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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 252-260 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: lipase ; chemical modification ; stability ; esterification ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Semipurified lipase of Candida rugosa (CRSL) was subjected to chemical modification, and the activities of the modified lipase, in hydrolysis and esterification reactions, were examined. The esterification reactions were carried out in the absence and presence of isooctane. When the enzyme was modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG), two methodologies were studied. The activation of PEG with p-NO2-phenylchloroformate gives better biocatalysts than those obtained with cyanuric chloride-PEG. The chemical modification with PEG increases the stability of pure lipases in isooctane at 50°C (extreme conditions). The chemically modified enzymes are useful for biotransformations in organic solvents. In addition the nitration of tyrosines with tetranitromethane was also studied. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 252-260, 1997.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 565-570 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: hybridoma ; hypoosmotic stress ; specific antibody productivity ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To investigate the response of hybridoma cells to hypoosmotic stress, S3H5/γ2bA2 and DB9G8 hybridomas were cultivated in the hypoosmolar medium [Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% serum] resulting from sodium chloride subtraction. Both hybridomas showed similar responses to hypoosmotic stress in regard to cell growth and antibody production. The cell growth and antibody production at 276 mOsm/kg were comparable to those at 329 mOsm/kg (standard DMEM). Both cells grew well at 219 mOsm/kg, though their growth and antibody production were slightly decreased. When the osmolality was further decreased to 168 mOsm/kg, the cell growth did not occur. When subjected to hyperosmotic stress, both cells displayed significantly enhanced specific antibody productivity (qAb). However, the cells subjected to hypoosmotic stress did not display enhanced qAb. Taken together, both hyperosmotic and hypoosmotic stresses depressed the growth of S3H5/γ2bA2 and DB9G8 hybridomas. However, their response to hypoosmotic stress in regard to qAb was different from that to hyperosmotic stress. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Biong 55: 565-570, 1997.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 547-555 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: ethanol ; cellulose ; hemicellulose ; endoglucanase ; cellulase ; lignocellulose ; biomass ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study demonstrates a new approach to reduce the amount of fungal cellulase required for the conversion of cellulose into ethanol. Escherichia coli KO11, a biocatalyst developed for the fermentation of hemicellulose syrups, was used to produce recombinant endoglucanase as a co-product with ethanol. Seven different bacterial genes were expressed from plasmids in KO11. All produced cell-associated endoglucanase activity. KO11(pLOI1620) containing Erwinia chrysanthemi celZ (EGZ) produced the highest activity, 3,200 IU endoglucanase/L fermentation broth (assayed at pH 5.2 and 35°C). Recombinant EGZ was solubilized from harvested cells by treatment with dilute sodium dodecyl sulfate (12.5 mg/ml, 10 min, 50°C) and tested in fermentation experiments with commercial fungal cellulase (5 filter paper units/g cellulose) and purified cellulose (100 g/L). Using Klebsiella oxytoca P2 as the biocatalyst, fermentations supplemented with EGZ as a detergent-lysate of KO11(pLOI1620) produced 14%-24% more ethanol than control fermentations supplemented with a detergent-lysate of KO11(pUC18). These results demonstrate that recombinant bacterial endoglucanase can function with fungal cellulase to increase ethanol yield during the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulose. © 1997 Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 547-555, 1997.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 577-580 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: mRNA stability ; hairpins ; gene expression control ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An expression system has been developed for the introduction of DNA cassettes into the region between the transcription and translation start sites of a gene of interest. This cassette system was used to engineer mRNA stability through the introduction of hairpins at the 5′ end. A synthetic DNA cassette was designed so that the resulting mRNA hairpin would be positioned one nucleotide from the 5′ mRNA end. The hairpin-containing mRNA exhibited a half-life 3 times that of the mRNA with no hairpin, resulting in increases in both mRNA and protein levels. These results indicate that it is possible to engineer mRNA stability as an additional means of controlling gene expression. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 557-580, 1997
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 581-591 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: adsorptive membranes ; oscillatory flow ; integrated processes ; in situ product recovery ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Preferential transport in adsorptive membranes can be used to selectively remove biochemicals directly from fermentation broths. During preferential transport, an adsorbing solute is selectively transported across the membrane while nonadsorbing solutes and cells are retained by the membrane. This technique was used to separate lysozyme directly from a feed containing lysozyme, myoglobin, and yeast cells. We found that because the oscillatory flows used in preferential transport involve strokes that are close to symmetric, they are very efficient in alleviating cake formation due to cell deposition on the membrane surface. Theoretical results suggest that, by optimizing process variables, preferential transport can lead to a continuous concentrated stream of the adsorbing protein. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 54: 581-591, 1997.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 592-608 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; metabolic modeling ; sensitivity analysis ; glycolysis ; compartmentation ; transient response ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model of glycolysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is presented. The model is based on rate equations for the individual reactions and aims to predict changes in the levels of intra- and extracellular metabolites after a glucose pulse, as described in part I of this study. Kinetic analysis focuses on a time scale of seconds, thereby neglecting biosynthesis of new enzymes. The model structure and experimental observations are related to the aerobic growth of the yeast. The model is based on material balance equations of the key metabolites in the extracellular environment, the cytoplasm and the mitochondria, and includes mechanistically based, experimentally matched rate equations for the individual enzymes. The model includes removal of metabolites from glycolysis and TCC for biosynthesis, and also compartmentation and translocation of adenine nucleotides. The model was verified by in vivo diagnosis of intracellular enzymes, which includes the decomposition of the network of reactions to reduce the number of parameters to be estimated simultaneously. Additionally, sensitivity analysis guarantees that only those parameters are estimated that contribute to systems trajectory with reasonable sensitivity. The model predictions and experimental observations agree reasonably well for most of the metabolites, except for pyruvate and adenine nucleotides. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 592-608, 1997.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 609-615 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: interacting populations ; membrane reactor ; induced metabolic changes ; elicitation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design of a reactor in which two interacting cell populations (microorganisms and plants) could grow under controlled conditions was considered. In this reactor, the cell populations are separated by a membrane which permits semi-in vivo study of induced interaction-specific changes in metabolism. In this paper, the interaction of suspension culture of Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) and the Oomycete, Phytophthora nicotiana was simulated. The results of the computer simulation show the induced metabolic changes as a consequence of the biological interaction. The paper introduces a novel approach in the strategy for the study of interacting population in suspension cultures. This type of system has potential applications in studies of the regulation of secondary metabolism and for the production of high values pharmaceuticals. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 609-615, 1997.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 616-629 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: cell adhesion ; radial-flow chamber ; hydrodynamic shear ; detachment kinetics ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The strength of adhesion and dynamics of detachment of murine 3T3 fibroblasts from self-assembled monolayers were measured in a radial-flow chamber (RFC) by applying models for fluid mechanics, adhesion strength probability distributions, and detachment kinetics. Four models for predicting fluid mechanics in a RFC were compared to evaluate the accuracy of each model and the significance of inlet effects. Analysis of these models indicated an outer region at large radial positions consistent with creeping flow, an intermediate region influenced by inertial dampening, and an inner region dominated by entrance effects from the axially-oriented inlet. In accompanying experiments patterns of the fraction of cells resisting detachment were constructed for individual surfaces as a function of the applied shear stress and evaluated by comparison with integrals of both a normal and a log-normal distribution function. The two functions were equally appropriate, yielding similar estimates of the mean strength of adhesion. Further, varying the Reynolds number in the inlet, Red, between 630 and 1480 (corresponding to volumetric flow rates between 0.9 and 2.1 mL/s) did not affect the mean strength of adhesion. For these same experiments, analysis of the dynamics of detachment revealed three temporal phases: 1) rapid detachment of cells at the onset of flow, consistent with a first-order homogeneous kinetic model; 2) time-dependent rate of detachment during the first 30 sec. of exposure to hydrodynamic shear, consistent with the first-order heterogeneous kinetic model proposed by Dickinson and Cooper (1995); and 3) negligible detachment, indicative of pseudo-steady state after 60 sec. of flow. Our results provide rigorous guidelines for the measurement of adhesive interactions between mammalian cells and prospective biomaterial surfaces using a RFC. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 616-629, 1997.
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  • 9
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 693-700 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: glucose ; lactate ; real-time determination ; hematopoietic cell culture ; colony-forming cells ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Glucose and lactate metabolic rates were evaluated for cultures of cord blood (CB) mononuclear cell (MNC), peripheral blood (PB) MNC, and PB CD34+ cell cultures carried out in spinner flasks and in T-flasks in both serum-containing and serum-free media. Specific glucose uptake rates (qgluc, in micromoles per cell per hour) and lactate generation rates (qlac) correlated with the percentage of colony-forming cells (CFC) present in the culture for a broad range of culture conditions. Specifically, the time of maximum CFC percentage in each culture coincided with the time of maximum qgluc and qlac in cultures with different seeding densities and cytokine combinations. A two-population model (Qlac = α[CFC] + β([TC] - [CFC]), where [TC] is total cell concentration; Qlac is volumetric lactate production rate in micromoles per milliliter per hour; α is qlac for an average CFC; and β is qlac for an average non-CFC) was developed to describe lactate production. The model described lactate production well for cultures carried out in both T-flasks and spinner flasks and inoculated with either PB or CB MNC or PB CD34+ cells. The values for α and β that were derived from the model varied with both the inoculum density and the cytokine combination. However, preliminary results indicate that cultures carried out under the same conditions from different samples with similar initial CD34+ cell content have similar values for β and β. These findings suggest that it should be possible to use lactate production data to predict the harvest time that corresponds to the maximum number of CFC in culture. The ability to harvest ex vivo hematopoietic cultures for transplantation when CFC are at a maximum has the potential to speed the rate at which immunocompromised patients recover. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 693-700, 1997.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: tubular photobioreactors ; light distribution ; average solar irradiance ; light attenuation ; microalgae mass culture ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model to estimate the solar irradiance profile and average light intensity inside a tubular photobioreactor under outdoor conditions is proposed, requiring only geographic, geometric, and solar position parameters. First, the length of the path into the culture traveled by any direct or disperse ray of light was calculated as the function of three variables: day of year, solar hour, and geographic latitude. Then, the phenomenon of light attenuation by biomass was studied considering Lambert-Beer's law (only considering absorption) and the monodimensional model of Cornet et al. (1900) (considering absorption and scattering phenomena). Due to the existence of differential wavelength absorption, none of the literature models are useful for explaining light attenuation by the biomass. Therefore, an empirical hyperbolic expression is proposed. The equations to calculate light path length were substituted in the proposed hyperbolic expression, reproducing light intensity data obtained in the center of the loop tubes. The proposed model was also likely to estimate the irradiance accurately at any point inside the culture. Calculation of the local intensity was thus extended to the full culture volume in order to obtain the average irradiance, showing how the higher biomass productivities in a Phaeodactylum tricornutum UTEX 640 outdoor chemostat culture could be maintained by delaying light limitation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 701-714, 1997.
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  • 11
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 715-726 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: fungal morphology ; pellets ; hyphae ; hair of pellets ; agitation intensity ; fermentation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Both parallel fermentations with Aspergillus awamori (CBS 115.52) and a literature study on several fungi have been carried out to determine a relation between fungal morphology and agitation intensity. The studied parameters include hyphal length, pellet size, surface structure or so-called hairy length of pellets, and dry mass per-wet-pellet volume at different specific energy dissipation rates. The literature data from different strains, different fermenters, and different cultivation conditions can be summarized to say that the main mean hyphal length is proportional to the specific energy dissipation rate according to a power function with an exponent of -0.25 ± 0.08. Fermentations with identical inocula showed that pellet size was also a function of the specific energy dissipation rate and proportional to the specific energy dissipation rate to an exponent of -0.16 ± 0.03. Based on the experimental observations, we propose the following mechanism of pellet damage during submerged cultivation in stirred fermenters. Interaction between mechanical forces and pellets results in the hyphal chip-off from the pellet outer zone instead of the breakup of pellets. By this mechanism, the extension of the hyphae or hair from pellets is restricted so that the size of pellets is related to the specific energy dissipation rate. Hyphae chipped off from pellets contribute free filamentous mycelia and reseed their growth. So the fraction of filamentous mycelial mass in the total biomass is related to the specific energy dissipation rate as well.To describe the surface morphology of pellets, the hyphal length in the outer zone of pellets or the so-called hairy length was measured in this study. A theoretical relation of the hairy length with the specific energy dissipation rate was derived. This relation matched the measured data well. It was found that the porosity of pellets showed an inverse relationship with the specific energy dissipation rate and that the dry biomass per-wet-pellet volume increased with the specific energy dissipation rates. This means that the tensile strength of pellets increased with the increase of specific energy dissipation rate. The assumption of a constant tensile strength, which is often used in literature, is then not valid for the derivation of the relation between pellet size and specific energy dissipation rate. The fraction of free filamentous mycelia in the total biomass appeared to be a function of the specific energy dissipation in stirred bioreactors. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 715-726, 1997.
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  • 12
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 921-926 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: green fluorescent protein ; sensor ; on-line monitoring ; quantitation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We present an intensity based sensor designed for on-line monitoring of green fluorescent protein, a revolutionary marker of protein expression. The device consisted of a blue light emitting diode as the excitation source. A band pass excitation filter cut off light longer than 490 nm. The light was directed into a bifurcated optical fiber bundle with the common end inserted into a stainless steel housing equipped with a quartz window. The fiber bundle and stainless steel housing are steam sterilizable. The emission radiation was collected through a long wave pass filter to reject the excitation light shorter than 505 nm and was detected by a photomultiplier tube. The signal was amplified and sent to a computer for recording time course data. The sensor was tested in an Escherichia coli fermentation of JM105 transformed with pBAD-GFP. The on-line signal was compared to off-line fluorescence spectrophotometer measurements. The on-line profile closely followed the off-line. Western blot data showed that with a time shift, the sensor was able to both continuously and quantitatively monitor expression of green fluorescent protein on-line in real time. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55:921-926, 1997.
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  • 13
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 909-920 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: baculovirus ; insect cells ; metabolism ; Sf-9; high five™ ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nutrient utilization and byproduct accumulation were monitored in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf-9 and Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn-5B1-4 (High Five™) cell lines during growth and following viral infection in suspension cultures in order to develop a better understanding of cell metabolism and to acquire information relevant to large scale fed-batch bioreactors. The utilization of glucose, dissolved oxygen, and amino acids were monitored in Sf-9 cell cultures grown in Sf-900 II serum-free medium (SFM) and in High Five™ cell cultures grown in both Sf-900 II and Express Five SFM. Using the optimal medium for each cell line, i.e., Sf-900 II SFM for Sf-9 cells and Express Five SFM for High Five™ cells, the cell growth rate, maximum cell density, specific glucose and glutamine utilization rates, and specific alanine production rate were comparable during cell growth. In addition, the expression level of recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator was comparable in the two cell lines on a per cell basis. It was found, however, that lactate and ammonia accumulated in High Five™ cell cultures, but not in Sf-9 cell cultures. In addition, High Five™ cells utilized asparagine more rapidly than glutamine, whereas Sf-9 cells consumed only minimal asparagine, and the oxygen utilization rate was significantly higher in High Five™ cell cultures. It was also found that the medium had a significant effect on High Five™ cell metabolism, e.g., the specific glucose utilization rate and the specific lactate and alanine production rates were significantly higher in Sf-900 II SFM than in Express Five SFM. In addition, the maximum cell density and specific asparagine utilization rate were significantly higher in Express Five SFM. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55:909-920, 1997.
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  • 14
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 940-940 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No abstract.
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  • 15
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 56 (1997), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: transesterification ; hydrolysis ; water activity ; cutinase ; gas ; bioreactor ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fusarium solani cutinase supported onto Chromosorb P was used to catalyze transesterification (alcoholysis) and hydrolysis on short volatile alcohols and esters in a continuous gas/solid bioreactor. In this system, a solid phase composed of a packed enzymatic preparation was continuously percolated with carrier gas which fed substrates and removed reaction products simultaneously. A kinetic study was performed under differential operating conditions in order to get initial reaction rates. The effect of the hydration state of the biocatalyst on the kinetics was studied for 3 conditions of hydration (aw = 0.2, aw = 0.4 and aw = 0.6), the alcoholysis of propionic acid methyl ester with n-propanol, and for 5 hydration levels (from aw = 0.2 to aw = 0.6) for the hydrolysis of propionic acid methyl, ethyl or propyl esters. F. solani cutinase was found to have an unusual kinetic behavior. A sigmoid relationship between the rate of transesterification and the activity of methyl propionate was observed, suggesting some form of cooperative activation of the enzyme by one of its substrate. For the hydrolysis of short volatile propionic acid alkyl esters, threshold effects on the reaction rate, highly depending on the water activity and the substrate polarity, are reported. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 56: 1-8, 1997.
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  • 16
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 56 (1997), S. 9-22 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: condensation reactions ; disaccharides ; equilibria ; glucoamylase ; kinetics ; monosaccharides ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Arabinose, fructose, galactose, myo-inositol, lyxose, mannose, ribose, and xylose were incubated individually and with glucose in the presence of Aspergillus niger glucoamylase at pH 4.5 and 45°C. Glucoamylase condenses galactose, glucose, and mannose individually into disaccharides. It also produces mixed disaccharides when each of the eight carbohydrates is incubated with glucose. Many products were identified by gas chromatography of the derivatized reaction mixtures followed by mass spectroscopy of the individual chromatographic peaks. Galacto-, gluco-, or mannopyranosyl rings appear to be present at the nonreducing ends of all the disaccharides produced. Molecules linked through primary hydroxyl groups have the highest equilibrium constants of all products formed, since these bonds are thermodynamically favored. However, glucoamylase is capable of forming bonds with many available hydroxyl groups, as previously demonstrated when it was incubated with glucose alone. Formation rates of different bonds linking different residues vary widely. These results demonstrate that glucoamylase has a wide selectivity toward residues it will condense into disaccharides and toward bonds it will form between them. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 56: 9-22, 1997.
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  • 17
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. A23 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 18
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 275-275 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 19
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 276-279 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Magnesium - Material of the futureIn the last years the reduction of fuel consumption by reduce the car weight come to the fore. In many cases single car components will be replaced by light metals. The development of innovate automobile materials will be defined by the energy consumption, the recycling capability and profilability.
    Notes: In den letzten Jahren ist die Verringerung des Kraftstoffverbrauchs durch Reduzierung des Fahrzeuggewichts immer stärker in den Vordergrund getreten. Ein vielfach beschrittener Weg ist die Substitution einzelner Fahrzeugkomponenten durch Leichtbauwerkstoffe. Die Entwicklung neuer Automobilwerkstoffe wird durch Anforderungen an den Energieverbrauch, die Recyclingfähigkeit und die Wirtschaftlichkeit definiert.
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  • 20
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 287-292 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of initiation of intercrystalline fatigue cracks of interstitial free (IF-) steelsWhile investigation the fatigue strength of interstitial free steels, intercrystalline fatigue cracks have occurred as a damage which could reduce the application range of this material, being wellknown for its excellent depth drawing features. Through metallographic examination the known causes of the damage like formation of grain cover tertiary zementit of precipitations on the grain boundaries could be excluded. In this paper investigation results are represented which are received through high-resolution analyses techniques (TEM, AES).
    Notes: Bei Untersuchungen zur Ermüdungsfestigkeit interstitiell freier Stähle sind mit dem Auftreten interkristalliner Schwingungsrisse erstmals Schadensmechanismen aufgetreten, die den Einsatzbereich dieses für seine hervorragenden mechanischen Eigenschaften bekannten Werkstoffes erheblich begrenzen können. In metallographischen Untersuchungen konnten die für dieses Schadensbild bekannten Ursachen wie die Bildung von schalenförmigem Tertiärzementit oder die Schwächung der Korngrenzen durch Ausscheidungen ausgeschlossen werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Untersuchungsergebnisse mit hochauflösenden elektronenoptischen Analyseverfahren (TEN, AES) vorgestellt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 77-81 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Structure-modification of polyethylene by plasma-polymerization with acrylic acidThe plasma-technology offers new chances to modification of structure and properties from plastics. The topic of this work is the application of plasma-polymerization to polyethylene. Plasma-polymerization means the activation of an organic vapour by plasma. A PE-powder absorbs the in that way generated radicals and ions. As a result functional groups are produced of the polyethylene-powder-surface. The effects of plasma polymerization of acrylic acid on structure of a LDPE-powder are discussed.
    Notes: Die Plasmatechnologie eröffnet neue effiziente Möglichkeiten für eine gezielt Struktur- und Eigenschaftsmodifizierung von Kunststoffen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Untersuchungen zur Anwendung der Plasmapolymerisation für die Modifizierung von Polyethylen vorgestellt. Bei der Plasmapolymerisation wird organischer Dampf mit Hilfe des Plasmas aktiviert. Die dabei erzeugten Radikale und Ionen werden auf der Oberfläche des PE-Pulver, das dem Plasma ausgesetzt ist, absorbiert und gehen eine feste Bindung ein. Dadurch entstehen funktionelle Gruppen auf der Oberfläche des PE-Pulvers. Am Beispiel der Plasmapolymerisation mit Acrylsäure werden die erzielten Ergebnisse der Strukturmodifizierung von LDPE-Pulver vorgestellt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 82-87 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fatigue behaviour of a laser welded pseudoelastic NiTi alloy under bending stressesThe mechanical fatigue of small specimens of a commercial pseudoelastic NiTi alloy produced by laser welding and laser cutting was investigated in strain-controlled bending tests. In comparison with the base material the butt welded specimens showed significantly reduced numbers of cycles to failure. This is mainly caused by higher local strains due to height reductions in the welded joints. Both the welded microstructure and the unwelded one was able to be loaded up to 107 cycles without failure if the strain amplitude remained below 1%.
    Notes: Es wurde das Ermüdungsverhalten lasergeschweißter und -geschnittener Miniaturproben aus einer kommerziellen pseudoelastischen NiTi-Legierung in weggesteuerten Biegeversuchen bestimmt. Im Vergleich zum Ausgangsmaterial zeigten die mit Stumpfstoß geschweißten Proben deutlich herabgesetzte Bruchschwingspielzahlen. Die Ursache hierfür sind in erster Linie höhere örtliche Dehnungen auf Grund von Querschnittsverminderungen in den Schweißnähten. Sowohl das Schweiß- als auch das Ausgangsgefüge konnten mit 107 Schwingspielen beansprucht werden, wenn die Dehnungsamplitude unter 1% blieb.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 109-109 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 123-123 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 464-464 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 475-480 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Local cumulative damage measure-crack tips without singularityA pointwise probability density for failure initiation is proposed regarding the evaluation of damaged composite structures. The local cumulative damage measure accounts for both the accumulation of local stochastic microdamaging and the load redistribution to undestroyed subregions. It bases on the global failure rate of heterogenous composites. Firstly the damage behaviour of beams under load is studied. Secondly it is proved that stress redistribution by a crack tip damage zone yields to the disappearence of singularity dominated stress fields.
    Notes: Basierend auf dem begriff der Ausfallratefunktion wird der Vorschlag für ein lokales, kumuliertes Schadensmaß abgeleitet, das es ermöglicht das Versagensverhalten von Kompositen im inhomogenen spannungsfeld zu modellieren. Das Schadensmaß berücksichtigt die Akkumulation innerer, stochastischer schäden und eine damit verbundene Lastumverteilung auf ungeschädigte, tragende Volumenelemente. Als ein Anwendungsfall wird das Versagensverhalten von Biegebalken untersucht. Zum anderen wird nachgewiesen, daß lokale Schädigungen im Bereich der Rißpitze zum Verschwinden singulärer Spannungsfelder an der Rißfront führen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. A63 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 34-39 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Einfluß des Dispersoidwerkstoffes und des Konsolidierungsprozesses auf das Kriechverhalten dispersoid-verfestigten AluminiumsDer Einfluß kleiner Anteile von Al4C3 und Al2O3 in dispersionsgehärtetem Aluminium auf das Kriechverhalten dieser Werkstoffe wurde geprüft. Eine vergleichende Untersuchung wurde für die Werkstoffgruppen mit AlC3Ol und AlC2O2 durchgeführt. Beide Werkstoffgruppen wurden vor dem Strangpressen durch Kalt-Iso-statisches-Pressen (KIP) kompaktiert, zudem wurden Proben der zweiten Werkstoffgruppe mit verschiedenen anderen Kompaktierungsverfahren hergestellt und untersucht. Die Kriechbrucheigenschaften dieser Legierungen werden als Ausdrücke der Spannung und der Temperatur, in Abhängigkeit von der minimalen Kriechrate εmin, der Kriechbruchzeit tR und des Kriechraten-Parameters α formuliert. Innerhalb des, in dieser Arbeit, untersuchten Kriechspannungsbereiches hat sich für alle Temperaturen gezeigt, daß sich sowohl für εmin als auch für tR jeweils ein Power-Law (in Abhängigkeit von der Spannung), formulieren läßt: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \dot \varepsilon _{{\rm min}} = Co^n {\rm and }t_R = M\sigma ^{ - P} $$\end{document}.
    Notes: The effect of small percentages of Al4C3 and Al2O3 in dispersion hardened aluminium on the creep behaviour has been investigated. A comparative study was conducted on the group of AlC3Ol and AlC2O2. These two groups were produced by cold isostatic pressing (CIP), but the second group was produced by four several methods of powder forming processes. Creep rupture properties in these alloys were characterized in terms of the stress and temperature dependence of minimum creep strain rate εmin, rupture lives tR and creep rate parameter α. Within the stress ranges used in this work, the stress dependence of both εmin and tR at various temperatures of these groups can be represented by power laws: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \dot \varepsilon _{{\rm min}} = Co^n {\rm and }t_R = M\sigma ^{ - P} $$\end{document}.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 81-81 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 363-369 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Intermetallic Oxidation-Resistant Coatings for Titanium AlloysIntermetallic Ti-Al coatings were deposited onto near-a titanium alloy TIMETAL 1100 using magnetron sputtering. Two coating systems were investigated: gradient layers with increasing A1 con- tent towards the surface of the coatings and a multilayer system consisting of three single layers ofTi3Al, TiAl and TiAl3. The over- all coating thickness was 4 μm and 16 μm for both systems. Isother- mal oxidation tests at 750 °C revealed good oxidation resistance and effective oxygen prevention from the substrate by the coatings. Room temperature tensile tests after long-term exposure to air 600°C proved the beneficial influence of the coatings on the ductility of the base material. The coatings are highly ductile under creep conditions thus keeping oxygen away from the substrate alloy even at high straining. In some cases creep lifetime was consider- ably prolonged. No detrimental influence of the Ti-A1 coatings on the fatigue properties of TIMETAL I100 was found for the 4pm multilayer coatings, whereas fatigue limit under repeated strain was slightly decreased for the 16μm coatings.
    Notes: Intermetallische Ti-Al-Schichten wurden mit Hilfe der Magnetron-Kathodenzerstaubung auf der warmfesten Titanlegierung TIMETAL 1 100 abgeschieden. Dabei wurden einerseits Schichtsy- steme mit gradierter chemischer Zusammensetzung hergestellt, Aluminiumgehalt zur oxidierenden Atmosphare hin zunimmt, andererseits wurde ein Mehrlagenschichtsystem erzeugt, dessen Einzellagen in der Zusammensetzung den Phasen Ti3Al, TiAl TiAl3 entsprechen. Die Gesamtschichtdicke betrug jeweils 4μm und 16μm. Bei isothermer Oxidation an Luft zeigen Al-Schichten eine gute Oxidationsbestindigkeit und verhindern insbesondere die Losung von Sauerstoff in der Werkstoffrandzone. Dadurch wird die Raurntemperatur-Duktilitat des Substratmaterials nach Warmauslagerung bei 600 °C auf hohem Niveau gehalten. Beihohen Temperaturen zeigen die Schichten auch bei hoher plastischer Dehnung eine ausgezeichnete Schutzwirkung vor Sauer- stoff-Lösung. Somit kann die Lebensdauer im Zeitstandversuch Einzelfall deutlich verlängert werden. Dünne Ti-Al-Schichten zeigen außerdem keinen negativen Einflulj auf die Emüdungseigen- schaften von TIMETAL 1100. Durch die 16μm dicken Ti- Schichten wird die Wechseldehngrenze nur geringfiigig erniedrigt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 384-390 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Adhesion and interface Problems of EB-PVD Thermal Barrier CoatingsThe adhesion of EB-PVD thermal barrier coatings on substrates before they come in service is preconditioned by the way of processing, by the substrate material and by environment. Problems of adhesion which arise from unsuitable manufacture or storage will be presented by two examples respectively which originate from the substrate, from the thermally grown oxide interlayer, and from the thermal barrier top coating.
    Notes: Die Haftung aufgedampfter Wärmedämmschichten wird von vorangegangenen Prozeßschritten, vom Substrat selbst und von den Umgebungsbedingungen bereits vor der Inbetriebnahme des Bauteils beeinflußt. An Hand von je zwei Fallbeispielen, die den Einfluß von Substrat, von der sich durch Oxidation bildenden Zwischenschicht und von der Wärmedämmschicht auf die Haftung veranschaulichen, soll auf die Problematik der Wärmedämmschichtsysteme bei unsachgemäßer Fertigung oder Lagerung hingewiesen werden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 151-151 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 59-76 
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    Notes: Hartstoffe werden im Verschleißschutz von Werkzeugen und Bauteilen wegen ihres hohen abrasiven Verschleißwiderstands eingesetzt, meist als Beschichtung im Schichtdickenbereich von nur einigen μm. Für eine Auswahl des Schichtmaterials sind die physikalischen, mechanischen und technologischen Eigenschaften, die in der jeweiligen Anwendung gefordert werden, ausschlaggebend. Dieser Beitrag stellt die grundlegenden verfügbaren Daten von ca. 130 Hartstoffen als Ergebnisauswahl einer Literaturrecherche für Karbide, Nitride, Boride, Silicide und Oxide zusammen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 97-97 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 102-102 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. A25 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 103-109 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Study about the influence of anisotropic plastic material behaviour on technical forming processesBecause of the process of manufacturing sheets used in technical forming processes show usually a microstructure in which the grains of the polycrystalline material own the same orientation. The consequence is anisotropic material properties depending on the direction. The influence of that anisotropy on the plastic deformation of metals is investigated by Finite Element (FE) simulations. At first a model describing the plastic anisotropy by different yield stresses in different directions is proposed. The different plastic behaviour for tensile and compressive stress is also taken into account as well as plastic volume change. A simple example of application is a sheet under a biaxial balanced load. In FE simulations the beginning of plastification is shown by the curves of plastic strains for different directions. At the end the study concerning plastic anisotropy is completed by the simulation of the sheet bending in V-forging die. The computations here are concentrated on the punch force at the beginning of plastification.
    Notes: Die in technischen Umformprozessen eingesetzten gewalzten Bleche weisen oft durch den Herstellungsprozeß bedingt ein Gefüge auf, in welchem die Körner des polykristallinen Kristallverbundes nahezu die gleiche Orientierung aufweisen. Die Folge sind richtungsabhängige (anisotrope) Werkstoffeigenschaften. Mittels Finite Element (FE) Simulationen wird in der vorliegenden Studie der Einfluß der Anisotropie auf das plastische Formgebungsverhalten metallischer Werkstoffe untersucht. Zunächst wird eine Stoffmodellierung vorgestellt, die die plastische Anisotropie mit unterschiedlichen Fließspannungen in den verschiedenen Richtungen beschreibt. Unterschiedliches plastisches Verhalten für Zug- und Druckbelastung findet darin ebenso Berücksichtigung wie mögliche plastische Volumenänderungen. Als einfaches Anwendungsbeispiel dient ein unter einer biaxialen gleichmäßigen Belastung stehendes Blech. In FE-Simulationen wird die einsetzende Plastifizierung durch die Verläufe der plastischen Dehnungen in verschiedenen Richtungen dargestellt. Abgerundet wird die Studie durch die Simulation des Blechbiegens im V-Gesenk. Im Vordergrund steht hier die Berechnung der Stempelkraft bei Plastifizierungsbeginn.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 130-130 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 151-151 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. A33 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. A36 
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    Notes: In diesem Artikel werden mechanische und optische Verfahren zur Erfassung und Beurteilung der Oberflächenstrukturen von Lacksystemen vorgestellt und diskutiert. In einem ersten Teil wurden verschiedene Decklack- und Füllertafeln mit mech. Profilometrie und “wave-scan” vermessen und deren Meßergebnisse einer visuellen Beurteilung gegenübergestellt. In einem zweiten Teil werden diese Verfahren auf Kunststofflackierungen übertragen und deren Leistungsfähigkeit an Praxisbeispielen demonstriert.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Distributions of Loading and Residual Stresses in Cracked Surfaces of Corrosion Fatigued Quenched and Tempered Steel Ck 45Corrosion fatigue in the active state leads to a great number of short cracks and corrosion pits in the surface of metallic materials. This paper deals with the resulting distributions of loading and residual stresses in the case of bending fatigue. The material investigated was the quenched and tempered CBN-ground steel Ck 45. Results presented clearly indicate that stress distributions around cracks and corrosion pits are very inhomogeneous. Corrosion pits lead to a relaxation of manufacturing induced residual stresses. In the loaded state as a consequence of notch effects, maximum stresses are observed, which explains the importance of corrosion pits as crack initiation sites.
    Notes: Korrosionsermüdung im aktiven Zustand führt bei metallischen Werkstoffen zu einer großen Zahl kleiner Anrisse und Korrosionsgrübchen. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Auswirkung dieser Schädigungsmerkmale auf die lokale Verteilung von Last- und Eigenspannung. Untersucht wurde Ck 45 im vergüteten Zustand, der abschließend CBN-geschliffen war. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß lokal sehr inhomogene Spannungsverteilungen auftreten. Korrosionsgrübchen bewirken in ihrer Umgebung eine Relaxation bearbeitungsbedingter Eigenspannungen, unter Last treten aufgrund ihrer Kerbwirkung höchste Beanspruchungen auf.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 236-240 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this article the effect of graphitization in twodimensional c-c composite bodies prepared by impregnation of novalak resin is reported. Mechanical properties were determined by bending tests and microstructural features were studied by SEM and XRD. It was found that primary graphitization at 2300°C followed by graphitization at 2500°C improves the mechanical strength remarkably. Repeated graphitization and long - term treatment at 2500°C, however, found to have an adverse effect. Microstructural observations revealed that the level of strength is mainly controlled by a sheath developed around the fibre during graphitization.Applying an improper thermal regime affects the matrix - fibre adherence and may cause the destruction of the fibres. This enhances the crack propagation and causes early failure of composite body under loading.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 246-252 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Glassy carbon electrodes were prepared in various electrolytes by cyclic voltammetry and constant potential methods under various conditions to explore the factors affecting the response of GC after the electrochemical pretreatment (ECP), including the high pseudo-capacitance, the great ability to absorb and strongly hold redox species and the facilitation of kinetics of electron transfer. Deepening the oxidation via increasing the oxidation potential and the oxidation time or the number of cycles and the final potential in cyclic voltammetry were found to increase the amount of redox species loaded onto GC and the pseudocapacitance due to formation of thicker carbon oxide layer. The increase in the rate of electron transfer reactions on deepening the oxidation is, however, attributed to the generation of more cleaner surface and more reactive sites. The order of increasing the efficiency of ECP; NaOH〉KCl〉HCl〉NaClO4(MeCN), signifies the role of water and pH on the formation and thickness of the oxide layer formed after ECP. The results support the predominance of the faradaic origin of the pseudo-capacitance of GC after ECP.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 556-556 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 570-570 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 601-604 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. A6 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Determination of the fracture strength of porous materials by considering stress concentrationsThe influence of stress concentrations on the mechanical strength of porous materials has been theoretically and experimentally investigated. The investigation was limited to closed pores and low porosities (〈40%). A spheroidal model allows the determination of the stress concentration factor as a function of the shape (axial ratio) and orientation of the pores, using previous results of the three dimensional elasticity theory. The theoretical approach was verified using experimental values for the bending strength of model porous materials. With this aim gypsum (plaster of Paris) and sintered glass samples with artificial well-defined porosities were fabricated. The approach shows a way for considering the stress concentrations originated by the pores for the determination of the fracture strength of porous bodies.
    Notes: Der Einfluß von Kerbspannungen auf die Bruchfestigkeit von porösen Werkstoffe wurde anhand theoretischer Berechnungen und experimentellen Versuchen an Modellwerkstoffen untersucht. Die Untersuchungen beschränkten sich auf geschlossene Poren und Porositäten 〈 40 %. Ein Rotationsellipsoidmodell erlaubt die Bestimmung des Spannungskonzentrationsfaktors als Funktion der Form, des Achsenverhältnisses- und der Orientierung der Poren auf der Basis von Ergebnissen der dreidimensionalen Elastizitätstheorie. Für die Verifizierung des Modells wurden poröse spröde Versuchsproben aus α-Gips und Sinterglas mit „konstruierten“ Porositäten hergestellt, ihre Bruchfestigkeiten mittels Biegeversuchen gemessen und die experimentellen und theoretischen Werte verglichen. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, wie die von Poren verursachten Kerbspannungen zur Berechnung der Bruchfestigkeit poröser Werkstoffe mitberücksichtigt werden können.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 25-33 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Characterisation of Fatigue Damage in Reinforced Thermoplastics under Dynamic LoadsDynamic fatigue testing was carried out on injection moulded dogbone-specimens of PP, partly common shortfiber reinforced material, partly discontinuously longfiber reinforced material (produced by pultrusion technology). Besides S-N curves dynamic modulus and acoustic emission (AE) were analysed. Fatigue damage, as measured through AE and dynamic modulus develops in a three stage process: in the first stage fiber pullout of short fibers and debonding of transversly orientated fibers leads to a rapidly decreasing dynamic modulus of the material and a corresponding high AE activity; in the second stage a linear decrease of modulus and constant AE activity can be observed; the third stage of rapidly increasing damage starts shortly before fracture and shows rapidly decreasing modulus and a high activity of AE-signals with higher peak amplitudes. This damage behaviour confirms the assumption of a nearly linear correlation between microscopic damage as detected by AE and decrease in dynamic modulus.
    Notes: Spritzgegossene PP-Probestäbe aus herkömmlich kurzfaserverstärktem PP-GF und diskontinuierlich langfaserverstärktem, im Pultrusionsprozeß hergestellten PP-GF, wurden im Dauerschwingversuch geprüft. Zusätzlich zur reinen Bestimmung von Bruchlastspielzahlen wurden die Hysteresis- und Schallemissionsauswertung als versuchsbegleitende Meßmethoden eingesetzt. Schallemission und E-Modul-Verlauf der PP-Materialien zeigen einen dreigeteilten Ermüdungsverlauf. Erstschädigung in Form von Faserauszug kurzer Faserbruchstücke oder Grenzschichtablösung querliegender Faser durch das erste Aufbringen der Belastung führt zu einer sprungförmigen Reduktion des E-Moduls und dazu korrespondierend einem Ereignissummenanstieg; im mittleren Teil des Ermüdungsprozesses verlaufen der dynamische E-Modul und die SE-Summe linear; der dritte Bereich des instabilen Rißwachstums beginnt erst kurz vor dem Bruch und ist durch einen überproportionalen E-Modul-Abfall sowie SE-Signale höherer Intensität gekennzeichnet. Dieses Verhalten bestätigt die Annahme eines annähernd proportionalen Zusammenhangs von Mikroschädigung (durch SE qualifiziert) und E-Modulabfall.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 58-58 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 51-58 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abnormale da/dN - ΔK Kurven: Neue Versagensart bei Ti - LegierungenErmüdungsrißWachstum und Ermüdungsschwellwerte wurden an Ti-Legierungen untersucht, insbesonders an den Turbinenscheibenmaterialien IMI 834, IMI 685 und dem Plattenmaterial Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn. Die Versuche wurden mit der Kmax-konstant Methode in Laborluft bei Raumtemperatur und einer Frequenz von 50 Hz an C(T)-Proben durchgeführt. Es wurde gefunden, daß das Ermüdungsriß-wachstum im Kmax-konstant Versuch bis zu einer Obergrenze °Kmax der bekannten Gesetzmäßigkeit folgt, nach der das Ermüdungsrißwachstum mit steigendem ΔK ansteigt. Bei einem Kmax-konstant Versuch mit Kmax ≧ ∧Kmax 〉 °Kmax verringert sich die Ermüdungs-Rißwachstumgeschwindigkeit zuerst mit abnehmendem ΔK, erreicht aber nicht mehr die niedrige Geschwindigkeit entsprechend dem Ermüdungsschwellwert ΔKT (ΔK bei 10-7 mm/Lastwechsel). Nähert sich das kleiner werdende ΔK dem ΔKT, dann beginnt ein anderer Rißwachstumsmechanismus zu wirken und die Rißwachstumsgeschwindigkeit bleibt entweder etwa konstant oder aber nimmt mit abnehmendem ΔK stetig zu. Die Grenze °Kmax für dieses abnormale Rißwachstumsverhalten wurde für IMI 834 mit 22 bis 28 MPa√m, für IMI 685 mit 46 MPa√m und für das Plattenmaterial Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn mit 26 MPa√m bestimmt. Die wichtige Erkenntnis aus praktischer Sicht ist det relative Unterschied in °Kmax für vergleichbare Ti-Legierungen wie IMI 834 und IMI 685.
    Notes: Fatigue crack propagation (FCP) -rates and -threshold values have been determined on the titanium alloys IMI 834, IMI 685 (turbine disk materials) and Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (plate material). Kmax-constant tests were executed in laboratory air at room temperature and run with 50 Hz on C(T) specimens. It was found that FCP-rates in Kmax-constant tests followed the well known FCP behavior up to a certain limiting value Kmax, denoted as °Kmax. Below °Kmax, the FCP-rates da/dN decrease with decreasing ΔK down to the threshold value ΔKT (ΔK for 10-7 mm/cycle). For Kmax-constant tests with Kmax 〉 °Kmax, the FCP-rates initially decreased with decreasing ΔK, but reached 10-7 mm/cycle at smaller ΔK. For Kmax ≧ ∧Kmax 〉 °Kmax, FCP-rates of 10-7 mm/cycle were never reached as ΔK decreased to and below ΔKT. Instead, as ΔK approaches or gets smaller than ΔKT, the FCP-rates stay either constant or increase again. The limit value °Kmax for this abnormal FCP-behavior had been determined for IMI 834 to be 22 to 28 MPa√m, for IMI 685 to be 46 MPa√m and for Ti-6A1-6V-2Sn to be 26 MPa√m. The important result from a practical stand-point is the large difference in °Kmax for comparable Ti alloys, i.e., IMI 834 and IMI 685.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 102-102 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 209-218 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abrasive wear of nitrocarburized steelsDiffusion coatings have been used increasingly to improve surface properties of several machine components for tribological applications.In this investigation, the abrasive wear of various diffusion coatings has been studied. These coatings developed by three different nitrocarburizing processes, namely salt-bath, gas and plasma nitrocarburizing, were conducted on five various steel substrates. The substrates were St 52-3, Ck 45, 42 CrMo 4, 30 CrNiMo 8 and X 20 Cr 13. The thickness of the compound layers and their porosity were measured using optical microscopy. The structure of compound layers was characterized using an X-ray diffractometer, and their surface roughness by a stylus profilometer. The surface hardness measurements and the hardness profile were made according to the Vickers principle. The abrasion test was carried out using a pin-on-table machine. The predominant wear mechanisms have been evaluated using scanning electron microscopy.It was found that the employed nitrocarburizing processes have improved the abrasive wear resistance of all tested coating-substrate-combinations. In general, the abrasive wear rate decreases with an increase in the hardness of the compound layer as well as its thickness. The best coating-substrate-combinations to improve abrasion resistance were salt-bath and gas nitrocarburized specimens of the substrate X 20 Cr 13. Plasma nitrocarburized specimens of the substrate St 52-3 and Ck 45 were the worst.
    Notes: Diffusionsschichten werden in großem Umfang industriell genutzt, um die tribologischen Eigenschaften von Bauteilen zu verbessern.In dieser Arbeit wurde der abrasive Verschleiß verschiedener Diffusionsschichten untersucht. Dazu wurden drei Diffusionsverfahren ausgewählt, nämlich Salzbad-, Gas- und Plasmanitrocarburieren, die an fünf verschiedenen Stählen zur Anwendung gelangten. Die Stähle waren St 52-3, Ck 45, 42 CrMo 4, 30 CrNiMo 8 und X 20 Cr 13. Die Schichtdicken und deren Porositäten wurden mit Hilfe der Lichtmikroskopie untersucht. Der Schichtaufbau wurde mittels der Röntgenfeinstrukturanalyse und die Oberflächen-Kenngrößen mit Hilfe des Tastschnittverfahrens bestimmt. Die Oberflächenhärte und der Härteverlauf wurden mit dem Vickers-verfahren ermittelt. Der Verschleißtest wurde nach dem Schleifpapierverfahren durchgeführt. Die vorherrschenden Verschleißmechanismen wurden mittels Rasterelektronenmikroskopie dokumentiert.Es stellte sich heraus, daß alle Schicht/Substrat-Kombinationen eine Verbesserung des abrasiven Verschleißwiderstandes bewirkten. Im allgemeinen verringerte sich der Verschleißbetrag bei zunehmender Härte und größerer Schichtdicke. Als beständigste Schicht/Substrat-Kombinationen gegen abrasiven Verschleiß stellten sich salzbad-, und gasnitrocarburierte Stähle vom Typ X 20 Cr 13 heraus, während die plasmanitrocarburierten Proben aus den Werkstoffen St 52-3 und Ck 45 am schlechtesten abschnitten.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 253-255 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 15-24 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: X-Ray Stress Measurements on Ti48Al2Cr Titanium Aluminide MaterialStresses in specimens of Ti48Al2Cr material with various microstructures and surface conditions were measured by X-ray diffraction. The measurements were performed on the (224)/(422) twin peak of the γ-phase with CuKα-radiation by means of a position sensitive detector with metal wire. Depending on the mashining condition of the surface residual stresses between ca. - 1300MPa (compression) and + 500MPa (tension) were found. The X-ray elastic constants - s1 and 1/2 s2 were determined with flat specimens subjected to four point bending stresses. Results and measuring conditions are discussed with respect to problems with coarse grain, titanium fluorescence, peak selection and long measuring times.
    Notes: An Proben aus dem Titanaluminidwerkstoff Ti48Al2Cr mit unterschiedlichen Gefüge- und Oberflächenbearbeitungszuständen wurden röntgenografische Spannungsmessungen durchgeführt. Gemessen wurde an dem (224)/(422)-Doppelpeak der γ-Phase mit CuKα-Strahlung und einem ortsempfindlichen Metalldrahtdetektor. Je nach Oberflächenbearbeitungszustand wurden Eigenspannungen zwischen ca. - 1300 MPa (Druck) und + 500 MPa (Zug) ermittelt. Die röntgenografischen Elastizitätskonstanten - s1 und 1/2 s2 wurden an biegebelasteten Flachproben bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse und Meßbedingungen werden u.a. in Bezug auf Probleme mit Grobkorn, Titanfluoreszenz, Peakauswahl und langen Meßzeiten diskutiert.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 39-39 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 40-45 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Experimentally based material modelling against the background of bending radius determination in alloyed aluminium sheetsWhen sheets are transversely loaded the determination of the deformation parameters is often combined with much experimental work. This can be reduced by the application of numerical methods, which requires a realistic modelling of the material behaviour. Simulations are carried out with an experimentally guaranteed model for describing the plastic behaviour of aluminium alloys. A comparison of the results with the bending parameters based on the experiments shows the possibilities and the limits of the numerical simulation.
    Notes: Die Bestimmung von Umformparametern beim Querkraftbiegen von Blechen ist häufig mit einem hohen experimentellen Aufwand verbunden. Dessen Reduzierung durch Einsatz von numerischen Verfahren bedingt eine realistische Modellierung der Werkstoffeigenschaften. Mit einem experimentell abgesicherten Modell zur Beschreibung des plastischen Verhaltens von Aluminiumlegierungen wurden Simulationen durchgeführt. Durch einen Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit den in Versuchen ermittelten Biegeparametern werden die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der numerischen Simulation aufgezeigt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 124-130 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: A New Method of Determining Strength and Fracture Toughness of Thin FilmsA method is presented for measuring strength and fracture toughness of thin films. The basic idea of this method is to use a compact steel specimen as a substrate, which is deeply precracked by means of fatigue loading prior to the coating process. Under bend loading of this composite crack opening occurs accompanied by straining the free-standing thin film which bridges the crack. Film rupture firstly occurs at the front face of the specimen followed by crack growth on both sides. The film properties can be derived by eliminating the substrate effect through determining the difference between the two load-displacement curves corresponding to the intact and the damaged film, respectively. The strength of the film can be calculated from the load difference at film rupture at the front face of the composite. The fracture toughness is evaluated from load and compliance change during successive crack growth on both sides of the specimen. First results on PACVD TiN-films are presented and compared with available bulk data, thus demonstrating the applicability of the proposed method.
    Notes: Es wird eine Methode vorgestellt, mit der es möglich ist, Festigkeits- und Zähigkeitsparameter von dünnen Schichten auf relativ einfache Weise zu bestimmen. Dazu werden Stahlsubstratproben vor den Beschichtung mit einem langen Ermüdungsanriß versehen. Bei einer Biegebelastung derart präparierter Proben wird die Schicht im Bereich des sich öffnenden Anrisses gedehnt und schließlich zerrissen. In diesem sehr schmalen Bereich kann die Schicht als freistehend betrachtet werden. Die Schicht reißt zuerst an der Probenstirnseite, danach an den beiden Probenseiten. Aus der Differenz zweier Kraft-Weg-Messungen während und nach dem Schichtriß läßt sich der Schichteinfluß vom Substrateinfluß separieren. Aus der auf die Schicht wirkenden Kraft beim Schichtriß an der Stirnseite kann die Festigkeit der Schicht (Streckgrenze und Zugfestigkeit) bestimmt werden. Aus der kritischen Schichtkraft und der zugehörigen Nachgiebigkeitsänderung infolge Schichtriß an beiden Probenseiten ergibt sich die Bruchzähigkeit der Schicht. Erste Messungen und Ergebnisse an einer PACVD-TiN-Hartstoffschicht, die die prinzipielle Anwendbarkeit der Methode demonstrieren, werden vorgestellt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 152-152 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 153-157 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurement of Deep-Rolling Residual Stress-Distributions on ComponentsIn many practical cases surface layers of components are the most heavily stressed material zones. In order to improve the fatigue strength and the wearability of components thermal, thermochemical and mechanical surface treatment methods like induction hardening, case hardening, nitriding, shot peening and deep-rolling are applied for several years. The effect of these methods depends on the increase of strength and on the production of compressive residual stresses in the heavily stressed surface layers. The mechanical processes also affect the surface roughness which may be reduced by choosing suitable process parameters. Due to the mechanical surface treatment by deep-rolling fatigue strength improvements up to 200% are possible [1], and the compensation of the notch effect was observed for notched specimen [2].In the industry the deep-rolling is applied on e. g. crankshafts, screws, valve shafts and actuation shafts. The direct control of surface layer properties, like residual stresses and hardening, by x-ray measurements on axial sections of the components is presented here as a method for quality insurance of rolled parts. The measuring method may also be used to verify results of FEM-simulations. FEM-simulations are applied to estimate the modification of the residual stresses due to preparation.
    Notes: In vielen Fällen der technischen Praxis stellen die Randschichten von Bauteilen die höchstbeanspruchten Werkstoffbereiche dar. Zur Schwingfestigkeits- und Verschleißfestigkeitssteigerung werden daher seit Jahren thermische, thermochemische und mechanische Randschichtbehandlungsverfahren wie Induktionshärten, Einsatzhärten, Nitrieren, Kugelstrahlen und Festwalzen eingesetzt. Die Wirkung dieser Verfahren beruht vorwiegend auf einer Steigerung der Werkstoffestigkeit und der Erzeugung von Druckeigen-spannungen 1. Art in den beanspruchten Bauteiloberflächen. Beiden mechanischen Verfahren wird darüber hinaus die Oberflächenrauhigkeit verändert bzw. verringert, wenn die Prozeßparameter geeignet gewählt werden. Durch diese Randschichtbeeinflussung lassen sich beim Festwalzen Schwingfestigkeitssteigerungen um bis zu 200% erzielen [1], so daß bei gekerbten Proben vielfach eine Aufhebung der Kerbwirkung beobachtet werden konnte [2].Das Festwalzen hat in der Industrie u. a. bei Kurbelwellen, Schrauben, Ventilschäften und Antriebswellen Anwendung gefunden. Zur Qualitätsprüfung von festgewalzten Bauteilen wird hier die direkte Überprüfung der Randschichteigenschaften, d. h. der Eigenspannungen und der Verfestigung, mittels röntgenografischer Messungen an axialen Bauteilschnitten vorgestellt. Das Meßverfahren kann weiterhin zur Überprüfung von Ergebnissen aus FEM-Simulationen dienen, mit deren Hilfe die Beeinflussung der Eigenspannungen durch die einen starken Eingriff darstellende Präparation abgeschätzt werden kann.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 180-197 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Theoretical and Experimental Methods for the Determination of Thermal Residual Microstresses in Particle Reinforced Metal Matrix CompositesParticle reinforced metal matrix composites (PMMCs) comprising quasi ceramic hard phases in a metal matrix are used for wear protection in industry. During cooling residual microstresses emerge due to differences in the physical and mechanical properties of the metal matrix and the hard phases. Furtheron, the amount and distribution of the residual microstresses are influenced by the hard phase size, shape and distribution.For characterizing the residual microstress state theoretical methods (analytical and FEM calculations) as well as experimental methods (dilatometry, Micro-Moiré-methods, X-ray diffraction, angle dispersive neutron diffraction, neutron time-of-flight spectroscopy, torsion pendulum tests, differential calorimetry and ultra sonic absorption test) are used and assessed.
    Notes: Stückverbunde sind Teilchenverbundwerkstoffe, die aus einer metallischen Matrix (MM) mit eingelagerten quasikeramischen Hartphasen (HP) bestehen. Sie werden industriell zum Verschleißschutz eingesetzt. In Stückverbunden entstehen während der Abkühlung Mikroeigenspannungen aufgrund der unterschiedlichen physikalischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften der Hartphasen und der Metallmatrix. Weitere Einflußfaktoren auf die Höhe und Verteilung der Mikroeigenspannungen sind die Größe, Form und die Verteilung der Hartphasen.Zur Charakterisierung des Mikroeigenspannungszustandes werden Berechnungsverfahren (analytische Berechnungen, FEM) und experimentelle Verfahren (Dilatometrie, Mikro-Moiré-Verfahren, Röntgenbeugung, winkeldispersive Neutronenbeugung, Neutronenflugzeitspektrometrie, Torsionspendelversuche, Differentialkalorimetrie und Ultraschallabsorptionsmessungen) angewendet und bewertet.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. A44 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 240-240 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. A67 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 33-33 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. A6 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 533-533 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 534-542 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Powder injection moulding of ceramic partsPowder injection moulding is a parts production technology that combines the advantages of plastics injection moulding with the materials properties of ceramics. It makes possible the production of complex shaped parts for high production numbers. Almost all possibilities of parts design used in plastics injection moulding can transfered to ceramics. Paying attention to the special properties of highly filled thermoplastics and the well known rules for parts and tools construction, new parts can be realized in short development times. This article will have a closer look at the parameters for injection moulding, at rules for design of ceramic parts and the corresponding tools as well at a never debinding technology.
    Notes: Das Pulverspritzgießen vereinigt die Vorteile des Spritzgießens thermoplastischer Kunststoffe mit den Materialeigenschaften keramischer Werkstoffe. Es ermöglicht die Fertigung sehr komplexer Bauteile, die in hohen Stückzahlen benötigt werden. Nahezu alle gestalterischen Möglichkeiten des Kunstoffspritzgießens können auf keramische Werkstoffe übertragen werden. Bei Beachtung der speziellen Gegebenheiten des Spritzgießens hochgefüllter Thermoplaste und der strikten Befolgung der bekannten Konstruktionsgrundsätze für Spritzgießwerkzeuge kann die Realisierung von Bauteilen in den notwendigen kurzen Zeiten erfolgen. Es wird insbesondere auf die Parameter für die Spritzgießverarbeitung, auf Grundsätze zur Konstruktion von Bauteilen und Spritzgießwerkzeugen sowie auf ein neues Entbinderungsverfahren eingegangen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 560-560 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 566-566 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 571-574 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurements effect of elastic waves in steel- and rock rods using the magneto-elasticStress waves in steel and iron ore rods produced by a mechanical impact can be measured by a sensor using the magneto-elastic effect. A detection of the changing magnetic flux is made. The function describing the propagation of longitudinal waves in rods is known as the stress wave equation. The agreement with theory is verified by examinations of steel rods using strain gauges. Afterwards the signals of three iron ores (magnetite, hematite, siderite) are recorded. Induced voltage is measured by the magneto-elastic sensor in the case of magnetite and hematite, however it is not possible to detect any signal for siderite. This means that the change of magnetic flux depends on the kind of bulk magnetic appearance, not on content of iron.Using the magneto-elastic sensor the magneto-elastic effect offers the possibility to detect tree of contact mechanical waves produced by a mechanical impact in ferro- or ferrimagnetic solids.
    Notes: An Stahl- und Eisenerzstäben werden die durch einen Stoß ausgelösten elastischen Dehnwellen mit Hilfe eines Sensors gemessen, der den magnetoelastischen Effekt ausnutzt. Detektiert wird dabei die Änderung des magnetischern Flusses. Die theoretische Beschreibung der Ausbreitung elastischer Längswellen in Stäben erfolgt mit Hilfe der eindimensionalen Dehnwellengleichung. Die Übereinstimmung mit der Theorie wird exemplarisch durch Untersuchungen an Stahlstäben mittels Dehnungsmeßstreifen verifiziert. Danach werden die Signale von drei Eisenerzstäben (Magnetit, Hämatit, Siderit) aufgenommen. Bei den Gesteinen Magnetit und Hämatit lassen sich mit dem magnetoelastischen Aufnehmer Induktionsspannungen messen, während beim Siderit keine Signale aufgezeichnet werden konnten. Das bedeutet, daß für die Änderung des magnetischen Flusses nicht der Eisengehalt, sondern die Art der äußeren magnetischen Erscheinungsform der Proben entscheidend ist.Der magnetoelastische Effekt bietet somit die Möglichkeit die durch eine Stoßbelastung in ferro- bzw. ferrimagnetischen Materialien ausgelösten mechanischen Wellen berührungslos mit Hilfe eines magnetoelastischen Sensors zu erfassen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 131-141 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Atmospheric Corrosion under Controlled Conditions: Concept and Installation of an Apparatus for Monitoring Pollution Gas Induced Corrosion of Copper and Bronze SamplesThis paper describes an apparatus for the investigation of corrosion of copper and bronze samples on a laboratory scale at the Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Munich. The chamber allows the influence of SO2 and NO2 contaminated test gas on the samples to be studied in combination with dew formation on the sample surface. By means of cooling and heating of the samples and the use of a gas mixing unit, a defined amount of dew and contamination can be reproducibly applied to the samples. The design and realization of the apparatus, including the component selection and details of construction to satisfy experimental demands, are discussed. Results of commissioning tests are shown, quantifying the homogenity of the chamber climate and the temperature distribution across the samples.
    Notes: Es wird eine Schadgasbewitterungskammer vorgestellt, die für Korrosionsuntersuchungen an Bronze- und Kupferproben im Labormaßstab am Bayerischen Landesamt für Denkmalpflege installiert wurde. In dieser Kammer wird der Einfluß eines SO2/NO2 Schadgasgemisches bei Betauung der Proben untersucht. Dazu wird innerhalb der Kammer mit Hilfe eines reproduzierbar einstellbaren Wechselklimas eine künstliche Bewitterung des Probenmaterials erzeugt. Die Einstellung des Schadgasgehaltes sowie der Luftfeuchtigkeit im zugeführten Testgas erfolgt über eine Gasmischapparatur. Die periodischen Bewitterungs- und Trockenzyklen werden über Abkühlung bzw. Aufheizung der Proben gesteuert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Konzeption und die Verwirklichung der Anlage beschrieben. Dabei wird auf die Auswahl und Konstruktion der Einzelkomponeten sowie auf die eigentliche Klimagenerierung eingegangen. Untersuchungen zur Homogenität des Kammerklimas sowie zur Temperaturverteilung über die einzelnen Proben schließen die Inbetriebnahme der Bewitterungskammer ab.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 167-175 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Light turbocharger compressor wheels from aluminium and magnesium investment castingWithin the scope of a team work between Kühnle, Kopp & Kausch AG, Volkswagen AG, Sterling International Technologies Ltd. and the Fraunhofer Institute for Strength of Structures under Operational Conditions LBF compressor wheels of aluminium and magnesium investment casting were developed and tested. Strength and fatigue tests, overspeed and field tests as well as metallographic checks were made in addition to the finite element calculations to optimize the stress under centrifugal force in an appropriate way for the materials involved. The results and the knowledge gathered are to clarify whether magnesium alloys are an appropriate replacement for the proven standard aluminium alloy for turbochargers.
    Notes: Im Rahmen einer Zusammenarbeit zwischen der Kühnle, Kopp & Kausch AG, Volkswagen AG, Sterling International Technologies Ltd. und dem Fraunhofer-Institut für Betriebsfestigkeit LBF wurden Verdichterräder aus Aluminium- und Magnesiurn-Feingußlegierungen entwickelt und untersucht. Festigkeits- und Schwingfe-stigkeitsuntersuchungen, Schleuder- und Feldversuche sowie metallographische Untersuchungen wurden von Finite-Element-Berechnungen begleitet, mit denen Spannungsverteilungen am Bauteil optimiert wurden. Anhand der ermittelten Ergebnisse soll geklärt werden, inwieweit Magnesium-Feingußlegierungen die gegenwärtig für Turbolader-Verdichterräder eingesetzten Aluminium-Feingußlegierungen ersetzen können.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 198-204 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Potentiodynamic cathodic and anodic polarization technique was used to study the effect of some common amino acids concentration on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in H2SO4. A value of 1.0 × 10-4 M represents a critical concentration, for the aliphatic amino acids, above which the corrosion rate increases. The increase of the sulphur-containing amino acids concentration largely decreases the corrosion rate. A mono-layer adsorption of the amino acid molecules on the metal surface was proposed with the adsorption behaviour following the Temkin isotherm at 30°C.The effect of temperature on the corrosion inhibition of amino acids was also studied over the temperature range 25 to 60°C. Values of the apparent activation energy in the range of 42 - 49 kJ mol-1 were estimated for the steel corrosion in the inhibited acid solutions.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 225-225 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 226-235 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Quasistatic deformation behaviour of pure sintered iron in the temperature range between -184 and 600°CThe deformation behaviour of pure sintered iron materials with densities between 6,88 und 7,57 g/cm3 was investigated in tension tests in the temperature range of -184 and 600°C. Supplementary compression tests were carried out at 20°C. Increasing density leads to increasing material resistances and ductility properties due to the increase of the bearing specimen cross sections as well as due to smaller numbers of pores, more spherical pores with smaller notch effects and smaller numbers of mircocracks, which are initiated at pores. After equal deformations, due to pore closing effects and the impediment of crack initation, the flow stresses of compressively deformed specimens are larger than those of tensily deformed. The deformation behaviour is dominated at low temperatures by thermal activated glide processes of dislocations and their interactions with short range obstacles, at middle temperatures by dynamic strain ageing due to elastic interactions of glide dislocations and diffusing carbon atoms and at high temperatures by recovery controlled dislocation creep processes.
    Notes: Reine Sintereisenwerkstoffe mit Dichten zwischen 6,88 und 7,57 g/cm3 wurden im Temperaturbereich von -184 bis 600°C quasistatisch zugverformt. Ergänzende Druckverformungen erfolgten bei 20°C. Anwachsende Dichte bewirkt ansteigende Werkstoffwiderstands- und Duktilitätskenngrößen aufgrund zunehmender tragender Probenquerschnitte, geringerer Porenzahl, runderer Poren mit geringerer Kerbwirkung sowie einer geringeren Zahl der von Poren ausgehenden Rissen. Bei Druckverformung entstehen nach gleichen Deformationen groößere Fließspannungen als bei Zugverformung, da Porenschließeffekte und die Behinderung von Rißbildungen die tragenden Probenquerschnitte vergrößern. Das Verformungsverhalten wird bei tiefen Temperaturen durch thermisch aktivierte Prozesse mit kurzreichenden Wechselwirkungen von Versetzungen mit Gleithindernissen, bei mittleren Temperaturen durch dynamische Reckalterungsvorgänge aufgrund von elastischen Wechselwirkungen bewegter Versetzungen mit diffundierenden Kohlenstoffatomen und bei hohen Temperaturen durch erholungskontrollierte Versetzungskriechprozesse bestimmt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. A55 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 257-269 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Stress Analysis by X-Ray Diffraction: Measurement and Evaluation Procedures and Their Contribution to the ResultsThe quality of measured results depends not only on the definite accuracy but also on the expression of the uncertainty of measurement. Furthermore such a statement is recommended for an accredited laboratory. In the present paper the uncertainty of measurement in residual stress analysis by means of x-ray diffraction is investigated for different samples, different evaluation methods and different data acquisition strategies. The uncertainties calculated by the computer turned out to have hardly no validity. The peak evaluation method which yields the smallest uncertainty was determined. The real uncertainty depends on the given problem, on the data acquisition time and on the peak evaluation method. The selection of the different measurement options (number of Ψ-angles, step width, number of single measurements, etc.) is of secondary importance.
    Notes: Die Qualität von Meßergebnissen hängt neben der effektiven Genauigkeit von der Angabe der Meßunsicherheit ab. Für eine Akkreditierung wird eine entsprechende Angabe sogar verlangt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Meßunsicherheiten bei der röntgenographischen Spannungsanalyse für verschiedene Proben, verschiedene Auswertemethoden und verschiedene Meßstrategien experimentell bestimmt. Dabei wurde deutlich, daß die vom Computer berechneten Meßunsicherheiten praktisch keine Aussagekraft haben. Es wurde die Auswertemethode ermittelt, bei der die kleinste Meßunsicherheit auftritt. Neben der Auswertemethode hängt die tatsächliche Meßunsicherheit von der Problemstellung und vom der Gesamtmeßzeit ab. Dagegen ist die Wahl der Meßparameter (Anzahl Ψ-Winkel, Schrittweite, Anzahl Einzelmessungen, etc.) von untergeordneter Bedeutung.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 280-286 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Test examining the temperature shift behaviour of cast iron - Part I: Influence on temperature shift behaviour experimental studies, and their resultsThe first part of this article describes and discusses the most important influence on the temperature shift behaviour of cast iron materials. For some unalloyed and low - alloyed cast iron types the resistance to thermal shocks is measured using a test unit observing the temperature shift behaviour. Metallographic studies on tested materials round up the statements judging materials behaviour under thermal testing.
    Notes: Im ersten Teil dieses Beitrages werden die wichtigsten Einflußfaktoren auf das Temperaturwechselverhalten von Gußeisenwerkstoffen beschrieben und kritisch diskutiert.Für einige unlegierte und niedriglegierte Gußeisenmarken wird mittels einer Temperaturwechselfestigkeits - Prüfanlage das Temperaturwechselverhalten der Gußeisenwerkstoffe bestimmt. Metallographische Untersuchungen an den geprüften Werkstoffen ergänzen die Aussagen zur Beurteilung des Werkstoffverhaltens bei Temperaturwechselbeanspruchung.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 599-600 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 270-275 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Es ist an der Zeit, daß die Kühlmittel für flüssigkeitsgekühlte Verbrennungskraftmaschinen genau so als Betriebsstoffe akzeptiert und behandelt werden, wie das bei den Schmierstoffen und beim Treibstoff selbstverständlich ist. Sie bestehen aus einer wäßrigen Phase mit Zusätzen, die einen Gefrier- und Korrosionsschutz oder nur einen Korrosionsschutz bewirken. In den Begriff “Korrosionsschutz” ist dabei der Schutz vor Kavitation und Erosion integriert. Die vorliegende Abhandlung gibt Hinweise zur Zulassung von Kühlmittelzusätzen und zur Überwachung von Kühlmitteln. Außerdem werden Randbedingungen erörtert, die von den Herstellern der Kühlmittelzusätze, aber auch von den Motorenherstellern und den Motorenbetreibern eingehalten werden müssen.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 292-292 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. A66 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 339-339 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 376-376 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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