ALBERT

Description: New taxa and combinations are published here in anticipation of the revision of the Rutaceae-Pilocarpinae to be published in the near future (thesis, and in Flora Neotropica). Two new combinations of species excluded from subtribe Pilocarpinae are added.

Description: Oil bodies 7-12 in upper leaf cells, 10-20 in elongated basal leaf cells; globose to ellipsoid, 3-7(-10)x3-5 μm; colourless, coarsely segmented, consisting of c. 15-30 aggregated droplets (Colombia, Boyacá, páramos NW of Belén, Cabeceras Q. El Toral, 3765 m, Cleef 2292e; Ecuador, páramos de El Angel, 17 km. S. of Tulcán, 3350 m, Gradstein, Lanier & Weber s.n.). The presence of segmented oil bodies in Colura patagonica is remarkable because previous studies of living Colura (from Japan) reported homogeneous oil bodies (cf. Schuster & Hattori 1964; Inoue 1974).

Description: On 27 May 1976 Peter Arnold Florschütz, bryologist, died at the age of only 53 at De Bilt, Netherlands. Only six weeks prior he had been hospitalized as a result of kidney cancer. His untimely death came as totally unexpected and shocking news to his friends and colleagues all over the world, many of whom had seen him in excellent health the year before at the Botanical Congress in Leningrad. He was a lector of botany and curator of the cryptogamic herbarium at the Institute for Systematic Botany and acting director of the Botanical Gardens of the University of Utrecht, the same institution where he had studied biology from 1941 to 1949. In his professional capacity he had held positions at the Institute for Systematic Botany from 1946 until 1949 as student-assistant and from 1949 on as staff member. Initially under the directorship of his teacher in plant systematics Professor A. A. Pulle, and from 1948 until 1970 under Professor J. Lanjouw’s leadership, the “Flora of Suriname” was being tackled by the staff of the institute. Thus, as a young graduate student, Florschütz was assigned the revision of the mosses of Suriname; a comprehensive and difficult task, because in those post-war years there was a vacuum in European exotic bryology. The heydays, with Herzog in Germany, Brotherus in Scandinavia, Dixon in Great Britain and Thériot and Camus in France were over. At the beginning, Florschütz was entirely dependent on Brotherus’ treatment of the world’s mosses in Engler and Prantl, “Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien.” In those years he had run over the leaves of this book for weeks on end in a typical posture, like he used to tell: folded in a chair, book on his lap.

Description: Campylopus introflexus, a new neophyte in western Europe, occurs throughout the Netherlands. After its first appearance in 1961, it is now a common moss. It grows as a pioneer on acid, well-drained places. The differences with C. pilifer are summarized. The occurrence of the latter in the Netherlands could not be affirmed.

Description: The structure of the wood of the genera Castilla, Helicostylis, Maquira, Naucleopsis, Olmedia, Perebea and Pseudolmedia, considered to belong in the Olmedieae (cf. Berg 1972) is described. The diversity in anatomical structure between the genera is small, and it is hard to distinguish Maquira, Perebea and Pseudolmedia from each other. Castilla can be recognized by its thinwalled and wide-lumined fibres, Helicostylis by its parenchyma distribution, Naucleopsis (usually) by its more numerous vessels with a smaller diameter. A more marked difference is shown by the monotypic genus Olmedia with apotracheal banded parenchyma instead of the paratracheal aliform to confluent-banded parenchyma of the other genera. Septate fibres, which are characteristic for the other genera – some species of Helicostylis excepted – are nearly completely absent in Olmedia. This structural difference is considered as an argument in favour of the exclusion of Olmedia from the tribe Olmedieae (Berg 1977).

Description: The new checklist of Dutch liverworts comprises 126 species, 1 subspecies and 5 varieties. Since 1962 seven liverwort species have been added to the flora: Barbilophozia hatcheri, Calypogeia muellerana, Cephalozia pleniceps, Fossombronia incurva, Haplomitrium hookeri, Lophozia perssonii and Plagiochila porelloides. Of twelve species presumed occurrence in the Netherlands needs verification. Nomenclature follows Grolle’s “Verzeichnis der Lebermoose Europas” (Feddes Repert. 87: 171-279. 1976), except for Isopaches, Leiocolea and Microlejeunea, which are maintained as genera and Phaeoceros carolinianus, Cephalozia lammersiana, Chiloscyphus pallescens, Lophozia silvicola and Lophocolea cuspidata. , which are treated as intraspecific taxa.

Description: The new Amazonian liverwort genus Verdoornianthus is considered to be a specialized derivative of the widespread tropical genus Archilejeunea. Differences are the absence of innovations, the dull, suberect leaves, the tristratose rhizoid pad and the larger size of the lobule of the female bracts in Verdoornianthus. There are two species, V. marsupiifolius (Spruce) comb. nov. (Lejeunea marsupiifolia Spruce) from the upstream part of the Rio Negro and V. griffinii sp. nov. from Manaus.

Description: In continuation of de Ruiter’s treatment of Myrianthus and Musanga (Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 46: 471-510.1976), the present paper gives a revision of the African representatives of 17 genera of the Moraceae. The area studied not only consists of the African Continent, but also includes Madagascar, the Comoro Islands, the Mascarenes, the Seychelles, and the Aldabra Islands. Several new combinations are made: Antiaris toxicaria ssp. africana (Engl.) C.C. Berg, A. toxicaría ssp. africana var. usambarensis” (Engl.) C.C. Berg, A. toxicaria ssp. macrophylla (R.Br.) C.C. Berg, A. toxicaría ssp. madagascariensis (H. Perrier) C.C. Berg, A. toxicaria ssp. humbertii (Léandri) C.C. Berg, Broussonetia greveana (Baillon) C.C. Berg, Treculia africana ssp. madagascarica (N.E.Br.) C.C. Berg, and T. africana ssp. madagascarica var. sambiranensis (Léandri) C. C. Berg. Many names are brought into synonymy. Besides revising taxa, the present study aims to fill a gap in our knowledge between Asian Moraceae (studied by Corner, whose studies resulted in a new classification of the family) and the neotropical Moraceae, a subject of study by the present author. Therefore discussions about classification of the family and relationships of African Moraceae with moraceous taxa elsewhere are an essential part of the present paper.

Description: From April 1974 to October 1975 the author conducted field work on the Galápagos Islands for a vegetation study of Santa Cruz and Volcán Alcedo, Isabela. Plants were collected on other islands as well. Thirty-five taxa are new for the archipelago. When determining the material, I found some changes in nomenclature to be necessary. The first set of the collection is in U while a duplicate set will be deposited in CAS. A representative set will be deposited in an Ecuadorian Herbarium. The sequence of the taxa in the Flora of the Galapagos Islands (Wiggins & Porter 1971) is followed.

Description: BAKHUIZEN VAN DEN BRINK Jr, R.C., A synoptical key to the genera of the Rubiaceae of Thailand. Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 9 (1976) 15-55. Key of the bracketed type, often leading to flowers as well as fruits, with built-in descriptions of c. 6-12 lines; diagnostic characters are marked. Number of genera 68, incl. 3 introductions and 5 genera not recorded but possibly occurring in Thailand (mostly dependent on delimitation); Craib in 1932-34 has 71. Schumann’s system of 1891 is largely upheld, although no subdivision is here given, and some surprising changes in delimitation occur (e.g. in Keenania, Mycetia, Myrioneuron), which means that many new combinations must be floating around on herbarium sheets. Caution is in order where e.g. on p. 49 Mitragyna seems to have a new section Paradina with a supposedly basal placenta, or where Gardenia is authorized L. on p. 35 but authorized L. emend. Bakh.f. on p. 32. A comparison with Thonner’s keys reveals that Bakhuizen’s key works slower. His generic descriptions are true ’mines of information’ – mining requires a lot of backtracking before all characters can be compared. Desirable as it would be to extend a work like this to all Malesia, it would be better to abandon the Backer-way of keying, and instead describe all genera clearly, and prepare a multiple key as worked out by Leenhouts. Some synonyms are given (Notodontia yes, Quiducia and Symphyllarion no), nomina conservanda indicated, no references, no species. Several critical notes are added. — C.E. Ridsdale & M.J.

Description: Portraits of botanists who worked on the Ryukyu Islands, 80 in number, most Japanese, a few Americans, were published in the book by S. Hatusima, Flora of the Ryukyus, p. 56-75 (1971). Baas Becking, L. G. M. A meticulous bibliography, of the former Professor of Experimental Botany at Leiden and later Director of the Bogor Botanic Gardens, was prepared by J. Westenberg, 20 p. (North Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1977).

Description: Brunonia is the title of a journal that will replace the Contributions from Herbarium Australiense (last no. 17, 1976). Subscriptions Aust. $ 4. annual, Herbarium Australiense, P.O. Box 1600, Canberra City, A.C.T. 2601, Australia. Nature Malaysiana, published quarterly by Tropical Press, 64A Jl. Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, started in July 1976. The price is Mal. $ 2.50 a copy. This first number, size 28 by 20 cm, containing 40 pages of text and some pages of ads, is devoted to ’our natural heritage’. It is full of showy photographs all in colour, with high quality popular texts on snakes, malaria parasites, spiders, wild orchids, mantis, frogs and elephants. Execution is very good. The journal seems aimed at the general educated public, well suited for display in airline offices, dentist’s waiting rooms, the reading table in an embassy, etc. where is surely will make life more pleasant, and set people’s minds in the proper direction.

Description: Austrobaileya replaces the Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium, and was devised to accommodate also shorter taxonomic notes. The Contributions amount to 20 numbers, with one article each; a cumulative index of names is in no 20, p. 73-88. In format and execution Austrobaileya resembles its predecessor but the useful page heads should be retained. Volume 1 number 1 (1977) was received in March 1978. It carries 9 papers on 74 pages, and a map with subdivisions of Queensland on the back flap. Frequency and price are unknown. Editor: L. Pedley, Queensland Herbarium, Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld. 4068, Australia. Brunonia replaces Contributions from Herbarium Australiense or rather seems a continuation of it in the same scope under a new name, and paged through per volume. The first issue appeared on 24 February 1978, it has 129 pages, carrying 11 papers. It will be ”issued at irregular intervals”. Subscription is A$ 10 per annum. Editor is B.J. Walby, CSIRO, Box 89, East Melbourne, Vic. 3002, Australia.

Description: Localizing specimens and mapping localities has always been a tedious and time-consuming task for which much depends on the data mentioned on the labels. It has been found a blessing if collectors mention on labels the latitude and longitude. If this is given in an exact way it comprises degrees and minutes, e.g. 6° 45’ S, 141° 30’ E. If no dot-map is provided this appears to be a slightly clumsy formula in print and the question arises whether such exact figures are really needed. In scanning a geographical map the minutes will hardly mean something unless one uses local small-scale maps, as one minute is only a little more than 2 km in the terrain. In Pretoria only the degrees are given, joined into one figure, preceding the collector / after the locality. This simplification is, I think, practical and useful.

Description: On 3 September 1977, Dr. H.P. Nooteboom (L) went to Ceylon for 2 months to collect additional material of Symplocaceae for ’A revised Flora of Ceylon’. Although this project was due to end by September 1977, it appeared to have been extended for another year. The genus Symplocos, with about 20 taxa, is found in the wet zone (in the mountains of the central part, in the mossy forest up to 2400 m, descending to sea-level in the everwet primary forest in the SW. part of the island). Some species also occur in the secondary forest in the same region, one species is found in the whole island, in a variety of vegetation types, but mostly in secondary forest and shrubbery. Dr. Nooteboom could collect material of all the taxa, sometimes in many individuals, which revealed the difficult patterns of variability. Besides he made also general collections (Nooteboom 3036—3420). The weather was extremely bad; heavy rains caused inundations and landslides. Therefore the total number of collections was limited. Labelling and distribution is still going on.

Description: Flora Malesiana series i volume 8 instalment 2, pages 31-300, came from the press in December 1977*. It contains the Ulmaceae by E. Soepadmo: 6 genera, 27 species; the Iridaceae by D.J.L. Geerinck: 6 genera, 7 species; the Cornaceae by K.M. Matthew: 1 genus Mastixia with 10 species; the Onagraceae by P.H. Raven: 2 genera, 14 species; the Bignoniaceae by C.G.G. J. van Steenis: 15 genera, 31 species + in concise treatment 23 ornamental species; the Crypteroniaceae by R.J. van Beusekom-Osinga: 3 genera, 8 species; the Symplocaceae by H.P. Nooteboom: 1 genus Symplocos, 58 species; the Lentibulariaceae by P. Taylor: 1 genus Utricularia, 22 species. Volume 8 instalment 3 is in proof. It contains the Labiatae and Anacardiaceae, as well as some Addenda, the Dedication to F.A.W. Miquel, and the Index, since volume 8 will then be completed.

Description: The preparation of botanical drawings is a craft in its own right, and furthermore, draughtsmen are human beings. Even these simple truths are trodden down by the taxonomist who during a final hour hands the draughtsman a bundle of specimens and some hasty indications. Naturally the result is anguish and confusion. Let us therefore add some observations to improve the situation. First: a botanical artist looks at plants with a different eye from the taxonomist – that’s why he is an artist and not a scientist. Fortunately, some overlap exists, where the two can meet.

Description: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae – b) Fungi & Lichens — c) Bryophytes — d) Pteridophytes — e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk.

Description: Dr. J.A.R. Anderson, former conservator of Forests, Kuching, now consultant forester and ecologist, new address: 30 Greenhill Gardens, Edinburgh EH10 4BP, U.K. His Far East address: c/o Room 432, 4th floor, Katong Shopping Centre, Singapore 15. Dr. P.S. Ashton of Aberdeen spent months in Kuala Lumpur, during the second half of 1975, principally to teach economic and forest botany at the University of Malaya.

Description: The author describes two new subspecies of Rubus, viz. R. schlechtendalii subsp. subcentreuropus Beek and R. glandulosus subsp. picearum Beek.

Description: Tristania R. Brown, Aiton’s Hortus Kewensis (2nd Ed.) 4 (1812) 417, was established with three species — T. neriifolia, T. laurina, and T. conferta. A number of other species have since been added to the genus and a recent study (Wilson, 1971) has shown that the three original species belong to three different groups and further that these groups are sufficiently different to warrant their separation at the generic level. All of the New Caledonian species belong to the Tristania laurina group. It has not yet been decided which of the groups should retain the original generic name, but if the T. laurina group is not selected the name Tristaniopsis Brongniart et Gris, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 10 (1863) 371, would become available for it. Six species are currently recognised in New Caledonia where they mostly grow at low elevations in scrub and forest on ultrabasic rocks. Species of the same group are found in Australia, New Guinea, Borneo, and probably elsewhere in Malesia.

Description: The pollen morphology of all 11 species of the genus Mischocarpus is studied. All species possess basically the same syntricolpate pollen type. Transitions to the tricolpate type were observed rarely. Within the syntricolpate type, subtypes could be established. For a few species a rather wide range of variability in some characters is described. Pollen morphology correlates with macromorphology as well as with geography, thus supporting the results, based on macromorphological evidence, concerning infrageneric structure and relationships of Mischocarpus.

Description: At the age of 85, Herman Johannes Lam died at his house on the 15th of February, 1977. From 1933 to 1962 he was director of the Rijksherbarium and although the day of his retirement lies some 15 years behind us now, he is still remembered in our institute for his pleasant personal qualities. The Rijksherbarium as it is today we owe for a large part to his vision and work during the 29 years of his directorate. He broadened the basis of the institute’s research but kept intact its specialization; he succeeded in obtaining valuable collections; he started a programme of botanical expeditions; he provided a home for the Flora Malesiana, to mention some of his accomplishments. When he came to Leiden after a 14 years’ career in the Herbarium at Buitenzorg (now Bogor, Indonesia) he found a small and rather sleepy institute. Through the years of poverty before and during the war, and through the years of prosperity afterwards, he transformed this into a large herbarium which was (and still is, I hope) very much alive and active in many fields.

Description: A list of the species and subspecies, including synonyms, of the tipulid subfamily Ctenophorinae is provided. References to the literature are nearly complete. The distribution of the species is indicated by abbreviations and figures referring to the geographic regions and subregions. A survey of the distribution of the 5 genera is given separately.

Description: An annotated list of the brachyuran (12) and anomuran (1) tree-climbing crabs of Trinidad (West Indies) is presented (see Table 1 for species names). Some of the species mentioned (e.g. Aratus pisonii, Goniopsis cruentata) are well-known treeclimbers, in others (e.g. Sesarma roberti, S. ricordi) this peculiar behaviour is recorded for the first time. Some data on the diet and the locomotion of climbing Grapsidae are given. Aratus was found to feed mainly on algae and decayed wood, not on mangrove leaves. A synopsis of pertinent data from literature (Table 2) yielded 30 further species names of tree-climbing crabs. Like in Trinidad, most of these belong to systematic groups comprising many or only semiterrestrial species. The trees ascended are mangroves in about half of all cases. Motives, grades, phyletic routes, predispositions and consequences of the habit of tree-climbing are discussed.

Description: The study of some newly collected material from the West Indies may justify a fourth paper on Caribbean Tenebrionidae in these “Studies”. Thanks to dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK’S collecting work, the Tenebrionid fauna of the Antilles and the adjacent South American mainland shores may be considered to be pretty well known — at least as far as the Melasomes are concerned. Thus zoogeographical conclusions — though not differing essentially from those published in 1962 — appear to have a rather solid basis. Unfortunately much less is known about planticolous Tenebrionids, which anyhow are relatively less interesting for zoogeographical purposes, than the geophilous ones. We also had the privilege of consulting the collections of the I.N.R.A. at Guadeloupe (see MARCUZZI & D’AGUILAR 1971) which considerably increased our knowledge of the Tenebrionid fauna of that and neighbouring islands. Several specimens on hand at the Institute of Marine Biology, Mayagüez, proved extremely useful for obtaining a better knowledge of the Tenebrionid fauna of the old, sedimentary island of Puerto Rico. In a few single cases material from other sources (British Museum, Museum G. Frey and the private collection of the author) has been used.

Description: Some twenty-five years have passed since short descriptions were published of marine and saltpond habitats sampled in the Caribbean during three zoological collecting trips made by the author in 1930, 1936/37 and 1948/49 (these Studies, vol. 4, no. 17, 1953). Sampling of the shallow coastal waters of the Caribbean was continued in 1955, 1963/64, 1967, 1968, 1970 and 1973, during six visits the main purpose of which was not always the study of the marine fauna. Although collecting was done single-handed and rather incidentally, with no other equipment than a knife, fine-meshed nets, formaldehyde and alcohol, the material collected proved to be sufficiently valuable for scientific purposes to justify the publication of a list of the new marine localities. In this paper the descriptions of the “Marine Habitats”, published in 1953 (p. 56-58) are included, but those of the “Salt Pond Habitats” (p. 69-77) are only referred to.

Description: During a study still in progress on the fauna of phreatic waters of various West Indian islands, a number of isopods of the family Microparasellidae were obtained. Although material from some 20 Caribbean islands was examined, only the island of Bonaire yielded microparasellid isopods so far. These animals are described in the present paper. Up to now, the only other West Indian records for the family are those of COINEAU & BOTOSANEANU, 1973, from Cuba. The methods employed are the same as in my previous study (STOCK, 1976a) on the Antillean Thermosbaenacea. All chlorinities have been determined with the aid of an E.E.L. electric chlorinimeter.

Description: In 1973, 1974 and 1975 I visited St. Maarten, Netherlands Antilles. During these visits I spent much time observing birds on this island, while short excursions were also made to the neighbouring islands Saba and St. Eustatius. The periods of our visits were: ST. MARTIN: 7-19 April, 30 April-3 May and 11-19 May 1973, 1-7 and 16-27 February, 2-11 and 18-31 December 1974, 6-13 January 1975. SABA: 4-8 May 1973. ST. EUSTATIUS: 8-10 May 1973, 8-15 February and 12-17 December 1974.

Description: Since publication of “The Amphibia of Trinidad” (KENNY 1969) some minor errors have been drawn to the attention of the author. Also, it has been possible to do some additional field observations which have resulted in a new record for Trinidad and the extension of the distribution of two species. This short paper summarises this new information.

Description: The quantitative distribution of some important benthic invertebrates in a shallow inshore area of Kiel Bay (Western Baltic Sea) is described. This region is partly polluted by domestic sewage from the municipality of Kiel. Three groups of species are distinguished with reference to their densities and other population parameters in the different subareas: Progressive species of the 1st and 2nd order indicate a high and moderate to slight degree of pollution respectively by high population numbers. Regressive species are adverse indicators, absent or occurring in exceptionally low numbers in affected areas. In many cases the examination must be concentrated on sand bottom, because a series of species normally dwelling on aufwuchsbuild up dense populations in sand, if it is organically enriched. The polychaetes Capitella capitata, Nereisdiversicolor and Polydora ligni are regarded as progressive species of the first order. The amphipods Corophium insidiosum and Gammarus salinus, the mussel Mytilus edulis, the polychaete Pygospio elegans, the snail Hydrobia ulvae, and some other invertebrates belong to the group of indicators for slight organicpollution. The main regressive species are the amphipod Bathyporeia sarsi and the mite Copidognathus fabriciusi.

Description: In-situ investigations on the life of the common sea star (Asterias rubens L.) were carried out in 1976, employing the Underwater Laboratory 'Helgoland' in Lübeck Bay (Western Baltic Sea). The abundance of A. rubens amounted to 2-31 m SUP--2 on sediment (fine sand), and to 324-809 m SUP--2 on mobile algal carpets drifting over the bottom. Actual population parameters (abundance, size class distribution) areinfluenced by both substrate quality and drifting. Stomach investigations revealed prey-size selectivity: small sea stars feed mainly on the snail Hydrobia ulvae when living on the sediment, but on mussel brood (Mytilus edulis) in the phytal. The principal food items of larger sea stars are the sand-dwelling clam Macoma baltica and the phytal-living isopod Idotea baltica respectively. A.rubens is very adaptive to the food availability; the diversity of its diet corresponds to the species diversity found in its environment. A change of biotope during active or passive migrations causes switching. The sea star is able to catch motile animals and to dig outinfaunal clams. It exhibits a diurnal feeding pattern related to light periodicity; the activity decreases at night. The average frequency of feeding is highly dependent on predator body size; it declines with growth. In situ-experiments indicate an exponential relationship between the feeding duration upon M. baltica and the quotient of clam size to logarithm of sea-star size. An approach is made toward a rough estimate of macrofauna consumption by A. rubens on sediment. The sea star seems to be an important predator and thus a competitor of demersal fishes on soft bottoms of the western Baltic Sea.

Description: Aspects of the life cycle of the cumacean D. rathkei, the most important food item of demersal fishes in the Western Baltic Sea, were investigated from the Underwater Laboratory (UWL) 'Helgoland' in Lübeck Bay. In Aug the population density was 10.1 ±3.6 individuals 100 cm Super(-2) in fine-medium sand (Md = 292 µm), and 3.6 +- 2.4 individuals in coarser medium sand (Md = 470 µm). In both substrata, abundance values decreased until Oct, at each station to a different extent. Particular attention was paid to vertical migrations of D.rathkei. Plankton catches and numerous direct observations provided evidence that the pelagic phase, observed at night, is always combined with ecdysis. During short periods of high swarming andmoulting activities, the population structure changed considerably: juveniles of the 3rd stage dominated inearly Aug; thereafter they were replaced by 'prematures', the last juvenile stage. The first mature individualswere observed in Oct. Some data are given on growth rate.

Description: Abscission of anthers was found in most Cecropia species studied for a taxonomic treatment of this genus for the Amazon region of Brazil*. Cecropia is a common genus in the neotropics. It comprises about 80 species. Most of them are arborescent pioneer plants and common in more or less open (secondary) vegetation.

Description: The hydrophilous plant communities of Western Crete described and classified in this paper belong to the following classes: Potametea, Adiantetea, Phragmitetea, Molinio- Juncetea, Juncetea maritimi, Isoeto-Nanojuncetea and Alno-Populetea. Two new alliances and five new associations are described: Brachypodio-Holoschoenion, Dorycnio- Rumicion conqlomeratae. Dorycnio-Caricetum otrubae, Dorycnio-Cladietum marisci and Caricetum creticae (all Molinio-Juncetea), Acrocladio-Adiantetum (Adiantetea), and Juncetum subulato-maritimi (Juncetea maritimi).

Description: A syntaxonomic survey is given from the heathland communities in the Netherlands. The almost natural heathlands on coastal dunes belong to the Carici arenariae – Empetretum (Empetrion nigri) from dry or humid habitat and to the Empetro – Ericetum (Ericion tetralicis) from wet dune valleys. The antropogenous inland heaths belong to the Ericetum tetralicis (Ericion tetralicis) on wet peaty soils and to the Genisto – Callunetum and Vaccinio-Callunetum (Calluno-Genistion pilesoe) on humid to dry sandy soils. The latter association is confined to hilly districts with high precipitation. Ten new subassociations are described.

Description: Oil bodies in leaves variable in number, (2-)3-8(-13) per cell; subglobose to, more rarely, ellipsoid, 4-8(-12)x4—6 μm; colourless, rather coarsely to finely granulosepapillose, becoming homogeneous upon degeneration (Colombia, Cundinamarca, Cleef 78b, 3410b, 397b; ibid., Cauca, Cleef 679). Variation in number and morphology of the oil bodies apparently is characteristic for Lophocoleaceae, since it has been found not only in this and the other species of Lophocolea reported here but also in European material of Lophocolea and Chiloscyphus (unpubl. obs.).

Description: On 31 May 1976 Drs. A.J. Kostermans and C.E. Ridsdale, both of Leiden, set out on a 10 weeks botanical expedition to the Western Ghats in S. India as a summer holiday tour, partly financed by contributions from British Government Parliamentary Grant In Aid, administered by the Royal Society, London and the Treub Maatschappij, Utrecht. This support is most gratefully acknowledged. Part of the expenses were paid by the botanists themselves. Here follows their itinerary. The aim was to collect specimens of this area of the world where one of the earlier works on botany appeared: Rheede van Drakenstein, Hortus Malabaricus, 1678-1703. The area is greatly under-collected and many of the species are known only from a single collection. The area was studied by Bourdillon who was Conservator of Forests for over 30 years, but despite many efforts on his part he was unable to refind some 10% of the plants reported to occur in the area by Beddome and other previous workers. The later botanists collected in the hill stations and in the dry deciduous forest, the tropical evergreen forest, particularly its trees, being neglected.

Description: The Herbarium is arranged according to Christensen’s Index Filicum (1905). I examined all the Old World specimens in Dryopteris and Aspidium, both in the general herbarium and in the separate herbarium for China and Japan. It appears that the genera segregated by Christensen from Dryopteris (e.g. Pteridrys) in the Third Supplement to the Index (1954) have not been segregated in this herbarium. Type specimens have been removed by Dr. A. Bobrov and are in a separate series arranged alphabetically under basionyms. Selection of types was done rather hastily, and many of the specimens need critical study. For example, most Wallich specimens are filed as types of the names in Wallich’s catalogue, with no check as to whether the names have been subsequently validated. An additional complication is the fact that (especially in Thelypteridaceae) Wallich in several cases included specimens of two or three species under one number.

Description: The taxonomic study of this genus is, and always has been, severely hampered by the almost universal incompleteness of the material available in the herbarium. The vast majority of herbarium specimens, at least of the terrestrial species which comprise some 70% of the genus, consist of inflorescences alone, i.e. without vegetative parts. The aquatic species fare little better and although specimens are often more complete they are usually badly prepared so that vital characters such as the specifically characteristic branching of the foliar organs is completely obscured. Furthermore, in view of the very delicate nature of both the floral and vegetative parts, especially the complex and often very small traps, drying is rarely as satisfactory as preservation in liquid. This latter method, which has been increasingly used in recent years, can however produce relatively useless specimens if the incorrect liquid preservative is used. Having personally collected some 25% of the 180 known species both in Europe and the tropics of Africa and America the author feels qualified to offer some advice on the preparation of specimens of this genus for taxonomic study. 1) Dried specimens — Aquatic species should be put into a suitable receptacle (at least 0.5 m square) full of clean water about 15-20 cm deep. Gentle agitation will cause the vegetative parts to assume their natural position. A sheet of paper, either thin and suitably supported on a rigid sheet of metal or thicker and unsupported, is then carefully introduced beneath the floating plant and very gradually raised out of the water so that the plant eventually lies on the paper with all of its parts in their natural positions. The whole should then be dried as rapidly as possible in a ventilated press. Additional separate inflorescences (and infructescences) may of course be dried normally. Terrestrial species often have no very obvious vegetative parts as they are usually beneath the substrate. However it is the experience of the author that they are in fact almost always present and may be found by carefully removing a small piece of the substrate with the inflorescence. Gentle agitation in water may wash away the sand, soil or mud and these vegetative parts are again best displayed by ’floating out’ as for the aquatic species. If, as is frequently the case, the substrate is bound together by filamentous algae or the subterranean parts of other plants, the vegetative parts are difficult to separate and display, at least in the field, and in such cases the whole should be pressed.

Description: Index to J.J. Smith: Enumeration of the Orchidaceae of Sumatra (publ. in Fedde, Repert. 32, 1933, 130-386). — 32 pp. stenciled. Gratis. Index to C.L. Blume: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum vol. 2 (1856-1857). — 24 pp. offset. Gratis.

Description: Until recently the mycoflora of the West Frisian Islands has been rather neglected. In the last few years, however, members of both the Rijksherbarium and the Netherlands’ Mycological Society (N.M.V.) have been collecting more frequently on these islands. The results of their fieldtrips are promising for the future as many interesting and rare fungi have been found. In a previous paper (Noordeloos, 1975) I described a rare species of the genus Marasmiellus Murr., viz. M. caespitosus (Pat.) Sing. from the Island of Texel¹. I now want to introduce, from the same island, another member of the same genus.

Description: Mischocarpus Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 238, nom. cons.; Rumphia 3 (1849) 166; Radlk., Pfl. R. Heft 98 (1933) 1288—1310. — Cupania § Mischocarpus Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. I, 2 (1859) 566. — Type: M. sundaicus Bl. Pedicellia Lour., Fl. Coch. (1790) 655, nom. rejic. (see under dubious names). — Type: P. oppositifolia Lour. Mischocodon Radlk., Bot. jahrb. 50 (1913) 79; Pfl. R. Heft 98 (1933) 1327—1328. — Type: M. reticulatus Radlk. Shrubs or, sometimes large, trees, sometimes with a slender unbranched stem. Buttresses sometimes present (M. largifolius). Indumentum rather dense to sometimes very sparse, consisting of mostly appressed, short to long, brownish to ferruginous hairs; no glandular scales. Twigs brownish to reddish-brown to greyish. Axillary buds just above or, mostly in ramiflorous species, up to 6 mm above the base of the petiole. Leaves spirally arranged, paripinnate, the leaflets accrescent in size towards the top, 1—6-jugate, without stipules; petiole ± semi-terete, sometimes dorsiventrally flattened. Leaflets alternate to subopposite, petioluled, ratio 1.5—5(—8), widest below, in, or above the middle, sometimes curved downwards (in the herbarium showing a folded base and apex and sometimes an undulate or folded margin), sometimes bullate, pergamentaceous to coriaceous, when dry above mostly greyish-green, sometimes smooth and shiny, beneath mostly brownish-green, not papillose, above glabrous or hairy on midrib and nerves, beneath glabrous or hairy mainly on midrib, nerves and along the margin, between the nerves very sparsely appressedly short-hairy, often glabrescent; domatia often present in axils of main nerves; base equalsided, rarely slightly oblique, rounded or acute to blunt, decurrent; margin entire, flat or sometimes revolute; apex rounded or acute to blunt, mostly shortly mucronate, or ± acuminate or retuse or rarely emarginate; acumen rounded or acute, mostly slightly retuse; midrib above prominent to sunken, rounded or angular, sometimes carinate, beneath prominent, in cross-section about semi-circular, sometimes nearly completely circular ( M. grandissimus), slightly angular to the base; nerves not or sometimes indistinctly connected in the lower 0.5—0.75, in the upper part connected, about straight to rather strongly curved; intercalated veins present, sometimes indistinct; veins and veinlets nearly always forming a very regular reticulate pattern, dense; nerves, veins, and veinlets ± prominent on both faces, beneath stronger so than above, veinlets inconspicuous beneath. Inflorescences pseudoterminal, axillary, and ramiflorous (probably also cauliflorous in a few species), composed of one or more thyrsoid axes, these nearly always branched, erect to spreading, mostly slightly grooved, with stalked or sometimes sessile cymules, glabrous to densely hairy; cymules 1—7(—10)-flowered; pedicels 1—3(—5) mm; bracts triangular to lanceolate, sometimes subulate, outside glabrous or hairy, inside mostly glabrous. Flowers unisexual, probably mostly monoecious (dioecious in M. reticulatus?). Calyx spreading or cup-shaped, early expanding, 5 (rarely 6)-merous, connate for up to 65%, membranaceous to subcoriaceous, sometimes somewhat fleshy; lobes subequal, sometimes slightly imbricate at the base, triangular to ovate, outside variably hairy, inside glabrous or hairy, often only a row of hairs near the base sometimes hidden by the disk; apex acute, sometimes acuminate. Petals 0—5, from minute up to slightly longer than the calyx, apert, unguiculate or not, variably hairy, mostly on claw, base of plate, and auricles; plate elliptic to ovate, sometimes triangular or rhomboid; apex sometimes lobed; 2 auricles or scales mostly present, without crest. Disk complete or sometimes interrupted, annular or cup-shaped, sometimes surrounding base of stamens and confluent with pistil, glabrous or short-hairy. Stamens (5—)8(—9), exserted (sometimes rather long); filament thread-like, glabrous or appressedly to patent-hairy, more densely so to the base; anther basifixed, base and apex emarginate; connective sometimes with a lighter coloured wart at the top; thecae about ellipsoid, glabrous or sparsely hairy, smooth or papillose (most distinct when not yet exserted), dehiscence lateral or latero-introrse. Pistil 3-(rarely 2- or 4-) celled, glabrous or appressedly short-bairy; ovary stiped or almost sessile, about ellipsoid- to obovoid-triangular; style apical, shorter to slightly longer than ovary, the upper part either split in 3 ± recurved stigmatic lobes or almost undivided, bearing 3 stigmatic lines (M. exangulatus); ovules 1 per cell, apotropous, anatropous, ascending, base collar-like, surrounding micropyle and funiculus. Pistillode small, densely hairy to subglabrous. Infructescences sometimes with accrescent axes and pedicels; calyx present, sometimes accrescent, mostly glabrescent; disk present, not accrescent. Fruit nearly always distinctly stiped (in M. paradoxus only up to 1 mm), not lobed, the cells about equally developed but the ovules abortive in (1) 2 cells, loculicidal, up to 3.5 cm long, reddish when ripe, glabrous or hairy; stipe empty, 3-celled, cylindrical near the base, distally becoming triangular; seed bearing part triangular to rounded in cross-section, with elliptic to obovate valves, apiculate; valves thin to almost woody, mostly shrivelled after dehiscence; pericarp slightly fleshy; endocarp sclerenchymatic, either complete, lining valves (except for M. exangulatus also lining stipe) and distal parts of the septa, or incomplete, only along the sutures (see fig. 1g and 1h); septa membranaceous, at least in the proximal half; endocarp and septa glabrous or variably hairy. Seed sometimes pendulous by the appendix of the arillode, globose to ellipsoid; hilum adaxial, basal; testa shining, chestnutbrown, finally (nearly) completely covered by a thin-fleshy, translucent, bluish or yellow to orange arillode which is attached around hilum and micropyle; arillode nearly always (except M. paradoxus) with an appendix abaxial of the hilum and micropyle, descending into the stipe; cotyledons equal or not, folded or not; suture between cotyledons either transverse and straight, or curved (see fig. 1e and 1f). Plumule glabrous or variably hairy (not constant within one species).

Description: In 1969 I published, together with P. G. Heinsbroek, a paper on the anatomy of the stamens of Victoria amazonica. The flowers used in that study came from plants which were cultivated in the green-house of the Leiden Botanic Garden. Because the possibility could not be excluded that the structures then observed were partly the effect of greenhouse conditions, I subsequently took the opportunity to study flowers of well developed plants, which were cultivated in the open air under the tropical conditions of the Botanic Garden at Bogor*). The results were exactly the same. Apart from the set of central vascular bundles, normal in laminar structures, there proved to be a peripheral sheath of bundles consisting of abaxial bundles, terminating half way up the stamen, as well as adaxial bundles. All bundles run parallel and the central ones branch upwards into the fertile region of the stamen. The adaxial bundles anastomose at the lower end of the pollen sacs and one of the resulting anastomoses pursues its course in the middle between the thecae. In literature the last mentioned vascular bundle had been named the ‘auxiliary vein’ (Moseley, 1958). Its position is opposed to the normal median vein, and its xylem pole is inverted. This vein played a role in diverse morphological opinions on the flat stamens. American authors (Eames, 1961), who advocated the primitiveness of laminar stamen structure, disposed of the auxiliary vein by considering it as an insignificant vein. Schneider (1976) thinks the peripheral bundle system is explicable in functional terms. On the other hand, the discovery of the opposed median auxiliary vein was welcomed by authors like Leinfellner (1956), who thought, mainly on the ground of teratology, that the stamens are diplophyllous structures, that is consist of a dorsal and a ventral blade fused medianly. By this view the existence of apparently homogeneous laminar stamens in Ranales had been difficult to explain. However, now the auxiliary vein could be considered as the median vascular bundle of the fused ventral blade, as requested by the theory. Meeuse (1972) took up the suggestion brought forward in our paper of 1969, namely that the stamen vasculature consisted of a bract component (the abaxial bundles) and a flattened axis component (the central and adaxial bundles), in analogy with the Coniferous female cone scale. According to Meeuse this is proof of his thesis that the structure of the stamen in the Ranales is a bract amalgamated with an axial system. However, careful comparison with the results of Cécile Lemoine-Sebastian (a.o. 1972) show that the vascular patterns are different from a situation as described above.

Description: A comprehensive study of floral and vegetative anatomy of the monotypic New Caledonian genus Paracryphia Baker was initiated in an attempt to help clarify the evolutionary relationships of the genus. Detailed descriptions of leaf, axis, nodal, wood, floral, pollen, and fruit morphology and anatomy are presented. In general, most vegetative characters are distinctly primitive whereas those of the reproductive organs are regarded as advanced or specialized. The present study confirms the opinion that Paracryphia merits familial status. All previously suggested relationships of the genus are rejected in favor of a view that envisions Paracryphia as an independent and early divergence from the Thealean, Ericalean, and/or Celastralean lines of evolution. This view is based on similarities of Paracryphia with Sphenostemonaceae, Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in a number of characters.

Description: La faune isopodologique littorale des Antilles est peu connue et les études systématiques sont rares. Nous pouvons signaler, parmi les principaux travaux, ceux de MOORE (1901) et de MENZIES & GLYNN (1968), tous les deux sur Porto Rico; celui de RICHARDSON (1912) sur la faune terrestre et marine de Jamaïque et celui de GLYNN (1970) sur les Sphaeromidae de l’île Margarita (Vénézuéla). Les études de GLYNN (1968) sur les isopodes associés aux chitons de Porto Rico et celui de MENZIES (1957) sur les Limnoriidae de l’Amérique du Nord et Centrale sont aussi des contributions importantes. La faune isopodologique des Bermudes, elle, a été étudiée par RICHARDSON en 1902.

Description: This paper is the second (Florschütz & Florschütz-de Waard 1974) in the series of reports on cryptogams of Colombia, especially the high Andean bryophytes and lichens, in the framework of recent phytosociological and ecological studies in the area by A. M. Cleef and T. van der Hammen (Amsterdam) and his collaborators. The aim of these studies is to prepare comprehensive descriptions of the various Andean biota of Colombia as a basis for an evaluation of the biological diversity of the Andean environment of Colombia. This paper deals with the Hepaticae or liverworts and focuses on the structure of the oil bodies in the liverwort cell and the geographical and ecological distribution of the species. There are few papers on tropical Andean liverworts. The classical work by Spruce (1884-85) included liverworts of the Ecuadorian and Peruvian Andes. A large number of Andean taxa are treated in Fulford’s Manual of the leafy liverworts of Latin America (Fulford 1963, 1966, 1968, 1976) and the latter has been our main source of data on distribution of species. Some ecological notes on tropical Andean taxa are found in the works of Herzog (1934, 1955), Robinson (1967) and Winkler (1976), who for the first time presented a synthesis of liverwort species distribution in relation to Andean vegetation typology in a limited area in Northern Colombia.

Description: The present paper is the result of a study of Dorstenia mainly made on behalf of the Floras of Cameroun and Gabon. It presents, as a precursor to the treatment in those Floras, some general remarks on the genus Dorstenia, a key to the species, a survey of the taxa distinguished, new combinations and new taxa, the synonymy (as far as based on study of types), and distribution.

Description: Alberta Maria Wilhelmina Mennega — Bep voor haar vele vriendinnen en vrienden — werd op 14 augustus 1912 geboren in Nijmegen waar ze ook haar jeugd doorbracht. Zij doorliep daar de lagere school en de Gemeentelijke H.B.S. met 6-jarige kursus. Op 13 juli 1929 legde zij het examen H.B.S. B af waarna zij zich in hetzelfde jaar liet inschrijven als studente in de Biologie aan de Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht. Dat het Biologie werd was niet verwonderlijk: zij had een open oog en oor voor de toen nog zoveel rijkere natuur van de omgeving van haar geboortestad. Reeds op jeugdige leeftijd tuinierde ze met enthousiasme, een enthousiasme dat ze tot de huidige dag behouden heeft getuige de fraaie tuinaanleg rond haar mooie huis in Bilthoven. Haar ouders stimuleerden haar liefde voor de natuur, niet in het minst op de vele reizen die ze met haar maakten in Nederland en de naburige landen. Deze reizen hebben diepe indruk op haar gemaakt: ze kan er nog steeds smakelijk over vertellen. Als jong studente in de Biologie was ze in haar eerste jaar — één van de jongsten van haar jaar — een wat stille figuur maar geleidelijk werd ze binnen het biologenjaar 1929 een zeer gewaardeerde bindende kracht, vooral door haar hulpvaardigheid en grote belangstelling in het wel en wee van haar jaargenoten. Ze woonde toen in het huis van de zangpedagoge mevrouw Jeannette Molsbergen — tante Mols voor haar huisgenoten — waar generaties van meisjesstudenten een gezellig tehuis vonden.

Description: Auf Isla Persa, einer Gletscherinsel auf 2450-2850 m Höhe in der Süd-Ost-Schweiz (Berninagebiet), wurden im Sommer 1973 und 1974 floristische und ökologische Untersuchungen vorgenommen. Es wurden 114 Moosarten auf der Insel gefunden. Ausführliche Standortsdaten werden für jede Art gesondert gegeben. Zugleich wurden 7 verschiedene ökologische Nischen unterschieden, und zwar 5 Nischen mit wenig Arten und 2 Nischen mit vielen Arten. In den erstgenannten Nischen finden wir extreme Standorte, wie schnell fliessendes Wasser von Schmelzwasserbächen, exponierten Fels und sandig-lehmige Alluvionen. In den letztgenannten Nischen finden wir geschützte Stellen mit gut entwickeltem Boden. In diesen Nischen kommen einige Arten vor, die aus der Literatur nur von niedriger gelegenen Fundorten bekannt sind. Zur Verdeutlichung der öklologischen Variation innerhalb einer einzelnen Nische werden in einer Tabelle die Arten in einer solchen Reihenfolge ausgeführt, daß ein allmählicher Übergang der ökologischen Faktoren sichtbar wird.

Description: Publication date: TURCZANINOW, N. Flora baicalensi-dahurica. See F.A. Stafleu, Taxon 18 (1969) 563-565. Analysis of the publication in instalments in the Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 15-30 (1842-1857) and on the reprint in book-form, of which the last part seems to have priority. Flora of Thailand. Volume 3 is devoted to Pteridophyta, of which authors are the late Dr. Motozi Tagawa and Dr. Kunio Iwatsuki. The manuscript of Part 1 has already been sent to the press, expecting to be issued sometime in the first part of 1978. Manuscripts of Volume 2 Part 4 are still in course of preparation, hoping to be ready for the press about the same time.

Description: When Dr. R.E. Holttum kindly submitted the following essay review of two papers on Cyatheaceae, a suggestion that Dr. R.M. Tryon be enabled to reply was welcomed by both pteridologists. The editor feels grateful to them for their contribution. First Dr. R.E. Holttum: GASTONY, G.J. Spore morphology in the Cyatheaceae. I. The perine and sporangial capacity: General considerations. Amer. J. Bot. 61 (1974) 672-680. GASTONY, G.J. & R.M. TRYON. Ibid. II. The genera Lophosoria, Metaxyas Sphaeropteris, Alsophila and Nephelea. Amer. J. Bot. 63 (1976) 735-758.

Description: According to rough estimate, in these years one quarter of the hardwood in the international timber market comes from Dipterocarpaceae: keruing, meranti are the best-known names. It was a good idea to convene a conference for a review of the available knowledge on this family, which is best represented in Malesia with 380 species. Most of them occur in Borneo, Malaya, Sumatra and the Philippines, in that order. About 35 botanists – too few of them from the region itself – attended the 3-day session, on 14, 15, and 16 June 1977. Organizer was Mme. Géma Maury of Brunoy near Paris, whose work in Malaya on seedlings of the family was mentioned on pages 2565-2566 of the Flora Malesiana Bulletin. Host was Professor J.F. Leroy, Director of the Paris Herbarium. (In his speech he spoke of the Dipterocarpaceae as a kind of Drosophila of tropical forestry. A nice feat of French originality!). Professor Jean Dorst, general Director of the Paris biological museums, opened the conference and later treated the participants to champagne. (His name in Dutch would mean ’thirst’).

Description: In recent years the wood collection at the Rijksherbarium was greatly expanded following a renewed interest in wood anatomy as an aid for solving classification problems. Staff members of the Rijksherbarium added to the collection by taking interesting wood samples with them from their expeditions (e.g. from Sumatra by De Wilde & De Wilde-Duyfjes, from Borneo, the Philippines and New Guinea (climbers!) by Jacobs, from Thailand by Van Beusekom and Geesink, and from various localities in Indonesia by De Vogel). The nucleus of the Leiden wood collection remains the BW series from New Guinea expanded by collections by Kalkman, Vink and Van Royen. In spite of these valuable resources to draw upon for comparative wood anatomical work the Leiden wood collection remains underrepresented with respect to the Malesian area. Botanists and Foresters and Curators of Institutional Wood Collections are therefore kindly requested to consider sending wood samples to the Rijksherbarium, preferably accompanied by herbarium vouchers and complete collecting data. Field collectors frequently ask from which part of a tree to collect and how to do it. Since so much depends on facilities in the field no strict rules can be given — in fact each piece of wood is welcome as long as we know whether it came from a thick branch, from the stem-sapwood (in so-called shashes) or whether it is a model sample collected at breast height from a straight-boled tree. Wood is not confined to trees, and with the current interest in habit—anatomy relationships samples from shrubs and climbers are also most welcome. Also for purely taxonomic work wood anatomical studies are often hampered because no material is available of crucial species which never grow bigger than understorey treelets or shrubs.

Description: The suggestions made above will doubtless require some more time in the field spent in studying the collections made during a day. It may even occur that one has to return somewhat earlier to camp if gatherings were successful. However, the time that the prime focus for exploring was to grab as much as one could lies behind us. What we need most is well-documented, rich, fertile collections for scientific pursuit. c/o Rijksherbarium, Leiden C.G.G.J. van Steenis

Description: i Each living creature on earth has the right to exist, independent of its usefulness to humans. ii Every effort should be made to preserve all species of animal and plant life from premature extinction. Special protection should be afforded to those species whose survival is already threatened.

Description: This booklet gives an introduction to the study of the genus Lactarius and a survey of its European species. Keys are presented; variability and relationships of the species are amply discussed.

Description: Based on type studies, the following genera are reclassified: Petalosporus, Disarticulatus, and Plunkettomyces as synonyms of Arachniotus; Gymnascella, Gymnoascoides, Macronodus, Tripedotrichum, and Uncinocarpus as synonyms of Gymnoascus, and Kuehniella as a synonym of Arachnotheca. The question of the type species of Arachniotus is discussed. Rollandina is considered to be a nomen confusum; sensu Apinis (1970) it belongs to Nannizzia. The accepted genera of the Gymnoascaceae are briefly reviewed.

Description: Examination of four collections of Psathyrella frustulenta sensu A. H. Smith and four of P. frustulenta sensu Romagn. revealed that the former species is distinguished from the latter by its strongly developed veil and habitat (woods) and that there are considerable microscopic differences between the two (spore size, number and shape of pleurocystidia, pattern of cellular lining of gill edge). The former species is to be regarded as conspecific with Agaricus frustulentus Fries, the latter as conspecific with P. clivensis (Berk. & Br.) P. D. Orton. It is argued that the name P. fibrillosa was misapplied by J. E. Lange and A. H. Smith to a species for which the name P. friesii is introduced. Descriptions of P. friesii, P. frustulenta, P. clivensis, and P. obtusata are given.

Description: Arrhenechthites haplogyna (F. Mueller) Mattfeld was originally described as Senecio haplogynus F. Mueller (Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria 1, 1899: 14), based on rather poor material collected by Sir William MacGregor from Mount Knutsford. Von Mueller remarks that the species could be placed both in Senecio or Erechthites, basing himself on the statement by Bentham and Hooker in the Genera Plantarum 2 (1873) 208, ‘that occasionally some solely pistillate flowers occur in species of Senecio, hence the only characteristic which separates Erechthites from Senecio, is unreliable, and therefore the present plant may be placed in either genus’. Mattfeld (Bot. Jahrb. 69, 1938: 292) creates a new genus, Arrhenechthites, and moves Senecio haplogynus into this genus, after originally having it placed in Erechthites (Bot. Jahrb. 62, 1929: 442). The grounds on which Arrhenechthites is distinguished in the first place from Erechthites, and secondly from Senecio, are rather flimsy but distinct. From both Arrhenechthites differs in having all marginal florets fertile but having sterile ovaries in the disk florets. The genus Erechthites differs from Senecio by having style arms with a crown of divergent hairs surrounding an appendage of fused papillose hairs. In Senecio this same crown of divergent hairs is present but the tips of the style arms are truncate or bluntly appendaged. Applying these data to von Muellers species it is clear that it is a species of Arrhenechthites and not a Senecio.

Description: Female inflorescences in several stages of development of Salacca edulis Reinw. were collected from stands in the Kebun Raya at Bogor and near the village Depok, West Java. In addition to this, material of S. wallichiana Mart. collected in the Kebun Raya, Bogor, was used in this morphological study*). Salacca belongs to the subfamily Lepidocaryoideae of Palmae, which is distinguished by its large fruit scales. As one of the results of the present study I could observe that the early development of these scales takes place in the epidermal cells of the young ovaries. The Lepidocaryoideae are furthermore distinguished by the position of their ovules. In Palms there is one axillary basal ovule in each locule. Usually the ovules are ascendent and anatropous, the micropylae facing the dorsal walls of the locules. In Lepidocaryoideae, however, the micropylae face the central column of the ovary. Uhl & Moore (1971), who recently published a morphological study on the Palm gynoecium, think that the ovules in this group have turned 180 degrees. These authors studied Plectocomiopsis geminiflorus, and their results are very similar to mine in Salacca. The vascular bundle in the funicle is reported to be twisted, which is regarded as evidence of the turning of the ovule.

Description: Consequently upon a revision of Mischocarpus (Van der Ham, 1977a), a detailed study has been made of several characters in Arytera in order to get a better understanding of the delimitation of the two genera mutually. The differences between Mischocarpus and Arytera given by Radlkofer (1931) in his key are vague and can only be used when fruiting material is available. However, several species in Arytera were described by him and others on flowering material only. Two species of Mischocarpus could be connected with species of Arytera. One species of Arytera appeared to be the same as Mischocarpus exangulatus. M. exangulatus has, besides typical Mischocarpus characters, several features unique in Mischocarpus but more regularly occurring in Arytera. Radlkofer distinguished 4 sections with 24 species. A few more species were described afterwards but were not placed in a section. When searching for new characters on which to base a better delimitation against Mischocarpus, variation in several characters of Arytera turned out to be rather wide for a genus within the Cupanieae. Moreover, these variations appeared to be discontinuous. With help of a few characters, groups of species could be formed which are more natural and better based than the sections made by Radlkofer. Several species or groups of species turned out to be wrongly placed or at least dubious in Arytera. Even the naturalness of Arytera as provisionally accepted here can be questioned. The material studied mainly comes fom L and M (types of Radlkofer). Material of nearly all species was available.

Description: The name Delpya, with the specific epithet muricata, was used for the first time in 1895 by Pierre under plate 328 of his ‘Flore forestière de la Cochitichine’ (in honour of his draughtsman E. Delpy, who was the illustrator of that flora). The generic name was invalid, however, as in the accompanying text it is mentioned as a synonym under Paranephelium muricatum, the name under which the species is described. In 1910 Radlkofer validated the name Delpya, but made it illegitimate by reducing the name Sisyrolepis, validly described by himself in 1905, to it. Since then, the illegitimate name Delpya has always been used. The synonymy of the genus and of the only species recognized under it, as far as known to me, is as follows: SISYROLEPIS Sisyrolepis Radlk. in F. N. Williams, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II, 5 (1905) 222. — Type: S. siamensis Radlk. Delpya Pierre [Fl. Coch. (1895) t. 328, nom. inval. (Code 1972, Art. 34, 1)] ex Radlk., Not. Syst. 1 (1910) 304, nom. illeg. — Type: D. muricata Radlk. Sisyrolepis muricata (Pierre) Leenh., nov. comb. Paranephelium muricatum Pierre, Fl. Coch. (1895) text accompanying t. 328. — Delpya muricata Pierre [Fl. Coch. (1893) t. 328, nom. inval.] ex Radlk., Not. Syst. 1 (1910) 306, nom. illeg. — Type: Pierre 4113 (P). Sisyrolepis siamensis Radlk. in F. N. Williams, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II, 5 (1905) 222. — Type: Zimmermann 123 (BKF, n.v.). Nephelium pubescens Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 59 (1911) 88. — Type: Keith 361 (SING) Paranephelium fallax Gagnep., Not. Syst. 13 (1947) 66. — Type: Poilane 14944 (P). Distribution: Thailand and Cambodia.

Description: Distribution maps of the 39 species of Chilopoda observed in the Netherlands based on the material in the collections of the Zoölogisch Museum at Amsterdam and the Rijksmuseum voor Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden, and on records in literature. Some comments are given on the habitat preference of the species.

Description: 1. 2400 specimens were collected on Engelsmanplaat during 24 days in the period from the middle of May until the beginning of August 1975. This small, sandy, island is situated between Ameland and Schiermonnikoog. It is inundated several times a year. The 2400 specimens belong to more than 83 species. More than 1700 specimens attributed to 46 species were identified with certainty. 2. Judging from the literature 93% of the 1700 specimens seem to be able to develop in biotopes as present on the Engelsmanplaat. Three species, Fucellia maritima Hal., Rhicnoessa grisea Fall., and Helcomyza ustulata Curt. were present in such a high number, that it is quite reasonable to suppose they can survive on Engelsmanplaat during the whole summer. Together they form almost 90% of the total number of specimens collected. 3. It seems that small Diptera were primarily brought to the island in a passive way in a weathertype with a lot of thermals, but that bigger species on the contrary came in a more active way on days with calm weather. 4. Since only a small number of characteristic species has been collected in comparison with the number known of the larger islands in the Waddenzee, that are not inundated several times a year as Engelsmanplaat, and since most islands biotopes have a poorer Diptera-fauna than comparable biotopes on the mainland it is suggested that dispersion by wind is more exception than rule. 5. Arguments are provided the wrack-zone in three sub-zonations of which each may have its own biocoenose.

Description: 1. In this paper, a study of Rotifers has been made of extensive material, collected in the Caribbean province by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, between 1930 and 1973. 2. 64 species of Rotifers have been found. For 19 of these, particulars are given on their morphology, ecology and biogeographical distribution. 3. Lecane plesia MYERS 1936 has been redescribed; the taxonomical status of Hexarthra intermedia brasiliensis has been discussed. 4. Three new species have been described: Colurella althausae, Euchlanis perpusilla and Lecane hummelincki. 5. Comments are given on Brachionus calyciflorus with large postero-lateral spines and on a giant form of Tripleuchlanis plicata.

Description: In a previous paper (STOCK, 1976b) I described, after a fortuitous find of a single specimen, an Ingolfiellid from a brackish well in Bonaire under the name of Ingolfiella (Gevgeliella) putealis. Financial support of the “Treub Maatschappij” (Utrecht) permitted me to revisit Bonaire in June 1976. At this occasion, a rich additional material of I. (G.) putealis could be collected in several brackish wells on the island; moreover, samples from a freshwater spring in Bonaire and from a marine interstitial habitat in Curaçao yielded Ingolfiellids as well, which proved to belong to undescribed species. This brings the total number of species known from the West Indies to three. Thanks are due to Mr. P. HOETJES and Mr. E. WESTINGA, for attempts to collect additional material from several localities in Curaçao, and Mr. J. HERRERA, Kralendijk, Bonaire, for hospitality on his estates Fontein and Bacuna.

Description: The origin of the Antillean inland water fauna is discussed. It is assumed that the West Indian islands have been populated along three different lines: by dispersal, by divergence (fragmentation) and by stranding of marine elements during regression periods. – The phylogeny of the hadziid amphipods appears to correspond with the Regression Model. – The members of hadziid group are enumerated, the differences between the genera are tabulated and keyed. – The type-species of the genus Hadzia, H. fragilis, is re-examined. Hadzia taveresi is transferred to the new genus Metahadzia. – The genus Metaniphargus is re-surrected; its type-species M. curasavicus is re-described after topotypes and divided into two subspecies. Of M. nicholsoni, M. beattyi, and M. jamaicae descriptive notes, based on typical or topotypical material, are provided. Four new taxa of Metaniphargus are described from Aruba, Curaçao, St. Martin, Anguilla, and Puerto Rico. — A new genus, Saliweckelia, with two new species, is described from anchihaline localities in Curaçao and Bonaire.

Description: The death of Peter Florschütz, on 27 May 1976, deprived the world of bryology of another of its spiritual leaders. Having fully regained scientific momentum after a period of managerial and organisational involvements connected with the changes in Dutch University life which occurred in the late sixties and early seventies, Florschütz had succeeded in starting a promising school of Utrecht cryptogamists, when, almost abruptly, death ended what would have become his scientific fulfilment. Peter Arnold Florschütz was born in the Hague on 16 March 1923. His father, Gaspard Florschütz, was a chief inspector of the Hague city police and his mother was Elizabeth Philippina Engelina Scharwachter. He is survived by his mother, his wife, his three children and two sisters.

Description: New data on cladoptosis in the group of Moraceae which was known up to now as the tribe Olmedieae led to a reconsideration of the position of Olmedia, Antiaropsis, and Sparattosyce. The remainder of the tribe is redefined and is named Castilleae.

Description: From morphological and anatomical study it is clear that the dilated leaf bases of Metrodorea can be regarded as sheaths. They are not homologous with the spines of Raulinoa, as suggested by Cowan. The outgrowths on the ovules and immature seeds of Pilocarpinae have to be regarded as obturators.

Description: The anatomy of the secondary xylem of the Rubiaceae confirms the relationship between genera and tribes as delimited and arranged by recent authors (Bremekamp, Verdcourt). Two character complexes can be distinguished, the distribution of which is in accordance with the classification of the genera and tribes and to a certain degree of subfamilies as well. Exceptions to this rule occur, but mostly in genera of an uncertain taxonomic position. Henriquezia is an example. Cinchona, by some taxonomists considered to be congeneric with Ladenbergia, differs in its wood anatomy from that genus and from the other Cinchoneae. Rubia fruticosa and other woody members of the chiefly herbaceous tribe Rubieae deviate so strongly in their xylem structure from the other Rubiaceae that an excentric position in the family is suggested.

Description: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae — b) Fungi & Lichens — c) Bryophytes — d) Pteridophytes — e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk: *.

Description: By January 1977 the following families in Flora Malesiana manuscript were about ready for the press: Anacardiaceae, Bignoniaceae, Cornaceae, Crypteroniaceae, Iridaceae, Labiatae, Lentibulariaceae, Onagraceae, Symplocaceae, and Ulmaceae. In the middle of the year, the Cunoniaceae are expected to be completed. Together these revisions will be published in the course of 1977 in two instalments, completing Volume 8. Of Series ii Pteridophytes, a 4th instalment will also be published during 1977: the Lomariopsis Group. Volume 7 was completed, with Title Page, Dedication to H.J. Lam, Addenda, Index, and binding in the second half of 1976. If you so far have not received all parts, contact Academic Book Services, Box 66, Groningen, The Netherlands.

Description: Plant species protection seems a popular concept nowadays, which leads to the preparation of Red Data Lists, and of sheets for recognition. Such an approach may be sensible in civilized temperate countries with a poor flora widely known; in the humid tropics it is out of the question. There are too many species, and neither books nor people are available to identify them, not to speak of implementation. Besides, dealing with species as isolated entities easily creates the impression that protecting such species would be of any help, to the neglect of the only effective way of conservation: wholesale protection of primary ecosystems. The latter concept, however, is difficult to convey to the public; it is too complex to create a lasting, vivid impression. To the Malesian botanist, who in the wake of C.G.G.J. van Steenis and M.M.J. van Balgooy has learnt to think in terms of genera (see Blumea Suppl. 6, 1971, 38-49) to make plant geographical counts and to judge progress in taxonomy, the concept of endangered plant genera presents itself naturally. It cannot, however, be regarded as the same thing as a species but in a higher rank. Durio as a genus is clearly in grave danger to be decimated by loggers, but nobody would think of forbidding the trade of durian fruits, or even of durian timber, a kind of softwood occasionally used for the crates in which our specimens are shipped. According to A.J. Kostermans (Reinwardtia 4, 1958, 357-460) who monographed the genus, there are 27 species, of which D. zibethinus is known only in cultivation. The nucleus of the genus occurs in west-Malesia, in Sumatra with 7 species, 0 endemic, in Malaya with 11 species, 5 endemic, in Borneo with 19 species, 14 endemic, and smaller occurrences around this area. Several species are known to have fine fruits, and it is evident that the gene pool must be preserved in the interest of breeding and genetic improvement, so that the spectrum of adaptation, resistance, and fruit quality is broadened. Similar examples can be worked out for Artocarpus, Citrus, Garcinia, Mangifera, Myristica, Musa, Nephelium, and others which are all outstanding as future losses if the governments in Malesia continue to allow their forests to be devastated under whatever pretext.

Description: Dr. P.S. Ashton (ABD) visited Malaya and Indonesia early in 1978. He is now a member of the newly formed Committee on Research Priorities in Tropical Biology of the U.S. Academy of Sciences. At Kew, Mr. H.M. Burkill is continuing his work on the Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa, and is nearing the completion of volume 1, families A—E, 1570 species.

Description: Amaranthaceae. Dr. J.F. Veldkamp (L) will propose, in Taxon, to reject Alternanthera ficoidea in favour of A. tenella Colla. At CANB, Alternanthera/Gomphrena are being studied by Dr.

Description: Carnatic Flora, S. India, is a project of the Rapinat Herbarium, St. Joseph’s College (RHT), Tiruchirapalli 620 002, India (see p. 2012). The area is between about 11°-12° N 78°- 80° E. Work is set up with a hope to make more materials available than Gamble & Fischer and Fyson could study and to improve their books. A 5 year’s project, financed by the University Grants Commission, was started in c. 1975. It is indeed very desirable that good collections are made, and distributed without delay. Sale of Ashton’s Ecology of Dipterocarps in Brunei. Due to overstocking, a limited number of this excellent book (see p. 1281-1282, 1965) are now available at £ 3.25 (cash with order) from The Librarian, Forestry, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, England.

Description: Reviewing the conservation situation in Indonesia, we see that concern for animals outweighs that for plants. Sumatra with its richer fauna of large mammals, is better cared for than Borneo with its richer flora*. Too often in the reports, a forest is called a forest, to the neglect of the amazing diversity among the lowland primary rain forests. The absence of botanical expertise beyond the surface is evident throughout, and but occasionally regretted. In view of the great species diversity, and of the fact that this is located in primary vegetations, for animals of nearly all groups as well as for plants, plant conservation clearly comprises at least half the conservationist’s job, in a humid tropical forest region like Malesia. A botanist’s contribution can be summarized in the following areas: 1) State of the vegetation. Most instructive is the table in R.F. DASMANN e.a., ’Ecological Principles for Economic Development’ (1973) p. 60-61, where an elementary comparison is given between Pioneer, Early secondary, Late secondary, and Climax forest, on 21 points, and the table by VAN STEENIS in UNESCO, ’Natural resources of humid tropical Asia’ (1974), p. 274-275 (in the ’Botanical Panorama’) reviewing all the many factors that exert an influence on vegetations. This is all done in the field; air and ERTS photographs can help. 2) Floristic composition and wealth. These, of course, determine much of the conservation potential of an area, and its position among other reserves as a complete representation of botanical diversity. This diversity is reflected in its value as a gene pool and as a silvicultural resource. This work is done during quick field surveys (or long ones if collections are made for taxonomic purposes) but much can be accomplished in the Herbarium as well. 3) Identifying the useful plants, sources of minor forest products (like rattans, fibre plants, medicinal or toxic plants, wild fruit trees, etc.). A quick survey of I.H. BURKILL’s ’Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula’ (1966), native plants only, revealed that no less than about one third of the flowering plant species in Malaya are useful in some way. 4) Assessment of research potential, on account of important plant families which occur, in view of the state of taxonomic, ecological, phytochemical knowledge about them. This work must be done in the field. 5) Setting up an infra-structure for biological research. The diversity in a reserve is roughly to be mapped, trails laid out, common plant species marked, identified, labelled, voucher specimens collected and made available. 6) Scanning of literature, in order to support other workers. Only a botanist can be expected to have access to the many publications on reserves, vegetations, landscapes, plant families and genera, and to have an idea about their very unequal value. 7) Interpreting vegetation maps, which are a many-purpose instrument to land assessment and integrated planning, as well explained by A.W. KÜCHLER in his book ”Vegetation mapping’ (1967). The ’International bibliography of vegetation maps’ vol. 3 (1968) by the same author lists the maps of Malesia and parts of it. 8) Decision-making, based on all foregoing points. Which areas are worth keeping, what gaps are there to be filled, what measures are to be taken or not to be taken to enhance their conservation value. 9) Advising and contributing to integrated development, with regard to land use planning, reforestation, watershed management, and other activities in which conservation must play a part. 10) Algologists are indispensable with regard to fisheries, and in general, management of open water resources and coasts. If we are to specify the qualifications of a conservation botanist for Malesia, it is evident that he must have a wide knowledge of plant families, and be at home in taxonomic reference works. It should also be emphasized, that there are considerable botanical differences between on the one hand Sumatra Malaya Java Lesser Sunda Islands Borneo Philippines, and on the other Celebes Moluccas New Guinea Solomons. Particularly New Guinea holds a place of its own, also because of the fauna, and of the characteristic patterns of landownership which reflects upon conservation policy.