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  • Articles  (634)
  • Springer  (634)
  • 2020-2024
  • 1950-1954  (634)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1953  (634)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (588)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (46)
  • Ethnic Sciences
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  • Articles  (634)
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  • 2020-2024
  • 1950-1954  (634)
  • 1945-1949
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  • 1
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    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Though bulbs are not grown in soil infested withH. rostochiensis in the Netherlands, a method has been developed which gives complete destruction of adhering cysts of this eelworm, without damaging the bulbs. Some organic mercury compounds, which are regularly used as dips in controlling fungus diseases of bulbs, proved to be effective againstH. rostochiensis also. With Aaventa a complete kill ofH. rostochiensis was obtained using 1/4% for 6 hours, 1/2% for 3 hours and 1% for 1 hour (tables 1 and 2). These lethal doses did not affect the germinative and productive power of the tested bulbs, viz., 2 varieties of daffodil, 4 of hyacinth, 1 of iris, 1 of crocus, 3 of tulip and 2 of gladiolus. The only exception was the tulip variety Red Emperor (table 3f), which is an exceptionally susceptible variety in several respects. A comparison of Aaventa with the more common commercial bulb dips proved that Aabulba was also useful and even better than Aaventa (tables 6a-d). From former experience we conclude, that Aabulba is also, not phytocidal to bulbs in doses completely lethal toH. rostochiensis.
    Notes: Samenvatting Hoewel op metH. rostochiensis besmette grond in Nederland geen bloembollen verbouwd worden, is een ontsmettingsmethode ontwikkeld waarbij aanhangende cysten van dit aaltje worden gedood zonder de bollen te schaden. Enkele organische kwikverbindingen, die geregeld worden gebruikt als bloembolontsmetters ter bestrijding van schimmelziekten, bleken ook goed werkzaam tegenH. rostochiensis. Bij Aaventa bleek dompeling in 1/4% gedurende 6 uur, 1/2% gedurende 3 uur en 1% gedurende 1 uur juist afdoende (tabellen 1 en 2). Deze voorH. rostochiensis dodelijke concentraties bleken zonder bezwaar verdragen te worden door alle onderzochte soorten bloembollen, namelijk 2 variëteiten narcis, 4 variëteiten hyacinth, 1 variëteit iris, 1 variëteit crocus, 3 variëteiten tulp en 2 variëteiten gladiool. De enige uitzondering was de tulpenvariëteit Red Emperor (tabel 3f), die echter ook in andere opzichten sterk afwijkt van het normale tulpensortiment. Bij vergelijking van Aaventa met de gebruikelijke bloembolontsmetters bleek Aabulba eveneens goed bruikbaar en zelfs beter dan Aaventa (tabellen 6a-d). Op grond van vroegere ervaringen wordt aangenomen, dat ook Aabulba niet phytocide is bij de voorH. rostochiensis dodelijke doses.
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  • 2
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 62-71 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 3
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 76-76 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 4
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 76-76 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 5
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 77-81 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This part of the survey of economic important gall midges in the Netherlands deals with the species injurious to vegetable crops. Two genera with three species are recorded vizContarinia pisi Winn. (pea),Contarinia nasturtii Kffr (cabbages), andGephyraulus raphanistri Kffr (cabbages). Descriptions of the galls are given and the characteristics of the genera are mentioned in the part in which the gall midges injurious to fruit-crops are inserted. The Swede Midge (Contarinia nasturtii Kffr) is responsible for damage and losses on cabbages, and the Pea Midge (Contarinia pisi Winn.) causes damage on peas; the flower bud galls ofGephyraulus raphanistri Kffr are very similar to those ofContarinia nasturtii; the morphology of the adults does not differ much from Dasyneura species. It has been recorded byde Meyere for the Netherlands but little detailed information of the biology is available. The biology of the Swede Midge was studied byLeefmans in 1936–1939 and by MissB. M. Stokes in 1952 (see p. 82). Some notes on the biology, the distribution and the food plants are given, followed by references to important literature on the biology and the control.Dr S. Leefmans, Dr W. J. Maan, Dr C. J. H. Franssen and MissBarbara Stokes provided me with information and material ofC. nasturtii andC. pisi for my collection.
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  • 6
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 101-103 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A fungal parasite of the cyst contents ofHeterodera rostochiensis was frequently found in Holland on sandy soil. The attacked cysts show black spots which consist of the pycnidia of the fungus. The pycnidia mainly occur inside the cysts against the wall. They have oblong, hyphal appendages. The genus is unknown but it seems to be placed close by eitherPhoma orPyrenochaeta. A description of the fungus will appear elsewhere. Hatching tests with both black-spot and spotles cysts showed that fewer larvae hatch from the spotted cysts (Table 1). Infection of cysts with the fungus succeeded easily in agar tubes. The fungus was seen inside the cysts, entwining and mummifying the eggs. It could be re-isolated from the formerly infected cysts. The vitality of the cysts was investigated also by usingHomeyer's Acridin Orange test. Details of this method will be published later on.
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  • 7
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 137-142 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 8
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 143-148 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary On account of recent records ofDitylenchus radicicola (Greeff, 1872)Filipjev, 1936 in Dutch meadows, a study was made of its biology. Literature data were summarized. The eelworm attacks the roots of Gramineae and causes spiralshaped galls, which may contain up to 60 adults and some thousands of eggs and larvae each. Young larvae may actively hatch in water from whole, undecayed galls at temperatures around 17°C (Graph. 1). Root exudate of host plants did not stimulate the hatching process. The first larval stage is infective and may penetrate young root tips and also young galls (Fig. 1); it can withstand 2 month desiccation and also desinfection in a solution of an organic mercury compound. The host plant influences the number and size of the root galls (Graph. 2). Fig. 2 shows the anatomy of a young gall. The parasite is only found in grasses in this country and damage has not yet been found. Rye, wheat, barley and oats proved to be susceptible in inoculation trials; 17 plant species have been mentioned as natural hosts in different countries now and 3 are only found susceptible in inoculation trials.
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  • 9
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 154-159 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 10
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 169-169 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 11
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 192-194 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 12
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 188-191 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
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  • 13
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 195-197 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 14
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 200-200 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 15
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 201-204 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Observations on the biology ofLimnaecia phragmitella Stt. (fam. Momphidae, Lepid.) — made in the Netherlands — are mentioned. The species was previously considered as being rare but now is known to be numerous in a few areas. The caterpillars live in the heads of Typha where they feed on the seeds and later on the core. They hibernate when halfgrown, develop further in the spring and early summer and pupate in June; the moths appear during July. The species has a worldwide distribution: England, Central and Southern Europe, Northern Africa, Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America. In the latter country it was studied byP. W. Claassen together with a number of other Typha-insects occurring in the U.S.A. (Cornell Un. Memoir 47, Oct. 1921). The present author has found an hemipteron,Chilacis typhae Perris (Lygaeidae), in Typha heads occurring together with the caterpillars ofLimnaecia. This insect has also been reported in the literature as being rare in the Netherlands. It is suspected of living on the caterpillars but this has not been shown.
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  • 16
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 207-216 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary and conclusions 1. In the Netherlands already seven differentParatylenchus strains resp. species have been found, but probably none of them is identical with the originalP. macrophallus (de Man, 1880). One remarkable strain is described asP. goodeyi n. sp.; the other are provisionally headed under known species. 2. Spear length proved to be a useful specific character in addition to shape of head and tail in all strains encountered so far in this country. The presence of ♂♂ and the presence of a spear in ♂♂ also varied consistently between strains. α and β may show great variation when maturing ♀♀ swell considerably, as inP. goodeyi. Lateral vulva membranes, as indicated byThorne & Allen (1950), were always present with the ♀♀ and a thick, anal sheath with dorsal extension with the ♂♂ and a thick, anal sheath with dorsal extension with the ♂♂, so that these characters may be generic. The same was true for the presence of lip annules and of a lateral field with 4 lines. 3. Goodey's redescription ofP. macrophallus in 1934 is probably based on a mixture of species. A similar mixture is met with in the Netherlands and analysed in this paper. 4. Some described species ofParatylenchus may be synonyms of others, but in the case ofP. macrophallus the present synonymy has probably gone too far. The genus evidently needs an over all revision, including the description of several commonly occurring new species.
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  • 17
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 25-26 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary During the rainy year of 1951 a leafspot disease of leek caused byPleospora herbarum (Pers.) Rabenh. gave serious losses in some cases. The fungus causes a soft rot, later on the oval leafspots are growing dry, brownish white. When humidity is high many perithecia appear in about 2 months (see fig.). To control the disease spraying with copper compounds is advised.
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  • 18
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 33-34 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Good results in control of the seed-corn maggot in beans were obtained in a field trial in 1952, by treating the seed with lindane. At present the recommended dosage is 5 grms, 20% lindane per kg seed. Soil treatment with lindane, BHC and parathion gave no beneficial results.
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  • 19
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 29-32 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wet steamed clay-soil, contaminated with conidia, has been stored during a fortnight in a closed petridish at a temperature of about 16°C. Tubers of the variety Bintje were brought into contact with this wet clay in a glass dish and placed at about 16,5°C. After 9 days a rich growth of sporulating Phytophthora became visible on the clay adhering to the tubers; at that moment tuberlesions were not yet visible, though probably a light infection had taken place; 3 days later the first lesions could be observed. In a second experiment potatotubers (var. Bintje) were inoculated with Phytophthora and one day later brought in an „Artificial Clamp”. The temperature was first about 16°C, afterwards 18,5°C, the relative airhumidity was about 75%. After 22 days the sprouts of the tubers were to be removed; 17 days later new sprouts had developed. At that moment the fungus sporulated out of several tubers through lenticels and little wounds. The sporulating growths were made up of about 10 conidiophores, which had produced 40 to 50 conidia; only one consisted of a great many conidiophores. Sporulating Phytophthora also was visible around the base and at the top of the sprouts. These experiments have proved that under wet conditions (as it occurs often in potatoclamps) stored potatotubers from a diseased crop are infected with Phytophthora by conidia which are present in the adhering clay. The fungus maintains its infectingpower under these conditions for at least a forthnight. At the places, where the fungus invades the tubers, sporulations may appear on the adhering soil, by which new contaminations and new infections may take place. Contaminations also take place with conidia, produced by conidiophores, grown out through lenticels, little wounds and perhaps through the buds from infected tubers. So there may be some spread from infected tubers to sound ones in storage.
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  • 20
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 72-76 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. It was shown by means of a grafting experiment that the symptoms of proliferation of apple shoots and the abnormal enlargement of stipulae are due to a virus disease. 2. To this virus disease the name of proliferation disease was given. 3. This disease is probably identical with the witches broom disease (scopazzi del melo) of apple trees in Italy.
    Notes: Samenvatting 1. Door middel van entproeven werd aangetoond, dat het verschijnsel van proliferatie aan het waterlot van appelbomen en het daarmee gepaard gaande optreden van vergrote steunblaadjes aan de basis van de bladstelen de gevolgen zijn van een virusaantasting. 2. Aan deze virusziekte werd de naam proliferatieziekte gegeven. 3. Vermoedelijk is deze ziekte identiek met de heksenbezemziekte van appel in Italië (scopazzi del melo).
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  • 21
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 91-94 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 22
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 95-100 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Heterodera cruciferae is found in the Netherlands in five different locations, living on cabbage, rape and rapeseed, whereas beets are not attacked. ThisHeterodera is distinguished from nearly all otherHeterodera's known in Europe by its small, red brown, roundish lemon-shaped cysts and its short, thick larvae (Fig. 1, 2, 3, 5). The only exception isHeterodera humuli, which has however a thinner cyst wall of a lighter colour with a conspicuous, coarse, irregular punctation and larva stylets with distinctly forward-pointing knobs (Fig. 7, 8). The males are redescribed; they have 5–7 lip annules and three teeth on each spiculum tip (Fig. 4). Population density and type of damage with culture of rape seem to be about the same as with beet sickness caused byH. schachtii (Fig. 6). In the most important cabbage areaH. schachtii plays a more important role thanH. cruciferae. With both eelworms, an advisory service based on soil sample examinations would probably be useful for the culture of cruciferous crops.
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  • 23
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 105-136 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 24
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 153-153 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 25
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 170-173 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The Lantana bug,Teleonemia scrupulsoa Stål, was introduced for experimental purposes into Java, from Australia, in 1939. Initially it was intended to liberate this insect on Timor island, where Lantana has become a serious nuisance on pasture land. Upon further consideration of this project, however, the Forestry authorities decided against biological control of this weed on account of its value for erosion control on the mountain slopes. The laboratory culture ofTeleonemia was destroyed in 1940. Apparently the precautions taken to breed the bug in quarantine have not been adequate, for in 1951Teleonemia was discovered in the fields near Bogor. Since then it has been found in several places in and around this town. The climate of Bogor is very wet and it will therefore be of particular interest to study the relation between Teleonemia and Lantana as soon as the bug has reached an area on Java where the rainfall is about as low as it is on Timor.
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 178-180 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This paper deals withAsphondylia capsici Barnes, a gall midge injurious to pepper in Java. Fruits infested at an early stage of development remain very small and more or less round. Those infested at a later stage become curved (see figures). A description of the midges is given.
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  • 27
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 82-90 
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  • 28
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 103-103 
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  • 29
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 104-104 
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 149-152 
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    Notes: Summary Ditylenchus radicicola (Greeff, 1872)Filipjev 1936, has been found since 1950 in 75% of the Netherlands' old meadows as a generally distributed parasite on grass roots. Additional data on the morphology of the eelworm are given. Eleven grass varieties were found to be attacked under natural conditions; 7 of them are new host plants. Damage in our meadows was not observed. However this eelworm is considered a noxious parasite of cereals abroad and in view of the economic importance of grassland in our country further information would be desirable.
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 165-168 
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  • 32
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 160-164 
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  • 33
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 174-177 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Helopeltis antonii was bred at different constant temperatures at the experimental station at Semarang in 1939 and 1940. Some of the results concerning the duration of development from hatching of the egg untill the imaginal stage are recorded in the table and the graph. By comparing these data with those published byLeefmans (1916) (Helopeltis bred on tea in West Java) andZehntner (1901) (Helopeltis bred on cocoa in Central Java) we find that the time of development mentioned by these authors is shorter. In accordance with the experiments ofBonnemaison (1946) this probably can be attributed to the breeding ofHelopeltis at alternating temperatures (day and night). The duration of development at 19°C, mentioned byLeefmans (19 days), however, differs so much from the duration found in this investigation (32–34 days) that this explanation seems improbable. Other experiments at constant temperature, that will be published elsewhere, show that the population used for breeding was well adapted to the average temperature at the estate, Djati Rungo, from where this population came. This extreme adaptation suggests that this may also occur at other localities. Therefore it is probable that the populations ofH. antonii from different localities do not have the same genetical composition. The differences mentioned above can probably be attributed therefore to this fact. Data are given to strengthen this supposition. The existence of genetically different populations has already been suggested by ProfessorRoepke in 1909. He called them „biological races”. The occurrence of the varietybradyi ofH. antonii is probably caused by such a difference too and thus could better be considered as a subspecies.Helopeltis theobromae Mill. is without doubt only a subspecies ofH. theivora. Thus we suggest:Helopeltis antonii subspec.bradyi Wat. new comb. Helopeltis theivora subspec.theobromae Mill. new comb.
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 205-206 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The apple-crop from one part of a bush-orchard with a cover crop of vetch was seriously damaged by the larvae ofAmetastegia glabrata Fall. In the other part of the same orchard planted with an under-crop of potatoes there was no damage at all. The difference was attributed to the presence in the vetch of the weedPolygonum Convolvulus L., a known host-plant of the sawfly larvae. This weed, which climbed into the trees, was absent from that part of the orchard where the potatoes were grown. An experiment is planned with different greenmanuring plants in the infested orchard to investigate their effects on the development of the weed and consequently on the damage by the sawfly larvae.
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 217-232 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 237-239 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After a short historical review a description is given of the symptoms of Laburnum-mosaic. This virus disease is prevalent inLaburnum anagyroides Med. andLaburnum vossii Hendr. in the Netherlands as has become clear from observations since 1948. Some preliminary experiments have confirmed the virus nature of the disease. Laburnum alpinum Becht & Presl., considered byBaur to be immune, can be infected as well. The ornamental shrubLespedeza formosa Khne shows mosaic symptoms which are exactly like those of the Laburnum-mosaic. It is important to ensure that all propagating material, such as cuttings, scions etc. are taken only from mosaic-free plants. Although it has not yet been proved thatAphis cytisorum Hartig is a vector, good control of Aphids in the nurseries is to be recommended.
    Notes: Samenvatting Na een kort historisch overzicht wordt een beschrijving van de door het Laburnum-mozaiek virus veroorzaakte symptomen gegeven. Ook in Nederland komt deze virusziekte algemeen voor bijLaburnum anagyroides Med. en bijLaburnum vossii Hendr., wat uit waarnemingen sinds 1948 is gebleken. Enkele oriënterende proefjes bevestigden de virusaard van deze ziekte. Laburnum alpinum Bercht. &Presl. die doorBaur als onvatbaar wordt vermeld, blijkt ook te kunnen worden aangetast. De sierheesterLespedeza formosa Khne vertoont mozaïekverschijnselen, welke sterk op die van het Gouden regen-mozaiek lijken. Het is van veel belang in de toekomst vermeerderings-en veredelingsmateriaal uitsluitend van niet bonte planten te nemen. Rekening houdend met de mogelijkheid, dat de bladluisAphis cytisorum Hartig een rol zou kunnen spelen bij de overbrenging van dit virus, verdient een goede insectenbestrijding in de kwekerijen aanbeveling.
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    European journal of plant pathology 59 (1953), S. 240-244 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
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    Notes: Summary A description is given of the symptoms ofLycopersicum-virus 3 on naturally infected plants ofNicotiana tabacum in glasshouses of the Phytopathological Institute at Baarn. The symptoms on plants ofNicotiana tabacum inoculated with sap are as follows: 3 to 5 days after inoculation dark green spots 2 mm. in diameter appear on the inoculated leaves owing to the dying of the palisade tissue. Later, the spongy tissue dies and the spots become necrotic.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 1 (1953), S. 135-138 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
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    Notes: Summary Sclareol, produced fromSalvia sclarea, is very similar in chemical composition to the true Ambergris fromPhyseter macrocephalus and can be a useful substitute for it. Production of Ambergris depends upon an incontrollable pathological phenomenon. The advantage of synthesis of its interesting constituents from the easily grown plantSalvia sclarea is therefore obvious.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 1 (1953), S. 129-134 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The value of essential oils in the trade is for the most part determined by examination of statistics relating to their properties. Because of the complexity of their products, careful investigation is necessary. Mistakes are often made in the botanical identification of plant sources. Environmental factors, such as situation, soil and climate, influence the composition of essential oils, as also do methods of harvesting, conditions of distillation and of storage. These factors may give statistics a misleading value. It is therefore necessary to interpret them cautiously, preferably in consultation with appropriate specialists.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 1 (1953), S. 167-182 
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 1 (1953), S. 139-147 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The author gives the chemical and physical characteristics of the essential oils in the following plants:Erigeron canadensis, Phagnalon sordidum, Pulicaria dysenterica, Filaga spathulata, Achillea ageratum, Cota (Anthemis) tinctoria, Senecio erucifolius, Catanche coerulea, Salvia grahami. Nepeta mussini, Scrophularia lucida, Aristolochia clematitis. With the exception ofNepeta mussini (alcohol) andScrophularia lucida (cétone) terpenes are theprincipal constituents. The dominating terpene in the essential oils of the Compositae is the α right pinene. Twice in this family, inPhagnalon sordidum and inCota tinctoria, the presence of a sesquiterpene, the azulogenene, has been proved, as it has been found specially in the Roman camomile. The valeric acid, mostly combined occurs nearly always. The methyl-heptyl-cetone and the methyl-nonyl-cetone which have been found until now only inRuta, were found, the former inScrophularia lucida and the latter inAristolochia. In two essential oils paraffines have been found abundantly in one of them, moreover the occurrence of resins has been proved.
    Notes: Conclusions Douze essences sont étudiées, l'une, connue, celle de Vergerette du Canada et les autres, nouvelles. Les constituants principaux sont des terpènes, sauf pourNepeta mussini (alcool) etScrophularia lucida (cétone). Le terpène dominant, surtout dans les huiles essentielles de Composées, est l'α-pinène droit; dans cette famille botanique, j'ai relevé deux fois (Phagnalon sordidum etCota tinctoria), la présence d'un sesquiterpène azulénogène, tel qu'on les trouve surtout dans l'absolue de Camomille romaine. L'acide valérianique, le plus souvent sous la forme combinée, est d'occurrence à peu près constante. Les méthyl-heptyl-cétone et méthyl-nonyl-cétone qui n'avaient guère été signalées que dans les essences de Rue ont été détectées, la première chezScrophularia lucida, la seconde chezAristolochia clematitis, plantes aussi éloignées botaniquement qu'elles le sont, l'une et l'autre, desRuta. Dans deux huiles essentielles, j'ai indiqué l'abondance de paraffines et, dans l'une d'elles, conjointement, celle de résines.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 1 (1953), S. 148-166 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The deterioration of cacao beans caused by defects and alterations is diffusely described, both on the external surface and in longitudinal section, together with the causes and remedies, if any. The technic for the correct observation is described, with a few notices on cacao bean grading and the general characteristics of a good cacao bean. This survey is subdivided, according the husk or cotyledon examination, in: A) Defects and alterations according the external aspect of the bean: 1) dirty; 2) washed; 3) dusted; 4) flat, thin and wrinkled; 5) swelled; 6) worm damaged; 7) germinated; 8) with anomalous smell. B) Defects and alterations according the aspect of the longitudinal cutting: 9) white spot; 10) moulded; 11) blackened; 12) germinated; 13) hardened; 14) slate; 15) flat and thin; 16) friable; 17) damp; 18) worm damaged. This comprehensive study has been developed chiefly on the base of the conditions of cacao belts around the Caribbean Sea.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 1 (1953), S. 183-188 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé L'auteur donne une définition de la fibre de liber, dont les particularités donnent la possibilité de son utilisation comme matière première. Il parle aussi des différences dans l'utilisation résultant des recherches récentes et de la nécessité de surmonter certaines difficultés bien connues, comme les différents degrés de qualité et la manière de l'utilisation, qu'on doit prendre en considération, mais qui se revèlent dès le debut dans la matière. De cette façon la matière première pourrait être mieux appréciée.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine allgemeine Bestimmung des Begriffs der ‘Bastfaser’ gegeben und erörtert, welche Besonderheiten sich daraus für die Gewinnung und technische Verwertung des Rohstoffs herausstellen. Dabei wird besonders auf die aus neuerer Forschung sich ergebenden Unterschiede in der Behandlung und die Überwindung gewisser bekannter Schwierigkeiten hingewiesen wie z.B. Qualitäten und damit Verwendungsmöglichkeiten die beachtet sein wollen, sich aber heute wohl schon frühzeitig am Material auftretend erweisen. Auf solche Weise kann dem Rohstoff jetzt eine bessere Würdigung je nach seiner Art zu teil werden.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 1 (1953), S. 189-210 
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 1 (1953), S. 211-232 
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 1 (1953), S. 233-237 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird hingewiesen aufFagopyrum-Arten, voranF. tataricum Gaertner als Heilpflanze. Sie liefert das Rutosid, das zwar man auch synthetisch herstellt, das aber dank den bescheidenen Ansprüchen der Pflanze den Stoff weit billiger zu liefern vermag, so dass seine Kultur bereits in Angriff genommen worden ist. Es enthält zur Blütezeit 2% des Stoffes in den Blättern und verdient daher grössere Aufmerksamkeit, während Fagopyrum-Arten früher nur als Nahrungspflanzen dienten und als solche allmählich geringere Beachtung gefunden haben.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 1 (1953), S. 260-262 
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 1 (1953), S. 238-259 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Der Anbau des Schöllkrautes erfolgt zweckmässigerweise durch Aussaat im Freiland in 30 cm Reihenweite. Die Laubernte kann bereits vom ersten Jahre ab vorgenommen werden, die Ernte der Wurzeln erfolgt am besten im zweiten Jahre. Ein weiterer Gewichtszuwachs tritt in den nächsten Jahren nicht mehr ein. Vom vierten Jahre ab scheinen die Pflanzen im Gesamtwachstum deutlich nachzulassen. Die Ernteerträge an getrockneten Wurzeln sind niedrig und erreichen in sehr günstigen Fällen 10–18 kg, bleiben aber sehr häufig darunter. 2. Über den Einfluss der Düngung konnte festgestellt werden, dass am besten Stallmistdüngung zusammen mit mineralischer Düngung wirkte und dass Schöllkraut im Vergleich zu anderen Pflanzen ein sehr hohes Phosphorsäurebedürfnis besitzt, demgegenüber der Bedarf an Stickstoff und Kali stark zurücktritt. 3. Der Alkaloidgehalt in den Wurzeln nimmt im Lauf des Jahres vom Mai bis zum Oktober dauernd zu. Im Kraut war der höchste Gehalt an Alkaloiden bereits im August erreicht. 4. Die Düngung beeinflusste den prozentischen Gehalt an Alkaloiden im gleichen Sinne wie das Wachstum an sich gefördert wurde. Der höchste Gehalt an Alkaloiden wurde dort erzielt, wo die Pflanzen auch im Gesamtwuchs sich am besten entwickelt hatten, nämlich bei Düngung mit Stallmist in Verbindung mit mineralischen Düngemitteln und bei Phosphorsäuredüngung.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 1 (1953), S. 263-277 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Sommaire Les auteurs donnent un aperçu des essais faits avec six variétés de Cichorium Intybus cultivées et utilisées comme fourrage, comme plante pour pâturages et comme remplaçent le café. L'étude se rapporte aux conditions de la culture et des propriétés agronomiques de la Chicorée, la possibilité de sélection d'une variété spécialement adaptée aux conditions de l'Israel. Biologie, constitution chimique, fûmage etc. fûrent étudiés et les resultats obtenus démontrés sur 15 tableaux.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 1 (1953), S. 288-299 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Résumé Des fibres gélatineux charactérisent le bois en tension. Ils se trouvaient dans tous les parts du bois de deux peupliers déclinants. Il y en avait de plus dans la partie supérieure (celle avec la tension). Le bois se ratatine plus dans le sens longitudinal en relation avec le plus grand nombre des fibres gélatineux. La mesure du ratatinage dépend aussi du poids spécifique et est le plus grand dans le cas d'un poids spécifique élevé et d'un nombre élevé de fibres gélatineux avec des membranes épaisses.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 1 (1953), S. 278-287 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A paper chromatography method for qualitative analysis of the carbohydrates (in 85% ethanol soluble fraction) ofTaraxacum Koksaghyz is described. Different parts of the plant have been analyzed. In the fresh roots the following carbohydrates were found: levulose, saccharose, probably raffinose, levulines and four other spots of low RF values — all of them ketose compounds. Roots dryed during a period of 48 hours at 55° C before analysis have the same chromatogram. In the fresh leaves only levulose, glucose and saccharose appeared. In the dry leaves besides these carbohydrates three more spots of low RF values were found: all of them ketose compounds. Before, during and after the flowering period, the floral stems contained levulose, glucose and saccharose. The buds contain levulose, glucose, saccharose and four other non-identified carbohydrates, all of them ketose compounds.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 1 (1953), S. 310-311 
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    Notes: Résumé L'Iris ensata, originaire de l'Afganistan, du Tibet, de L'Asie Centrale et de l'Extrème Orient contient dans ses feuilles des fibres qui peuvent être utilisées pour ficelles, cordes etc. Dans le jardin botanique du feu le Dr.Lemperg àHatzendorf, Styrie, Autriche, la plante poussait très bien et les fibres furent utilisées comme les fibres de Raphia. La plante croît très bien sur des sols peu fertiles, sur lesquels d'autres plantes textiles ne poussent pas. L'auteur donne une expertise faite par le ProfesseurF. Tobler.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 1 (1953), S. 300-309 
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    Notes: Résumé Sur l'agave de sisal et sa sélection en Afrique orientale. Le sisal donne des fibres pour des cordes, de gros tissus, des tapis, des nattes etc. L'exportation mondiale en fibres durs s'élévait en 1938 à 500000 tonnes, dont 348000 tonnes revenaient au sisal. Le territoire du Tanganyika exportait 103027 tonnes, le Kenya, l'Uganda, le Nyassaland, le Madagascar et l'Afrique Portugaise orientale ensemble 54453 tonnes. La culture du sisal en Afrique orientale commença en 1893 avec 62 bulbes provenant de Floride et plantées dans l'ancienne Afrique orientale allemande. Des différentes espèces contenant des fibres, on ne cultive pour le sisal quel'Agave sisalana Perr. et l'Agave amaniensis Trelease et Nowell, dont les feuilles n'ont pas d'épines sur leurs bords. L'auteur décrit les méthodes de culture de la plante en Afrique orientale. Le pourcentage en fibres varie de 2,5 à 5, mais on récommande d'examiner ces pourcentages déjà dans les bulbilles pour pouvoir alors sélectionner celles qui contiennent la plus grande quantité. Les bulbilles de l'inflorescence donnent une excellente matière homogène, tandis que les drageons (vu leur age diffèrent) n'on donnent pas.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 1 (1953), S. 324-324 
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 1 (1953), S. 321-323 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Ausgabe der Türkei für den Import pflanzlicher Drogen betrug im Jahre 1951 türk. Pf. 4 335 506. Diese Summe bildet 0,3% des Betrages, der für die gesamten Importe des Landes bezahlt wurde. Im gleichen Jahre, betrug das Einkommen aus dem Export pflanzlicher Drogen türk. Pf. 21 212 687, eine Summe, die 2,4% des Gesamteinkommens aus den Exporten 1951 ausmacht.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 1 (1953), S. 325-326 
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    Notes: Résumé L'auteur donne une énumération des différentes maladies des plantes caoutchouquifères, Taraxacum Kok-Saghyz at Scorzonera Tau-Saghyz, d'après un article de Gorlenko, paru à Moscou en 1950.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 1 (1953), S. 327-328 
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    Notes: Résumé Leschtschuk donne dans un petit livre paru à Moscou un aperçu des différentes méthodes de rotation récommandées en USSR pour la culture duTaraxacum Kok-Saghyz. Il s'agit des cultures sur sols marécageux et sur sols non marécageux.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 1 (1953), S. 312-320 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé L'Autriche est un des premiers pays qui ont commencé de régler la production des plantes médicinales et aromatiques. en contact étroit avec la science et la pratique. Ce travail fut commencé en 1910 sur une proposition deW. Mitlacher par la création du Comité gouvernemental pour l'encouragement de la culture des plantes médicinales et par la création du jardin d'essais à Korneuburg. Le Comité développa surtout sousR. Wasicky etW. Himmelbaur une féconde activité scientifique, pratique et organisatoire bien connue au delà des frontières de l'Autriche, jusqu'à sa dissolution en 1938. Comme résultats des études sur les conditions de la croissance à Korneuburg des indications pour la culture de 76 plantes médicinales furent publiées; d'autres pour la connaissance des exigences des plantes quant'au sol, au climat, au fumage, à l'espace et à la culture et pour l'introduction de cultures importantes, comme leSoja hispida, le Helianthus annuus, le Digitalis lanata, le Rheum palmatum etc. Ce dernier fut l'objet d'une sélection, spéciale, L'étude bioclimatique fut entreprise en collaboration avec la Suisse. La collaboration pédagogique et propagandique dans les écoles fut entreprise d'une façon modèle. En 1927 on proposait à Vienne de créer une Fédération internationale pour les plantes médicinales, aromatiques et similaires. Des congrès à Budapest, Padoue-Venise, Paris, Bruxelles, Munich et Prague furent organisés. La fédération s'est occupé surtout des questions de normalisation des drogues. L'Autriche avait normé jusqu'en 1938 huit drogues. En 1937 le DrHecht commença de produire leSecale cornutum dans des champs. Pendant la guerre le marché fut approvisonné par des cultures fondées grace aux idées recommandées par le Comité. Actuellement la culture des plantes médicinales se trouve en état de réorganisation. L'Autriche se donne pour tache par la production d'articles en grande quantité, mais le travail scientifique et pratique avec des produits de qualité.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Oesterreich gehört zu den ersten Ländern, die einer Regelung der Erzeugung von Arznei-, Gewürz- und verwandten Pflanzen in engster Zusammenarbeit von Wissenschaft und Praxis ihre volle Aufmerksamkeit zuwandten. Dies fand in dem 1910 auf Anregung vonW. Mitlacher gegründeten staatlichen Komitee zur Förderung der Arzneipflanzenkultur und der Anlage des Versuchgartens in Korneuburg seinen Ausdruck. Ersteres entwickelte besonders unterR. Wasicky undW. Himmelbaur eine fruchtbare, weit über Oesterreich beachtete wissenschaftliche, praktische und organisatorische Tätigkeit bis zur Auflösung durch Gleichschaltung im Jahre 1938. Insgesamt erschienen 91 Veröffentlichungen. Die Erforschung der Vegetationsbedingungen in Korneuburg führte zu brauchbaren Kulturanleitungen von 76 Pflanzen, zur Kenntnis der Boden-, Klima-, Dünger-, Standweite- und Bearbeitungsansprüche der betreffenden Pflanzen und zur Einführung einer Anzahl bedeutungsvollen Kulturen wieSoja hispida, Helianthus annuus, Digitalis lanata, Rheum palmatum, u.a.Rheum palmatum L. bildete Gegenstand der Züchtung. In Zusammenarbeit mit der Schweiz wurde die Grundlage zur bioklimatischen Erforschung gelegt. Die Mitarbeit der Schulen wurde pädagogisch und propagandistisch vorbildlich gelöst. Im Jahre 1927 ging von Wien die Anregung zur Gründung des internationalen Verbandes für Arznei-, Gewürz- und verwandte Pflanzen aus, der in Budapest, Padua-Venedig, Paris, Brüssel, München und Prag Tagungen abhielt und besonders die Frage der Normierung behandelte und mit Erfolg einer Lösung zuführte. Oesterreich hatte 1938 bereits acht Drogen normiert. 1937 erfolgte durchW. Hecht die Einführung der feldmässigen Erzeugung von Mutterkorn. Der volksgesundheitliche Wert wurde in den Zeiten der Absperrung allen Kreisen klar, da die vom Komitee angeregten und geförderten Kulturen wertvolle Rohstoffe zur Versorgung des Marktes lieferten. Trotz der Ernährungskrise und der Zerstörungen des Krieges befindet sich das Gesamtgebeit im Wiederaufbau und mit der Anregung zur Gründung des internationalen Rohstoffverbandes hat Oesterreich wieder die Initiative ergriffen. Es steht aufgeschlossen allen Problemen der Zeit gegenüber. Es sieht nach wie vor seine Aufgabe nicht in Massenerzeugung, sondern in der wissenschaftlichen und praktischen Arbeit an Qualitätserzeugnissen. Im Dienste dieser Ideen wurde 1950 unter Vorsitz von Prof.Fuchs „Das Komitee zür staatlichen Förderung der Kulture von Arznei-, Heil-und Gewürzpflanzen in Oesterreich wieder gegründet.
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    European journal of forest research 72 (1953), S. 1-13 
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    European journal of forest research 72 (1953), S. 28-37 
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    European journal of forest research 72 (1953), S. 63-68 
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    European journal of forest research 72 (1953), S. 335-346 
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    European journal of forest research 72 (1953), S. 358-368 
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    European journal of forest research 72 (1953), S. 379-384 
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    European journal of forest research 72 (1953), S. 101-110 
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    European journal of forest research 72 (1953), S. 132-136 
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    European journal of forest research 72 (1953), S. 110-124 
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    Notes: Abstract Für Astdurchmesser bis 50 mm und Buchenstämme mittleren Alters, von 50 bis 55 Jahren, wird das Vordringen von Verfärbung und Pilzen nach Grünästung von der Astungswunde aus ins Stamminnere vor und nach Wundverschluß durch Überwallung untersucht. Die Frage nach der Lebensdauer und dem weiteren Verhalten von Pilzen nach Wundüberwallung über längere Zeiträume hin wird mangels genügend weit zurückliegender Grünästung an natürlichen Astabbruchstellen älterer Buchen verfolgt.
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    European journal of forest research 72 (1953), S. 148-159 
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    European journal of forest research 72 (1953), S. 308-315 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 1-6 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 6-9 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 12-12 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 9-12 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 13-16 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 145-149 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 149-150 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 152-153 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 153-154 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 156-156 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 154-156 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 156-158 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 151-152 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung: Es wurde im Vorangehenden eine Methode des quantitativen biologischen Testes mitMusca domestica undDrosophila melanogaster beschrieben. Die Methode basiert darauf, daß mit Hilfe eines vom Verfasser entwickelten „Blockschälchen-Testes” die Kontaktinsektizid-Empfindlichkeit der verschiedenen Fliegenstämme oder einzelner Gruppen aus ihnen ermittelt wird. Die Tatsache der unterschiedlichen Kontaktinsektizid-Empfindlichkeit der verschiedenen Stämme oder Gruppen, die sich durch einen sog. „Sensibilitäts-Index” ausdrücken läßt, macht man sich zum quantitativen Nachweis insofern zunutℨe, als man Proben mit Stämmen oder Gruppen bekannten Sensibilitäts-Indexes testet und an Hand der beobachteten Vergiftungsbilder nach einem gegebenen Schlüssel den Wirkstoffgehalt der Proben abliest. Auf die voraussichtliche Anwendungsbreite des Testes wird hingewiesen.
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 158-159 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 160-160 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 160-160 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 161-165 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 166-168 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 168-169 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 172-172 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 173-176 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 169-172 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das MCPA-MittelM 52-flüssig der FirmaSchering, Berlin, wurde in Laboratoriums- und Flugkäfigversuchen auf seine Giftwirkung gegen die Biene geprüft. Es ergab sich: 1. Das Präparat zeigt bei Eintauch- und Berührungsversuchen keine Kontaktgiftwirkung. 2. Dauerfütterung mit 0,85–1,7% Gift in Zuckerlösung (3:1) bei 22° C and 34° C läßt erkennen, daß Stock-temperatur die Resistenz der Bienen gegen das Gift wesentlich erhöht. Fütterungsversuche mit vergifteter Zuckerlösung an Versuchsvölkchen bestätigen dieses Ergebnis. 3. Die LD 50 des Mittels liegt bei 0,41 mm3 des handelsüblichen Präparates pro Biene (diese Menge entspricht 98 · 10−6 g Wirkstoff). 4. Die vergifteten Bienen verlieren ihre Flugfähigkeit, bewegen die Beine und nach unten abgespreizten Flügel nur schwerfällig und erbrechen sich nicht. Die verendeten Tiere halten ihre Flügel, Beine, Antennen und Rüssel in einer für die Vergiftung mit diesem Mittel typischen Stellung. 5. Das Präparat übt im Fütterungsversuch eine deutlich abschreckende Wirkung auf die Bienen aus. 6. Flugkäfigversuche lassen das Mittel als praktisch bienenungefährlich erscheinen und stehen somit im Einklang mit den Ergebnissen der Laboratoriumsversuche.
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 177-180 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 180-182 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 182-185 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 186-188 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 185-185 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 189-192 
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    Journal of pest science 26 (1953), S. 17-23 
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