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  • Articles  (48)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (48)
  • Industrial Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (48)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1999
  • 1992  (48)
  • 1953
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (48)
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  • Articles  (48)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (48)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 65-71 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Optoelectronics ; Non-linear optics ; Molecular crystals ; Polarizability ; Hyperpolarizability ; Local field ; Dipole interactions ; MBANP ; NMBA ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Components of the crystal quadratic susceptibility tensor x(2) for second-harmonic generation are calculated for the title compounds 2-(α-methyl benzylamino)-5-nitropyridine (MBANP) and 4-nitro-4'-methyl(benzylidene aniline) (NMBA). Input data are the crystal structure and refractive indices and CNDO hyperpolarizabilities. The calculations also yield effective polarisabilities and local electric fields. Susceptibility components reach 66 pm V-1 in MBANP and 27 pm V-1 in NMBA in the crystal axes; agreement with experiment is poor for MBANP but satisfactory for NMBA. These features seem to reflect the better defined charge transfer axis in NMBA. Screened dipole-dipole interactions calculated from CNDO dipole moments stabilise MBANP by 70 kJ mol-1 and NMBA by 20 kJ mol-1 and imply permanent electric fields of a few GV m-1.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: High Tc superconductors ; Precursors ; Copper ; Calcium ; Barium ; Yttrium ; Strontium ; Fluorinated β-dikeonates ; Ethanol ; Tetradecafluorononanedione ; Decafluoroheptanedione ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The new β-diketone 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-tetradecafluorononane-4,6-dione (HTDFND) has been prepared and employed in the formation of complexes of Cu, Ca, Sr, Ba and Y. Complexes of the same metals derived from the β-diketone 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,7,7,7-decafluoroheptane-2,4-dione (HDFHD) have also been prepared. In general the compounds have the formula [M(TDFND)2H2O] or [M(DHFD)2H2O], although the yttrium complexes are [Y(β-diket)3] · xH2O (β-diket ≡ TDFND (x = 3) or DFHD (x = 2)). The complexes have been characterised by analytical and spectroscopic means and by a crystal structure of [Cu(TDFND)2EtOH] obtained by recrystallisation of [Cu(TDFND)2H2O] from aqueous ethanol. Crystal data for [Cu(TDFND)2EtOH]: triclinic, P̄1, a = 11.249(4) Å, b = 12.331 (2) Å, c = 12.890(2) Å, α = 96.89(2)°, β = 108.93(3)°, γ = 109.63(3)°, V = 1541.54 Å3, Z = 2. The complex is square pyramidal with the four oxygen atoms of the β-diketonates occupying the basal sites and the oxygen atom of the co-ordinated ethanol molecule in the apical position. The C3F7 ligands take up an extended staggered configuration in order to minimise steric repulsions. The complex is monomeric with intermolecular distances all greater than 4 Å. Simultaneous thermal analysis at 1 atm reveals that all the compounds lose water but then sublime, usually completely without decomposition. [Ba(TDFND)2H2O] is the first barium complex for which this is the case and it can be dehydrated to give [Ba(TDFND)2], which is also volatile but becomes less volatile with time. [Ba(TDFND)2H2O], [Sr(TDFND)2H2O] and [Ca(DFHD)2H2O] are suitable precursors for the growth of MF2 on silicon substrates. Complete orientation in the (111) direction is observed. Changes in the film growth rate with time for all the precursors are attributed to sample decomposition ([M(DFHD)2H2O], M ≡ Ca or Sr) or to slow reorganisation of the crystal structure ([Ba(TDFND)2H2O]). Layers with Y:Ba:Cu ratios close to the required 1:2:3 have been grown using [Y(DPM)3], [Cu(DPM)2] and [Ba(DFHD)2H2O] (DPM ≡ 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionato).
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 139-145 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Thin film ; Metal sulphide ; Photography ; Lead sulphide ; MSTF ; Photo-accelerated ; chemical deposition ; Solar irradiation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Metal sulphide thin film (MSTF) photography based on photo-accelerated chemical deposition (PACD) of PbS thin films is described. Here an intensity distribution over the surface of a growing PbS thin film produces a thickness variation (0.06-0.15 μm) of the film which, when viewed under daylight, yields a specularly reflective image. Under 800 W m-2 of solar radiation a bluish MSTF photographic image (0.15 μm film thickness) on a coppery-bronze background (0.08 μm) is obtained in the PACD of PbS at the end of 25 min deposition when a high-contrast photographic negative is used as the object. The best contrast of 0.46 in the PbS MSTF photography in the reflection mode is obtained under the above condition of exposure when the optical transmission in a photographic negative in the image area is ∽30% and that in the background is ∽1%. The contrast available in the transmission mode in the MSTF photographic image is considerably less: ∽0.28 (maximum) for optical transmission of 1% and 100% in the background and image areas of the photographic negative respectively.
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  • 4
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 189-195 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Ellipsometry ; GaAs ; Silicon ; Surface roughness ; MBE ; SEM ; Rotating polariser multiple-angle-of-incidence ellipsometer ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: MBE-grown gallium arsenide epitaxial layers on silicon, with thicknesses between 0.1 and 8.1 μm, have been studied using a simple rotating polariser multiple-angle-of-incidence ellipsometer. From these data, information on the roughness of the surfaces of the layers and the anisotropy of the refractive index of the layers has been obtained. The results are compared with data obtained on the same samples using scanning electron microscopy and conventional spectroscopic ellipsometry.
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  • 5
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 203-207 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Growth ; Silicon carbide ; Monocrystals ; Vapour phase ; Diffusion ; Supersaturation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In the present work the gas dynamics in the growth zone of SiC crystals is investigated. It is shown that the propagation of SiC vapour from the growth cavity walls towards the lids is effected by diffusion. On this basis the calculation of the concentration distribution of SiC vapour (n), the equilibrium vapour concentration (ns) and the supersaturation (α = [(n - ns)/ns] × 100%) in the crystal growth zone at different radial and axial gradients is carried out by solving the Laplace equation in cylindrical co-ordinates for a stationary case corresponding to the conditions of crystal growth. The results obtained are compared with the available experimental data, which gives the possibility of explaining some of the observed peculiarities during SiC crystal growth from the vapour phase by the sublimation method.
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  • 6
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 229-233 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Indium sulphide ; Metal-organic chemical vapour deposition ; Thin films ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The dimeric indium thiolate [(tBu)2In(μ-StBu)]2 has been used as a single-source precursor for the metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) of InS thin films. The dimeric In2S2 core is proposed to account for the formation of the non-equilibrium high-pressure tetragonal phase in the deposited films. Analysis of the deposited films has been obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with associated energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Monolayers ; Langmuir-Blodgett technique ; Bacteriorhodopsin ; Halobacteria ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Organised films containing oriented patches of purple membranes and consisting of 15-75 layers and approximately 1000 layers were fabricated by the Langmuir-Blodgett and electrophoretic sedimentation techniques respectively. ‘Surface pressure vs. molecular area’ isotherms for monolayers of purple membranes suspended in hexane and deposited on the air/water interface were studied. Circular dichroism and absorption spectroscopy were used to investigate the effect of an organic solvent on the chromophore binding site in the purple membranes. Kinetic methods based on flash excitation were employed to determine the influence of the film deposition conditions on the photoelectric response of bacteriorhodopsin and on the M412 intermediate relaxation. Structural characteristics for multilayers prepared from water and hexane purple membrane suspensions were determined by low-angle X-ray scattering. The influence of the layer deposition conditions on the electrical, physical and photoelectrical properties of ordered structures containing bacteriorhodopsin is discussed.
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  • 8
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 127-132 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: α-sexithienyl ; field effect transistor ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A field effect transistor (FET) has been fabricated with the hexamer of thiophene (α-sexithienyl) in order to assess the performance of such electronic devices based on an organic material. Particular emphasis has been given to the determination of the origin of the instability in the electrical performance. From this study it is confirmed that charged species, possibly chemical impurities present in the processed material, can migrate through the film under an applied electric field, even at room temperature.
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  • 9
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 147-158 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Molecular three-centre electron transfer (ET) systems contain an intermediate electronic bridge group state in addition to the donor and acceptor states. This feature is encountered in long-range ET patterns of metalloproteins, in bacterial photosynthetic reaction centres, in electrochemical processes at modified metal electrodes and in hypothetical or real molecular shift register and photodiode device-like systems. Overall ET is by superexchange when the intermediate group energy is high. When the energy is low enough that the state is temporarily populated, a range of vibrational features arise depending on the vibrational coupling and relaxation time of the intermediate state. In external fields these properties induce characteristic ‘switch’ effects reflected in rapid changes in the current derivatives and other features in the current-voltage relations. We provide a quantum mechanical frame for three-centre ET in such molecular systems. The theory rests on second-order perturbation theory. In contrast to most applications of superexchange concepts, the theory includes explicitly nuclear coupling in the intermediate state and is valid both for high energy superexchange and for low-energy populated intermediate states. Moreover, mild, finite resonances arise in the transition regions between the various energy ranges represented by analytical rate constants. The theory is appropriate to the molecular electronic behaviour of several biological and synthetic three-level ‘switch’ ET systems.
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  • 10
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 197-201 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Lithography ; SAW device ; Methylbenzylamino-5-nitropyridine ; Gold/titanium bilayer ; Shadow masking ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A wide range of applications which involve organic crystalline materials require the metallisation of low-molecular-weight compounds. Conventional lithographic techniques used in silicon fabrication technology use high-temperature processing methods which are unsuitable for organic materials. Gold/titanium bilayer and shadow-masking techniques were found to provide suitable solutions to the problem of metallisation of these materials and allowed fabrication of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) device with (-)-2-α-methylbenzylamino-5-nitropyridine (MBANP) as substrate.
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  • 11
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 211-220 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Photocurrent ; Morphology ; Cds ; Thin films ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of the chemical bath composition on the photocurrent response, film morphology and optical transmittance of chemically deposited CdS thin films is reported. The bath parameters such as concentrations of triethanolamine, thiourea, ammonia and cadmium acetate and the bath temperature controlled the photosensitivity, photocurrent decay, morphology and optical transmittance of the films. The optimum concentration of the bath for getting good-quality photosensitive films with good optical transmittance was identified in this investigation.
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  • 12
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 281-286 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Nonlinear ; Oscillation ; Surfactant ; Higher harmonics ; Dynamic response ; Chemical sensor ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A new chemical sensing system using an electrical oscillator has been developed. This sensing system measures the electrical ‘non-linearity’ at the surface of an electrode immersed in a test solution: a sinusoidal voltage is applied to the electrode and the higher harmonics of the output current are obtained by Fourier transformation. This sensing system has been used to detect and quantify surfactant molecules in solutions. The relative intensity P2/P1 of the peaks of the second (P2) and first (P1) harmonics in the output current was found to be linearly correlated with the logarithms of the concentrations of cationic surfactants such as cetylpyridium bromide (CPB) and cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), but not with those of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or the neutral surfactant Triton X-100. The reproducibility of this sensing system was shown to be excellent.
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  • 13
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 293-297 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Liquid crystals ; Spiropyran ; Holographic grating ; Optical data storage ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The application of liquid crystalline siloxanes consisting of pentamethylhydrocyclosiloxane cores with attached cholesteryl-, biphenyl- and photochromic spiropyran-based mesogens as reversible optical data storage materials is demonstrated by grating formation with an argon ion laser beam operating in the UV and visible regions. Erasure of the gratings with heat or visible radiation was possible.
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  • 14
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 3-15 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Alumina ; Silica ; Aluminosilicate ; Metal-organic chemical vapour deposition ; Thin film ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Amorphous (Al2O3)x(SiO2)y thin films have been grown by atmospheric pressure metal-organic chemical vapour deposition using the single-source precursor [Al(OSiEt3)3]2. Characterisation by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that the films consisted of a mixture of Al2O3, SiO2 and an aluminosilicate. The relative amount of each species was dependent on the deposition temperature and the carrier gas composition. Use of NH3 as the carrier gas resulted in the increased volatility of the precursor by the in situ formation of the low-melting Lewis acid-base adduct Al(OSiEt3)3(NH3); however, no nitrogen incorporation was observed in these deposited films.
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  • 15
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 17-23 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Langmuir-Blodgett ; M | LB | M ; electrical breakdown ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Metal 1 | C16H33-Q3CNQ LB film | metal 2 structures exhibiting asymmetric, non-linear I/V characteristics have been fabricated using the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique with LB film thicknesses as small as a single monolayer. When such junctions are subjected to low biases, the I/V traces exhibit little or no asymmetry, but as the applied biases increase, so the I/V asymmetry becomes more evident. The largest applied voltages before breakdown are of the order of 1 V, which represents an E-field of order 108 V m-1. This breakdown under high biases increases the junction conductance and the I/V traces become very noisy. More interestingly, it has been observed that after such breakdown it is possible for the junction to recover on reduction of the bias. It is observed that recovery is not always immediate and may require several voltage sweeps. A subsequent increase in bias will cause breakdown at the same bias as the first breakdown, indicating that no permanent damage has been caused.
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  • 16
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 43-46 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Zinc sulphide ; MOCVD growth ; t-Butyl mercaptan ; Dimethylzinc ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: ZnS has been grown on GaAs(100) substrates by atmospheric pressure metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) using dimethylzinc (DMZn) and t-butyl mercaptan (t-BuSH). The effects of the reactant gas phase molar ratio and the growth temperature on the characteristics of the material grown have been investigated. The structural quality of the layer is demonstrated by X-ray rocking curve half-widths of less than 300 arcsec for the epilayers. There is little significant pre-reaction and the layers are of excellent surface morphology and layer uniformity.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemical vapour deposition ; Copper ; Copper oxide ; Scanning electron microscopy ; MOCVD ; Surface morphology ; Carrier gas ; Cu(acac)2 ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The unsubstituted bis-β-diketonato complex of copper, Cu(acac)2 (acac = pentane-3, 5-dionato), has been used to deposit both elemental copper and copper oxide thin films by metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD). For all Cu(II) bis-β-diketonates, growth of oxygen-free layers requires the breakage of four copper-oxygen bonds present in the precursor. The influence of carrier gas composition on deposit morphology has been examined for six parameter sets: both hydrous and anhydrous streams, each for reducing (H2), inert (Ar) and oxidising (O2) environments.
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  • 18
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992) 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 19
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 99-103 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Copper compound ; Copper indium diselenide ; Indium compound ; Low-temperature synthesis ; Photovoltaic materials ; Selenides ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Reaction of triscyclopentadienylindium with cuprous selenide in 4-methylpyridine at 25°C produces polycrystalline copper indium diselenide.
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  • 20
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 123-126 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Gas sensor ; Alarm device ; Solid electrolyte ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A new gas alarm is presented which is based on solid electrolytes with high ionic conductivities. The operating principle of the device is the compensation of the cell voltage and measurement of the direction of the electrical current. Also, the general microelectronic circuit designs are discussed. Several advantages are found in comparison with other types of gas sensors.
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  • 21
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 117-121 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Tin(II) sulphide ; Tin(IV) oxide ; Photoconductor ; Air annealing ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The thermal decomposition of chemically deposited SnS thin films to SnO2 films by air annealing at temperatures up to 400°C is discussed. The conversion of a 0.7 μm thick SnS thin film to an SnO2 film involves the creation of non-stoichiometric SnS, SnS + SnS2 mixed phase and non-stoichiometric SnO2 (i.e. SnO2 — x), as concluded from X-ray diffraction patterns, optical transmission spectra and electrical characteristics. The SnO2 thin films obtained in this manner are photoconductive, with a lowest sheet resistance (in the dark) of about 105 Ω/□ and an activation energy (Ea) of 0.1 eV for the electrical conductivity observed for the SnS films annealed at 325°C. This was found as the onset temperature for conversion of the SnS + SnS2 phase to the non-stoichiometric SnO2 - x film. Elevation of the annealing temperature to 400°C results in an elevation of the sheet resistance to about 109 Ω/□ with the value of Ea at 1.3 eV, indicating an improvement in the degree of stoichiometry.
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  • 22
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 243-247 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Borane derivatives ; Non-linear optics ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Samples of {4-(dimethylamino) stilben Z & E 4'-yl} dimesityl borane (BNS) were synthesised and investigated for their non-linear optical properties. The results show that the quadratic hyperpolarisability of the Z-isomer is smaller than that of the E-isomer, the beta value found for the latter being as high as 60 × 10-30 esu.
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  • 23
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 255-259 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: LPCVD ; PECVD ; In-situ doping ; polycrystalline silicon ; VLSI ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In general, high-temperature processes cause thermal stresses and diffusion of dopants, resulting in reduced device yields. It is thus desirable to reduce the number of high-temperature steps and the use of an in situ doping technique eliminates one such step. In this investigation, low-pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD) and plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) have been utilised to deposit in situ doped polycrystalline silicon films. The process characteristics and properties such as spreading resistance, grain structure, etch rate using a plasma and dopant concentrations of these films have been investigated and explained using a simple model for dopant activation and grain growth. It is shown that good-quality films suitable for VLSI can be produced.
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  • 24
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 25-28 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Cathodoluminescence ; Cadmium sulphide ; Dislocation structure ; Wavelength imaging ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: By means of the unique technique of cathodoluminescence wavelength imaging we analyse the distribution and nature of dislocations in strain-distorted CdS by scanning the spatial pattern of a set of lines due to excitons bound to dislocation-related defects. The method is demonstrated to be most powerful for the study of dislocations in II-VI and other materials which play a crucial role in hetero-epistructures.
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  • 25
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992) 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 26
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 37-42 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Liquid crystal ; Silver complex ; Mesomorphic ; Stilbazole ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Reaction of AgX (X = NO3 or CF3SO3) with two equivalents of 4-alkyloxystilbazole leads to the mesomorphic silver(I) complexes [Ag(n-OPhVPy)2] [X] in high yield. The long-chain homologues of each series show SA and SC mesophases, while for shorter chain lengths the nitrate salts show only an SA phase and the triflate salts only a nematic phase. The phase behaviour of these new complexes is discussed in relation to analogous complexes with different counter-anions or ligands.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992) 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 51-57 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Copper ; Etching ; Excimer ; Laser ; Chlorine ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Low-fluence XeCl laser etching of copper foils in a chlorine environment has been studied. The etch rate is fluence-dependent in the range 0.05-1.0 J cm-2 and is governed by the growth characteristics of the chloride layer formed in the interpulse period. Projection etching with good pattern reproduction and resolution for high-aspect-ratio features is demonstrated.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 73-80 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Disorder formalism ; Hole transport ; p-diethylamino-benzaldehyde-diphenyl hydrazone ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Hole mobilities have been measured in vapour-deposited films of p-diethylamino-benzaldehyde-diphenyl hydrazone (DEH). The results are described by a model based on hopping through a manifold of sites broadened by energetic and positional disorder. The application of the model leads to the conclusion that the width of the density of hopping states is influenced by dipolar disorder due to dipole moments of the DEH molecules. In comparing the results with those observed in other molecular solids, the degree of positional disorder is shown to be relatively small.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 179-188 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Luminescence ; Molecularly doped polymers ; Delayed luminescence ; Geminate pair recombination ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Decay of the delayed luminescence of 1,1-bis(di-4-tolylaminophenyl)cyclohexane, both doped into a polycarbonate binder and matrix-isolated in an MTHF glass, has been studied upon excitation with the 308 nm line of an excimer laser. Time-resolved emission spectra have also been recorded. In the early time regime, 30 ns 〈 t 〈 10 μs, the decay of the emission, identified as delayed fluorescence rather than phosphorescence, follows a power-law characteristic of geminate pair recombination in a disordered medium. Singlet-singlet excitation fusion is considered to be the main pathway for geminate pair formation. Fusion of triplet excitations becomes important for e-h pair formation at long times only (10 μs 〈 t 〈 10 ms). The rate of triplet-triplet encounters carries a time dependence characteristic of the random walk of excitations in a disordered solid.
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 235-241 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Optical bistability ; Molecular aggregates ; Dipole-dipole interaction ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The possibility of mirrorless optical bistability in molecular aggregates with dipole-dipole interaction was studied theoretically. Dimers and ordered layers of the Langmuir-Blodgett type or J-aggregates consisting of identical polyatomic fluorescent molecules were chosen as molecular aggregate models. The investigation was carried out on the basis of the Bogolubov equation chain for the density matrix of molecular aggregates and its components. It is shown that the fluorescence intensity and absorption ability are described by bistable and hysteresislike behaviour when the parameters of the molecular aggregate and pumping radiation are chosen suitably. An analysis of the bistability mechanism in such aggregates is given. Possibilities of controlling one light beam by another and switching polychromatic light flow by using a bistable device based on molecular aggregates are discussed.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992) 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 287-292 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: LCVD ; TMA ; Pyrolysis ; Copper bromide vapour laser ; Mass spectrometry ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The composition of the gaseous phase during pyrolytic laser-induced chemical vapour deposition (LCVD) of aluminium from trimethylaluminium (TMA) was determined. The analysis was carried out in situ by means of a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) in a closed reaction cell. The decomposition of the aluminium alkyl was induced by a copper bromide vapour laser on the surface of (111) silicon monocrystalline wafer at 0.22 GW m-2 average power density, 120 μm s-1 scanning speed and 100 Pa (1 mbar) partial pressure of TMA. The detected gaseous products of the pyrolysis of TMA were ethane, ethylene, methane and hydrogen. The presence of ethane and ethylene was probably due to the unconventional way of decomposition caused by pulsed laser irradiation. The mass peak dynamics of the created pyrolytic products at m/e = 28, 16 and 2 indicated significant production of ethane + ethylene, methane and hydrogen in the ratio 1:5:1.75.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 271-279 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Polyaniline synthesis ; Polyaniline stability ; Cyclic voltammetry ; Impedance ; Charge transfer ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Electroactive polyaniline films have been grown by galvanostatic, potentiostatic and cyclic voltammetry techniques in organic solutions based on LiClO4 or anilinium tetrafluoborate as salts and acetonitrile or acetonitrile/nitromethane mixtures as solvents. After storage of these films in a 1 M H2SO4, Na2SO4 aqueous solution, their stability was tested by cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy in this solution. Different levels of retention of the anodic charge have been found depending on the electrochemical technique and preparation solution. The impedance tests have revealed limited changes in the charge transfer resistance upon storage. This has been interpreted on the basis of a limited deactivation of the films, which in some cases would instead experience physical changes. Confirmation of this assumption was obtained via an SEM experiment.Films prepared by cyclic voltammetry in the above acidic solution and stored in acetonitrile-or propylene-carbonate-based electrolytes show major degradation processes, as evidenced by the appearance of quinone-like compounds and the marked increase in the charge transfer resistance.Finally, films prepared by different electrochemical techniques in acetonitrile-based solutions and stored in LiClO4-acetonitrile reveal moderate degradation phenomena.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 299-308 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: LPCVD ; Tantalum pentoxide ; High dielectric constant ; ULSI devices ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A laminar flow low-pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD) system (LAM IntegrityTM) has been used to deposit tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) from Ta(OEt)5 films in the presence of oxygen (O2) at 470 °C at a typical deposition rate of 4 nm min-1. Uniformities of 〈1.5% (SD 1σ) over a 150 mm silicon substrate were obtained. The layers were annealed under different conditions. It was discovered that the films did not change their stoichiometry as determined by Rutherford backscattering (RBS). The as-deposited films were amorphous but became crystalline (β-Ta2O5) at temperatures 〉 700 °C. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results on crystallisation behaviour were supported by X-ray diffraction data. The electrical properties of the Ta2O5 films have been characterised using MIS (metal/insulator/silicon) capacitor structures. Leakage values of 〈10-6 A cm-2 at 6 MV cm-1 equivalent applied electric field and breakdown strengths of 〉7 MV cm-1 at 1.6 μA were obtained for annealed layers. Compound dielectric constants (native silicon oxide thickness of about 2.5 nm plus Ta2O5 of various thicknesses) between 14 and 〉30 have been measured. The electrical properties reveal the potential use of Ta2O5 as a storage capacitor dielectric in 64 and 256 Mbit DRAM (dynamic random access memory) devices.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 47-50 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992) 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 173-178 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: poly(para-phenylene) ; Ion implantation ; Doping conductivity ; Thermopower ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We have shown that poly(para-phenylene) (PPP) can be obtained either n-type or p-type by ion implantation at low energy (E ≦ 50 keV); PPP is primarily an insulator pellet obtained from compacted powder synthetised by the Kovacic method. To compare with the chemical doping effect, we have studied the conductivity and thermopower of PPP samples after two successive ion implantations with Cs+ and I+.The experimental results show that we clearly obtain reversible doping only in the case of an initially I+-doped sample: the thermopower sign is changed after a Cs+ implantation with a fluence equal to 3 × 1014 ions cm-2. In the other case (Cs+ initial implantation) we observe the change in thermopower sign at higher fluence (2 × 1016 I+ ions cm-2). This last effect can be attributed to a metal transition induced by the accumulation of defects in the material because of too high implantation parameters (graphitisation).
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992) 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 221-228 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Hyperpolarisabilities ; Nickel Dithiolene ; Non-linear optical properties ; CNDO method ; Finite field method ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The hyperpolarisabilities γ of nickel dithiolene complexes have been calculated by the finite field method in combination with the CNDO/S molecular orbital method. This computational technique, which has been developed for calculating the polarisation of large organic molecules by a perturbing electric field, is discussed. The changes in γ that occur as a result of different selections of substituent groups in the dithiolene ligand are described. The results are compared with recent experiments investigating these types of molecules. Large values for γ are found to arise from the interaction of the nickel 3d electrons with the conjugated π-electrons of the metal-ligand complex.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 261-261 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 263-270 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Polyaniline ; Electrochemical synthesis ; Organic solutions ; Cyclic voltammetry ; Impedance ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polyaniline films have been grown in solutions based on acetonitrile or acetonitrile/nitromethane mixtures by galvanostatic, potentiostatic and cyclic voltammetry techniques. LiClO4 or anilinium tetrafluoborate was used as a salt. With the latter, aniline was absent in some tests, since anilinium could act simultaneously as a charge carrier and a polymerising species. The film characteristics have been evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy and SEM experiments. It has been found that the protons released by aniline (following oxidation) or anilinium can be made available to the g| wing chains if the protophilic character of the solvent is sufficiently low. In a 1/1 acetonitrile/nitromethane mixture the galvanostatic and potentiostatic techniques produce electroactive films of reduced resistance, especially if anilinium tetrafluoborate is present. These seem to be the best conditions for the synthesis.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 249-253 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Accurate moulding of polymer foams of density 0.02-0.3 g cm-3 has been achieved by crystallising polyethylene and ethylene/methlacrylate copolymers from dry supercritical solutions. Adherent thick films can be sealed to electronic substrates and are proposed as insulating layers for interconnections on multichip modules and other high-speed electronic devices. The dielectric constant achieved for films of several-mil thickness is between 1.05 and 1.3 and can be tailored along with the physical properties of the film by adjusting the density and composition of the copolymer. Planarisation or complex patterning is possible by detailing the mould.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 1-1 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 29-36 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Gallium-arsenic compounds ; Single-source ; gallium ; arsenide ; precursors ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Reactions of GaX3 (X = Br, I) with As(SiMe3)3 in 1:1 and 2:1 mole ratios were investigated. For the latter reactant stoichiometry, substances having the empirical formulae AsBr3Ga2 (1) and Asl3Ga2 (2), the analogues of the previously reported single-source GaAs precursor (AsCl3Ga2)n, were isolated as yellow isolated as yellow insoluble powders. Low-temperature reactions in a 1:1 mole ratio resulted in the isolation of the adducts Br3Ga.As(SiMe3)3 (3) and I3Ga.As(SiMe3)3 (4). On the other hand, at room temperature the GaBr3 reaction resulted in a complex mixture from which no characterizable compounds were isolated, whereas the Gal3 reaction afforded the crystalline compound [I2GaAs(SiMe3)2]2 (5). The structures of 4 and 5 were elucidated by complete single-crystal X-ray analysis (crystal data: 4, monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 16.497(2) Å, b = 9.629(1) Å, c = 16.658(2) Å, β = 113.21(1)°, V = 2432(1) Å3, Z = 4; 5, orthorhombic, space group Pbca, a = 14.279(2) Å, b = 17.509(2) Å, c = 13.818(2), Å, V = 3455(1) Å3, Z = 4).
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 133-138 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Microelectrode array ; Photolithography ; Electrochemistry ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A new type of microelectrode array device has been developed using semiconductor-processing techniques. An array of 15 × 15 square electrodes as small as 1 μm, spaced 100 μm apart, has been fabricated on a silicon chip of dimensions 1.5 × 1.5 mm2. Steady state electrochemistry was performed using these devices in both aqueous and non-aqueous media.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 159-171 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: High-speed machines ; hydraulic semiconductor ; ER fluid ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The concept of high-speed control of a mechanical process via electrical modulation of the flow of some kind of hydraulic cum semiconductor liquid is introduced. This is done in order to stimulate activity towards the provision of improved power transmission media for use in the formulation of intelligent tools and systems. A quantum leap in machine performance is the aim; flexibility of operation and motion-switching speeds 10 times higher than presently available are in demand. Some information is given on the background and application aims of the concept. Brief state-of-the-art information is presented on the front-runner of enabling solutions to this industrial equivalent of recent innovations in information technology - the electrorheological fluid.
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