancestor with animal and fungal G6PDH homologues, whereas the cyanobacterial isoforms branch within the eubacterial G6PDH sequences. The data suggest that cysteine-mediated redox regulation arose independently in G6PDH isoenzymes of eubacterial and eukaryotic lineages.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Schlagwort(e): evolution ; genetic resources ; PCR-RFLP ; RAPDs ; Vicia ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract We report the results of two methods of DNA analysis to elucidate phylogenetic relationships among 29 Vicia subgen. Vicia species in comparison with two species of subgenus Vicilla sect. Vicilla. The methods employed were RAPD analysis of total genomic DNA and PCR-RFLP analysis of five chloroplast genes, rbcL, rpoB, 16S, psaA and trnK. The results of each method were similar and complementary, and support the current taxonomic systems of subsp. Vicia. According to RAPD and PCR-RFLP analysis the Narbonensis complex can be considered a well separated section, which may be related to section Vicia. Sections Vicia, Atossa and Wiggersia are separate, but closely related sections. Species of the section Hypechusa form a single monophyletic section, where V. lutea, V. anatolica and V. hyrcanica are quite remote from other species. Our results suggest that within the subgenus Vicia, V. faba is more closely related to V. bithynica and that these two species are most closely related to section Peregrinae. We found that PCR-RFLP of cp DNA provided more precise information concerning relationships between Vicia sections than RAPD analysis. However, RAPD analysis was more informative concerning diversity of closely related Vicia taxa, such as the variable groups, section Narbonensis and V. sativa aggregate.
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 501-504 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Schlagwort(e): cytogenetics ; evolution ; interspecific hybrids ; oat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The newly discovered tetraploid oat Avena insularis was crossed with the diploid A. strigosa and the tetraploid A. murphyi. Considerably reduced chromosome association at meiosis and a low average number of chiasmata per cell of the A. strigosa × A. insularis hybrids indicated that the diploid A. strigosa did not participate in the creation of A. insularis. From A. murphyi, A. insularis differed by four chromosomal rearrangements and the hybrids between them were sterile. The tetraploids A. magna, A. murphyi and A. insularis share the two to four floret large diaspore, which is adapted to heavy alluvial soil. They all, however, diverge from one another by four chromosomal rearrangements. At this point it is not possible to determine whether they have diverged from a single tetraploid progenitor, or developed from different diploid species.
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 402 (1999), S. 255-265 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): evolution ; spiral cleavage ; Spiralia ; cell lineage
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract It is clear that the spiralian developmental program represents a highly flexible platform for the generation of diverse larval and adult body plans. The widespread occurrence of this pattern of early development attests to its tremendous evolutionary success. Despite the large degree of conservation in the spiral cleavage pattern and other basic aspects of early development, changes in cell fate maps and in the mechanisms of blastomere specification have arisen. While we have learned a great deal about this mode of development, a number of important questions remain to be answered. To what extent do these conditions apply to the lesser studied spiralian phyla? What constraints have led to the preservation of the early spiral cleavage program? How has this developmental program been adapted for the construction of the various spiralian body plans (e.g. the segmental body plans of annelids or to the potential secondary loss of segmentation)? Are most changes associated with the elaboration of these different larval and adult body plans restricted to the late period of development? What molecular/genetic processes underlie this developmental program? Clearly, the spiralian phyla represent an important group of organisms for further studies on development and evolution.
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 403 (1999), S. 97-107 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Algal growth rate ; salinity ; temperature ; pH ; Nannochloropsis ; Tetraselmis ; Isochrysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The possibility of improving the growth rate of different high-quality marine algae was studied. Optimum culture conditions relative to salinities, temperatures and pH levels were defined for three species of Nannochloropsis, Tetraselmis and Isochrysis. In Nannochloropsis, the optimum production ranges were as follows: 20–40‰, 19–21 °C, without using CO2. The optimum conditions for Tetraselmis were: 20–35‰, 19–21 °C, without using CO2. For Isochrysis, the optimum conditions were: 25–35‰, 24–26 °C, also without using CO2.
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 406 (1999), S. 281-290 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): evolution ; Branchiobdellida ; Hirudinea ; Clitellata ; Lumbriculidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The debates about the relationship among clitellate taxa at research conferences on aquatic oligochaetes have provided two alternative hypotheses. While both involve cladistic analyses, the differences focus on questions of homology. A single unique synapomorphy supports a taxon consisting of Branchiobdellida plus Lumbriculidae. Muscle ultrastructure provides a potential autapomophy for Lumbriculidae within the clade, while Branchiobdellida has many autapomophies. Some proposed synapomorphies for a Branchiobdellida plus Hirudinea grouping (jaws, oral sucker) are not based on homologous structures. Others (loss of chaetae, median male pore) are not unique, or are based on potentially convergent characters. Initial molecular analyses support a Branchiobdellida - Hirudinea grouping. A preliminary manually drawn cladogram based on re-evaluated characters supports Lumbriculidae, Branchiobdellida, Acanthobdella and Euhirudinea as a monophyletic taxon. Observations on sperm ultrastructure support this hypothesis. If substantiated, a very considerable change in nomenclature will result. However, before any nomenclatural changes are proposed, a resolution of the apparently paraphyletic Oligochaeta is necessary.
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 408-409 (1999), S. 175-183 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): internal loading ; iron ; oxic ; anoxic ; temperature ; macrophyte
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The release of phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) was studied in undisturbed sediment cores from littoral and profundal sediments of shallow, eutrophic Lake Arreskov (Denmark). The cores were incubated for 100 days in darkness under oxic and anoxic conditions at 12 and 19 °C and cumulative fluxes of P and Fe were determined. The littoral sediment showed higher P release than the profundal sediment under both oxic and anoxic conditions, however, the difference was only significant during the first 35 days under anoxic conditions. The release rates of P and Fe were significantly higher under anoxic than under oxic conditions. Sequential extractions of P-fractions in sediment from different depths (0–15 cm) were conducted before and after the experiment. Under anoxic conditions, iron-bound P was the most important fraction for the loss of P from both sediments. The decrease in the iron-bound P pool contributed 54% and 86 % of the loss of total particulate P (TPsed) from littoral and profundal sediments under anoxic conditions, respectively, whereas it under oxic conditions only constituted 25% of the TPsedlost from the littoral sediment. Organic P accounted for 31 and 55% of the TPsedlost from the littoral sediment under anoxic and oxic conditions, respectively, while organic P was unimportant (〈 1%) for the loss of TPsedfrom the profundal sediment under anoxic conditions. This indicates that littoral sediments may contribute significantly to the internal P loading, especially if low O2concentrations occur at the sediment–water interface.
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 416 (1999), S. 97-106 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Oreochromis niloticusL. ; Lake Langeno ; diet ; algal-detritus ; chemical nutrients ; assimilation efficiency ; condition factor ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The composition, nutrient content and digestibility of the diet of Oreochromis niloticus were studied based on stomach and rectal samples collected monthly between December, 1995, and December, 1996, from Lake Langeno. The diet of O. niloticus was composed of a mixture of algal-based detritus, macrophyte scraps, phytoplankton and silt. Inorganic silt, macrophytes and detritus were more dominant in the diet during the wet than in the dry season. Total organic matter (TOM) in the diet was generally low (413 mg g-1 d.w.) reflecting the high proportion of inorganic silt in all seasons. Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids were important nutrients and constituted on average about 139, 185 and 57 mg g-1 d.w., respectively. The levels of all these nutrients varied significantly (ANOVA, P〈0.0001) between months and declined during the wet season. Variation was observed in the ability of the fish to digest and absorb the different components of the food. Protein (41%) was better assimilated than total organic matter (32.7%), carbohydrate (31.7) or lipids (29.8%). The quality of the food expressed as P:E ratio (18.6-28.8 mg KJ-1) ranged from inadequate to adequate. The condition factor (CF) of the fish varied significantly between months in males (ANOVA, F=12.99, p〈0.0001) and females (ANOVA, F=14.46, p〈0.0001). It is concluded that the relatively poor condition factor (CF= 1.67) of O. niloticus in Lake Langeno, compared with other Rift Valley Lakes, follows from the low organic matter content and high proportion of inorganic silt in the diet.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 400 (1999), S. 85-114 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): morphology ; clone ; temperature ; salinity ; parthenogenesis ; sexual reproduction ; cluster genotype ; general purpose genotype ; clonal taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Limnocythere inopinata (Baird) is a Holarctic species, widely distributed in non-marine waters, and mainly occurring in unisexual populations. It displays polymorphic traits which could be useful for taxonomical and (palaeo)ecological purposes, if the origin of these traits could be better understood. Three clones of L. inopinata were cultured in the laboratory under various temperature and salinity conditions (i.e. temperature 15, 20 and 25 °C, salinity expressed as electrical conductivity 400, 2000, 5000 and 8000 μS cm−1). Morphological traits for both the valves (shape and size) and soft parts (11 limb setae) were observed. Field populations from Chinese salt lakes and from Austrian lakes were also compared. The freshwater population from Mondsee and its derived clone M develop larger valves than those of the other two clones, clone N (from Neusiedlersee) and clone S (from Seewinkel, Oberer Stinkersee), which live exclusively in saline (alkaline) water. Parthenogenetic specimens from the freshwater lake Mondsee and sexually reproducing females from the Chinese salt lakes both have sub-rectangular valves with straight dorsal margin; the saline clones and populations have highly arched valves with rounded dorsal margin. No direct effects of temperature or salinity on valve ornamentation (reticulation, nodation) have been found. At least for nodation, a genetic factor seems apparent, as the saline clones N and S are never nodose, while the freshwater animals from Mondsee and the sexual animals from the Chinese salt lakes can be both with or without nodes. In the former case, number and position of nodes are variable. Both absolute and relative length of limb setae can be affected by environmental factors and by genotype, and this is the first time that this has been demonstrated in non-marine ostracods. Based on the present observations and experiments, it is concluded that L. inopinata is a variable, polymorphic species, consisting of a (semi-) continuous morphological cluster, in which both clonal genotypes and sexual haplotypes are nested. Therefore, Limnocythere sappaensis Staplin and L. binoda Huang are considered synonyms of L. inopinata; L. mongolica Daday is a possible synonym; L. sanctipatricii sensu Huang and L. dubiosa sensu Huang from Lake Qinghai are most likely erroneous identifications. Apparently recognisable clones with typical ecologies cannot be allocated a taxonomic rank, as this does not reflect a phylogenetic reality. Such links between recognisable morphologies and typical ecological ranges are useful for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, but are applicable at a regional scale only.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 400 (1999), S. 129-140 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): fish ; energetics ; temperature ; feeding ; prey abundance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract I examined food consumption and growth of walleye larvae in extensive culture ponds using direct methods and a bioenergetics model, and compared my results with laboratory feeding and growth studies. Walleye showed a diel pattern of increasing gut fullness during daylight hours. Larvae exhibited lower maximum food consumption rates in the ponds than predicted from previous short-term laboratory feeding studies. Direct estimates and bioenergetics model estimates of daily food consumption in the culture ponds were in poor agreement and the discrepancy varied with respect to walleye size. Food consumption rates in the ponds were related to walleye size (direct estimates) or water temperature (bioenergetics model estimates) but not zooplankton abundance. Growth exceeded 0.10 g g−1 d−1 for all but one sampling interval and the maximum growth rate in the culture pond fish was double the maximum growth rate determined in the laboratory. Growth was positively related to pond temperature and negatively related to walleye mass, but was not significantly related to zooplankton abundance. Gross conversion efficiency was negatively related to walleye mass, positively related to zooplankton abundance and not related to temperature. Food consumption and growth of walleye larvae in the field may be food-limited at much lower prey abundances than previous laboratory research has suggested.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 55 (1999), S. 307-319 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Schlagwort(e): embryo survival ; dissolved organic carbon ; DOC ; nest depth distribution ; development times ; temperature ; underwater UVR environments
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We examined the effect of UVR on the success of early life history stages of Lepomis macrochirus in two lakes with contrasting underwater UVR environments. We tested the prediction that when exposed to similar amounts of UVR, bluegill embryos from lakes with high UVR environments have lower mortality than those from lakes with low UVR. We measured embryo survival in the two lakes by performing three experiments in which ambient UVR was manipulated. Embryos responded similarly to UVR exposure regardless of the lake of origin. However, UV-B in UVR transparent lakes is a potentially important factor in the success of early life history stages of the bluegill. A survey of the natural nesting depths in the two lakes revealed that the median depth at which bluegills construct their nests was greater in Lake Giles (high underwater UVR environment) than in Lake Lacawac (low underwater UVR environment).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 56 (1999), S. 17-38 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Schlagwort(e): embryo ; larva ; metamorphosis ; indirect or direct development ; life-history model ; altricial ; precocial ; allometry ; fish biologists vs. fishery biologists ; alprehost ; ontogeny ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Lack of knowledge of early and juvenile development often makes it difficult to decide when a fish becomes a juvenile or, for that matter, a definitive phenotype. According to the established life-history model, a fish develops naturally in a saltatory manner, its entire life consisting of a sequence of stabilized self-organizing steps, separated by distinct less stabilized thresholds. Changes are usually introduced during thresholds. In principle, there are two ways to reach the juvenile period: by indirect or by direct development. Indirectly developing fishes have a distinct larva period that ends in a cataclysmic or mild remodeling process, called metamorphosis, from which the fishes emerge as juveniles. During metamorphosis, most temporary organs and structures of the embryos and larvae are replaced by definitive organs and structures that are also possessed by the adults. In contrast, directly developing fishes have no larvae. Their embryos develop directly into juveniles and do not need major remodeling. Consequently, the beginning of their juvenile period is morphologically and functionally less distinct than in indirect development. The life-history model helps to find criteria that identify the natural boundaries between the different periods in the life of a fish, among them, the beginning of the juvenile period. Looking at it from a different angle, when ontogeny progresses from small eggs with little yolk, larvae are required as the necessary providers of additional nutrients (‘feeding entities’ similar to amphibian tadpoles or butterfly caterpillars) in order to accumulate materials for the metamorphosis into the definitive phenotypes. Directly developing fishes start with large demersal eggs provided with an adequate volume of high density yolk and so require no or little external nutrients to develop into the definitive phenotype. These large eggs are released and develop in concentrated clutches. It therefore becomes possible and highly effective to guard them in nests or bear them in external pouches, gill chambers or the buccal cavity. Viviparity is the next natural step. Now the maternal investment into large yolks can be supplemented or replaced by direct food supply to the developing embryos like, for example, the secretion of uterine histotrophe or nutrient transfer via placental analogues. When the young of guarders and bearers start exogenous feeding, they are much larger or better developed than larvae of nonguarders and the larva period in the former is reduced to a vestige or eliminated entirely. In the latter case, the juvenile period begins with the first exogenous feeding. Such precocial fishes are more specialized and able to survive better in competitive environments. In contrast, altricial forms retain or revert to a life-history style with indirect development and high fecundity when dispersal is advantageous or essential. Fishes become juveniles when the definitive phenotype is formed in most structures, either indirectly from a larva via metamorphosis or directly from the embryo.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 405 (1999), S. 179-188 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): bivalve ; surf clam ; oxygen uptake ; clearance rate ; temperature ; body size
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Oxygen uptake and feeding (clearance) rates were measured for the tuatua Pahpies donacina from an exposed sand beach characterised by variable levels of productivity (4–12 μg l−1chlorophyll a) and an annual temperature range between 8 and 19 °C. The aims of the study were to assess the ability of the surf clam to regulate feeding activity and oxygen uptake over a range of food concentrations and temperature conditions. Tuatuas, shell length 27–95 mm, were exposed to temperatures of 10, 15 and 20 °C in summer and 5, 10 and 15 °C in winter. Aquatic oxygen uptake depended on both body weight and exposure temperature with body weight explaining the majority of the variation in the multiple-regression equation. Weight specific oxygen uptake was similar at the two upper temperatures and significantly reduced at the lower temperature. For a standard length tuatua the oxygen uptake was similar at 10 °C in both summer and winter. Clearance rates of P. donacina feeding on laboratory cultures of Isochrysis galbana were low compared with other bivalves. They increased logarithmically with cell concentration up to a maximal rate, then declined at higher cell levels. The clearance rate depended upon shell length and dry tissue weight and was higher for tuatua acclimated at 10 °C than at 15 °C. It was concluded that P. donacina shows seasonal adjustment in oxygen uptake and filtration rate to compensate for seasonal temperature variation in the habitat. The 10 °C temperature optima for the clearance rate is consistent with the southern distribution of this species allowing it to feed effectively during periods of high food availability.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 400 (1999), S. 85-114 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): morphology ; clone ; temperature ; salinity ; parthenogenesis ; sexual reproduction ; cluster genotype ; general purpose genotype ; clonal taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Limnocythere inopinata (Baird) is a Holarctic species, widely distributed in non-marine waters, and mainly occurring in unisexual populations. It displays polymorphic traits which could be useful for taxonomical and (palaeo)ecological purposes, if the origin of these traits could be better understood. Three clones of L. inopinata were cultured in the laboratory under various temperature and salinity conditions (i.e. temperature 15, 20 and 25 °C, salinity expressed as electrical conductivity 400, 2000, 5000 and 8000 μS cm−1). Morphological traits for both the valves (shape and size) and soft parts (11 limb setae) were observed. Field populations from Chinese salt lakes and from Austrian lakes were also compared. The freshwater population from Mondsee and its derived clone M develop larger valves than those of the other two clones, clone N (from Neusiedlersee) and clone S (from Seewinkel, Oberer Stinkersee), which live exclusively in saline (alkaline) water. Parthenogenetic specimens from the freshwater lake Mondsee and sexually reproducing females from the Chinese salt lakes both have sub-rectangular valves with straight dorsal margin; the saline clones and populations have highly arched valves with rounded dorsal margin. No direct effects of temperature or salinity on valve ornamentation (reticulation, nodation) have been found. At least for nodation, a genetic factor seems apparent, as the saline clones N and S are never nodose, while the freshwater animals from Mondsee and the sexual animals from the Chinese salt lakes can be both with or without nodes. In the former case, number and position of nodes are variable. Both absolute and relative length of limb setae can be affected by environmental factors and by genotype, and this is the first time that this has been demonstrated in non-marine ostracods. Based on the present observations and experiments, it is concluded that L. inopinata is a variable, polymorphic species, consisting of a (semi-) continuous morphological cluster, in which both clonal genotypes and sexual haplotypes are nested. Therefore, Limnocythere sappaensis Staplin and L. binoda Huang are considered synonyms of L. inopinata; L. mongolica Daday is a possible synonym; L. sanctipatricii sensu Huang and L. dubiosa sensu Huang from Lake Qinghai are most likely erroneous identifications. Apparently recognisable clones with typical ecologies cannot be allocated a taxonomic rank, as this does not reflect a phylogenetic reality. Such links between recognisable morphologies and typical ecological ranges are useful for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, but are applicable at a regional scale only.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): plankton patches ; bioluminescence ; temperature ; Ionian and Black Seas
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Small-scale heterogeneity of bioluminescence intensity was studied in offshore regions of the Black and Ionian Seas in September/October, 1989. Bathyphotometric casts were deployed every 3 min over a period of several hours from a drifting vessel. Casts were accompanied by temperature profiles and zooplankton sampling. Taking into account the vessel drift, the sampling interval was equal to a spatial resolution from 15 to 25 m. Measurements were carried out during the day and night periods. From adaptive spectral analysis it was shown that the horizontal dimensions of the bioluminescent heterogeneities were between 75 and 1500 m in the Black Sea and 89–800 m in the Ionian Sea. The horizontal dimensions of the heterogeneities were 85–818 m and 85–500 m for zooplankton biomass and 80–1800 m and 85–600 m for the temperature field in the Black and Ionian Seas, respectively. Therefore, it is assumed that physical and dynamical factors dominate in the formation of small-scale spatial heterogeneity of the studied fields. Biological factors, such as diel vertical migrations, trophic interactions etc. will also contribute to the formation of patches at night.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 412 (1999), S. 155-164 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): zooplankton ; ecology ; lakes ; Mysis relicta ; food webs ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta) is a holarctic planktivore that undergoes diel vertical migration (DVM), ascending at night from deeper water or the lake bottom into the upper water column to feed. In deep lakes that thermally stratify, M. relicta spends most of the time on or near the lake bottom in cold water where food resources are low; but, M. relicta migrates daily into warmer layers to feed where food resources are more abundant. Hence, in deep lakes M. relicta traverses steep temperature and prey density gradients while migrating through the water column to forage. We conducted a laboratory growth experiment of factorial design that simulated the range of temperatures and densities of natural zooplankton forage encountered by M. relicta during DVM. Somatic growth, measured as change in total length and lipid-free biomass, was not significantly different among experimental treatments. Analysis of variance showed that M. relicta stored energy in the form of lipid instead of using the energy mainly to drive increased somatic growth, but only at the colder temperatures. Lipid storage was 24% (± 4.3 sd) in 4 °C-high forage treatment compared to 6% (± 1.1) at 14 °C-high forage treatment. Energy conversion efficiency (ECE) of M. relicta was highest (21.3% ± 5.8) at 4 °C and lowest (3.3% ± 0.9) at 14 °C, regardless of prey density. The experiment showed that Mysis relicta feeds at high food densities where ECE is low, but spends most of the time in colder water where ECE is high. These results support McLaren's metabolic efficiency hypothesis, which predicts that feeding in the more productive surface waters and then migrating to colder waters is reproductively advantageous. Moreover, owing to high metabolic efficiency in the coldest waters and rapid DVM, M. relicta is able to sequester much of the epilimnetic zooplankton production near or on the lake bottom, thereby forcing the lake food web toward a configuration dominated by mysids, benthic or deepwater fishes and small, agile zooplankton.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): mangrove ; regeneration ; reforestation ; salinity ; seedlings ; temperature ; water supply
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, a brackish lagoon system on the Caribbean coast of Colombia, human-induced changes in the hydrological system caused hypersalinisation of the soils. As a result, 30 000 ha of originally 51 000 ha of the mangrove forests growing in the lagoon's flood plain died. Presently, efforts are being made to reestablish the original hydrological system. Reforestation of the bare areas is planned with the three dominating mangrove species Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle. The objective of the project presented here is to identify the regeneration patterns in the study area. Experiments under controlled conditions and measurements at bare and forested sites carried out from 1994 to 1996 showed that regeneration is possible. However, as the bare areas are large and presently very few or no propagules arrive naturally, regeneration will be slow. Therefore, reforestation is recommended to accelerate the process. In the forests, the seedling growth is mainly controlled by changes in salinity and the mortality by seasonal flooding, while in the bare areas, regeneration is aggravated by extremely high salinities, high soil temperatures and dessication of the top soil layers. The establishment of the small A. germinans and L. racemosa propagules is especially difficult, because they cannot establish themselves in flooded soils and in direct sunlight they dry out rapidly. The seedlings of both species are also very sensitive to changes in water level, wind, waves, temperatures exceeding 45 °C and dry soils. In A. germinans, phytophagous insects affect the chances for survival also. Therefore, mortality in both species is extremely high. R. mangle is much more resistant to most detrimental factors observed with the exception of high salinities. However, there is one favourable factor at the open sites. When sufficient water is present and salinities as well as temperatures are low enough, the high light availability increases growth rates and survival.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 412 (1999), S. 191-212 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Branchiopoda ; paleontology ; phylogeny ; evolution ; classification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We present a cladistic analysis of all branchiopod groups, using a total of 42 morphological characters. The class Branchiopoda is composed of five superorders and 11 orders (nine recent, two fossil). The orders Ctenopoda, Anomopoda and Onychopoda form a monophyletic group, combined in the superorder Cladocera. The order Haplopoda, the fourth so-called cladoceran order (s. lat.), belongs to a new monotypic superorder, the Leptodorida. The circumtropical Cyclesteria hislopi is the sole representative of a new conchostracan order, the Cyclestherida.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 398-399 (1999), S. 361-373 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): production ; mathematical model ; Ecklonia cava ; light ; temperature ; photosynthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The dependence of photosynthesis on light and temperature is modelled through analysis of transition probabilities of photosystems. In the model, two transition probabilities are functions of light, and one transition probability is a function of temperature. The estimated light-saturated photosynthesis of Ecklonia cava blades at 20 °C was 0.037 mg C cm−2 h−1. The value of the activation energy, the standard enthalpy and the standard entropy were estimated to be 56.5 kJ mol−1, 204 kJ mol−1 and 678 J mol−1 K−1, respectively. A production model (an integral photosynthesis model) for an E. cava stand was developed using the photosynthesis model. Production calculated by the model agreed well with observed data during the growing period of an E. cava stand at a field observation site on the west side of Miura Peninsula, Japan. Results of the analysis of the effects of irradiance and temperature on the production of the E. cava community by the model are: 1. Production decreased with irradiance decrease. The estimated compensation irradiance was 26.5 μmol photons m−2 s−1 when the biomass was 3 kg wet mass m−2 (blade:stipe ratio = 2 kg m−2:1 kg m−2) and the temperature was 20 °C. 2. The optimum temperature decreased when irradiance decreased and when biomass increased. The highest estimated value for the optimum temperature was 24.0 °C. The estimated optimum temperature was 18.2 °C when the biomass was 12 kg wet mass m−2 and the photon irradiance was 200 μmol photons m−2 s−1. 3. The amount of biomass that resulted in the maximum production was influenced by irradiance and temperature. At 400 μmol photons m−2 s−1 and 20 °C, the estimated value of the biomass (blade:stipe = 2:1) giving the maximum pr oduction was about 5.3 kg wet mass m−2. However, at 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1 and 24 °C, the estimated value was about 3.0 kg wet mass m−2. The estimated values of the maximum production under the two conditions were 1.05 and 0.30 g C m−2 h−1, respectively.
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 54 (1999), S. 219-227 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Schlagwort(e): temperature ; energy partitioning ; nitrogen balance ; salmonid ; fish
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The feed intake, growth, oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of juvenile Arctic charr were measured over period of four weeks at different temperatures which were either constant (11.0, 14.4, 17.7 °C) or fluctuated daily (14.3 ± 1 °C). Maximum feed intake was estimated to occur at 14.3 °C, while oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion were highest at the highest temperature, and growth rate was estimated to be highest at 13.9 °C. Feed conversion efficiency was estimated to be highest at 13.2 °C, where over 62.7% of ingested energy was allocated to growth. Metabolic rate accounted for 16–30% of ingested energy and nitrogen excretion was under 3% of ingested energy. The nitrogen budget was under similar thermal influences to the energy budget. Thermal fluctuation increased metabolic rate, but not feed intake, leading to a reduction in feed conversion efficiency under fluctuating temperature conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 44 (1999), S. 205-220 
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Schlagwort(e): grassland ; ground water level ; methane ; peat ; temperature ; wetland
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract The area of wet grasslands on peat soil in the Netherlands is slowly increasing at the expense of drained, agriculturally used grasslands. This study aimed (i) to assess the contribution of wet grasslands on peat soil to methane (CH4) emissions, and (ii) to explain differences among sites and between years in order to improve our understanding of controlling factors. For these purposes, a field study was conducted in the period 1994–1996 in the nature preserve “Nieuwkoopse Plassen”, which is a former peat mining and agricultural area. Net CH4 emissions were measured weekly to monthly with vented closed flux chambers at three representative sites, and at ditches near these sites. Three-years average of CH4 emissions was 7.9 g CH4 m- 2 yr-1 for Drie Berken Zudde, 13.3 for Koole, and 20.4 for Brampjesgat. Ditches near the sites emitted 4.2–22.5 g CH4 m-2 yr-1. The time-course of CH4 emissions for all experimental sites and years was fit with a multiple linear regression model with ground water level and soil temperature as independent variables. Lowering or raising the ground water level by 5 cm could decrease or increase CH4 emissions by 30–50%. Therefore, ground water level management of these grasslands should be done with care.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Schlagwort(e): temperature ; intestine ; nerve stimulation ; serotonin ; substance P ; acetylcholine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The contractility of intestinal smooth muscle of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) acclimatized to temperatures of 7 and 14 °C was compared over a prolonged period of time (9 months) in freshwater. Initial studies were carried out on intestine isolated from Atlantic salmon to estimate optimal conditions for contractility. Subsequent studies were carried out with the neurotransmitter/agonist 5-HT and TS, which activates neuronal elements in the intestine, in a Krebs-Henseleit solution containing HEPES buffer maintained at pH 7.85 and at the temperature of the experimental group (i.e., 7 or 14 °C). There was a significant interaction with time and temperature for the maximal response of 5-HT (p=0.005), effective concentration producing 50% of the maximal response (EC50) to 5-HT (p=0.026) and maximal response to TS (p=0.002), demonstrating that gastrointestinal contractility of Atlantic salmon is altered by both time (month) and temperature. No significant changes were found with the effective frequency producing 50% of the maximal response (EF50) to TS. The potency (EC50 of 5-HT) increase between 7 and 14 °C was statistically significant (p=0.026) but the small differences found with potency were most likely not physiologically significant. A time shift was recognized in the maximal responses to 5-HT, by applying a time variable to equations for the curves of the responses. This demonstrated that the curves are similar for both temperatures but alterations in the time of the maximal response changes was different. Thus, there is a delay in the time (month) changes of gastrointestinal contractility related to acclimation temperature and would be an area for future study.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Schlagwort(e): phospholipids ; plasma membranes ; fatty acids ; molecular species ; temperature ; membrane fluidity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The fatty acid content, fatty acid molecular species composition, and fluidity of phospholipid vesicles and plasma membranes of livers of fish feeding on phytoplankton (silver carp, Hypophthalmichtys molitrix), zooplankton, (big head carp, Hypophtalmitrix nobilis), higher plants, (grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella), and omnivorous fish, (common carp, Cyprinus carpio), adapted to reduced temperatures, was determined. Levels of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were highest in silver and big head carp and lowest in common carp. Differences in long chain PUFAs were poorly reflected in fluidity, determined either by fluorescence anizotropy of 1,6-diphenyl 1,3,5-hexatriene or rotational correlation time of 16-doxyl- stearic acid, of phospholipid vesicles. Phospholipid vesicles of C. caripo and C. idella proved to be slightly more rigid than of H. molitrix and H. nobilis below ca. 15 °C. These differences were not seen with isolated plasma membranes assessed with 1,6-diphenyl 1,3,5-hexatriene. Using electron spin resonance spectroscopy plasma membranes from H. molitrix proved to be more fluid than those from C. carpio below ca. 15 °C. Phosphatidylethanolamines were abundant in 1-monounsaturated, 2-polyunsaturated (18:1/22:6, 18:1/20:4) species with H. molitrix and H. nobilis more rich in these species than C. carpio and C. idella. It is suggested that differences in fluidities of phospholipid vesicles below 15 °C is due to differences in levels of the above molecular species. In native membranes these differences may be masked by proteins and other membrane components. It is also suggested that it is not the fatty acid composition of the ingested food but the specific response of the fish to temperature that is the most important factor controlling the physicochemical properties of membranes during thermal adaptation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Schlagwort(e): chromosome painting ; evolution ; karyotype ; marsupials
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A 2n = 14 karyotype is shared by some species in each of the marsupial orders in Australian and American superfamilies, suggesting that the ancestral marsupial chromosome complement was 2n = 14. We have used chromosome painting between distantly related marsupial species to discover whether genome arrangements in 2n = 14 species in two Australian orders support this hypothesis. Cross-species chromosome painting was used to investigate chromosome rearrangements between a macropodid species Macropus eugenii (2n = 16) and a wombat species in a different suborder (Lasiorhinus latifrons, 2n = 14), and a dasyurid species in a different order (Sminthopsis macroura, 2n = 14). We demonstrate that many chromosome regions are conserved between all three species, and deduce how the similar 2n = 14 karyotypes of species in the two orders are related to a common ancestral 2n = 14 karyotype.
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Genetica 107 (1999), S. 15-25 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Schlagwort(e): DDE signature ; env ; evolution ; gag ; transposable elements
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The evolution of transposable element structures can be analyzed in populations and species and by comparing the functional domains in the main classes of elements. We begin with a synthesis of what we know about the evolution of the mariner elements in the Drosophilidae family in terms of populations and species. We suggest that internal deletion does not occur at random, but appears to frequently occur between short internal repeats. We compared the functional domains of the DNA and/or amino acid sequences to detect similarities between the main classes of elements. This included the gag, reverse transcriptase, and envelope genes of retrotransposons and retroviruses, and the integrases of retrotransposons and retroviruses, and transposases of class II elements. We find that each domain can have its own evolutionary history. Thus, the evolution of transposable elements can be seen to be modular.
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 31 (1999), S. 15-27 
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Schlagwort(e): archaea ; methanogens ; bioenergetics ; ATPases ; ATP synthases ; evolution ; proteolipids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Recent molecular studies revealed nine to ten gene products involved infunction/assembly of the methanoarchaeal ATPase and unravel a closerelationship of the A1A0-ATPase and theV1V0-ATPase with respect to subunit composition and thestructure of individual subunits. Most interestingly, there is anastonishing variability in the size of the proteolipids in methanoar chaealA1A0-ATPases with six, four, or two transmembranehelices and a variable number of conserved protonizable groups per monomer.Despite the structural similarities the A1A0-ATPasediffers fundamentally from the V1V0-ATPase by itsability to synthesize ATP, a feature shared withF1F0-ATPases. The discovery of duplicated andtriplicated versions of the proteolipid in A1A0-ATPsynthases questions older views of the structural requirements for ATPsynthases versus ATP hydrolases and sheds new light on the evolutionof these secondary energy converters.
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Genetica 107 (1999), S. 209-238 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Schlagwort(e): evolution ; genomic symbionts ; host defense ; impact on genomes ; retronuons ; reverse transcription ; template switching
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Retroposition is an efficient route to move coding regions around the genome ‘in search’ of novel regulatory elements and to shotgun regulatory elements into the genome ‘in search’ of new target genes. The templates for such retrogenes are mRNAs, and for regulatory retronuons (nuon=any definable nucleic acid sequence) usually small non-mRNAs. An example in support of the ‘master gene’ model for SINEs (short interspersed repetive elements) is provided with neuronal BC1 RNA. Furthermore, an alternative explanation of LINE (long interspersed repetive elements) involvement in the generation of SINEs is given. I will also argue that the status of transposable elements with respect to the host resembles more symbiosis than parasitiasis and that host defense is often lenient as if even to ‘tolerate or support’ retronuons. Finally the paradox of evolution's lack of foresight and the future exaptive use of retronuons is being dealt with by referring to W.F. Doolittle's ‘Hierarchical Approaches to Genome Evolution’.
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of mammalian evolution 6 (1999), S. 129-159 
    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Schlagwort(e): acoustic communication ; cats ; evolution ; Felidae ; vocalization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The distribution of the three friendly close-range vocalization types known in the Felidae was plotted on a recently published phylogeny of the cat family (Felidae) based on sequence comparisons of two mitochondrial DNA genes and other molecular and biochemical characters, with extrapolated divergence ages of its various lineages. It was found to be congruent with this phylogeny. One of the sound types is likely to be present in 30 species of the family (documented in 22 so far), another is present in 4, and the third in 2 species only; these sound types represent a phylogenetic transformation series. The latter two vocalization types also differ considerably from the first in the mode of sound production. From this, evolutionary conservatism over a long epoch for the one widespread vocalization type can be inferred, and less conservatism in the type present in four species, while the emergence of the least common type is evidence of relatively considerable and rapid evolutionary change. Thus, acoustic communication signals in a group of taxa can evolve at considerably different rates, and for a specific character this rate can differ between different lineages of that group. The ultimate causes of the evolutionary stability or of the subsequent relatively rapid change in sound structure and mode of sound production in these felid vocalizations are unknown.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; nasuta-albomicans ; complex ; cytoraces ; body size ; fertility ; ovariole number ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Our long range interracial hybridization experiments between a pair of cross fertile races, Drosophila nasuta (2n = 8) and D.albomicans (2n = 6) have resulted in the evolution of two new karyotypic strains under laboratory conditions, which are named as Cytorace 1 and Cytorace 2. These Cytoraces harbor chromosomes from both parents. Here, we compare the body size of the parental races and newly evolved Cytoraces and the relationship between the body size and fitness. Analysis reveals that the parental races have reduced fertility and are larger in body size than newly evolved Cytoraces. Thus, the newly evolved Cytoraces show reduced body size and better fitness in the course of their evolution.
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of computational neuroscience 7 (1999), S. 119-147 
    ISSN: 1573-6873
    Schlagwort(e): central pattern generators ; dynamical modules ; computational neuroethology ; walking ; biomechanics ; evolution ; dynamical systems theory
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Are there general principles for pattern generation? We examined this question by analyzing the operation of large populations of evolved model central pattern generators (CPGs) for walking. Three populations of model CPGs were evolved, containing three, four, or five neurons. We identified six general principles. First, locomotion performance increased with the number of interneurons. Second, the top 10 three-, four-, and five-neuron CPGs could be decomposed into dynamical modules, an abstract description developed in a companion article. Third, these dynamical modules were multistable: they could be switched between multiple stable output configurations. Fourth, the rhythmic pattern generated by a CPG could be understood as a closed chain of successive destabilizations of one dynamical module by another. A combinatorial analysis enumerated the possible dynamical modular structures. Fifth, one-dimensional modules were frequently observed and, in some cases, could be assigned specific functional roles. Finally, dynamic dynamical modules, in which the modular structure itself changed over one cycle, were frequently observed. The existence of these general principles despite significant variability in both patterns of connectivity and neural parameters was explained by degeneracy in the maps from neural parameters to neural dynamics to behavior to fitness. An analysis of the biomechanical properties of the model body was essential for relating neural activity to behavior. Our studies of evolved model circuits suggest that, in the absence of other constraints, there is no compelling reason to expect neural circuits to be functionally decomposable as the number of interneurons increase. Analyzing idealized model pattern generators may be an effective methodology for gaining insights into the operation of biological pattern generators.
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of ornithology 140 (1999), S. 393-417 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Schlagwort(e): Orientation system ; compass mechanisms ; mosaic map ; navigational map ; migration program ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Ein erster Versuch von Bellrose, die Evolution des Orientierungssystems der Vögel zu beschreiben, ging von der Annahme aus, Kompaßorientierung und die Fähigkeit zur Navigation habe sich im Zusammenhang mit dem Vogelzug entwickelt. Kompaßmechanismen sowie die Mosaik- und die Navigationskarte spielen jedoch bereits bei der Orientierung im Heimbereich entscheidende Rollen, müssen sich also dort entwickelt haben unter dem Selektionsdruck, die täglichen Flugwege zu optimieren, vielleicht schon bei den Vorfahren der Vögel. Magnetkompaßorientierung erscheint als der einfachste Orientierungsmechanismus und müßte deshalb an den ältesten Orientierungsstrategien beteiligt gewesen sein. Ein Magnetkompaß ist bei Wirbeltieren weit verbreitet, doch gibt es Hinweise auf unterschiedliche Funktionsprinzipien. Es ist deshalb offen, ob die Vögel ihn von ihren Vorfahren übernommen oder eigenständig entwickelt haben. Das gleiche gilt für den Sonnenkompaß. Die entscheidende Rolle des Magnetkompaß bei der ontogenetischen Entwicklung des Sonnenkompaß läßt eine ähnliche Beziehung bei der phylogenetischen Entwicklung vermuten. Über kurze Entfernungen kann man sich Orientierung durch Wegumkehr allein mit Kompaßmechanismen vorstellen, wobei Umwege integriert werden müssen. Bei dieser Strategie akkumulieren sich jedoch die Fehler; die bei größeren Entfernungen resultierende Ungenauigkeit erzeugte einen Selektionsdruck, der das Benutzen von Ortsinformation begünstigte. Dies führte zur Entstehung der Mosaikkarte, die auf Kompaßorientierung und Landmarken beruht. Sie ist heute als eigenständiger Mechanismus anzusehen, der nach angeborenen Regeln aufgebaut wird. Die Navigationskarte entsteht, indem die gleichen Regeln auf Faktoren mit Gradienten-Charakter angewandt werden; sie hat sich offenbar aus der Mosaikkarte entwickelt. Ob sie eine Sonderentwicklung der Vögel infolge ihrer Flugfähigkeit ist, muß offen bleiben. Da die Vögel die Grundelemente ihres Orientierungssystems wahrscheinlich von ihren Vorfahren übernommen haben, würden wir erwarten, daß diese Mechanismen bei allen Vögel gleich sind bzw. nach den gleichen Regeln erstellt werden. Vorstufen des Vogelzugs waren zunächst ungerichtete Flüge auf der Suche nach günstigeren Bedingungen; in diesem Stadium reichten die vorhandenen Navigationsmechanismen zur Orientierung zwischen den verschiedenen Gebieten aus. Als aus diesen ersten Ortsbewegungen ein regelmäßiger Zug zwischen zwei Regionen wurde, begann sich das Zugprogramm zu entwickeln, wobei sich zunächst eine spontane Richtungstendenz herausbildete. Der Magnetkompaß konnte als erstes Referenzsystem für diese Zugrichtung dienen. Später erhielt die Himmelsrotation ihre entscheidende Bedeutung, wobei die Vögel die Referenzrichtung Süd zunächst aus dem Polarisationsmuster am Tage ableiteten. Im Laufe der Zeit entstanden die differenzierten Zugprogramme mit Richtungsfolgen, steuernden Zeitprogrammen und Triggermechanismen. Die Zugrichtung und Länge der Zugstrecke unterliegen auch weiterhin einer ständigen Selektion, die für optimale Anpassung an die jeweiligen Umweltbedingungen sorgt. Der Übergang vom Tag- zum Nachtzug bereitete keine Probleme, denn die Vögel mußten zunächst keine neuen Orientierungsmechanismen entwickeln, da sich der Magnetkompaß zu jeder Tageszeit einsetzen läßt. Später entstand der Sternkompaß, der in seinen Funktionseigenschaften hervorragend auf die Bedürfnisse von Zugvögeln angepaßt ist und als eigenständige Entwicklung der Nachtzieher angesehen werden muß. Dazu erwarben die Nachtzieher die Fähigkeit, die Information der Himmelsrotation aus der Bewegung der Sterne abzuleiten und direkt auf den Sternkompaß zu übertragen. Da das Zugverhalten bei Vögeln mehrfach unabhängig voneinander entstanden ist, muß man Entsprechendes auch von den Mechanismen der Zugorientierung annehmen. Das bedeutet, daß sich die betreffenden Mechanismen bei den verschiedenen Arten unterschiedlich entwickelt haben könnten, doch ist mit konvergenten Entwicklungen zu rechnen.
    Notizen: Summary In a first attempt to explain the evolution of the avian navigational system, Bellrose suggested that compass mechanisms and the ability for true navigation had developed in connection with migration across increasing distances. Yet birds use compasses, the mosaic and the navigational maps even close to home and for homing. This means that those mechanisms must have developed for orientation within the home range, with the necessity to optimize the everyday flights acting as selective pressure. In view of this, any attempt to reconstruct the evolution of the avian navigational system must start out with the non-flying ancestors of birds. Considering the requirements of orientation by landmarks and by using a compass, compass orientation with the help of the magnetic field appears to be the simplest mechanism; consequently, it must be assumed to belong to the most ancient orientation strategies. The magnetic compass is wide-spread among animals, but it appears to function according to different principles among the various groups of vertebrates so that it is unclear whether birds inherited their magnetic compass from their reptilian ancestors or developed a mechanism of their own. The same is true for the sun compass. The crucial role of the magnetic compass in the ontogenetic development of the sun compass might indicate a similar relationship for the phylogenetic development. Over short distances within the home range, orientation based solely on compass orientation appears possible, using the strategy of route reversal, with non-straight routes being integrated. Since this strategy accumulates errors, it becomes inaccurate over longer distances, thus causing selective pressure to use local site-specific information. This leads to the formation of the mosaic map, a mechanism that includes landmarks as well as compass orientation. Today, the mosaic map of landmarks is a mechanism by itself, established according to innate learning principles that associate information on path integration with site-specific information, thus forming a directionally oriented mental representation of the distribution of landmarks. The navigational map is formed by applying the same principles to factors of the nature of gradients; it thus appears to have developed from the mosaic map. Whether or not it is a special development of birds associated with their flying ability is unclear. Because the birds probably inherited the basic mechanisms of orientation from their ancestors, one would expect these mechanisms to be similar in all birds. For the mechanisms involving learned components, this means that they are established following common rules. Birds improved those mechanisms and adapted them to their specific needs. Migration is assumed to have begun with non-directed search movements for regions offering better conditions. At this stage, the already existing mechanisms of homing were sufficient for navigation between the various areas. When these first movements turned into regular migration between two regions, the migratory program began to evolve, starting out with spontaneous tendencies in a preferred direction. The magnetic compass may have served as first reference system for the migratory direction; later, celestial rotation, indicated by the changing pattern of polarized light during the day, obtained its important role in indicating the reference direction geographic South. In the course of time, sophisticated migration programs with changes in direction, controlling time programs, responses to trigger mechanisms etc. developed. The migratory direction and distance, i.e. the amount of migratory activity, continue to be subject to selective pressure so that birds can respond to the environmental conditions in an optimal way. The transition from daytime migration to night migration did not require new mechanisms, as the magnetic compass can be used at any time of the day. Later, however, the star compass evolved, which is to be considered a special development of night-migrating birds, with its way of functioning well adapted to the specific needs of migrants. Birds also developed the ability to derive information on celestial rotation from the rotating stars at night and to transfer this information directly to the star compass. Since migratory habits evolved many times independently among birds, the same has to be assumed for the specific mechanisms of migratory orientation. This means that they need not necessarily be identical in all bird migrants. We are to expect convergent developments, however, leading to mechanisms of the most suitable type.
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  • 83
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    Digitale Medien
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    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 357-360 
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Schlagwort(e): feed intake ; growth ; silver trevally (Pseudocaranx dentex) ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 335-338 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Anaerobic digestion ; biogas ; pathogens ; survival ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract The survival of certain pathogenic bacteria was studied in anaerobic batch digesters at room temperature (18–25 °C) as well as at 35 °C under laboratory conditions. The survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi at room temperature was upto 20 days whereas at 35 °C it was only upto 10 days. Shigella dysenteriae was found to be the most sensitive organism which could survive upto 10 days at room temperature and upto 5 days at 35 °C. The longest survival was observed in case of Streptococcus faecalis which could survive upto 35 days at room temperature and 15 days at 35 °C. The survival time of Salmonella typhi increased when the solid contents of the digester were elevated from 9% to 15%.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): ammonium chloride ; ammonium sulphate ; nest placement ; nitrification ; temperature ; urea
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Nitrification occurring in an alkaline sandy loam soil fertilized with urea, ammonium sulphate (AS) and ammonium chloride (AC) was studied in the laboratory at 20°C and 40°C for 30 days. Nitrogen fertilizers were applied as nest of sizes 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g. Unfertilized control and soil mixed with 50 mg N kg-1 were also included as treatments. Nitrification in all the fertilizer treatments decreased markedly with increasing nest size. At 20°C, differences among the three N sources were not significant at 5 days after incubation but marked differences appeared thereafter. All the N was nitrified by 30 days in case of fertilizers mixed into the soil. In nest placement, nitrification ranged from 30.1 to 75.5%, 28.3 to 74.6% and 35.3 to 88.7% for urea, AC and AS, respectively. When equal amounts of fertilizers were placed in a nest, nitrification occurred at a slower rate with urea than with AC and AS. Rates of nitrification were significantly higher at 40°C than at 20°C. At 20 days, nitrification from different nest sizes ranged from 8.4 to 64.9% and from 24.9 to 87.0% at 20°C and 40°C, respectively. The difference in nitrification at two temperatures were more pronounced at higher nest sizes than at smaller nest sizes. While nitrification with the three N sources decreased linearly with increase in N concentration (nest size) in soil at 40°C, it showed a quadratic relationship at 20°C. At equal N concentration, the highest rate of nitrification occurred with urea and the lowest with AC. At the same rate of applied N (50–2000 mg kg-1), AC and AS increased electrical conductivity of soil by 1.3–9 times that of urea. Apparent mineral N recovery of applied N decreased with the increase in nest size.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 146 (1999), S. 33-41 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Schlagwort(e): entomopathogenic hyphomycete ; vector control ; Chagas disease ; Beauveria bassiana ; Rhodnius prolixus ; humidity ; temperature ; incubation time ; mortality
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The impact of relative humidity (RH) on the infective potential of the isolate Bb INRA 297 of Beauveriabassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) against first in star nymphs of Rhodnius prolixus Stål. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) was determined. Fungus-treated insects were exposed to RHs ranged from 75 to 100% at 25 °C. Results clearly showed a threshold of humidity at ca. 96% for high and rapid mortality. After initial exposure to increasing periods of 97% (4, 8, 16, 24, 36 and 48 h) and subsequent transfer to constant lower RHs (43, 53,75 and 86%) at a constant 25 °C, an incubation of at least 48 h at 97% RH was necessary to kill all insects. On changing RHs of 97/75% and different regimes of temperature (15/28 °C,20/25 °C, 25/28 °C,and 25/35 °C), at least 72 h of initial exposure at 97% RH for the 15/28 °C regime, 48 h for the 20°/25°C and25/28 °C regimes and 36 h for25/35 °C were needed to kill all insects over a 6-day incubation time. Delayed exposure to favorable moisture condition (97% RH), significantly affected infection for up to a 3-day delay within the various temperature-humidity regimes tested.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Experimental and applied acarology 23 (1999), S. 181-216 
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Schlagwort(e): Microarthropods ; canalized ; evolution ; constraint ; reproductive biology ; spermatophore.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This study investigates how the course of evolutionary change of an organismal pattern is canalized by organismal properties. As an example we use the mechanisms of indirect sperm transfer of some microarthropod groups. Miniaturized droplet spermatophores, characterized by a rather similar pattern of structural and functional components, are shown to have evolved independently in the Acari–Actinotrichida and the Pseudoscorpiones within the Arachnida and in the Entognatha (Collembola and Diplura–Campodeoidea), Symphyla, Pauropoda and Pselaphognatha within the Antennata. At least in the phylogenetic lineages leading to the various antennatan groups, evolution of miniaturized spermatophores took place in a similar sequence of transformation steps. It is likely that – originally – large sac spermatophores with a rigid sheath were deposited on the ground. The subsequent sequence of evolution involved carrying structures, a viscous sheath of the spermatophore-droplets, a stable water balance of the spermatophore under habitat conditions and miniaturized spermatophore droplets with immobilized sperm cells. Finally, mate dissociation became a common mode of behaviour in all groups mentioned. Each of the transformation steps was not only an adaptation to a particular selective condition, but additionally a precondition for further adaptive innovation. In this way the sequence of evolutionary change was rigidly determined. Moreover, integration of subsequently evolved components of the spermatophores into a complex network of interacting components obviously caused constraints of interaction, which in turn have caused a remarkable evolutionary stability of the character patterns. Using water mites as an example, it is shown how in a changed environment few behavioural changes have initiated an evolutionary sequence which has finally led convergently in several lineages to semi-direct or direct sperm transfer and to a massive repatterning of the original reproduction pattern. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998
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  • 88
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    Space science reviews 87 (1999), S. 345-348 
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Schlagwort(e): coronal hole ; quiet Sun ; density ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Spectra from the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer on board SOHO are used to compare density and temperature in coronal hole and quiet Sun regions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
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    Agroforestry systems 45 (1999), S. 23-41 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Schlagwort(e): agriculture ; evolution ; functional mimicry ; natural ecosystems ; sustainability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This paper addresses the question of how much biodiversity is enough in the context of the concept of agriculture as a mimic of nature. Following an historical review of the likely origins of ecosystems I show that the currently accepted components of biodiversity, viz. genetic, species and ecosystem, and their functional expression, are relevant to agriculture. Examples of adequate biodiversity are given and it is concluded that what constitutes enough biodiversity in an agricultural system is dependent upon the goal in question and will be different depending on whether the aim is, for example, to increase yield stability or deal with salinity, ground water levels, soil erosion, leaching of nutrients or weed control. The point is made that ecosystems and their composition are contingent in nature so the history of events, their frequency and intensity all need to be considered when interpreting the natural biodiversity present and thus determining what is enough in particular circumstances.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    International journal of thermophysics 20 (1999), S. 1257-1266 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): critical point ; exploding wire technique ; high-pressure cell ; numerical modeling ; specific heat ; tantalum ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A foil confined in a sapphire cell is heated by an electrical current pulse at rates from 1010 to 1011 K·s−1. Temporal evolutions of the temperature and pressure distributions in the foil is investigated by means of numerical modeling. It is demonstrated that such a technique allows reaching temperatures far above 10,000 K and pressures up to 50 kbar and provides a uniform temperature and pressure in the foil. The technique has been applied for investigation of liquid tantalum. Experimental results on temperature measurement are discussed. Data on specific heat of liquid tantalum at temperatures up to 11,000 K are reported.
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  • 91
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    Digitale Medien
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    Space science reviews 90 (1999), S. 169-178 
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Schlagwort(e): Comets: structure ; composition ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The initial structure of a comet nucleus is most probably a homogeneous, porous, fine-grained mixture of dust and ices, predominantly water. The water ice is presumably amorphous and includes considerable fractions of occluded gases. This structure undergoes significant changes during the early evolution of the nucleus at large heliocentric distances, due to internal radiogenic heating. Structural changes occur mainly as a result of gas flow through the porous medium: the gas pressure that builds up in the interior is capable of breaking the fragile structure and altering the pore sizes and porosity. These effects are modeled and followed numerically, testing a large number of parameters.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Schlagwort(e): β-lactam antibiotics ; biosynthetic genes ; clusters ; evolution ; chromosome resolution ; genome plasticity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The genes pcbAB, pcbC and penDE encoding enzymes that catalyze the three steps of the penicillin biosynthesis have been cloned from Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus nidulans. They are located in a cluster in Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus nidulans and Penicillium nalgiovense. The three genes are clustered in chromosome I (10.4 Mb) of P. chrysogenum, in chromosome II of P. notatum (9.6 Mb) and in chromosome VI (3.0 Mb) of A. nidulans. The cluster of the penicillin biosynthetic genes is amplified in strains with high level of antibiotic production. About five to six copies of the cluster are present in the AS-P-78 strain and 11 to 14 copies in the E1 strain (an industrial isolate), whereas only one copy is present in the wild type (NRRL 1951) strain and in the low producer Wis 54-1255 strain. The amplified region in strains AS-P-78 and E1 is arranged in tandem repeats of 106.5 or 57.6-kb units, respectively. In Acremonium chrysogenum the genes involved in cephalosporin biosynthesis are separated in at least two clusters. The pcbAB and pcbC genes are linked in the so-called ‘early cluster’ of genes involved in the cephalosporin biosynthesis. The ‘late cluster’, which includes the cefEF and cefG genes, is involved in the last steps of cephalosporin biosynthesis. The ‘early cluster’ was located in chromosome VII (4.6 Mb) in the C10 strain and the ‘late cluster’ in chromosome I (2.2 Mb). Both clusters are present in a single copy in the A. chrysogenum genome, in the wild-type and in the high cephalosporin-producing C10 strains.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 219-224 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Schlagwort(e): Amaranthus ; evolution ; genome relationship ; structural chromosome changes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Meiotic studies were carried out in four accessions of three grain species, viz. Amaranthus cruentus, A. powellii and A. retroflexus and their F1 hybrids to elucidate the genome relationships between the cultivated and wild types and the cytogenetical mechanisms involved in speciation. All the three species were morphologically distinct and cytologically uniform with 17 bivalents at metaphase I. Morphologically the interspecific hybrids were either intermediate or had an overall dominance of wild parents. Chromosome analysis at meiotic metaphase I in the F1 interspecific hybrids of A. powellii with the Indian and Mexican accessions of A. cruentus showed an average of chromosome association of 1.0 IV + 0.10 III + 14.78 II + 0.14 I and 1.0 IV + 0.45 III + 14.20 II + 0.25 I and 5.81% in the former and 8.44% in the later pollen grain fertility, respectively and that of A. retroflexus with A. cruentus (Indian and Mexican) showed almost similar chromosomal associations. These studies show close genomic homology amongst all these three species involving certain chromosomal aberrations resulting in their evolution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant and soil 212 (1999), S. 13-22 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): biomonitoring ; cp-scaling ; life history ; maturity index ; nematode ; evolution ; stress
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Nematodes are increasingly being used in environmental studies. One of the potential parameters to measure the impact of disturbances and to monitor changes in structure and functioning of the below-ground ecosystem is the nematode Maturity Index; an index based on the proportion of colonizers (r-strategists s.l.) and persisters (K-strategists s.l.) in samples. In this paper the original allocation of nematode taxa on the colonizer-persister scale, and the tolerance and sensitivity of colonizers and persisters are discussed from an evolutionary viewpoint. The phenomenon that neither relative egg size nor body length is an unequivocal character to scale nematodes suggests that the main selection for life history traits occurred independently in the major evolutionary branches.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 60 (1999), S. 29-42 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): enzyme catalysis ; evolution ; genetic engineering ; photosynthesis ; protein assembly ; protein degradation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco; EC 4.1.1.39) has played a central role in our understanding of chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthesis. In particular, its catalysis of the rate-limiting step of CO2 fixation, and the mutual competition of CO2 and O2 at the active site, makes Rubisco a prime focus for genetically engineering an increase in photosynthetic productivity. Although it remains difficult to manipulate the chloroplast-encoded large subunit and nuclear-encoded small subunit of crop plants, much has been learned about the structure/function relationships of Rubisco by expressing prokaryotic genes in Escherichia coli or by exploiting classical genetics and chloroplast transformation of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, the complexity of chloroplast Rubisco in land plants cannot be completely addressed with the existing model organisms. Two subunits encoded in different genetic compartments have coevolved in the formation of the Rubisco holoenzyme, but the function of the small subunit remains largely unknown. The subunits are posttranslationally modified, assembled via a complex process, and degraded in regulated ways. There is also a second chloroplast protein, Rubisco activase, that is responsible for removing inhibitory molecules from the large-subunit active site. Many of these complex interactions and processes display species specificity. This means that attempts to engineer or discover a better Rubisco may be futile if one cannot transfer the better enzyme to a compatible host. We must frame the questions that address this problem of chloroplast-Rubisco complexity. We must work harder to find the answers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 406 (1999), S. 243-251 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): anterior regeneration ; evolution ; fission ; asexual reproduction ; Naididae ; Annelida
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Agametic reproduction by fission has evolved numerous times in the Annelida. In this group, as well as others, the developmental processes of fission appear to be based on those of regeneration. Thus far, all fissiparous annelids whose regenerative abilities have been investigated fully are capable of regenerating both anteriorly and posteriorly. However, in this paper, I describe a unique exception to this association between fission and regenerative abilities. Regeneration experiments demonstrate that the fissiparous annelid Paranais litoralis (Oligochaeta: Naididae) has lost the capacity for full anterior regeneration. The four anterior segments of P. litoralis are produced routinely during each round of fission, yet this species is incapable of producing these same segments by anterior regeneration. I propose that fissiparous reproduction, possibly coupled with a low susceptibility to amputation in nature, may have relaxed selection for anterior regeneration in P. litoralis. The decoupling of fission and regenerative abilities suggests that some steps in the developmental trajectories that lead to fission and regeneration may have diverged in this species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 400 (1999), S. 129-140 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): fish ; energetics ; temperature ; feeding ; prey abundance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract I examined food consumption and growth of walleye larvae in extensive culture ponds using direct methods and a bioenergetics model, and compared my results with laboratory feeding and growth studies. Walleye showed a diel pattern of increasing gut fullness during daylight hours. Larvae exhibited lower maximum food consumption rates in the ponds than predicted from previous short-term laboratory feeding studies. Direct estimates and bioenergetics model estimates of daily food consumption in the culture ponds were in poor agreement and the discrepancy varied with respect to walleye size. Food consumption rates in the ponds were related to walleye size (direct estimates) or water temperature (bioenergetics model estimates) but not zooplankton abundance. Growth exceeded 0.10 g g−1 d−1 for all but one sampling interval and the maximum growth rate in the culture pond fish was double the maximum growth rate determined in the laboratory. Growth was positively related to pond temperature and negatively related to walleye mass, but was not significantly related to zooplankton abundance. Gross conversion efficiency was negatively related to walleye mass, positively related to zooplankton abundance and not related to temperature. Food consumption and growth of walleye larvae in the field may be food-limited at much lower prey abundances than previous laboratory research has suggested.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Gracilaria ; growth ; irradiance ; plant growth regulators ; salinity ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Growth and tolerance of Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss from Shikoku Island were investigated under a variation of temperature (5–30 °C), salinity (5–60‰), and photon irradiance (20–100 μmol photons m−2 s−1) in unialgal culture. G. vermiculophylla showed wide tolerances for all factors tested, characterizing a euryhaline and eurythermal species. Two clones, one of a tetrasporophyte and the other of a female gametophyte, showed different growth rates, attributable to the difference either in phase or in genotype. The optimum temperature for the growth of the tetrasporophyte clone was 15–25 °C while that of the gametophyte clone was 20–30 °C. Maximum growth of both phases was observed at 80–100 μmol m−2 s−1. G. vermiculophylla presented higher growth rates in low salinities (15–30‰). Tissue cultures were established in solid ASP 12-NTA medi um supplemented with plant growth regulators (PGR), 0.5% agar, 1.0% sucrose and 0.5% inositol. Effects of two auxins (indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)), and one cytokinin (6-benzylaminopurine (BA)) were tested in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10.0 mg l−1. Growth of apical segments was significantly stimulated by the majority of treatments supplemented with PGR, while maximum growth of calluses was observed in treatments with low concentration of auxins or BA (1.0 mg l−1). All treatments supplemented with PGR significantly promoted the growth of intercalary segments, except for IAA (1.0 mg l−1) in combination with BA (1.0 mg l−1). Growth of calluses originating from intercalary segments was observed in treatments with IAA (0.1 mg l−1), 2,4-D (10.0 mg l−1) or IAA (1.0 mg l−1) in combination with BA (0.1 mg l−1). Tr eatments with high concentration of IAA and BA (10.0 mg l−1) were lethal for apical and intercalary segments. These results show that auxin and cytokinin play a regulatory role on the growth of G. vermiculophylla in tissue culture. Furthermore, results on the effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance indicate that G. vermiculophylla could be cultivated in brackish temperate environments with potential for economic purposes and for pollution management.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 398-399 (1999), S. 39-45 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): 18S rDNA ; biogeography ; Bryopsidales ; evolution ; Halimeda ; phylogeny ; Tethys ; vicariance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Partial 18S rDNA sequences, including a 102 base pair insertion, were used to infer a phylogeny among 48 samples across all sections in Halimeda Lamouroux, 1812. The phylogeny reveals a separation of the monophyletic section Rhipsalis into a western Atlantic and a western Pacific clade. Consequently, morphologically similar species within this section such as H. monile (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux (western Atlantic), and H. cylindracea Decaisne (western Pacific), are not sister taxa. Vicariant events that separated the tropical regions of the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Oceans can explain the observed biogeographical pattern in section Rhipsalis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): photosynthesis ; respiration ; Gelidiella acerosa ; culture ; tidal habitat ; salinity ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Several samples of the red seaweed, Gelidiella acerosa (Forssk.) Feldmann & Hamel occurring in tidepools, high intertidal rocks, and shallow subtidal areas on a reef flat in Ilocos Norte, northern Philippines were studied in terms of their photosynthetic and respiratory responses (μl O2 gDW−1 h−1) to four salinity (22, 28, 34, 40‰) and three temperature (22, 28, 34 °C) combinations. The upper intertidal plants tolerated low salinities (22–28‰) better than high salinities (34–40‰), while tidepool and subtidal plants were not affected. Temperatures of 22 through 34 °C resulted in a one-fold increase in their photosynthetic rates and insignificant differences in their respiratory rates while tidepool and subtidal plants almost doubled their photosynthetic rates and their respiration rates increased by about 5–50 times. There were no interaction effects. Therefore, intertidal plants appe ared to be more tolerant to wide temperature fluctuations and low salinity levels; while tidepool and subtidal plants were least affected by salinity variations but were quite sensitive to temperature fluctuations. Vegetative and tetrasporic plants had similar photosynthetic and respiratory responses to salinity and temperature variations, although vegetative plants had significantly higher net photosynthesis under the minimum and maximum temperatures tested (22 and 34 °C). Reproductive G. acerosa showed greater tolerance to temperature fluctuations. These responses indicated that physiological changes may have occurred when the species became reproductive. Tolerance of G. acerosa to low salinities suggests that lowering the salinities in culture tanks could be used to eradicate contaminants, i.e., dinoflagellates and filamentous green algae. Temperature of 28 °C appeared to be optimum for all plant types as reflected by their high photosynthetic and low respiratory rates .
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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