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  • Chemical Engineering  (989)
  • 1980-1984  (478)
  • 1970-1974  (282)
  • 1955-1959  (229)
  • 1980  (478)
  • 1970  (282)
  • 1956  (130)
  • 1955  (99)
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  • 1980-1984  (478)
  • 1970-1974  (282)
  • 1955-1959  (229)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of void volume and prandtl modulus on heat transfer in tube banks and packed beds (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 342-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A correlation is presented relating the heat transfer characteristics of cross-flow heat exchangers to the void-volume-and-tube-pitch ratio. A similar correlation is found to be applicable to heat and mass transfer in packed and fluidized beds and through screens.A limited amount of data has been obtained on the effect of the Prandtl modulus at high Reynolds numbers. These data seem to indicate, as do those for flow through tubes, that the Prandtl number exponent is a function of Reynolds number.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010312
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-solid contact in fluidized beds (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 349-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: According to the concept of two-phase fluidization, a part of the gas in a fluidized reactor passes through the uniform dispersed solid-gas phase in the form of bubbles, channels, and slugs. Material transport by mixing or diffusion takes place at the phase boundaries. A mass transfer coefficient between the two phases may be used to evaluate the effectiveness of contact between the gas and solid. The reaction rate for the catalytic decomposition of nitrous oxide was determined in a fluidized bed of impregnated alumina particles and compared with the corresponding rate in a fixed bed. Simultaneous rate equations were established based on the assumption that the continuous phase is either completely unmixed or uniformly mixed, and the discontinuous phase passes without mixing. The effects of the velocity of the gas, the particle size, and the bed depth on the transfer coefficient were investigated. Applications to heat transfer in fluidized beds and equipment design are discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010313
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of gas-fluidized solid systems by x-ray absorption (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 358-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: X-ray absorption is presented as a unique tool for the study of the fundamentals of gas fludization. For example, bed-density profiles, valuable indexes of the quality of fluidization, are readily determined by means of X-ray absorption. No internal probes, to interfere with the normal action within a fluidized bed, are involved.As an initial application of X-ray absorption to fluidization, the results of a study of the effect of mode of distribution of gas to a fluidized bed are presented. The importance of this variable, only superficially discussed in previous literature, is clearly shown by these results. Application of X-ray absorption to other chemical engineering operations is readily conceivable.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010315
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rate of fall of single liquid droplets (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 366-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of the terminal velocities of fall of liquid droplets in another phase liquid under stationary conditions. The studies include dimensional analysis, experimental work for collection of fall-velocity data, and photographic studies of the drop behavior. Six systems were studied for organic liquids insoluble in and heavier than water. The experimental conditions and procedure have been standardized.For any given system, as the drop size was increased the fall velocities of the droplets increased gradually, reached a maximum, and then fell off asymptotically. Two mechanisms have been postulated, (1) for the range where the fall velocities increased with an increase of drop size and (2) for the range where the fall velocities decreased with an increase of drop size, with the maximum velocity region corresponding to the transition from region 1 and 2.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010316
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism of heat transfer to fluidized beds (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 374-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to determine the nature of the resistance controlling heat transfer between fluidized beds and surfaces in contact with them, heat transfer measurements were made on the same solid constituents with several different fluidizing gases. The heat transfer coefficients obtained with fluidized beds are found to be proportional to the square root of the thermal conductivity of the quiescent beds. This result indicates that the process controlling fluidized heat transfer may be considered to be an unsteady-state diffusion of heat into mobile elements of quiescent bed material.This picture is analyzed mathematically to yield an equation for the heat transfer coefficient h = h \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ h = \sqrt {{\rm K}_{\rm m} \rho _{\rm m} cS} $\end{document} wherein the effects of the bed thermal properties are separated from the effects of the stirring factor S, which accounts for bed motion and geometry. The mass transfer analogue is also derived and shown to correlate existing mass and heat transfer data reasonably well.It is concluded that the proposed mechanism yields a satisfactory picture of the fluidized heat transfer process and may provide the beginnings of a rational approach to the correlation and prediction of fluidized heat transfer in engineering work.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010317
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion coefficients in hydrocarbon systems: n-Hexane in the gas phase of the methane - , ethane - , and propane - n-hexane systems (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 385-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental information concerning the molecular transport of the lighter hydrocarbons in the gas phase is limited. For this reason a study was made of the Maxwell diffusion coefficients of n-hexane in the gas phase of the methane-n-hexane, and propane-n-hexane systems.Maxwell diffusion coefficients were determined at steady state for pressures up to 70 lb./sq. in. at temperatures between 70° and 220° F. The effects of interfacial resistance were considered and uncertainties as to the behavior at the end of the transport path were eliminated. Coefficients were reported with partial pressure and with fugacity as the potential. Fick diffusion coefficients were calculated for each component on the assumption that the gas phase was an ideal solution.These data indicated that the Maxwell hypothesis with fugacity as the potential in an ideal solution is a fair description of the transport characteristics of the lighter hydrocarbons in the gas phase at relatively low pressures. A regular decrease in the Maxwell diffusion coefficient with an increase in the molecular weight of the stagnant component was observed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010318
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A note on equations of time (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 410-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010321
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical factors in propellant ignitionThis study was supported by U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station Contract N123-60530S-1980. It comprises part of a thesis to be presented by Ferron A. Olson in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of doctor of philosophy at the University of Utah. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 391-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of studying solid propellant ignition is described which utilizes detonating gas igniters. This article describes (1) conditions required for obtaining reproducible igniter systems and (2) results of application of the method to four well-known rocket propellants in which various “chemical” and “thermal” effects were brought out by suitable variations in the initial pressure and composition of the detonating gas igniter. Successful application of the detonating-gas-igniter method requires the use of steady state detonation waves, i.e., waves in which the detonation head has attained a steady “size” and momentum. Experimental data are presented which show that detonation (following the initial predetonation buildup) must travel 40 to 50 cm. in a 1-in. diam. steel tube before these steady state conditions are established in the systems studied.Results of studies by the detonating gas ignition method show that, besides the important purely physical effects of temperature and pressure, free oxygen and solid carbon in the igniter system are very effective in lowering the threshold ignition pressure. Moreover, increasing oxygen in the igniter markedly lowers the ignition time lag (τp) for appearance of an observable flame although it increases the time lag (τi) for appearance of reaction sufficient to cause the first measurable ionization in the reaction zone (τp ≫ τi). Although true flame-ignition time lags were observed to be of the order of several milliseconds, reaction of the propellant was observed to start within 1 msec. (possibly immediately) after collision of the detonation wave with the propellant.The detonating gas method is shown to provide a reliable measure of the relative ignition sensitivities of various rocket propellants.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010319
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Process engineering economics. Herbert E. Schweyer. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York (1955). 409 pages. $7.50 (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 415-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010402
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Principles of industrial waste treatment. C. Fred Gurnham. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1955). 392 pages. $9.50 (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 415-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010403
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The chemistry of the petroleum hydrocarbons. Volumes 2 and 3. Edited by Benjamin T. Brooks, Cecil E. Boord, Stewart S. Kurtz, and Louis Schmerling. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York (1955). Volume 2, 448 pages, $13.50. Volume 3, 690 pages, $18.00 (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 415-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010404
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The roger adams symposium: Papers presented at a symposium in honor of roger adams at the university of illinois, september 3-4, 1954. W. R. Brode, T. R. Johnson, S. M. McElvain, R. L. Shriner, W. M. Stanley, and E. H. Volwiler. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1955). 140 pages. $3.75 (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 415-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010405
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of heavy water. National Nuclear Energy Series. Edited by George M. Murphy. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York (1955). -394 pages. $5.25 (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 568-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010406
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient behavior of single-phase natural-circulation loop systems (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 417-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A useful method is reported for calculating temperatures and rates of flow in the unsteady-state operation of natural-circulation loops in single phase. A one-dimensional mathematical model is used with the assumptions that (1) at any instant the volumetric rate of flow is constant around the loop and (2) steady-state friction factors can be applied in transient operations. The loop, consisting of a heat source, heat sink, hot leg, cold leg, and connecting piping, is divided into a number of finite increments. The transient behavior is calculated by the iterative application of the finite-difference momentum and energy balances. Numerical computations made for several cases of transient operations were carried out with the aid of the Standard Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC).Comparisons of predicted with actual performances were checked by use of two experimental loops employing water and found satisfactory.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010407
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Benedict equation of state: Application to vapor - liquid equilibria (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 452-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010411
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flow of non-newtonian fluids - correlation of the laminar, transition, and turbulent-flow regions (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 434-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: All available data on flow of non-Newtonians in pipes have been correlated on the conventional friction factor  -  Reynolds number plot for Newtonian fluids. This correlation, theoretically rigorous in the laminar flow region, was tested with data on 16 different non-Newtonian materials covering the 2.1 × 109 range of Reynolds numbers from 6.3 × 10-5 to 1.3 × 105. Pipe diameters varied from 1/8 to 12 in. As the correlation does not depend on the type of fluid encountered, it may be used with Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids alike.In spite of the great range of the available experimetnal data, further work is necessary in the transition and turbulent-flow regions. No data at all were available on thixotropic, rheopectic, and dilatant fluids, and extension of the correlation to these materials should prove most illuminative from both theoretical and practical viewpoints.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010409
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dispersed-phase holdup in packed, countercurrent liquid-liquid extraction columnsComplete tabular material has been deposited as Document 4747 with the American Documentation Institute, Auxiliary Publications Service, Library of Congress, Washington 25, D.C., and may be obtained for $5.00 for photoprints or $2.25 for microfilm. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 426-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This investigation is a study of the effect of flow rates and packing size and column diameter upon the holdup of a toluene dispersed phase, flowing countercurrent to a continuous water phase in packed liquid-liquid extraction columns. Six different packings were used: ¼-, ⅜-, ½-, ⅝-, ¾-, and 1-in. nonporous, unglazed-porcelain Rasching rings. Three extraction columns, 3, 4, and 6 in. I. D., were used in the experimental work.Three types of dispersed-phase holdup, free, operational, and total, have been investigated. An empirical correlation is presented for the total holdup data below the loading point. A correlation of the effect of packing size on the exponential term r and the coefficient A1 is developed for packing sizes 1/2 in. or larger when the column-diameter-to-packing-size ratio is at least 8 to 1. The term A1(VD)r in the equation accounts for at least 90% of the total holdup. The small magnitude of the residual term B1(VD) (VC8) did not permit a definite correlation of the coefficient B1 or the exponent s.Observation of the dispersed-phase holdup during column operation revealed a transitional behavior of the 3/8-in. rings as compared with that of the 1/4- and 1/2-in. or larger packing. Two, and sometimes three, regimes of flow occur in packed extraction columns. the increase in holdup with increasing continuous-phase flow rate differed for each zone. In the two zones below the loading zone the holdup was found to increase linearly with the dispersed-phase flow rate for a constant continuous-phase flow rate. A new method of randomly packing an extraction column has been found to give reproducible holdup data.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010408
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capacity factors in the performance of perforated-plate columns (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 441-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of factors affecting the vapor-handling capacity of perforated-plate liquid-vapor contacting columns. Vapor-phase pressure drop across plates, liquid entrainment upward from plate to plate, and plate stability were investigated as functions of operational and geometric column parameters.Gas-phase pressure drop across dry perforated plates was observed to follow functional relationships predicted from available information for single perforations. The presence of liquid on a plate increased the total pressure drop by the equivalent clear-liquid head plus a small residue which is nearly constant for a given liquid.Entrainment was observed to be a function of column gas velocity, independent of gas velocity in the perforations. Weight rate of entrainment was also found to be proportional to the gas density, independent of liquid density, and inversely proportional to the liquid-surface tension. For a given system, entrainment was observed to be proportional to approximately the third power of the group, gas velocity divided by the distance between the liquid surface and the plate above.The stability of perforated plates was observed to be adequate for many industrial and experimental applications, as also reported in recently published studies, but contrary to qualitative statements found in the earlier literature. Stability was found to increase with decreasing perforation diameter and decreasing total perforation area relative to column cross-sectional area; to increase with greater gas density, liquid surface tension, and liquid wetting power; and to be virtually independent of liquid density and viscosity.Operating limits of vapor and liquid throughput are shown for a typical application of perforated plates in liquid-vapor contacting columns.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010410
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas absorption accompanied by chemical reaction (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 456-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010412
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  • 20
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    A generalized correlation of diffusion coefficients (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 13-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Graphical correlations of binary gas diffusion coefficients are developed based on the Hirschfelder-Bird-Spotz diffusion equation and the theorem of corresponding states. A critical diffusion coefficient is defined and is used in turn for a definition of a “reduced” coefficient. The reduced diffusion coefficient is correlated graphically in generalized form in terms of the reduced properties of the diffusing gas. Using air as a reference “barrier” gas, the authors compared critical diffusion coefficients for various gases diffusing through a single barrier gas with the critical coefficients for these gases through air. This ratio, termed the barrier gas ratio, was found to be independent of the properties of the diffusing gas. A graphical correlation of the barrier gas ratio enables rapid estimation of a binary diffusion coefficient with a minimum of information.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020104
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Rate of nitration of benzene with mixed acid (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 26-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rates of nitration of benzene by nitric acid in mixed acid to produce mononitrobenzene have been measured in well-emulsified reaction mixtures in the temperature range from 34° to 54°C. The acid-phase compositions ranged from 1.6 mole % nitric acid and 27 mole % sulfuric acid to 35 mole % nitric acid and zero % sulfuric acid; the organicphase composition ranged from 4 to 95 mole % benzene, and the relative extent of the acid and organic phases was varied from 25 to 80 volume % acid phase.The reaction rate based on the total volume of the reacting mixture is shown to be a function of the phase compositions, temperature, and volume % of acid phase.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020106
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  • 22
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    Correlation of bubble-cap fractionating-column plate efficiencies (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 18-25 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of estimating the true conditions of operation of a bubble-cap tray is presented. Intermediate between the Murphree and the Lewis methods, which represent the extremes of actual operation, this method involves the use of a correlation to determine the degree of liquid mixing on the tray and the use of new relations between the Murphree vapor efficiency, the Lewis case I efficiency, and the true local efficiency. For the last, partial liquid mixing is taken into account.Data were obtained on an 18-in. O.D. three-tray bubble-cap tower containing ten 3-in. bubble caps a tray. Partial liquid mixing was correlated for changes in vapor and liquid rates, pressure, temperature, and weir height for the system ethylene dichloride-toluene.Efficiency data on acetone-water, ethanol-water, and ethylene dichloride-toluene showed the following effects: (1) low concentration of lwo boiler usually, but not always, resulted in low true local efficiencies, always with high Murphree efficiencies; (2) vapor velocity effects are more intimately connected with slot velocity than superficial velocity (and hence entrainment); (3) raising the pressure gives higher efficiencies; (4) an increase in liquid depth increases the true local efficiency but may have no effect on the Murphree efficiency.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020105
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  • 23
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    Prediction of ideal-stage requirements in complex liquid-liquid extraction systems (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 38-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure for obtaining equilibrium data and predicting ideal-stage requirements in a complex liquid-liquid extraction system is presented. Preliminary equilibrium data are obtained from a simulated column run involving a series of batch contacts operated in such a manner as to approach steady state countercurrent conditions. The flow ratios and stage requirements for continuous operation are then estimated by trial-and-error by use of a modified McCabe-Thiele method.The procedure lends itself particularly well to those systems with interdependent distribution of the two components. Data for the separation of hafnium from zirconium are presented to show the utility of the method.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020108
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    Heat transfer through a homogeneous isotropic turbulent field (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 42-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Because of the large scale of the motion responsible for mixing in turbulent fields, turbulent transport processes differ from molecular transport processes in that the mixing depends on the previous history of the diffusing material and turbulent fields are generally nonhomogeneous.The effect of the time dependency of the diffusion process is examined for the case of heat transfer from a hot wall to a cold wall through a turbulently flowing fluid. The fluid is assumed to have a uniform velocity and the turbulence is assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic. The calculations are carried out by assuming a distribution of heat sources along the hot wall and of heat sinks along the cold wall. G. I. Taylor's theory of turbulent diffusion for a homogeneous isotropic field is used to describe the properties of these sources and sinks. These calculations are compared with temperature profiles obtained as a solution to Fick's Law using a constant diffusion coefficient. A marked difference between the two sets of curves is obtained in the vicinity of the wall and in the beginning of the heat exchange section.A calculated profile on the basis of an idealized model of heat transfer in channel flow is compared with actual measurements made by Page, Corcoran, Schlinger, and Sage (7) at a distance far enough downstream so that the temperature profile had reached a steady condition.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020109
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    Catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide and dioxide over steel (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 46-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrogenation of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide on various steel catalysts was studied in the temperature range of 800° to 1,300°F. and at pressures from 5 to 30 atm. The feed gases (3.75 to 20 SCFH) were passed over a catalyst bed of 1/8-in. steel balls supported in a brass-lined reactor 0.81 in. in diam. The percentage of carbon oxides in the feed was 30% in the runs using a H2—CO2 feed and varied from 15 to 38% in the runs with a H2—CO feed. The effects of temperature, pressure, feed composition, space velocity, and mass velocity were studied. Carbon deposition did not affect the activity of the catalyst and could be removed readily.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020110
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    An algebraic approach to calculating the solvent extraction of complex mixtures (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 34-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the usual method of calculating the solvent extraction of complex mixtures it is assumed that the complex mixture behaves like a binary mixture. However, the hypothetical binary composition of the mixture is never explicitly used; rather, an additive property of the mixture is used as an indication of its composition. The calculation must be done graphically on a triangular diagram or its equivalent.On the assumption that the complex mixture consists of only two hypothetical components, empirical equations have been arrived at relating the distribution coefficients of these two components and of the solvent to the phase compositions. These equations contain three arbitrary constants. By use of the data from a minimum of three simple laboratory batch extractions of a given complex mixture, the three constants, plus the hypothetical binary composition of the original complex mixture, can be determined.With the equations for the distribution coefficients, the equilibrium curve and tie lines for the system can be calculated. Properties of the raffinates and extracts can be measured and related to the hypothetical binary compositions of these mixtures.The use of the method is demonstrated by comparing calculated results with laboratory yields and properties. The calculated results show good agreement with the experimental results. Calculations can be carried out not only on the triangular diagram, but by any of the other graphical methods that have been developed for the solvent extraction of binary mixtures. Equally important, calculations can be done analytically, and therefore the use of automatic computers is feasible.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Mechanics of steady state single-phase fluid displacement from porous media (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 55-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The physical processes are discussed by which a fluid is displaced from a porous medium during steady state viscous flow by another fluid of the same density and viscosity under conditions of complete miscibility of the two fluids. The displacement occurs on a microscopic scale as a result of combined convective and diffusional mixing. The length of the zone of mixing which comprises the displacement front is predicted to be dependent upon the rate of flow, the diffusion coefficient for the two-fluid system, the characteristics of the pore geometry, and the distance the front has traversed at the time of its observation.Experimental data are presented for the displacement of benzene by ethyl n-butyrate at several rates of flow from packed sand columns. These data show that the length of the frontal mixing zone after a prescribed distance of flow is greater at the higher rates of flow. The postulated dependence of the length of the front upon the diffusion coefficient and the pore geometry has not yet been investigated.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020111
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    Pressure drop through porous mediaParts I through IV of this article appeared in the Transactions of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and Chemical Engineering Progress (1 to 4). (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 79-81 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fluid flow data are presnted for beds of uniformly sized spheres consolidated with resin over a porosity range from 36.4 to 12.3%. The data are analyzed in terms of an effective pore volume and equations are given for predicting pressure drop by use of a friction-factor-Reynolds-number plot.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Regenaration of fluidized cracking catalysts (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 71-74 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An equation for correlating regeneration process variables in fluid-catalytic cracking has been developed from pilot plant data. This equation takes into account not only the chemical-reaction rate for burning coke deposited on the catalyst but also the diffusional resistance to oxygen transfer. The resistance presumably occurs between the bubbles within the fluidized bed and the void spaces in the relatively denser mass of particles. The coefficient of mass transfer was found to be inversely proportional to the 1.5 power of the average particle diameter and directly proportional to the square of the gas mass velocity. The specific reaction-verlocity constant was found to be a function to temperature and catalyst activity as well as the nature of the feed from which the coke was deposited. Comparison of pilot plant data with commercial data suggests that nonuniform gas distribution in larger beds makes some of the catalyst ineffective.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Prediction of specific heat of organic liquids (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 88-93 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical equation is presented for predicting the specific heat at constant volume and constant pressure of organic liquids as a function of temperature from data on the velocity of sound, infrared and Raman spectra. By use of this equation, the average deviation of the calculated from the experimental values of specific heat for 100 organic liquids at 68°F. is ±1.5%.An alternate correlation for hydrocarbon liquids based on a modified statement of the theory of corresponding states is also presented. Based on it, the average deviation of the calculated from the experimental values for 100 points representing the entire temperature range is ±0.9%.
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    Mass transfer in a wetted-wall column: Turbulent flow (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 101-106 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The object of this study has been the measurement of concentration profiles of water vapor in a wetted-wall column with fully developed turbulent pipe flow of air for several positions downstream of the inlet. The air Reynolds number was 25,000. The mathematical formulation of this problem involves the Navier-Stokes equations and the mass transfer equation with a boundary condition of constant concentration at the wall. No attempt has been made toward an analytical solution of this problem, as the exact solution of the turbulence problem has not been developed. Instead, values of the mass and momentum transfer correlation, urh, and urux, have been computed as a function of the radius. The eddy diffusivity for momentum and mass and the local mass transfer rates are shown for engineering purposes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Determination of relative permeability under simulated reservoir conditions (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 94-100 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An apparatus for the determination of relative permeability under simulated reservoir conditions has been designed, constructed, and operated successfully. Complete water-oil relative-permeability data, with kerosene and simulated reservoir brine have been taken on four natural-sandstone cores at fluid pressures to 5,000 1b./sq. in. and overburden pressures to 10,000 1b./sq. in. One run was made at low pressure at a temperature of 160°F. for comparison with the results at low temperature. The apparatus is now being expanded so that gas-oil relative-permeability data may be taken, and crude oil containing gas in solution may be employed as the oil phase.The results indicate that essentially the same water-oil relative-permeability data are obtained at fluid pressures of 5,000 1b./sq. in. as at 30 1b./sq. in. gauge. The application of overburden pressure causes a reduction in both water and oil effective permeability in about the same proportion as it affects the single-phase permeability. Consequently the calculated relative permeabilities are affected to only a moderate extent. The results of the one run at 160°F. were in good agreement with the values obtained at room temperature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020120
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    Crystal-size distribution in mixed suspensions (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 107-112 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Although vacuum crystallizers are used widely, crystal-size-control methods have not been adequately analyzed. This paper supplies in part the deficiency of technical information on this problem. Industrial crystallizers may have inherent nucleation rates in excess of or below the seed-crystal requirement for the desired product-crystal size. This paper deals specifically with means of crystal-size control by removal of excess nuclei from mixed circulating suspensions as encountered in vacuum crystallizers. It is shown that under certain conditions the cumulative size distribution in the suspension varies as the fourth power of the size. Therefore, it may also be shown that the key to effective size-control procedures is the segregation time of nuclei in the fines-removal system. Procedures based mainly on crystal-size classification by hydraulic elutriation can hardly be effective unless they are also designed to meet the segregation-time requirements.
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    Forces acting in flowing beds of solids (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 127-138 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020125
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    Properties of evaporated metal films related to their use for surface temperature measurements (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 113-117 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Extension of the understanding of properties of films of metals produced on glass surfaces by vacuum evaporation has permitted the fabrication of film-resistance thermometers that with simple instrumentation accurately measure surface or average surface temperatures without altering the geography of that surface. Formerly unknown and unstabled related properties of such films have been classified and may be anticipated or eliminated by recommended experimental procedures. Films of several of the most chemically inert and refractory metals 300 to 3,000 Å. thick have been shown to attain accuracies as high as 0.01°C. for practical periods of time. Their use, which is described, is developing satisfactorily, and the technique and equipment for their preparation are relatively simple.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Handbook of engineering materials, Douglas F. Miner and John B. Seastone, editors. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1955). 1,380 pages. $17.50 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 139-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020126
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    Masthead (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020201
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    Introduction to chemical engineering. Walter L. Badger and Julius T. Banchero. McGraw-Hill book company, Inc., New York (1955). 753 pages. $9.50 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 139-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020127
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    Chemical reactor stability and sensitivity: II. Effect of parameters on sensitivity of empty tubular reactorsPart I of this article appeared in the December, 1955, issue of the A.I.Ch.E. Journal. (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 117-126 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper extensive calculations on the quasi isothermal tubular reactor are presented. Temperature and concentration profiles were obtained on an analogue computer (R.E.A.C.). The calculations tend to show that there are regions of operation in which the reactor effluent is very sensitive to operating conditions. For example, it is shown that in some regions of operation a small change in the heat transfer coefficient at the reactor wall or a small dilution of the feed will produce large changes in the effluent. In such cases the reactor is said to exhibit parametric sensitivity. It is shown analytically that this sensitivity may be predicted by analyzing the frequency response or transient response of the reactor approximated by a local linearization. This linearization requires complete solutions of the steady state problem. Semiquantitative results are then obtained for the regulation required from a given specification of product limits. The frequency-response analysis should be useful in connection with the control problem.If the reactor is fed partially with a recycle stream, then experience with electrical systems indicates that the possibility of instability exists. It is shown that at least theoretically these instabilities do exist, and a method based on the transfer function is developed for derivation of criteria of stability or instability.
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    X-ray diffraction procedures for polycrystalline and amorphous materials. H. P. Klug and L. E. Alexander. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1954). 716 pages. $15.00 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 140-140 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020128
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    Nuclear engineering and the unit operations (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 141-141 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020202
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    Process for fission-product removal from uranium-Bismuth reactor fuels by use of fused-salt extraction (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 163-168 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The liquid-metal-fuel reactor under development at the Brookhaven National Laboratory uses a fuel which is a solution of U233, Mg, and Zr in liquid bismuth. For a power breeder thermal reactor, high neutron economy is essential, and this calls for low concentrations of those fission products in the fuel which are high neutron capturers. Roughly 45% by weight of the fission products can be continuously removed from the fuel by salt extraction with alkali and alkaline-earth fused-salt mixtures. These fission products contain the highly “poisonous” rare earths. This paper will present a discussion of processdesign considerations and proposed flow sheets.
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    Estimation of heat sources in nuclear reactors (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 177-183 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Knowledge of local heating rates is needed for estimation of operating temperatures, thermal stresses, and cooling requirements in nuclear reactor components. Heat is liberated by the dissipation of the energy of fission fragments, beta particles, fast neutrons, and gamma photons. Heating rates are formulated in terms of either neutron or gamma flux densities, the corresponding collision probabilities, and appropriate energy transfer coefficients, the forms of which are given. Special methods of estimating the flux densities are discussed. The data on the magnitudes of the various energy sources are reviewed.
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    Mass transfer in liquid metals (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 184-189 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rate of mass transfer was measured for solid metal shapes dissolving into mercury at room temperature. Sherwood numbers for horizontal tin, cadmium, zinc, and lead cylinders dissolving by natural convection agreed with Nusselt numbers for heat transfer in nonmetallic liquids at the same Rayleigh (Grashof × Prandtl) numbers. Dissolving of zinc tubes by mercury flowing turbulently within them agreed with heat transfer to nonmetals in tubes. Dissolving of random beds of lead spheres by mercury flowing through the bed agreed with similar nonmetal systems. It is concluded that mass transfer processes in liquid metals follow substantially the correlations for other fluids in heat or mass transfer, which with moderate safey factors may thus be used for at least preliminary design purposes.
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    Continuous dissolution of uranium-aluminum reactor fuels (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 190-194 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Extensive pilot plant studies of the continuous, mercury-catalyzed nitric acid dissolution of uranium-aluminum alloy materials similar to possible reactor fuel elements were carried out. Marked differences were observed in the dissolution rates of cast and wrought alloys. Optimum feed-acid concentrations varied with the type of alloy. At constant acid feed conditions dissolving rates varied approximately with the cube root of catalyst concentration up to a limiting concentration. The metal dissolving rate was proportional to the 0.8 power of the nitric acid feed rate. A general empirical correlation was developed.
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    Diffusion of uranium through graphite (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 195-198 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Diffusion rates of uranium through graphite were determined in the temperature range of 3,000° to 4,350°F. The diffusion couples consisted of sintered UC2 disks in contact with graphite rods. The observations indicated two distinct types of uranium transport which could be associated with volume diffusion and with migration along pores respectively.Volume diffusion was characterized by steep concentration gradients and shallow penetration. The diffusion coefficient Dv, in sq. cm./sec. between 3,300° and 4,250°F., is given by an equation. Above 4,250°F. incipient melting of the UC2 was evident and the diffusion coefficients were much higher than those given by the equation.As an example of the penetration resulting from volume diffusion, calculations show that, after 1,000 hr. at 4,200°F. the uranium concentration at 0.1 cm. from the interface will be 1,000 mg./cc., compared with 10,000 mg./cc. for pure UC2.Pore migration resulted in uranium penetration far beyond that arising from volume diffusion at equivalent temperatures and diffusion times. However, uranium concentrations were very small compared with those corresponding to volume diffusion. Pore migration is strongly temperature dependent.To estimate the practical importance of pore migration, the uranium flow through a graphite wall at 3,000°F. was measured. With a wall thickness of 0.32 cm., the average flow per unit area was 0.015 mg./ (sq. cm.)/ (hr.) for a 40-hr. test.
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    Flow distribution among parallel heated channels (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 199-205 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The coolant flow distribution among parallel tubes in a nuclear reactor (or boiler or heat exchanger) can be very sensitive to variations in heat input, dimensions, etc. Analytical expressions are given for partial derivatives which measure flow variations for several situations. The utility of orifices and valves in reducing flow sensitivity is discussed. Numerical results are reported for a system using water at supercritical pressurs with an eightfold expansion from inlet to outlet.
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    A semiempirical solution for local heat transfer coefficients for flow in nonparallel passageways (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 271-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method, based upon the pertinent flat-plate heat transfer equation, is presented for computing the local heat transfer coefficients for a boundary layer subjected to streamwise velocity and pressure gradients. No extensive mathematical background is required as the complexity of a rigorous solution for this type of problem is avoided. The validity of the method for gases is demonstrated by comparison of the predicted coeffcients with the experimental data for two widely different problems.
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    Plate efficiency with chemical reaction - absorption of Carbon dioxide in Monoethanolamine solutions (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 264-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of chemical reaction on plate efficiency has been given little attention in the determination of bubble-plate efficiencies, although it is of importance in many operations. A typical example is the absorption of carbon dioxide in monoetnanolamine solutions.The over-all Murphree gas-phase plate efficiency can be shown to be a function of Kg(A/V) where A/V is the interfacial surface area formed per tray per unit volume of gas. In order to evaluate variations in tray efficiency due to factors influencing Kg, data available in the literature for the absorption of carbon dioxide in monoethanolamine were considered. These showed that the liquid film was controlling and that for a packed column at constant liquid rate the absorption coefficient could be satisfactorily expressed by an equation that resembles somewhat equations which have been developed for the effect of rapid secondorder reactions on kL. However, the observed effect of carbon dioxide partial pressure in the gas is not so great as the theoretical equations would predict.By use of the equation mentioned above to predict Kg, satisfactory correlation of observed plate efficiencies is obtained for a commercial column over a considerable range of conditions. It appears that the correlation can be extended to other pressures, flow rates, and column designs by an evaluation of the effect of these variables on A/V and Kg.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Application of Bernoulli's equation to buoyant systems (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 277-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The various forms of Bernoulli's equation as customarily written express static pressure energy in terms of absolute pressure, thereby restricting their direct application to systems situated in vacuo. It is shown here that recognition (1) of the universal presence of a fluid outside all systems over which Bernoulli's equation is written, and (2) of the practical necessity of measuring pressure within such systems as gauge pressures relative to the pressure of the exterior fluid leads to a more general set of equations and to a concept of buoyant static pressure and potential energies, as opposed to strictly abslute values.Failure properly to distinguish between these two types of energy quantities may result in error and confusion in the application of the various forms of Bernoulli's equation.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Electrons, atoms, metals and alloys. William Hume-Rothery. Revised edition. Philosophical Library, New York (1955). 387 pages. $10.00 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 18J 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020233
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    Thermodynamics from the classic and generalized standpoints. Joseph Louis Finck. Bookman Associates, New York (1955). 224 pages. $7.50 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 20J 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020235
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    Masthead (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020301
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    Heat Transfer (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 21J 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020236
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    Nuclear and radiochemistry. Gerhart Friedlunder and Joseph W. Kennedy. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1955). 468 pages. $7.50 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 20J 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020234
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    Chemical engineering kinetics (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 281-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020302
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    Rate of flow and mechanics of bubble formation from single submerged orifices. II. Mechanics of bubble formation (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 300-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020306
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    Viscosity of liquids (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 290-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Three viscosity correlations were tested for liquids at their boiling points. Compounds studied included normal paraffins, branched-chain hydrocarbons, aromatics, halogenated methanes and ethanes, water, and aliphatic alcohols. The correlations were tested for the most part with viscosity and thermodynamic data found in the literature. Some experimental viscosity measurements were made, however, for normal paraffins from pentane to octane at temperatures up to about 300°F., which is higher than has previously been reported.Two correlations are based on Eyring's theory of absolute reaction rates. The third is based on the compressibility factor of the saturated liquid, and this correlation is unique, as all available data for normal paraffins with eight or more carbon atoms are represented by a single curve. The three correlations presented here can be used to extrapolate viscosity data over large temperature ranges up to the critical temperature. Logical predictions of the viscosities of related compounds are possible.
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    Formation of gas bubbles at horizontal orifices (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 337-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Air bubbles were formed in water and in mineral oil by use of single, circular, horizontal, square-edged orifices facing upward. Twenty orifices were tested, ranging from 0.017 to 0.79 cm. (0.0067 to 0.31 in.) in radius. Incieasms the whime, of the gas chamber below the orifice (over the range of 4 to 4,000 cc.) was found to increase the bubble size. The gas-chamber volume was minimized in most of the work in order to confine attention to the effects of orifice size and gas-flow rate. The liquid containers were large enough to eliminate significant wall effects, and operations were conducted at atmospheric pressure.The gas-flow rate was varised from about 0.01 to about 250 cc./sec. over the course of the work. At relatively low rates, the orifices generally formed single “static” bubbles, the volumes of which were proportional to the surface tension and orifice radius and independent of the gas-flow rate. At high flow rates the bubble frequency became high and the bubble volume became proportional to the gas-flow rate and independent of the surface tension. The bubble frequency reached a maximum value for each orifice, this value being a function of the orifice radius. For air bubbles in water, the correlation of the maximum bubble frequency, nm bubbles/sec., with the orifice radius, r cm., and the air-flow rate, q cc./sec., was found to be nm = 9.1q0.13/r0.43. The maximum frequencies ranged from about 25 bubbles/sec. for the largest orifices to about 75 bubbles/sec. for the smallest orifices used.It was found that consecutive bubbles paired or coalesced in definite ways in certain ranges of the gas-flow rate. A description is given of this bubble behavior, based on stroboscopic and photographic observation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020309
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    Enthalpy of hydrocarbon mixtures (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 343-347 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of estimating enthalpies of mixtures of light hydrocarbons is presented. Enthalpes so obtained are consistent with equilibrium-vaporization constants that have been correlated with the composition characterization factor, the molal average boiling point (M.A.B.P.).Values of the isothermal-pressure corrections to the enthalpy of ideal gas mixtures (H° — H) are presented on three plots with parameters of temperature, pressure, and molal-average boiling point. Pressures range from zero to 1,500 lb./sq. in. abs., temperatures from -200° to 500°F., and M.A.B.P. from -200° to 150°F.
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    Vapor pressures: The saturated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 347-353 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rigorous analysis of the available data presented in the literature for all the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons from methane through n-eicosane was conducted to establish the constants A, B, C, and D of the vapor-pressure equation developed by Frost and Kalkwarf (21). With all the constants determined, vapor pressures can be calculated accurately from the triple to the critical point. The actual constants A, B, C, and D have been calculated from the available reported vapor-pressure data of eighty-seven saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons and include all the normal paraffins through eicosane and all the isomeric paraffins through the nonanes.In order to ascertain the validity of calculated-vapor-pressure constants, values of A, B, C, and D were produced from the molecular structure and normal boiling point for all the normal paraffins through eicosane and all the thirty-four isomeric nonanes. The normal paraffins were selected to cover the range of the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons; whereas the nonanes were chosen because they represent the most complex structures for which reported vapor pressures are available.With the calculated constants, vapor pressures were evaluated from the equation at several representative points and were compared with reported values to produce an overall absolute average percentage of deviation of 0.58 for the normal paraffins and 0.73 for the isomeric nonanes, or 0.68 for these fifty-four saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Differential heats of condensation and enthalpies of saturated liquid hydrocarbon mixtures (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 389-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By use of saturated-vapor enthalpies determined by accepted procedures in conjunction with differential latent heats of condensation, the saturated-liquid enthalpies are established for the system methane-ethane at 200, 400, and 600 lb./sq. in. abs. and for the system ethane-n-butane and propane-n-butane at the two lower pressures. Where comparison is possible, the liquid-enthalpy values obtained by this method are in general agreement with those previously determined by Edmister and Canjar. The procedure used is thermodynamically rigorous and may be applied to any binary mixture, provided the Benedict-Rubin-Webb equation of state is valid in the vapor phase and P-V-T-x data are available.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Characteristics of porous beds and structures (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 393-403 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020320
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    Notes on phase relations of binary mixtures in the region of the critical point (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 426-427 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020324
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    The atomic nucleus. Robley Evans. McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc., New York (1955). 972 pp., $14.50 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 11S 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020327
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    Estimation of critical properties of organic compounds by the method of group contributions. A. L. Lyderren. Engineering Experiment Station Report 3. College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin (1955). 22 pages (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 12S 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020328
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    Chemical engineering, volume II : Unit operations. J. M. Coulson and J. F. Richardson. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York (1955). 588 pages, $9.00 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 12S 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020329
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    Generalized thermodynamic properties of pure fluids. A. L. Lydersen, R. A. Greenkorn, and O. A. Hougen. Engineering Experiment Station Report 4. College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin (1955). 99 pages, $3.50 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 12S 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020330
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    Liquid extraction in an agitated vessel (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 529-535 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This investigation was undertaken to show how the efficiency of solute transfer between two immiscible liquids is influenced by the type, size, and submergence and rotational speed of the impeller and the degree of baffling, residence time, and phase ratio. The system water-kerosene-n-butylamine solute was agitated in a continuous-flow 14 3/4-in. -diam. vessel using propellers, spiral turbines, and flat-blade turbines from 4 to 10 in. in diameter. The feed streams were introduced at the wall at the bottom of the vessel and left at the top of the vessel.On the basis of the power required for a given level of stage efficiency, the best agitator design is any impeller that has a diameter about 40% of the vessel diameter and is centered in the unbaffled vessel. Without baffles the impeller type and depth of submergence have little effect on performance. The power increase required by the addition of baffles is small at the highest stage efficiencies, especially with the larger radial-flow impellers, but may be severalfold at efficiency levels of 70 to 90%. This presumably results from the lowered mass transfer driving force caused by the increase in end-to-end mixing due to wall baffles. Whether baffles have such a large adverse effect if the feed is introduced into the impeller rather than at the vessel wall is not fully established, but there is some evidence that baffling is also undesirable in this case. For baffled operation, impeller type and submergence do affect performance.A correlation of stage efficiency is presented in terms of Reynolds number and power number. In addition, energy input per volume of total flow is correlated in terms of residence time and stage efficiency for one size of baffled propeller.Spot samples taken from the vessel showed large, random-concentration fluctuations out to 20 residence times and perhaps indefinitely. Reproducible results were obtained by taking time-averaged samples.
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    Phase separation and mass transfer in a liquid-liquid cyclone (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 545-551 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid-liquid phase separation and mass transfer studies were made in a 4-in.-diam. cyclone of conventional construction. The cyclone was tested with oil-water volume phase ratios ranging from values of 1/3 to 9/1 and for total flows up to 24 gal./min., although most variables were studied at a feed rate of 10 gal./min. Kerosene or a white oil (vis. 9 centipoises at 77°F.) was used as the oil phase. Valve or line premixing was used to disperse the feed. Valve pressure drops were in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 lb./sq.in., and inlet drop sizes, where determined, were about 1 mm. The optimum cyclone geometry (volume, diameter of inlet, overflow and underflow lines) and the optimum split (overflow/underflow) were determined in terms of a phase-separation efficiency Es.At optimum geometry and split a number of mass transfer runs were made in which monobutylamine solute was transferred from the kerosene to the water phase. These runs indicated that Es decreased but mass transfer efficiency increased as the feed rate or pressure drop across the mixing valve was increased.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    Thermodynamic properties of tertiary butyl alcohol (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 552-554 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By use of Cp values from the literature and experimentally determined vapor-pressure-temperature and pressure-volume-temperature relationships, a thermodynamic network has been established for tertiary butyl alcohol in the range of 78° to 500°F. and 14.7 to 700 lb./sq. in. abs. The results include tabulated values of p, v, T, H, S, f, and Z, as well as the vapor-pressure-temperature curve, the critical properties, and constants for the Beattie-Bridgeman equation.The original pressure data were accurate to within 0.14% in the high range and to within 4% in the low range. The limits on the experimental volume data were 0.07% for large vapor volumes and 2% for liquid volumes. The temperature was determined to within 0.1 °F., or less than 0.02% of the absolute temperature.Experimentally determined vapor pressures were found to be lower than those reported in the literature in the range above 1 atm. Values previously reported were obtained by extrapolation of a vapor-pressure-temperature relation developed for use at subatmospheric pressures. For pressures below 1 atm. the experimental values agreed with the reported values.
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    Composition change in binary-component spray vaporization at atmospheric pressure (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 555-560 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes an investigation of the factors affecting the change in composition with vaporization of a binary-component spray in heated air at atmospheric pressure. The behavior of the system orthodichlorobenzene-tetrachloroethylene was studied in air ranging from 400° to 1,000°F. Initial drop diameters in the sprays were in the 20- to 400-µ range. The experimental data obtained indicated that the rate of change of spray composition during vaporization was affected only by the chamber-air temperature, the initial feed composition, and the nozzle characteristics.Equations are presented which mathematically describe the vaporization process, liquid diffusion being assumed within the drop controls. These equations have been solved by a stepwise procedure for three initial drop sizes. Results of these calculations have been added statistically according to the initial-drop-size distribution in order to predict the vaporization behavior of the spray. Details of this process of statistical combination have been summarized by Culverwell (1).The calculations agreed with the experimental data previously obtained during the first 5 in. of nozzle-to-tray travel. After 5 in. the deviation was great. Future experimental work to determine more precise values of drop-size distribution, initial drop velocity, and liquid diffusion coefficient may result in more complete agreement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020425
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    Evolution of gas from liquids flowing through porous media (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 560-567 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of oil and gas by pressure depletion involves both the formation of bubbles and the diffusion of gas from the liquid phase into these bubbles. Studies were undertaken to outline in detail the process of bubble formation when the driving force is small. This work shows that the formation of bubbles is a random process which can, however, be described by a simple probability distribution function. Also, calculations have been made to determine how fast gas will diffuse into uniformly distributed gas bubbles.These results make it possible to describe the manner in which a gas phase is established during the pressure depletion process. In this process the rate of pressure decline is the most important factor influencing the total number of bubbles produced. Laboratory tests have substantiated the finding that in certain types of porous media the amount of oil recovered is sensitive to the number of bubbles formed.
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    Ignition of solid propellants by forced convection (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 568-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data are reported for the ignition of single grains of solid propellant in a stream of gas at high temperature. The investigation encompassed gas temperatures from 578° to 1,070°K., gas velocities corresponding to free-stream Reynolds numbers from 156 to 624, a complete range of oxygen-nitrogen mixtures, and a few oxygen-carbon dioxide mixtures. Pyrocellulose and double-base propellants were tested. The grains were approximately 1/8 in. in diameter and extended through the gas stream, so that ignition was forced to take place on the cylindrical surface rather than on the end of the grain. The exposure before ignition was measured for a large number of grains. The data can be represented by an equation that is consistent with the known effect of flow rate on convective heat transfer and the known effect of temperature on chemical reaction rates, an indication that both processes are important in ignition.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Correlating kinetic data in reactors: Application to tertiary Butanol dehydration (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 572-573 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reactor-unit concept proposed by Hurt is extended in this paper to include fractional-order reactions and to show the effect of volume change on the system. Equations defining the reactor unit for homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions are derived.The catalytic dehydration of tertiary butanol was chosen as a means of studying the validity of the extended reactor-unit concept. The experimental investigation was conducted over a wide range of flow rates, catalyst bed heights, and temperatures. The result of the application of this modified reactor-unit expression to the correlation of the data was excellent.
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    Vapor-liquid equilibrium data. Ju Chin Chu, Shu Lung Wong, Sherman L. Levy, and Rajendra Paul. J. W. Edwards, Publisher, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigon (1956). 754 pages, $9, paperbound (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 577-577 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020429
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    Mass-transfer operations. Robert E. Treybal. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York (1955). 666 pages, $9.50 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 577 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020430
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    Comprehensive inorganic chemistry: Vol. III, The Halogens. Robert C. Brasted. D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., New York (1954). 250 pages $5. (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 12D-12D 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020432
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    Tables of thermal properties of gases. Joseph Hilsenralh, C. W. Beckett, W. S. Benedict, Lilla Fano, H. J. Hoge, J. F. Masi, R. L. Nuttoll, Y. S. Touloukian, and H. W. Woolley. National Bureau of Standards Circular 564. Government Printing Ofice, Washington 25, D. C. (1955). 408 pages, $3.75 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 11D-11D 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020431
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    High-temperature technology. Edited by I. E. Compbell. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1956). 526 pages, $15 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 12D-12D 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020433
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    Catalysis, vol. II: Fundamental principles (part 2). Edited by Paul H. Emmett. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York (1955). 473 pages, $12 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 12D-12D 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020434
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    Averaging of mass transfer rates (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 578 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    On the temperature field of a square column embedding a heating cylinder (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 134-138 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analysis of the two-dimensional temperature field of a square column embedding a heating cylinder is presented. The analysis leads to a solution in finite series which gives rise to rapidly converging numerical results. The series coefficients computed for the extreme case of the cylinder being a line find a way of parametrization, which then furnishes the solutions for finite cylinders up to the case of the cylinder diameter being half of the column thickness. Results in five-digit accuracy are presented. The method is simple and direct. In addition, it retains the same concise formal solution for a variety of boundary conditions.
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    A penetration theory model for vapor-phase mass transfer on distillation trays (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 147-148 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    The effectiveness of diluted porous catalysts (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 151-153 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    An experimental study of oscillating reactors (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 249-254 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrolysis of acetyl chloride was studied in a laboratory reactor designed to act as a chemical oscillator. The observed oscillating outputs are in fairly good agreement with the numerical solutions of the stirred tank reactor equations and the approximate analytical solutions published previously.
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    Wiener-Hopf methods for unstable, nonminimum phase processes (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 233-240 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is shown that existing methods for design of optimal regulators by the Wiener-Hopf procedure must be modified in order to be applicable to unstable and/or nonminimum phase plant or disturbance transfer functions, such as are frequently encountered in the chemical industry. Solutions are developed for three cases: I. stable, but possibly nonminimum phase, plant and disturbance transfer functions; II. minimum phase, but possibly unstable, plant with no restrictions on the disturbance transfer functions; and III. prestabilized, with a proper modification to retain the original control effort inequality constraints, but possibly nonminimum phase plant and disturbance transfer functions. Case III gives the general solution for regulation of linear, time-invariant, lumped-parameter systems. When prestabilization is not necessary, it reduces to case I. Where applicable, solutions by the method of case II frequently involve less algebra than in case III.
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    Wiener-Hopf methods for unstable, nonminimum phase processes. Part II. Application to a Stirred Tank Reactor (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 240-248 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Wiener-Hopf procedure for synthesis of optimum constrained linear feedback regulators has been extended in part I to all linear time-invariant lumped parameter systems. The solution is here applied to the control of the output concentration of an exothermic, stirred tank reactor operating close to an unstable steady state, by constrained manipulation of a cooling water flow rate, in the presence of a randomly fluctuating inlet concentration.When the spectral density of disturbance is given (for example, white noise through a first-order time delay, or a series of randomly alternating steps), the optimum controller has three modes: proportional, derivative, and integral with minor feedback. The responses of the nonlinear reactor and the linearized reactor control systems to a series of alternating deterministic step inputs and Gaussian distributed inputs are simulated, and a sensitivity study of the linearized system with respect to variations in process, controller, and disturbance parameters is made in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the method.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Fixed bed adsorption drying (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 23-31 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper, mathematical models for a single adsorbate component present in a gas phase have been developed for isothermal and adiabatic dynamic adsorption-desorption processes with special emphasis on adsorption drying by supported hygroscopic salts. The proposed generalized models are applicable to both an unsupported absorbent bed and a fixed bed of adsorbents impregnated on a supporter which may have nonlinear equilibrium relationships. The partial differential equations governing the dynamic adsorption-desorption processes and the nonlinear equilibrium relations were solved numerically on the digital computer.An experimental study was conducted to measure the adsorption and desorption rates of water vapor by lithium chloride impregnated on a solid supporter, Torvex.The proposed adiabatic adsorption-desorption model has been verified for unsupported adsorbent beds in the cases of water vapor adsorption from air by silica gel and of methane adsorption from a helium-methane mixture by activated carbon. The validity of the generalized adiabatic model for supported adsorbent beds with nonlinear equilibrium relationships was established by a direct comparison of experimental data obtained in this study with the predicted values.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    Gaseous diffusion in the transition pressure range (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 32-37 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measurements of the effective self-diffusion coefficients for carbon dioxide and methane were performed in the transition pressure range. The experiments utilized carbon-14 tagged gases and semiconductor radiation detectors in a transient type of experiment. A detailed analysis of the errors associated with the experiments indicated that the accuracy of the measurements was near 5%. The results verify that the additive resistance law is valid for the representation in the transition range. The unknown effects of surface diffusion make the values to be employed in this law subject to review. As an example one surface diffusion model is considered.
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    On the relation between complex viscosity and steady state shearing in the Maxwell Orthogonal Rheometer (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 318-320 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160229
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    On the cyclic operation of tubular reactors (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 329-331 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160233
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    Free convection melting of ice spheres (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 76-82 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental results have been obtained for heat transfer to melting ice spheres by measuring the rate of change of apparent weight. It is found that the traditional correlation format of Nusselt number against Rayleigh number is satisfactory only for bulk temperatures above 7°C. Average Nusselt numbers obtained from the sphere experiments are closely related to previous theoretical work with vertical flat plates.
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    Evaporation rates of volatile liquids in a laminar flow system: Part II. Liquid mixtures (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 69-75 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An approach has been developed for predicting rates of interphase mass transfer under conditions of high flux and high concentration level. A rectangular channel device has been used to measure rates of evaporation of four solutes, carbon disulfide, n-pentane, cyclopentane, and ethyl ether, from n-tridecane into flowing nitrogen. The evaporation rate of carbon disulfide agreed with the prediction of the interphase theory up to a carbon disulfide mole fraction of 0.30 in the bulk liquid. For the other three systems, a concentration gradient induced, surface tension driven cellular convection served to increase liquid-phase coefficients substantially. A correlation was obtained for the effect of this cellular motion on the liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient.
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    Performance of tray columns operated in the cycling mode (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 108-111 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Tray efficiencies were measured for desorbing ammonia from water by air in a small sieve-tray column operated in the cycling mode, that is, with alternate flow of vapor and liquid. The actual efficiency improvement obtained was compared with that theoretically possible assuming the liquid flows without mixing when dropped. A mixing model was proposed and the mixing parameter evaluated from the experimental data.
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    Cell model theory of homogeneous fluidization: Density and viscosity behavior (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 120-130 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: As a step toward a unified treatment of particulately fluidized beds, a statistical-thermodynamic approach has been investigated, with the smoothed potential cell theory of pure liquids used to establish an equation of state and a collisional-viscosity relation. This treatment has correlated well with experimental data on liquid-fluidized beds, and the same method gives reasonable predictions for gas-fluidized beds. A parameter equivalent to thermodynamic temperature has been identified for fluidized beds, which depends solely upon fluid properties and includes the three-halves power of superficial velocity. This approach should be of value for interpreting other liquidlike properties of fluidized systems.
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    Hybrid computer implementation of the alternating direction implicit procedure for the solution of two-dimensional, parabolic, partial-differential equations (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 139-143 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    A molecular interpretation of the steady state maxwell orthogonal rheometer flow (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 150-150 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160132
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    Developments in mechanics, Vol. 5, Proceeding of the 11th Midwestern Mechanics Conference, H. J. Weiss, D. F. Young, W. F. Riley, and T. R. Rogge, editors, The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa (1969), 1001 pages. $22.50 (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 162-162 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690160202
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    The structuring of process optimization (1970)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 16 (1970), S. 177-184 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The efficiency of process optimization by mathematical programming can be increased by tearing, that is, rearranging the design equations so as to reduce the number of equality constraints. The structure of a system of equations may be depicted as an undirected bipartite graph; algorithm I-T utilizes this graph to determine an order of solution for the equations which requires no tears. If this is impossible, then algorithm II-T uses indexing in conjunction with algorithm I-T to produce an order which minimizes the number of torn equations. This procedure is extended to the problem of minimum recycle parameters, and the two-way interaction between tearing and algebraic simplification is illustrated.
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