ALBERT

Description: Some rain and savanna forests of western Suriname (Corantijn R., Winana Creek; Upper Marataka R.; Upper Nickerie R;) were studied and their composition was compared with that of forests of other parts of Suriname and Guyana. The savanna forests of western Suriname proved to be much related to Guyanan ( Walabaand Dakama-) savanna forests as described by Davis & Richards (1934) and Fanshawe (1952). On the other hand, there was less relationship as regards rain forests of western Suriname when compared with ones of Guyana and other parts of Suriname, except for the Demerara greenheart forest of the Upper Marataka R., which was closely related to the Demerara greenheart forests of Guyana as described by Davis & Richards (1934). In addition an upland rain forest was studied near Blanche Marie falls, Upper Nickerie R., which proved to be very much like that of the Stofbroekoe Mts., eastern Suriname, as described by Schils (1960). Species/area curves for some rain and savanna forests are given. The geographical distribution of some common western Surinam tree species was studied; of the seventeen species studied one was endemic for Suriname. An annotated list of all species of trees and palms occurring in the explored areas is provided.

Description: The samples of the genus Calypogeia in the dutch institutional herbaria and private collections, those of C. arguta excluded, have been re-identified, according to the revision of the Swiss Calypogeias by Bischler (1957); distribution maps are given for all the taxa. More exact circumscriptions are given of several differentiating characters which were already established by previous authors. In C. fissa and C. sphagnicola the areolation of the leaves appeared to be a new differentiating character: in C. fissa the cells in the middle of the leaf show a great variation in length, whereas in C. sphagnicola the cell size is uniform. These differences are shown in histograms. C. muelleriana appeared to be restricted to the diluvial parts of the country, whereas C. fissa is common on both alluvium and diluvium; c. neesiana, C. sphagnicola and C. trichomanis are very rare, so that no clear geographical distribution can be given.

Description: Dalbergia and Machaerium are two distinct genera. The former genus Ecastophyllum is a distinct entity in the genus Dalbergia. The former genus Drepanocarpus differs from Machaerium only in certain pod characters and is considered as congeneric with it.

Description: The present paper, the fifth¹) in this series, is a continuation of the documented list of chromosome numbers of Angiospermae occurring in the Netherlands. In this paper 49 species and two hybrids are listed. Some species show variation in chromosome number, as was concluded after comparison of our results with those of other authors [cf. the lists published by Löve and Löve (1961); Cave et al. (1956-1964); Ornduff (1967, 1968, 1969); Solbrig and Gadella (1970); Moore (1970)]. Some notes on 14 species and two hybrids are given.

Description: The circular which was enclosed in Bulletin 24 has received full attention of our readers and a large number of cards were received. The large majority favours the continuation of our annotated bibliography as it is, not cutting off references on the Australian and Pacific floras, and not discarding the references on the Cryptogams. A review of Mr. Ferguson’s Index is given on p. 1912. October 21, 1970, Foundation Flora Malesiana existed twenty years. This anniversary was marked by a small festivity in the Rijksherbarium. Although curtailed financially since January 1958, it has kept its promise to promote all studies encompassing progress of the botany and plant geography of the Malesian subcontinent. It is gratifying that with the distinct tendency of the rehabilitation of the economical and political situation in Indonesia during the last few years, science in general, and biology in particular, are getting a new impetus. Amongst others through international agreement and co-operation, two master organisations have been set up, SEAMEC and BIOTROP, the latter being the centre of biological studies and education allotted to Bogor. It is clear that this focus will be a great stimulant and will sponsor biological activity. It was particularly pleasant to learn from Professor Sarwono and Dr. Didin, chairman and secretary of LIPI respectively, that this general scientific rehabilitation scheme included assistance towards the Flora Malesiana Foundation. Although the scientific elaboration of Flora Malesiana has been transferred as a major work project to the Rijksherbarium, a necessity since 1958, there are various desiderata left, amongst others contributions from Indonesian systematists. Unfortunately, the net result of Dr. Kostermans’s efforts to have promising Indonesian students thoroughly trained and prepared to share the tremendous task still before us, is meagre. Two of them, Dr. Soegeng and Dr. Didin, are occupied with very responsible and very necessary but largely administrative tasks, Dr. Prijanto died unexpectedly, and Dr. Soepadmo spends his time largely on educational matters. Clearly something must be done and we trust that in the near future creative work by Indonesian systematists can be resumed. We shall, I sincerely hope, overcome, and the future carries certainly very promising features for a more intense co-operation. And disinterested loyal co-operation is the very basis of ensuring achievement. It is with immense satisfaction that I see this perspective of a bright future ahead.

Description: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae – b) Fungi & lichenes – c) Bryophytes – d) Pteridophytes – e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk.

Description: De in Nederland waargenomen soorten van Taraxacum uit de sectie Spectabilia Dahlst. zijn: T. anglicum Dahlst., T. euryphyllum (Dahlst.) Christ., T. hygrophilum v. S., T. johannis-jansenii v. S. en T. nordstedii Dahlst. Op de kaartjes is hun verspreiding weergegeven, in hoofdzaak berustend op gegevens van na 1950 (fig. 1, a—d). Zou men de oudere gegevens daaruit weglaten, zo zou het beeld dat de kaartjes bieden niet noemenswaard worden beïnvloed. Bij de steeds verder schrijdende cultuurmaatregelen worden deze, op natuurlijke standplaatsen groeiende soorten ernstig bedreigd. Volledigheidshalve zij vermeld dat nog twee nieuwe soorten uit deze sectie te zijner tijd in de Acta Botanica Neerlandica zullen worden gepubliceerd: T. duvigneaudii v. S. (Gouda-Waddinxveen) en T. zevenbergend v. S. (Hijzen bij Moergestel en Houtakker bij Tilburg).

Description: In 1960 I made a preliminary analysis of the floristic distribution of the native Phanerogam genera of the Pacific islands, which amounted to 1511 genera in all. The aims of the present work have been to record these more accurately and more critically in detail, especially with regard to native versus introduced, to complete the survey with new records from new explorations made during the interval, and to evaluate new taxonomic literature on Pacific genera. The present list amounts to a total of 1666 genera, as far as known in July 1969, listed in an Appendix. The floristic relationships of the Pacific islands and the surrounding continental areas are established and a hierarchical subdivision of the flora of the Pacific islands based on demarcations in it is made. Furthermore a nomenclatural stabilization of the names and ranks of the subdivisions is attempted. Chapter IV, 3. An attempt was also made to find factual data on the correlation between distribution and means of dispersal. Chapter IV, 4. Secondary aims were to review earlier attemps towards a subdivision of the Pacific flora (Chapter II), two other secondary purposes to see whether traces of the historic plant-geography of the Pacific flora are still reflected in the present flora (Chapter V), and finally to compare geographic subdivisions and other data from non-Phanerogam taxa, mostly animals, with floristics. Chapter VI. Chapter III is devoted to an explanation and a discussion of the methods employed. Arguments are given why only Phanerogams have been considered and why only native genera have been used for computing results. Chapter III, 1—2. Arguments are given for employing the genus as a working unit. It is shown that the genus is much less susceptible to variability in taxonomic concepts than either the species or the family. Besides it is comparatively easy to establish the distribution of a genus fairly reasonably from literature. Chapter III, 3. Chapter III, 4 is devoted to a discussion on the sources of information on which this work is based, comprising i.a. literature, herbarium collections and personal information. Many errors are contained in the first two of these and it cannot be avoided that some mistakes have not been detected. Also, the island groups have been investigated with a varying degree of intensity. The island groups in the Pacific are taken as geographic units of which there are 36. The surrounding land masses are divided into 12 main areas. Chapter III, 5. Of each genus occurring in any of the 36 Pacific unit areas the full distribution is traced. See Appendix. From a comparative study of generic ranges, it has appeared that they exhibit a restricted number of recognizable patterns, 17 of which have been distinguished. These I have called distribution types in this work. Chapter III, 6. The choice of geographic unit areas introduces a certain element of arbitrariness. Each island group can then be characterized by its set of distribution types: the distribution types spectra. It is also possible to calculate floristic relationships or resemblance between the island groups, for which a number of methods are discussed and evaluated. It appears that basically all methods lead to more or less similar conclusions. Chapter III, 9. As a test for the validity of the conclusions based on the distribution of all genera, similar calculations were performed on 345 revised or otherwise well-known taxa. Although the percentages of the distribution types are slightly different the general conclusions are corroborated. Chapter III, 7. In addition, an attempt has been made to find whether there is a correlation between the distribution and the means of dispersal of these revised or otherwise well-known taxa. Chapter III, 8. One of the most important results of this work is the census of Pacific genera. See Appendix. By using the method of distribution types spectra, demarcation knots and other methods it has been possible to find demarcations and to define phytochores. The main demarcation is that between the New and Old World floras. A hierarchy is set up of subdivisions which is illustrated in fig. 35 and tabulated in table 6. It appears that a strong demarcation exists between the islands on the American side of the Pacific (Galapagos, Juan Fernandez, etc.) and the western islands. Hawaii and SE. Polynesia form the easternmost frontier of the OldWorld flora. This conclusion was reached almost unanimously by all phytogeographers, one of the earliest being Engler after whom I have proposed to name this demarcation: Engler’s line. In the W. Pacific Bonin in the north and New Zealand and adjacent islands in the south show a sharp demarcation from the rest, Bonin forming part of the E. Asiatic region, and New Zealand forming a distinct subregion of the Australian. New Caledonia cannot be satisfactorily placed. It shows relations with New Guinea, Queensland and the Pacific in about equal measure. Besides it abounds in endemics, some of which are highly peculiar in various aspects. The remaining part of the Pacific shows an essentially Malesian character, decreasing in strength from west to east. The New Hebrides with Fiji, Samoa and Tonga form a subprovince as does SE. Polynesia, Hawaii is considered a separate province of the Malesian subregion. Unlike the islands west of Engler’s line the American Pacific islands show very little mutual floristic alliance, but they all have a characteristic American flora. Comparisons with subdivisions and demarcations of other groups of organisms show that often, but not always, the same barriers are respected by unrelated groups. My data give certain indications about the past but no attempt has been made to correlate the conclusions with contemporary geological theories. The regularity of distribution patterns, the close floristic alliance among the islands west of Engler’s line independent of their distance from each other, combined with the fact that dispersal spectra show no clear correlation between distribution and ‘dispersibility’, suggests an old relictual character of the flora rather than a young one built up by random long-distance dispersal. This applies especially to the W. Carolines, the Melanesian islands, Lord Howe I. and New Zealand, i.e. islands more or less within the Andesite line, which are much richer and contain many poor dispersers. For Hawaii also a better accessibility in the past seems indicated. The regular decrease in the number of taxa in proportion to their distance from source areas is discussed. An attempt is made to explain the phenomenon. A tentative conclusion is reached that impoverishment and other phenomena attributed to oceanic islands are not restricted to these. A large scale comparative study of continental and island floras is needed.

Description: In January 1971 Dr. Simon Jan van Ooststroom, senior botanist of the Rijksherbarium, retired on reaching the age of 65, having been on the staff since November 1934. Though this event will to a certain extent change, but not interrupt, his work, it is nevertheless worth commemorating, as he has so many contacts at home and abroad, all of whom have profited from his wide knowledge which he shared freely. He was born in Rotterdam in 1906, where he received his primary and part of his secondary education. He completed the latter in Schiedam and entered the University of Utrecht in 1924. He became the assistant of Prof. Dr. A. Pulle in January 1927. By chance he became interested in the genus Evolvulus and this led him to compose an excellent world monograph of this genus for which he was awarded his doctor’s degree in 1934 and which furthermore caused a life-long interest in the bindweed family, on which he became a most reliable authority, especially for the Indo-Australian region. Many papers emanated from these studies, culminating in his treatment (assisted by Dr. R. D. Hoogland) of the family in Flora Malesiana (1953).

Description: A peculiar structural detail, occurring during the development of ovules, seems to have passed almost unnoticed till the present day. It concerns the distal rim of either the outer or the inner integument, which appears to be slightly lobed in the ovules of several unrelated plants. In a recent note (1970) I called attention to this feature. It is known from Juglans and Platycaria (Warming, 1878; Leroy, 1955; Boesewinkel and Bouman, 1967), where the single integument is two-lobed. Warming mentioned two more cases, namely Lagarosiphon and Symplocarpus; however, I cannot confirm his observations from dried material. I noticed it myself in Scyphostegia horneensis, in Caloncoba welwitschii, and in Sterculia alexandri. In these three species the lobes occur at the rim of the outer integument. To these can now be added Hernandia peltata. However, in that species the lobes occur at the rim of the inner integument.

Description: The new scheme of classification presented in this paper is based on the examination of all species in the family Thelypteridaceae which I have been able to trace in the Old World. I have gradually compiled a list of about 700 names (basionyms) and have examined type or other authentic material of all but a small proportion; and in the course of study of specimens in many herbaria I have noted about another 50 species which appear to be undescribed. I have attempted to re-describe all the previously-named species, noting characters not mentioned in existing descriptions, especially the detailed distribution of hairs and glands, including those on the body and stalk of sporangia, and characters of spores. It is probable that there remain some published names, not yet detected by me, which refer to species of the family, but I think there are not many. I have also made a study of all generic and infrageneric names which are typifiable by species of Thelypteridaceae, and in doubtful cases I have tried to clarify and fix the typification. As already reported in the second paper of this series (Blumea 18: 195—215), I have had the help of Dr. U. Sen and Miss N. Mittra in examining anatomical and other microscopic characters of some type species, and hope to present further information of this kind later.

Description: Until now three species of apetalous Hamamelidoideae have been reported from Taiwan (Li, 1963): Distylium gracile Nakai, Distylium racemosum Sieb. & Zucc., and Sycopsis formosana (Kanehira) Kanehira & Hatusima (close to or identical with S. sinensis Oliver). A list of the specimens of the Herbarium of the National Taiwan University, Taipei (TAI), kindly sent by Prof. Ch. E. DeVol (Oct. 3, 1970), contains the same three species.

Description: In April 1969 I paid a visit to Ceylon for a week, allowing me to study for the first time the collections of the Department of Agriculture, Peradeniya (PDA), including Thwaites type specimens. My stay was made possible through the Smithsonian Flora of Ceylon Project. The study of Thwaites’ type material revealed some new facts affecting the synonymy of Ochna jabotapita L. and O. obtusata DC. It had previously come to my attention that materials distributed as O. moonii Thw. under number C.P. 1224 belonged to either O. obtusata (BM, BO) or O. lanceolata Spreng. (K, P) (see also the note on page 26 of my revision). I subsequently found that all three species of Ochna in Ceylon were represented on the sheet in PDA, obviously bearing Thwaites’ holotype. From this and accompanying sheets it is clear that the material belonging to O. jabotapita should in fact be designated as the holotype of Thwaites’ species. Consequently, the whole paragraph under O. moonii on page 30 of my revision should be transferred from the synonymy of O. obtusata to that of O. jabotapita. The phrase ‘excl. syn. O. quarrosa L. sensu Moon = O. jabotapita L. ’should be deleted. The type should be referred to as C.P. 1224 p.p. (PDA p.p. holo).

Description: A massive, expensive book, principally an atlas of small botanical drawings (line drawings, c. 10 by 6 cm, two to a page), each provided with the Latin and vernacular name, a concise 2—4 line descriptive note, and the use of the plant. A similar text is added in Japanese. Most pictures are reproduced at ½ nat. size. Species are arranged alphabetically within the families which are in turn arranged according to the Englerian system. Only Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are included. Prof. Corner is responsible for checking the names and the brief descriptive notes. The pictures were drawn by Prof. Watanabe during World War II for the Japanese Military Administration at the Singapore Botanic Gardens. Two volumes of these drawings were already published in small octavo in 1945 at Singapore, one on Medicinal Plants, the second on Edible Plants. A selection of some 200 plates was also later published by Prof. H. B. Gilliland in his ‘Common Malayan Plants’ in 1958 (University of Malaya Press, Singapore). The present work embraces all pictures made by Prof. Watanabe, many unpublished before, with addition of a number not made at Singapore, amongst them several of rare parasitic and saprophytic species from Borneo and Celebes, Pandanus from New Guinea, and other interesting odds, even from Japan, the Bonins, etc.

Description: A key is given to 7 species, 6 of which occur in Malesia. Of each the basionyms and a restricted synonymy are given, besides notes on their distribution. Rotala diversifolia Koehne, hitherto only known from Thailand, appears to occur in several localities in Malesia. A new combination, R. catholica (Cham. & Schlechtend.) B. van Leeuwen, is proposed for the American R. dentifera (A. Gray) Koehne, introduced in Luzon.

Description: Although the corals and reefs of Curaçao are fairly well known (VAN DER HORST 1927, Roos 1964, 1967), information about coral growth around the other islands of the Netherlands Antilles is still lacking. This paper offers the first comprehensive study of the reef corals of this area: Aruba, Curaçao (with Klein Curaçao), Bonaire (with Klein Bonaire), St. Martin, Saba and St. Eustatius. Due to practical reasons, however, the survey had to be restricted in several respects.

Description: 1. Cassiopea xamachana is unable to tolerate any wave action, turbulence or currents. 2. Although the species is found only in shallow water where the light intensity is high, it could not be demonstrated that light intensity is an important factor. 3. Normal temperature fluctuations — at least in the Antilles — are of no significance as the range that Cassiopea under laboratory conditions proved to be able to withstand is wider than the fluctuations occurring in their natural environment. On the other hand, after heavy rainfall when the pools are covered with fresh water the bottom water temperature may rise to deleterious levels. 4. The salinity range in the habitat of Cassiopea is from about 33‰ to 54‰. When the regeneration rate is used as a parameter for optimum salinity conditions, supersaline water of about 40‰ is optimal, which is about the average salinity in their natural habitat in Curaçao. In the Dry Tortugas, where the salinity is lower, optimum regeneration occurs at a lower salinity level, as reported by GOLDFARB, 1914.

Description: The Lois-Ciguera Formation is a unit of alternating limestones and terrigenous sediments of Lower to Upper Moscovian age in the Cantabrian Mountains of northern Spain. The proportion of limestones is fairly high, 30 to 50% of the total thickness. In the eastern part of the Lois-Ciguera Synclinorium, the formation consists almost exclusively of limestones. One section (LSW) is selected to serve as a model for the depositional and diagenetic textures of the limestones of the entire formation. More than 80% of the limestones appear to be algal-bound. Description and subdivision of these algal boundstones was possible by a modification of the classification scheme of Dunham (1962). The algal boundstones are classified as algal-bound lime mudstones, algal-bound lime wackestones and algal-bound lime packstones. Algal-bound lime wackestones and algal-bound lime packstones appear to be the most important. The first are thought to have been formed on the floor of a quiet lagoon by precipitation of algal micrite in the hairy masses of non-calcareous Algae (pseudostromata bioherms). Among the algal-bound lime packstones, three groups can be distinguished: (1) those formed by intergrowth of calcareous Algae (calcareous Alga bioherms), (2) those representing carbonate sand from littoral or lagoonal settings invaded and bound or agglutinated or entrapped by non-calcareous Algae, (3) those intermediate between groups (1) and (2). The bioherms of calcareous Algae are thought to have formed at a depth ranging between low tide level and ca. 12 m in an environment of variable turbulence. Neomorphism of algal-bound micrite is distinct from neomorphism in mechanically deposited micrite because of the interaction of pore-filling calcite in the originally porous algal micrite sustained by an organic framework. Several generations of pore-filling calcite can be distinguished. Complete filling of the pores with calcite may have occurred during an epidiagenetic interphase during syndiagenesis. There are indications that dolomitization was syndiagenetic. Both the capillary action/evapo-transpiration theory and the theory of a refluxing hypersaline brine may provide explanations which fit the conditions of formation of the LSW dolomitic limestones (dolomite content of 5 volume percent or more). The low dolomite content of 5 volume percent or less of the LSW limestones is explained by neomorphism of the originally high-magnesium algal micrite during cementation. Calcitized dolomite crystals and diagenetic silica are commonly observed together in the LSW limestones. It is shown that silicification is the cause of calcitization of the dolomite crystals. The origin of the diagenetic silica is ascribed to the ability of living algal mats to hold considerable concentrations of silica in solution in their interstitial waters. The silica is precipitated during early burial of the algal-bound sediment and goes into solution again during cementation of the limestones. Reprecipitation of the silica occurs after sharp-edged fracturing. Several phenomena of carbonate solution are described. Void creating solution is confined to limestones supported by an algal framework. At present all original pores and voids in the LSW limestones are filled with calcite and the porosity is low. The sequence of diagenetic changes has been analyzed and summarized separately for LSW limestones with an epidiagenetic interphase during syndiagenesis and those lacking an epidiagenetic interphase.

Description: The palynological assemblage from Lettenkohle deposits near Ucel (Ardèche, France) can be matched with those from Karnian deposits in the Austrian Alps. The occurrence of Camerosporites secatus suggests a correlation with the Middle Upper Triassic (Karnian) of the North Sea Basin. The Ucel assemblage shows striking differences to a palynological assemblage obtained from Lettenkohle deposits near Crussol (50 km North-East of Ucel).

Description: Tetraplodon mnioides (Hedw.) B.S.G. is recorded from the Netherlands for the first time. The occurrence in the lowland of the northwestern european continent of this species and the related Splachnum ampullaceum Hedw., which occurred in the Netherlands in former times, is briefly outlined on the basis of records in literature. Consequently three areas in the Netherlands are indicated where these interesting nitrophilous Splachnaceae may possibly be discovered or rediscovered.

Description: Three pollen diagrams from the Peel peatlands, a raised bog area in the southern part of The Netherlands reveal the post-Boreal vegetation history of that region. There are two or three land-occupation phases in the Neolithic and Bronze ages, that show but low values of terrestrial herbs. They are negatively correlated with Ulmus. The Fagus curve starts slightly below the first occupation phase at around 2500 B.C. In the Subatlantic there is an Iron age and a Medieval occupation phase with higher values of terrestrial herbs. Fagus shows two maxima, one at the beginning of our era and another at around 700 A.D. The trend of the pollen curves for bog species is discussed in relation to bog development.

Description: Revision of the Dutch species of the Bryum crythrocarpum complex. A revision is given of the collections of the Brya erythrocarpa from Holland. Delimitating the species of this group the authors have followed the monograph of the European Brya erythrocarpa by Crundwell & Nyholm (1964). 5 species have been found in Holland up till now: Bryum micro-eryithrocarpum C. MÜLL. & KINDB., B. radiculosum Brid,. B. klinggraeffii Schimp., B. violaceum Crundw. & Nyholm and B. ruderale Crundw. & Nyholm. The latter three have not been collected until 1968, B. violaceum and B. ruderale being recorded here for the first time from our country. These two species were discovered in the Southern part of the province of Limburg, a hilly area with rich, calcareous soils, the western extension of the mountainous region of Central Europe in our country. Most of the recent gatherings of Dutch specimens of the Brya erythrocarpa have been from this area. Bryum microerythrocarpum appears to be relatively common and widespread in Holland. It mainly grows on calcareous or non-calcareous, sandy or peaty, sometimes clayish soils. It is a fairly variable species, and intermediate forms have been found between Bryum micro-erythrocarpum and Bryum rubens, an allied species which is not yet known from Holland. Bryum radiculosum has been gathered in Holland almost exclusively in the 19th century. It occurs mainly on old brick walls.

Description: A pollen-morphological study has been carried out on three genera of the Marcgraviaceae Norantea Aublet, Souroubea Aublet and Ruyschia Jacquin). Nine pollen types in Norantea and three pollen groups in Souroubea could be established. The pollen grains of Ruyschia could not be differentiated from those of Souroubea. Several distinct evolutionary trends have been distinguished in Norantea. These evolutionary trends were less distinct in Souroubea. A key to the pollen types has been given in addition.

Description: Banks, Sir Joseph W.T. Stearn, A Royal Society appointment with Venus in 1769: The voyage of Cook and Banks in the Endeavour in 1768-1771 and its botanical results. Not. & Rec. R. Soc. Lond. 24 (1969) 64-90, 4 fig., 1 map. – A very readable account of Cook’s voyage with the Endeavour with plants accounted for.

Description: This paper constitutes an addendum to a previous paper by the author on the genus Clavulinopsis in North America. One new species is described, Clavulinopsis subaustralis Petersen, and one new combination made, Clavulinopsis laeticolor f. coccineo-basalis (Joss.) Petersen.

Description: A description and drawings are presented of a new species of Penicillium which is assigned to the P. nigricans series.

Description: Macroventuria, a new genus of Venturiaceae, is discribed with two new species.

Description: Of the 5 genera mentioned in the title a revision is given of the species of the Malesian region. Critical notes are made on delimitation, subdivision, and/or distribution of Carissa, Melodinus, and Chilocarpus; Neokeithia is reduced to Chilocarpus which genus exhibits an unusual array of variation in fruit structure. Keys to the Malesian species are presented of Melodinus, Leuconotis, and Chilocarpus. The keys are followed by an enumeration of these species; each species is provided with a brief synonymy and an account of its distribution and ecology. Essential extensions of previous knowledge of distribution are documented briefly by citing select collections. Various reductions of species are made. In Melodinus 2 new species are described, in Leuconotis 1 new variety; in Chilocarpus 6 new species, I new variety, and 2 new combinations are proposed. An account of all specimens examined will appear in a separate Identification List.

Description: During a study of species of Alternanthera Forsk. introduced in the Netherlands it was necessary to compare the Malesian representatives of A. ficoidea (L.) R. Br. ex Griseb. ssp. bettzickiana (Regel) Backer (Fl. Mal. I, 4, 1949, 91). The material under this name present in the Rijksherbarium, Leiden, proved to be heterogeneous, part of it belonging to another species. Dr. Van Steenis pointed out to me an article by Pedersen (Kurtziana 14, 1967, 437), where A. paronychioides St. Hil. was mentioned for Malesia, and showed me his correspondence with the author, where further details concerning this species were given. A closer study showed the unidentified specimens to belong to that species.

Description: This is the fifth volume in the series of reference books on the anatomy of the Monocotyledons edited by the former Keeper of the Jodrell Laboratory at Kew, Dr. C. R. Metcalfe. It is the second volume of which he is both the author and the editor, his first contribution being volume I on the Gramineae. The book starts with an introductory part with notes on techniques and materials, general considerations on morphology and anatomy of the family, and a discussion of the taxonomic implications of the anatomical findings. The bulk consists of descriptions of leaf, culm, rhizome, and root anatomy of 280 species from 90 genera. For each genus data from literature have been abstracted in a special section by Miss Mary Gregory. Taxonomic notes are also given for each genus.

Description: The members of tribe Passifloreae of the Passifloraceae are assumed to be originally all tendril-climbers. They have essentially axillary cymose inflorescences, and the vegetative ramification occurs always through the accessory bud. In tribe Paropsieae and Flacourtiaceae (mostly shrubs or trees, no tendril-climbers) the inflorescences are axillary, most likely essentially racemose, and the vegetative ramification is mostly through the axillary bud. The tendril-climbing neotropical genus Ancistrothyrsus appeared to belong to Passifloreae. Though the tribe Paropsieae remains to occupy an intermediate position between Passifloraceae and Flacourtiaceae, they can best be classified with the Passifloraceae. A new key is proposed for the distinction of both families and the genera of Passifloraceae.

Description: Up to the present Meliosma was subdivided into two sections, Simplices and Pinnatae. These taxa are shown to be artificial, and a new, less simple but more natural infrageneric subdivision is made, viz. into the subgenera Kingsboroughia and Meliosma, subdivided into the sections Hendersonia and Kingsboroughia, and Meliosma and Lorenzanea respectively. The old sections Simplices and Pinnatae have been reduced to subsections of sect. Meliosma. This new system is primarily based upon endocarp characters which were as yet unknown; it has appeared that the morphology of the endocarp shows very important features. In subg. Kingsboroughia the vascular bundle connecting pedicel and seed is situated outside the endocarp wall, which is considered the most primitive situation, whereas in subg. Meliosma it is enclosed within the endocarp. The endocarp types of the four sections, in the sequence mentioned above, show an increasing degree of specialization, i.e. an increasing degree of enclosure of the vascular bundle by the endocarp wall; the most primitive type is found in the Malesian sect. Hendersonia, and the most specialized one in the American sect. Lorenzanea. The latter does not occur outside the New World, whereas the other three sections are SE. Asian, sect. Kitigsboroughia and sect. Meliosma subsect. Simplices centering in SW. Central China, N. Upper Burma and Tonkin, and sect. Hendersonia and sect. Meliosma subsect. Pinnatae centering in N. Sumatra, Malaya, and N. Borneo; these areas are shown to be probable, primary centres of origin of the species of these groups. Subg. Kingsboroughia and sect. Meliosma have thus bicentric areas, which are considered homologous, hence suggesting a similar distributional history of the taxa involved. Similar bicentric areas are also found in some other, unrelated genera, and may be not uncommon. Subg. Meliosma is a common, widespread, diversified taxon, in contrast to subg. Kingsboroughia which has only three uniform species covering small and disjunct areas. It is demonstrated that subg. Kingsboroughia is a relict group, which was much more widespread in former geologic periods than it is at present. This is supported among other things by the transpacific disjunct distribution of M. alba which at present only occurs in SW. Central China and in S. Mexico (formerly known as two separate species which were never compared). The history of the distribution of Meliosma during the Tertiary period can be partly reconstructed with the help of fossil records of this genus, more than 40 of which have been evaluated, mostly on the basis of paleobotanical literature. It appears that most of these records, including endocarps and leaf-imprints, are reliable, especially those of endocarps. With the help of these it can be established that the four sections and the two subsections of Meliosma were already recognizable as early as the Lower Eocene. From that time on their distributional history can be more or less traced up to the present. It is very probable that during the warm Eocene sect. Meliosma entered America via Beringia (the reverse possibly holds for sect. Lorenzanea), whereas it is certain that sect. Kingsboroughia did so at a later phase of the Tertiary, when the climate was cooler and a forest of warm-temperate ecology covered a wide zone in the northern hemisphere. The Pleistocene glaciations destroyed most of this vegetation and consequently the area of sect. Kingsboroughia was reduced to a few small relict stations, of which the localities of the above-mentioned disjunct M. alba are the most remarkable ones. The taxonomic revision proper deals only with the SE. Asian sections of Meliosma; the American sect. Lorenzanea has been excluded. Up to the present the number of Asian species of Meliosma was estimated to be nearly 100, the number of names even being twice as much. Of these species only 15 are recognized here, and no new species have been described. A number of these are widely distributed, complex species, which can be subdivided into several subspecies. It appears that in all species these subspecies are isolated from each other, either geographically, or ecologically (by altitude or habitat). One special case of ecological isolation has been found, viz. between two different-sized subspecies flowering respectively in the undergrowth and in the upper tree storey of lowland tropical rain forest. Finally, evidence has been found that Meliosma is a self-pollinator, which would favour the origin and perpetuation of local races, and hence would account for the richness of forms in Meliosma species.

Description: Dimocarpus Lour., Fl. Coch. (1790) 233. — Lectotype: D. lichi Lour. ( D. longan). Euphoria Auct. non Comm. ex Juss., Gen. (1789) 247, nom. illeg.: Gmel., Syst. Nat. 2 (1791) 611; Radlk., Pfl. R. Heft 98 (1932) 894—910.

Description: The most complete survey of the Dermaptera of the Caribbean is that of REHN & HEBARD (1917), which mainly dealt with material collected on behalf of the American Museum of Natural History, but additional records from specimens in other American Institutions were included. This publication did not include all previous records and keys to the species were not given, apart from a short key to some names which were regarded as being forms of Carcinophora americana (Beauvois). A number of subsequent papers on the Dermaptera of these islands have been published, these papers either giving records from a single island or recording species from various islands, but no comprehensive survey of the known Dermaptera has been compiled. The islands of the Caribbean form an interesting area, and a comprehensive survey of the Dermaptera is desirable so that an adequate comparison of this fauna can be made with the fauna of the American mainland. The present author has had the opportunity recently to examine a large collection of Dermaptera collected on the islands of the Caribbean by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK. This collection is particularly interesting since HUMMELINCK has collected on most of the smaller islands, and it is these islands which are the least known, most available records having been made on the larger islands of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. Through the kindness of Pastor ALAYO D, a collection of Dermaptera from Cuba has also been examined, together with photographs of the specimens in the Gundlach collection which were listed by BOLIVAR (1888). These photographs have proved to be useful in checking on the species, and the correlations of the names used by BOLIVAR with modern nomenclature and the synonymy, is based on these photographs.

Description: El presente trabajo es una contribución al estudio de las Apendicularias de la región oriental de Venezuela. Presenta los resultados taxonómicos y de distribución de las especies recolectadas durante los años 1960 a 1962. Las muestras de plancton analizadas indicaron la presencia de 18 especies pertenecientes a los siguientes géneros: Oikopleura (8), Fritillaria (7), Stegosoma (1), Appendicularia (1) y Tectillaria (1). Se hace una breve descripción de las especies con las figuras respectivas, sus localidades, abundancia y distribución. Se incluyen además algunos datos hidrográficos. Se pudo observar de una manera muy general que las especies más abundantes se presentan en las estaciones próximas a la costa y en la región del Golfo de Cariaco. Igualmente hay una mayor frecuencia y abundancia de Oikopleura que de Fritillaria. Oikopleura longicauda fué la especie más común con una mayor representación y abundancia en todas las áreas estudiadas, en particular en el Golfo y Fosa de Cariaco y en las estaciones al noreste del Edo. Sucre; se encontró más a la superficie y durante el mes de junio; su mayor distribución fué por encima de los 100 mts., tanto en las estaciones neríticas como en las oceánicas. Le sigue en menor proporción, O. fusiformis, O. dioica y Fritillaria haplostoma. Se destaca la presencia de O. dioica especialmente en los Golfos. O. fusiformis y O. rufescens se encontraron tanto en las zonas neríticas como en las oceánicas. En la Fosa de Cariaco y en las estaciones situadas al Norte del Estado Sucre se observó la mayor variedad de especies, con un total de 17. La variedad y el porcentaje de abundancia de las especies fué menor en el Golfo de Paria con 7 solamente. En la región adyacente al Delta del Orinoco, las especies Oikopleura longicauda y O. fusiformis fueron las más abundantes. En el Golfo de Cariaco fueron encontradas 12 especies, siendo las más comunes O. longicauda y Fritillaria haplostoma. En la Fosa de Cariaco, O. parva fué la más frecuente entre los 300—100 mts., y con un porcentaje mayor en el mes de febrero; las formas tales como O. albicans, O. fusiformis f. cornutogastra, Tectillaria fertilis y F. haplostoma f. abjörnseni, fueron encontradas en menor proporción; aparentemente las diferencias de profundidad y temperatura son factores importantes por la ausencia de ellas dentro del Golfo. Se observó la penetración de las formas oceánicas Fritillaria haplostoma, F. borealis f. sargassi y Oikopleura cophocerca dentro de los Golfos de Cariaco, Santa Fé y en la Bahía de Mochima. Por otra parte hay que destacar que Tectillaria fertilis, F. haplostoma f. abjörnseni y F. formica f. tuberculata son nuevos registros para el Caribe. (Tablas 7 y 8).

Description: One of the least known of the endemic Hispaniolan colubrid snake genera is Hypsirhynchus. The genus was proposed by GUNTHER (1858) for one specimen of a new snake, purportedly from the island of Barbados, to which he gave the name H. ferox. COPE (1862) later described H. scalaris from Hispaniola (type locality – near Jérémie, Departement du Sud, Haïti). This species differed from H. ferox in that H. scalaris lacked a loreal scale; the pattern and coloration were said to be quite different from those stated by GUNTHER to be typical of his species. COPE (1879) established that H. ferox was Hispaniolan rather than Barbadian and considered H. scalaris as distinct from H. ferox. BOULENGER (1894) regarded H. scalaris as identical to H. ferox. However, COCRAN (1941) noted that the holotype of H. scalaris differed from other H. ferox which she examined in that it lacked a loreal; she also pointed out that the loreal scale was reduced in some specimens of ferox. Only DUNN (1932) seriously questioned the status of Hypsirhynchus as a distinct genus. DUNN suggested that Hypsirhynchus be considered congeneric with the widespread Antillean Dromicus. MERTENS (1939) pointed out that, although Hypsirhynchus was indeed close to Dromicus, the former differed from the latter in having a vertically elliptical pupil. The problem is made somewhat more complex in that the Antillean snakes presently included in Dromicus represent an unquestionably polyphyletic assemblage; to combine Hypsirhynchus with Dromicus surely contributes no clarification to the confusion in Dromicus. Aside even from this contention is the fact that Hypsirhynchus, if combined with Dromicus, stands out immediately in its general habitus (stocky rather than slim and cursorial), peculiarly viperidlike head, pattern and coloration, and relatively short tail. The hemipenial structures of Dromicus (sensu stricto, and exclusive of those forms which are to be included in Leimadophis) and Hypsirhynchus likewise are quite distinct. All things considered, there is surely nothing to be gained by considering Hypsirhynchus a member of the genus Dromicus. As presently understood, Hypsirhynchus is a valid monotypic genus; the species ferox is also monotypic, and no one has attempted to assess the variation within it. My own interest in Hypsirhynchus is due to the collection of four specimens on Isla Saona, that Hispaniolan satellite island off the extreme southeastern coast of the República Dominicana. Although H. ferox has been previously known to occur on lie de la Gonâve, it had not before been taken on any other of the Hispaniolan satellites. In fact, published locality records are few indeed. SCHMIDT (1921) reported specimens from Los Quemados and El Cercado de Mao in the northwestern portion of the Republica Dominicana, and MERTENS (1939) recorded specimens from Monte Cristi in this same general region and from Cap-Haïtien on the northern Haitian littoral. COCHRAN (1941) cited specimens examined or recorded from Jérémie and Côteaux on the Tiburon Peninsula in Haïti, from Momance, Carrefour, Port-au-Prince, Damien, and Manneville in and near the Cul-de-Sac Plain in Haïti, and from St. Michel de l’Atalaye, Gonaïves, Savanne Papaye, and Cap-Haïtien in northern and central Haiti. Dominican records have been very few and include only (in addition to those of SCHMIDT and MERTENS) that of COCHRAN (1941) from Santo Domingo. The species is obviously widespread but apparently uncommon in most areas.

Description: This paper contains descriptions and figures of two new species of Corydoras Lacépède, 1803, C. weitzmani from Peru, and C. blochi from Guyana, Brazil, and Venezuela. The latter species is represented by two subspecies, C. blochi blochi from the Amazonas, Branco, Orinoco, and Essequibo drainages, and C. blochi vittatus from the Itapecuru basin.

Description: H. Rain forest at Kamisa falls (Niekerie R., west bank) (see table 8) 7 plots of 1000 m² and 21 plots of 100 m², total area 9100 m². – Number of species: ca 110. – Soil: brown to grey, loamy sand, occasionally with ferrite gravel. – Dominant species: Dicorynia guianensis (basralokus). – Shrub layer: saplings of gawetri (Sapindaceae spp.), tingimoni (Protium spp.), boegoe-boegoe (Swartzia spp.), and switi boontje (Inga spp.); many palms, viz. Attalea maripa (maripa), Oenocarpus bacaba (koemboe), nanai-maka (Bactris vs. humilis), and taspalm (Geonoma vs. baculifera). – Herb layer: kleine paloeloe (Heliconia sp.), warimbo (Marantaceae spp.) and Renealmia gracilis O. G. Pet. (masoesa). There was only one dominant tree species in this forest, namely Dicorynia guianensis, forming 12% of all trees with a diameter of 10 cm or over. This species, however, was very unevenly distributed being well represented in a few quadrats, but entirely absent in many others.

Description: In this paper the morphology of pollen grains yielded by male Gymnosperm fructifications from the Jurassic flora of Yorkshire is studied and discussed. Several new male fructifications were found and described: Hastystrobus gen. nov. was erected for male cones yielding the Eucommiidites type of pollen grains. This genus is monotypic and the type species Hastystrobus muirii yielded pollen grains that agree with Eucommiidites troedssonii. Hastystrobus muirii very probably has Cycadalean affinities, because the whole abaxial surface of the microsporophylls is covered with sporangia. For the first time the male fructification of Ginkgo huttoni (Heer) Sternberg is described. It resembles in general the male fructification of the recent Ginkgo biloba L., and the pollen grains agree with those of Ginkgo biloba. Male cones associated with Brachyphyllum crucis Kendall have been found and described. They yielded pollen grains that after short maceration were identifiable as Circulina, while after prolonged maceration they could be assigned to Classopollis multistriatus Burger. Brachyphyllum crucis is provisionally assigned to the Hirmerella-group on the basis of its male cone and pollen grains. The cones were compared with other male cones containing Classopollis pollen, which were also attributed to the Hirmerella-group. It is suggested that all members of the Hirmerella-group have an epidermis with a special type of stoma. Masculostrobus harrisii sp. nov. is described. This male cone resembles closely the male cone of Elatides williamsoni (Brgt) Sew., but its pollen grains are of the Inaperturopollenites-type, instead of the Perinopollenites-type. The new species Pityanthus scalbiensis yielding bisaccate pollen grains of a rather primitive type is described; there is almost no saccus infrastructure present. The Czekanowskia-group (including Leptostrobus and Solenites) in all probability does not belong to the Ginkgoales but to the Conifers. An interesting find was that the pollen grains of the Araucariaceous Brachyphyllum mamillare Brgt are of two types: In type 1 the nexine and sexine are attached to each other, while in type 2 the nexine is loose from the sexine and is somewhat shrunk. In the latter type also pollen grains were found that are somewhat trilobate. A similar dimorphism of pollen grains was also found in the recent Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch. The pollen grains from the various male fructifications were compared with those from other male fructifications related to them. If the cones were assigned to recent taxa, the pollen grains were compared with recent pollen grains from those taxa (Cycadales, Ginkgoales and Coniferospermae). The pollen grains were also compared with dispersed pollen grains, mainly from the Jurassic.

Description: At present 38 species of Rhynchospora, now including also Dichromena, are known from Suriname, two of which with two varieties. Two new species are described here: Rh. guianensis and Rh. sublanata. A key to the Suriname species is presented. For every taxon the distribution and, where known, a brief characteristic of its ecology in Suriname are given.

Description: Bryum rubens Mitt. is reported for the first time from the Netherlands. The species was found growing in abundance in two localities, situated in the central and eastern part of the country.

Description: Prof. J.A. Nannfeldt gave in a lecture (publ. in Acta Univ. Skrifter rörande Uppsala Univ. 17, 1970) an interesting summary of Fungi as plant taxonomists, distinguishing 4 cases: 1) isolated fungus restricted to one species, not on other related species, 2) an isolated single fungus on a supraspecific taxon of hosts, 3) closely related fungi on closely related species of hosts, 4) parasite genera or higher taxa confined to a special super-generic host taxon. All cases he illustrated by examples. In certain cases there must have been ’co-evolution’ of parasite and host. He mentioned that the importance of parasitic fungi as indicators of taxonomic affinity has been utilized in the past. Samuelsson used it in 1913 for example to suggest affinity of Empetrum with Ericaceae. One could say that this means of getting independent data is an argument of chemotaxonomical nature, the ’taste’ of the parasite for certain substances which he needs, likes or is bound to in some other way. Prof. Nannfeldt, besides pointing to Empetrum, added that we must now seriously consider the possibility, or rather probability, of a kinship between Acorus and Sparganiaceae after the surprising discovery of Parmelee & Savile who found that Uromyces sparganii also infests Acorus calamus (1954).

Description: Aubréville, A.: Essais sur la distribution et l’histoire des Angiospermes tropicales dans le monde. Adansonia 9 (1969) 189-247. This paper deals with many problems also discussed in van Steenis’s land bridge theory. Aubréville also rejects long distance dispersal and ’reluctantly’ accepts Wegener’s Eocene supercontinent as providing the necessary migration routes. He also postulates that the Eocene equator was far displaced, not making clear whether this is his own idea or somebody else’s. He bases this apparently on the ’tropical’ character of the floras of the European Eocene, of which he is firmly convinced. Aubreville does not realize that Dutoit already in 1937 has rejected Wegener’s Eocene reconstruction as necessitating an ’absurdly late date’ for the main drifting movement. To my knowledge nobody else has since accepted this reconstruction. In Aubreville’s reconstruction of continents + equator, movements of 60 cm/year are necessary to get everything in place in time, which is more than 10 times faster than what is admitted as possible and likely by geologists (cf. E.R. Deutsch in SEPM, Spec. Publ. 10, 1963).

Description: In continuation of his study on the Elevation Effect in the Swiss mountain flora, Mr. W. Backhuys has also undertaken an analysis of the subalpine species of Taraxacum in Switzerland which have been just revised by the expert on this group, Prof. Dr. J.L. van Soest. This is a valuable addition, as the Taraxacums have all the same means of dispersal, viz. by wind through their plumes and show in this respect an important homogeneity.

Description: Lindley, John & J. Paxton, Paxton’s Flower Garden. 3 Vols, 1850-1853. Revised by Thomas Baines, 1880- 1885. Cf. Leslie A. Garay, Taxon 18 (1969) 711-712.

Description: Mr. Mohamad bin Akip, Botanical Artist with the Forest Department, Sarawak, proceeded in Sept. 1970 on a six-month F.A.O. fellowship to the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Dr. J.A.R. Anderson at the invitation of the Institute of Tropical Biology (BIOTROP) of Indonesia accompanied a small party to Kalimantan for a month in mid-year to investigate the Kutei Nature Reserve.

Description: Hepaticae. Miss Hewson, Sydney University, has at last got down to publishing her monumental thesis on Aneuraceae of Australia and New Guinea.

Description: With considerable justification the woody Ranales are regarded as the most primitive angiosperm group and the features they possess tend to be accepted as primitive for the angiosperms as a whole. The latter view is probably justified in most instances, but it would be unwise to assume uncritically that the woody Ranales are primitive in all respects. For example, because all woody Ranales possess them, simple leaves are regarded as primitive. There is less agreement on the primitiveness or otherwise of stipules because some woody Ranales possess them and others do not. However, if the view that the primitive angiosperm leaf is simple and exstipulate is correct then compound leaves and stipules must be regarded as derived. This may be so, but it should be noted that this would run counter to the general trend towards reduction in angiosperm evolution.

Description: Fungal strains in the culture collection of the CBS under the generic names Arachniotus and Pseudoarachniotus were studied. The genera Arachniotus (including Pseudoarachniotus) with 6 species, Narasimhella with a single species, and Amauroascus with 7 species are accepted. For Arachniotus glomeratus, Arachniotus striatisporus and Arachniotus lectardii the new generic names Arachnotheca, Byssoascus, and Eleutherascus are proposed. A key is given for the genera of the Gymnoascaceae.

Description: Drawing on long experience and numerous, well annotated collections Dr. A. H. Smith and Dr. L. R. Hesler have published another monograph on a group of North American agarics, viz. the genus Pholiota in a very wide sense, including Flammula, Kuehneromyces, Pachylepyrium, Phaeolepiota, some species of Hypholoma and a large part of Phaeomarasmius. The general chapters in the first 36 pages deal with the history of the genus, the new classification proposed by the authors, the macroscopic, microscopic and chemical characters and the intergeneric relationships of Pholiota. The bulk of the book comprises a taxonomic treatment of the genus and includes extensive descriptions and drawings of the most important microscopis characters of 205 species arranged in 48 groups called stirpes, 16 sections and 7 subgenera. More than half of the species are new. The keys are scattered throughout the entire taxonomic section. This is a great inconvenience as they lead to names without page numbers, leaving the reader with the choice of either adding the page numbers to the keys himself or else repeatedly looking up the appropriate keys or descriptions in the index. The 115 black-and-white photographs are of excellent quality and very instructive.

Description: There are seeds that, when cut in any plane, show a labyrinth structure (van Heel, 1970). This may be due to folding of the cotyledons (Burseraceae, Dipterocarpaceae), or to the presence of testa tissue within the seed. In the latter case the testa tissue may either be located in the endosperm only (‘ruminated seeds’ in Palmae, Annonaceae, etc.), or the testa tissue may interfere with the cotyledons. It is possible that in some cases the testa at first interferes with the endosperm, and later on, when the embryo has become larger, also interferes with the cotyledons (Corner, 1966, in some Palmae). In the case of testa tissue interfering with the cotyledons, there are probably two possibilities. Firstly the testa may be located between portions of folded and lobed, mostly flat, cotyledons — sometimes surrounded by a small amount of endosperm — (Kingiodendron, Erycibe, Argyreia, Neokeithia). Secondly the testa can be located in many crevices in massive cotyledons (Hernandia, Mangifera). However, it seems that a distinction among labyrinth-seeds will be rather arbitrary, as long as the precise ways of development remain unknown. It is very probable that different ontogenies may yield much resembling end-stages (Corner, 1966; van Heel, 1971; Periasamy 1962).

Description: On March 1st, 1971, Dr. Hermann Otto Sleumer, senior staff member of the Rijksherbarium, retired on reaching the age of 65 years. I have expressly omitted to say ‘from active service’, because his work has gone on uninterruptedly and he even had objections against spending one afternoon, on Febr. 26th, to celebrate this occasion with speeches and a reception in his honour. Also Mrs. Sleumer found it quite unnecessary and did not anticipate it with pleasure, but afterwards both told us that they had enjoyed it immensely. The story of the life of a scientist is to me always fascinating if it provides, apart from the plain facts of education, career, and bibliography, an insight also into the motives of his personality, the opportunities life offered to him, the challenges he had to meet, and the way he solved them or came to decisions. Too often the incentives and personal notes fail to come to the fore and consequently such so-called biographies fall short of a true life sketch.

Description: Piscadera Bay is situated 4 km West of Willemstad, Curaçao, between two limestone hills which have a height of about 100 m. It is a drowned river system, the entrance of which is almost completely blocked by a bar of coral debris reaching to about 2 meters above sea level. The following parts may be easily distinguished: 1) the Boca or “Outer Bay.” 2) the “Entrance,” and 3) the bay proper or “Inner Bay” (see map, Fig. 147). The Boca or “Outer Bay” is about 200 m wide and 6 m or less deep until (about 100 m off-shore) it reaches the outside border of a coastal platform which rapidly falls to several hundred meters. This sandy Boca is not only submitted to a turbid tidal flow of water from the Inner Bay, but, moreover, suffers from the increasing influence of man which has changed the underwater landscape in various ways.

Description: This paper contains descriptions and figures of two new species of Corydoras, C. maculifer from Brazil and C. panda from Peru. The relationships of the new species with other species of Corydoras are discussed.

Description: Since Kränzlin’s monograph (1912) very little taxonomical work on the genus Canna has been done. The work is now very much out of date also because cytological and pollenmorphological methods have become available since. The present work has been inspired by the problems pertaining to the genus as occurring in Suriname. It was expanded to cover northern South America, South to the Amazon River, and includes also some West Indian material.

Description: This report deals with the results of the determination of bryophytes collected by the author in 1967 in the western District of Chanià on the island of Crete. 33 species new to Crete were discovered and a number of bryophytes were collected for the first time in the District Chanià. Some species listed here were previously known from only very few European localities: Riella notarisii, Solenostoma handelii, Rhamphidium rechingeri and Trematodon longicollis. Rhamphidium rechingeri has been found to be conspecific with the west-mediterranean Rhamphidium purpuratum Michx. A few remarks are made on the distribution of the bryophytes on the island. A relatively rich flora of liverworts is present in District Chanià, which is due to a high annual precipitation-rate and to the presence of well-irrigated schistose mountain-areas in this region.

Description: The Flora of Ceylon Project (continued from p. 1784). Dr. V. Meijer spent 3 months in the island for the study of Anacardiaceae, Meliaceae, Sapindaceae, Dr. P.S. Ashton visited the island for Dipterocarpaceae, and Mr. C.F. van Beusekom for Gaertnera and Sabiaceae.

Description: Flora of Thailand. Of this new project (see p. 1556 of this Bulletin) the first part of volume 2 appeared, dated Sept. 1970 (received Leyden 8 Dec.), containing revisions of Haloragaceae (R. van der Meijden), Rhizophoraceae (Ding Hou), Oxalidaceae (J.F. Veldkamp), Rosaceae (J.E. Vidal), Ochnaceae (A. Kanis), and Icacinaceae (H. Sleumer). The octavo volume looks attractive, well-printed on excellent paper. This first number covers 92 pp. The only figures in it are 3 of Rosaceae, but they are not of high quality. For convenient tracing of localities a loose map of Thailand is added indicating the floristic provinces and regions of Thailand, with a name list of these. All taxa are described and there are keys to genera and species. Each species is provided with synonymy, general and Thailand distribution, ecology, uses and vernacular names. All text is in English; vernaculars are also in Thai characters. No new names are proposed.

Description: Trimenia was first described by Seemann (1871) and based upon a single specimen from Kandavu, Fiji Islands. This specimen he had referred earlier in a preliminary list of Vitian Plants (1861) to a species of Weinmannia because ‘in habit this singular plant is so very much like some species of Weinmannia (Seemann 1871). He suggested it to belong to the tribe of Ternstroemieae DC. of Theaceae, ‘though the panicles are pluriflorous’. Bentham & Hooker (1880) did not share this view and although the systematic position was not certain as they said, they regarded it to have more affinity to Monimiaceae. Some time elapsed before Perkins & Gilg (1901) and Perkins (1925) placed the taxon definitely in the Monimiaceae as the tribe Trimenieae. Gibbs (1917) regarded this tribe to be a distinct family, Trimeniaceae, although she did not state the reasons for this decision. On the basis of more extensive material Gilg & Schlechter (1923) disputed this point of view; they postulated that the features upon which the diagnosis of the family was based were not clear and distinct enough to justify a separation between Monimiaceae and Trimeniaceae as distinct families, although it seemed clear to them that the Trimenioideae should have to be considered as a distinct subfamily of Monimiaceae. This subfamily should include four genera viz.: Xymalos, Idenburgia, Piptocalyx, and Trimenia.

Description: The intention of this serial of review papers covering the various branches of botany is firstly to offer the authors a freedom to express opinions and to speculate as widely as they dare upon future trends, and secondly to offer the classical- and modern-minded readers at least a possibility to dip into each other’s pages so that each may appreciate the other and learn ‘what it is all about’ (Preston, in the preface to Volume I). The present reviewers are engaged in the field of plant morphology and anatomy, to which the last paper of this volume belongs, namely the excellent contribution by P. B. Tomlinson on Monocotyledons (mainly arborescent forms). Tomlinson presents a lively picture of the ‘habit’, vascularization, inflorescence, etc. in these plants, which were much neglected by one-sided temperate approach during decades. He does so by adding many functional details and by always considering the development of these structures. Especially his scheme for the construction of the stem in the palm Rhapis presents a reliable demonstration based on exact observations.

Description: Although there have been several collections of polychaetous annelids from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, very few spionids have been included in the published species lists. This is not because they are poorly represented in this area but probably a result of their small size and the fact that they are easily overlooked both in collecting and in sorting of samples. It is also probable that their small size renders them an unpopular group with which to work. Very few spionids were reported from collections of the early large scale collecting cruises. This can be, at least in part, attributed to the fact that they are more common in littoral habitats than in deeper waters. SCHMARDA (1861) reported three species as a result of his world cruise (1853—57) during which he visited several Caribbean Islands. TREADWELL (1901, 1931a + b, 1939a, 1939b) reported only three species and this included his treatment of the annelids collected during the Scientific Survey of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Other contributions include works by AUGENER (1906, 1927, 1933), HORST (1922), KAVANAGH (1940) and BEHRE (1950). HARTMAN (1951) reported on a collection of littoral polychaetes from the Gulf of Mexico. The latter included what is probably the largest number of spionids dealt with in a single study up to that time. Twelve species were reported, most of which represented new records. Later, small papers were contributed by CARPENTER (1956) from the northern Gulf, FRIEDRICH (1956) from Central and South America and WESENBERG-LUND (1958) from the Lesser Antilles. Finally in 1962, JONES reported on a collection of polychaetes from Jamaica which included two spionid species.

Description: As a result of the re-examination of the type-material of Pterygascidia mirabilis Sluiter a lectotype is designated, and the original description of this species is emended on five points. It is concluded that Pterygascidia is related more closely to Ciallusia longa Van Name than was thought previously.

Description: This paper contains descriptions and figures of two new species of Corydoras Lac\xc3\xa9p\xc3\xa8de, 1803, C. weitzmani from Peru, and C. blochi from Guyana, Brazil, and Venezuela. The latter species is represented by two subspecies, C. blochi blochi from the Amazonas, Branco, Orinoco, and Essequibo drainages, and C. blochi vittatus from the Itapecuru basin.

Description: As a result of the re-examination of the type-material of Pterygascidia mirabilis Sluiter a lectotype is designated, and the original description of this species is emended on five points. It is concluded that Pterygascidia is related more closely to Ciallusia longa Van Name than was thought previously.

Description: Fieldwork in French \xe2\x80\x9cd\xc3\xa9partements\xe2\x80\x9d along the Atlantic coast from southern Brittany to the northern part of the Aquitaine Basin, revealed 324 inland and brackish localities with gammarids. Particularly interesting are 21 new stations of Echinogammarus spinulicornis (which was known from 3 places only, all more to the south). This species prefers the mid-course of rivers, especially habitats without vegetation.\nGammarus zaddachi is recorded for the first time south of the Loire.

Description: The type species of the genus Loricariichthys Bleeker, 1862, Loricariichthys maculatus (Bloch, 1794), is redescribed from two syntypes, one of which is designated the lectotype. The same specimen is also designated the neotype for Plecostomus cataphracta Gronovius (ed. Gray), 1854 (non Loricaria cataphracta Linnaeus, 1758, sensu stricto). The type locality of both nominal species is restricted after a comparison to specimens recently collected from a locality in Surinam.

Description: The authors report on the almost complete skull of a Lynx, Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) found during excavation of a Roman castellum at Valkenburg, Province of Zuid-Holland, the Netherlands in 1962. Photographs and measurements of the skull are presented as well as a review of the Lynx remains found in European settlements from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages.

Description: A description and drawings are presented of a new species of Penicillium which is assigned to the P. nigricans series.

Description: The Sarathrogammarus-group consists of the genera Sarathrogammarus (7 species, of which 1 new), Neogammarus (2 species, of which 1 new), Comatogammarus (new genus, with 1 species), Rhipidogammarus (new genus, with 2 species, of which 1 new), and Longigammarus (1 species). Keys to genera and species are provided.

Description: A method of age determination, new in birds, is described. The method has been derived from similar methods commonly used to determine age of fishes, amphibians, reptilians, and mammals. It consists of demonstrating, by preparation of transverse transparent sections, the presence of annual deposits in the periosteal zone (= zone of outer circumferential lamellae) of bone. Evidence is presented that the layered structures in the periosteal zone are indeed annual and thus related with age.

Description: Description of Echinogammarus spinulicornis nov. spec., closely related to E. pungens (H. Milne Edwards), and of Echinogammarus zebrinus nov. spec., a member of the E. berilloni-group, from streams in the Basin of Aquitaine, southwestern France.

Description: Five species of the genus Gammarus have been found in and around the Basin of Arcachon (southwestern France). Short notes on the autecology of these species are given. Literature records of G. duebeni and of G. aequicauda from the Basin rest on confusion with other species, as is proved by re-examination of the original material and by renewed sampling on the localities mentioned in the literature.

Description: Nine species of gammaridean amphipods, belonging to the family Isaeidae, are fully described and figured. Eight of these were collected from typical marine locations on the East and West coast of South India and one, namely Photis digitata K. H. Barnard, 1935, was obtained from a brackish water lake on the West coast of peninsular India between 9\xc2\xb07\' and 9\xc2\xb016\' N and 76\xc2\xb020\' and 76\xc2\xb028\' E. Five of the species described are already known from the Indian coasts; one species, Eurystheus digitatus Schellenberg, 1938, is a new record for the region; two others (Microprotopus bicuspidatus and Eurystheus anomalus) are new to science. Until more materials become available, the last species included in this report is provisionally assigned to the genus Megamphopus Norman and is described without a specific name.