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  • Chemical Engineering  (130)
  • ASTROPHYSICS
  • 1955-1959  (130)
  • 1956  (130)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A generalized correlation of diffusion coefficients (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 13-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Graphical correlations of binary gas diffusion coefficients are developed based on the Hirschfelder-Bird-Spotz diffusion equation and the theorem of corresponding states. A critical diffusion coefficient is defined and is used in turn for a definition of a “reduced” coefficient. The reduced diffusion coefficient is correlated graphically in generalized form in terms of the reduced properties of the diffusing gas. Using air as a reference “barrier” gas, the authors compared critical diffusion coefficients for various gases diffusing through a single barrier gas with the critical coefficients for these gases through air. This ratio, termed the barrier gas ratio, was found to be independent of the properties of the diffusing gas. A graphical correlation of the barrier gas ratio enables rapid estimation of a binary diffusion coefficient with a minimum of information.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020104
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rate of nitration of benzene with mixed acid (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 26-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rates of nitration of benzene by nitric acid in mixed acid to produce mononitrobenzene have been measured in well-emulsified reaction mixtures in the temperature range from 34° to 54°C. The acid-phase compositions ranged from 1.6 mole % nitric acid and 27 mole % sulfuric acid to 35 mole % nitric acid and zero % sulfuric acid; the organicphase composition ranged from 4 to 95 mole % benzene, and the relative extent of the acid and organic phases was varied from 25 to 80 volume % acid phase.The reaction rate based on the total volume of the reacting mixture is shown to be a function of the phase compositions, temperature, and volume % of acid phase.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020106
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of bubble-cap fractionating-column plate efficiencies (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 18-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of estimating the true conditions of operation of a bubble-cap tray is presented. Intermediate between the Murphree and the Lewis methods, which represent the extremes of actual operation, this method involves the use of a correlation to determine the degree of liquid mixing on the tray and the use of new relations between the Murphree vapor efficiency, the Lewis case I efficiency, and the true local efficiency. For the last, partial liquid mixing is taken into account.Data were obtained on an 18-in. O.D. three-tray bubble-cap tower containing ten 3-in. bubble caps a tray. Partial liquid mixing was correlated for changes in vapor and liquid rates, pressure, temperature, and weir height for the system ethylene dichloride-toluene.Efficiency data on acetone-water, ethanol-water, and ethylene dichloride-toluene showed the following effects: (1) low concentration of lwo boiler usually, but not always, resulted in low true local efficiencies, always with high Murphree efficiencies; (2) vapor velocity effects are more intimately connected with slot velocity than superficial velocity (and hence entrainment); (3) raising the pressure gives higher efficiencies; (4) an increase in liquid depth increases the true local efficiency but may have no effect on the Murphree efficiency.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020105
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prediction of ideal-stage requirements in complex liquid-liquid extraction systems (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 38-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure for obtaining equilibrium data and predicting ideal-stage requirements in a complex liquid-liquid extraction system is presented. Preliminary equilibrium data are obtained from a simulated column run involving a series of batch contacts operated in such a manner as to approach steady state countercurrent conditions. The flow ratios and stage requirements for continuous operation are then estimated by trial-and-error by use of a modified McCabe-Thiele method.The procedure lends itself particularly well to those systems with interdependent distribution of the two components. Data for the separation of hafnium from zirconium are presented to show the utility of the method.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020108
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat transfer through a homogeneous isotropic turbulent field (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 42-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Because of the large scale of the motion responsible for mixing in turbulent fields, turbulent transport processes differ from molecular transport processes in that the mixing depends on the previous history of the diffusing material and turbulent fields are generally nonhomogeneous.The effect of the time dependency of the diffusion process is examined for the case of heat transfer from a hot wall to a cold wall through a turbulently flowing fluid. The fluid is assumed to have a uniform velocity and the turbulence is assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic. The calculations are carried out by assuming a distribution of heat sources along the hot wall and of heat sinks along the cold wall. G. I. Taylor's theory of turbulent diffusion for a homogeneous isotropic field is used to describe the properties of these sources and sinks. These calculations are compared with temperature profiles obtained as a solution to Fick's Law using a constant diffusion coefficient. A marked difference between the two sets of curves is obtained in the vicinity of the wall and in the beginning of the heat exchange section.A calculated profile on the basis of an idealized model of heat transfer in channel flow is compared with actual measurements made by Page, Corcoran, Schlinger, and Sage (7) at a distance far enough downstream so that the temperature profile had reached a steady condition.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020109
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide and dioxide over steel (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 46-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrogenation of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide on various steel catalysts was studied in the temperature range of 800° to 1,300°F. and at pressures from 5 to 30 atm. The feed gases (3.75 to 20 SCFH) were passed over a catalyst bed of 1/8-in. steel balls supported in a brass-lined reactor 0.81 in. in diam. The percentage of carbon oxides in the feed was 30% in the runs using a H2—CO2 feed and varied from 15 to 38% in the runs with a H2—CO feed. The effects of temperature, pressure, feed composition, space velocity, and mass velocity were studied. Carbon deposition did not affect the activity of the catalyst and could be removed readily.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020110
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An algebraic approach to calculating the solvent extraction of complex mixtures (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 34-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the usual method of calculating the solvent extraction of complex mixtures it is assumed that the complex mixture behaves like a binary mixture. However, the hypothetical binary composition of the mixture is never explicitly used; rather, an additive property of the mixture is used as an indication of its composition. The calculation must be done graphically on a triangular diagram or its equivalent.On the assumption that the complex mixture consists of only two hypothetical components, empirical equations have been arrived at relating the distribution coefficients of these two components and of the solvent to the phase compositions. These equations contain three arbitrary constants. By use of the data from a minimum of three simple laboratory batch extractions of a given complex mixture, the three constants, plus the hypothetical binary composition of the original complex mixture, can be determined.With the equations for the distribution coefficients, the equilibrium curve and tie lines for the system can be calculated. Properties of the raffinates and extracts can be measured and related to the hypothetical binary compositions of these mixtures.The use of the method is demonstrated by comparing calculated results with laboratory yields and properties. The calculated results show good agreement with the experimental results. Calculations can be carried out not only on the triangular diagram, but by any of the other graphical methods that have been developed for the solvent extraction of binary mixtures. Equally important, calculations can be done analytically, and therefore the use of automatic computers is feasible.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020107
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanics of steady state single-phase fluid displacement from porous media (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 55-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The physical processes are discussed by which a fluid is displaced from a porous medium during steady state viscous flow by another fluid of the same density and viscosity under conditions of complete miscibility of the two fluids. The displacement occurs on a microscopic scale as a result of combined convective and diffusional mixing. The length of the zone of mixing which comprises the displacement front is predicted to be dependent upon the rate of flow, the diffusion coefficient for the two-fluid system, the characteristics of the pore geometry, and the distance the front has traversed at the time of its observation.Experimental data are presented for the displacement of benzene by ethyl n-butyrate at several rates of flow from packed sand columns. These data show that the length of the frontal mixing zone after a prescribed distance of flow is greater at the higher rates of flow. The postulated dependence of the length of the front upon the diffusion coefficient and the pore geometry has not yet been investigated.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020111
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pressure drop through porous mediaParts I through IV of this article appeared in the Transactions of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and Chemical Engineering Progress (1 to 4). (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 79-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fluid flow data are presnted for beds of uniformly sized spheres consolidated with resin over a porosity range from 36.4 to 12.3%. The data are analyzed in terms of an effective pore volume and equations are given for predicting pressure drop by use of a friction-factor-Reynolds-number plot.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020117
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regenaration of fluidized cracking catalysts (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 71-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An equation for correlating regeneration process variables in fluid-catalytic cracking has been developed from pilot plant data. This equation takes into account not only the chemical-reaction rate for burning coke deposited on the catalyst but also the diffusional resistance to oxygen transfer. The resistance presumably occurs between the bubbles within the fluidized bed and the void spaces in the relatively denser mass of particles. The coefficient of mass transfer was found to be inversely proportional to the 1.5 power of the average particle diameter and directly proportional to the square of the gas mass velocity. The specific reaction-verlocity constant was found to be a function to temperature and catalyst activity as well as the nature of the feed from which the coke was deposited. Comparison of pilot plant data with commercial data suggests that nonuniform gas distribution in larger beds makes some of the catalyst ineffective.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020115
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