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  • Articles  (32,946)
  • 1985-1989  (29,067)
  • 1950-1954  (3,879)
  • 1987  (29,067)
  • 1952  (3,879)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (15,897)
  • Computer Science  (9,582)
  • Geography  (7,525)
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  • 1985-1989  (29,067)
  • 1950-1954  (3,879)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Cartographic Analysis of Water Development Referenda in Texas, 1957-85 (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: State-level financial assistance programs for water projects are expected to become more important as federal funding levels drop and mechanisms change. In some western states such as Texas and California, constitutional restrictions are placed on tax and spending limits and the issuance of general obligation bonds to finance projects is subject to voter approval through a referendum process. Seven water-related referenda have been held in Texas between 1957 and 1985. Election results indicate that through 1968 voters from across the state supported the concept of state-level financial assistance for water projects and ratified three consecutive referenda, thus establishing the Water Development Fund and its $400 million authorization limit. Between 1969 and 1981, three amendments intended to increase authorization and expand the Fund's scope were defeated in elections that exhibited a regionalized voting pattern between East and West Texas voters. In 1985, this cleavage was not evident and the Water Development Fund was increased by an additional $980 million. These shifts reflect changes in voter perceptions of the state's water development policy and coincide with release of the 1968 and 1984 versions of the Texas Water Plan. The Texas experience, which is particularly relevant to California, could also be useful to other states considering similar state-level financial programs that would require voter approval.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1987.tb00086.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Labor Market Impacts of Post-school Occupational Training for Young Men (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The period 1966 to 1976 was a decade of change, contrast and challenge. In this article a model is developed and estimated contrasting the labor market experiences of young men who participated in post-school occupational training during this period with those young men who did not participate. Participation in post-school forms of occupational training is identified as a significant contributor to individual labor market success during the period and racial differences in returns to training participation are highlighted. The results prompt questions concerning the direction of current federal training policy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1987.tb00088.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    State Lottery Sales: Separating the Influence of Markets and Game Structure (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: State lotteries are the fiscal gimmick for the 1980s, receiving widespread popular and legislative approval. Unfortunately, the impact of structural and external influences on lottery sales is not well understood. This analysis sheds light on these influences, demonstrating that state economic activity, age of the game, interstate lottery competition, and game portfolios significantly affect sale and, consequently, benefit to the state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1987.tb00085.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Land Value Taxation and New Housing Development in Pittsburgh (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Incentive and liquidity effects of Pittsburgh's land value tax system are hypothesized to encourage new housing development. To test this hypothesis, an econometric model is estimated using building permit data for the dependent variable and tax rates and other determinants of new housing demand and supply for the independent variables. For the case of new housing, it is shown that the incentive effect is significant but the liquidity effect is not. The incentive effect is found to encourage increases in the number of new units constructed in Pittsburgh rather than increases in the average cost of new units.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1987.tb00087.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Corporate-Merger-Defined Core-Periphery Relations for the United States (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: A modified core-periphery model of economic spatial relations is tested by an examination of U.S. corporate merger behavior from 1955 to 1980. A core, a number of semicores, semipheripheries, and a periphery describe the merger-defined relationships between states and SMSAs. The core-periphery structure is not stable across time and is related to the merger cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1987.tb00078.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Employment Multipliers and Functional Types of Communities: Effects of Public Transfer Payments (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The Arizona Community Data Set (ACDS) now contains the results of 40 separate establishment-level, community-wide surveys. These communities can be classified into different functional types, and OLS regression models can be used to explore the relationships among community functions, levels of public transfer payments, and magnitudes of economic base multipliers. The statistical analysis suggests that employment-derived estimates of the base multiplier tend to be biased upward unless transfer payments are specified in the model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1987.tb00077.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    An Approach to Estimating a Consistent Aggregate Input-Output Model (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: There is a large literature concerning the effects of aggregation on the output estimates produced by, and information content of, input-output models. However, virtually no attention has been given to the effects of aggregation on input-output multipliers. This paper presents a methodology for calculating consistent aggregate input-output multipliers for any given change in final demands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1987.tb00084.x
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  • 8
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    Book reviews (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: What Do Buyers Want? Kenneth Train, Qualitative Choice Analysis: Theory, Econometrics, and an Application to Automobile Demand. Federal Finances Joseph F. Moraglio and Harry D. Kerrigan, The Federal Budget and Financial System: A Management Perspective. Silicon Tarheels Dale Whittington, High Hopes for High Tech: Microelectronics Policy in North Carolina. Turning It Around in Colombia Vinod Thomas, Linking Macroeconomics and Agricultural Polices for Adjustments with Growth: The Colombian Experience. A Changing World John H. Baldwin, Environmental Planning and Management. Toward a Theory of Industrial Development Donald A. Hicks, Advanced Industrial Development Restructuring, Relocation, and Renewal. Applying the HUDS Model to Chicago John F. Kain and William C. Apgar, Jr., Housing and Neighborhood Dynamics: A Simulation Study. Deindustrialization: Causes and Self-Help Warner Woodworth, Christopher Meek, and William Foote Whyte, eds., Industrial Democracy: Strategies for Community Revitalization. Integrating Disparate Views Peter Burnell, Economic Nationalism in the Third World. The U. S. Food Trade with CPEs James R. Jones, ed., East-West Agricultural Trade. Some Are Still More Equal Than Others Janet K. Boles, ed., The Egalitarian City: Issues of Rights, Distribution, Access, and Power.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1987.tb00089.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    A Leading Indicator Model for Ohio SMSA Employment (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The methodology used to build a leading indicator model for Ohio SMSA employment is described in this paper. A composite leading indicator series for each of the eight major metropolitan areas and the state of Ohio was constructed. These composite indicators appear to work well in a “real-time” simulation of their actual use. The methodology employed here departs from traditional methods for constructing such leading indicators in the approach to weighting the individual indicator series in order to devise a composite index. An econometric approach to determining the weights was employed. The weighting method can be said to be “optimal” in that the weights were chosen to maximize the out-of-sample ability of the composite index to detect future changes in economic activity, proxied here by the level of employment. This approach to weighting the component series in devising a composite index is computationally expensive, since it requires that a number of models be estimated and simulated in an actual use environment. It does overcome the usual subjective nature of the weighting schemes employed, and has resulted in composite indexes for the eight metropolitan areas and Ohio that perform quite well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1987.tb00079.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Economic Impact of a Port on a Regional Economy: Note (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper attempts to identify and adjust for several shortcomings of previous port impact studies in the estimation of primary port economic impact. These shortcomings are found to create the potential for both positive and negative bias. Also presented in this paper is a technique for circumventing several practical problems in the estimation of secondary economic impact. These adjustments are applied to estimate the economic impact of the Port of Hampton Roads, Virginia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1987.tb00082.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Are Business Services Immune to the Business Cycle? (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Should an economic development strategy target the business services industry to insulate the local economy from the business cycle? The relationship between business services employment (SIC 73) and measures of the business cycle is analyzed at national and metropolitan-area levels. At the national level, certain components of business services are not immune to the business cycle while others are. At the metropolitan level, certain characteristics of the metropolitan area and its industrial structure are identified which would result in business services employment being procyclical or not immune to the business cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1987.tb00452.x
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  • 12
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    On the Theory of Optimal Regional Development Based on an Exhaustible Resource (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Extensive literatures exist on both regional development and the optimum use of nonrenewable resources over time, but the two have not been melded to consider the effect of combining the optimization of resource exploitation with optimization of population growth and infrastructure investment. A model incorporating these dimensions of regional growth is analyzed using control theory to characterize the optimal time paths of the source-related investment, resource use, and infrastructure investment. An example of nonrenewable groundwater use in the Colorado High Plains region is analyzed to show the shortcomings of existing regulatory schemes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1987.tb00455.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Book Reviews (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: The Return of a Hero Robert D. Hisrich, ed., Entrepreneurship, Intrapreneurship, and Venture Capital: The Foundation of Economic Renaissance. Alaska's Oil, Alaska's People Lawrence A. Palinkas, Bruce Murray Harris, and John S. Petterson, A Systems Approach to Social Impact Assessment: Two Alaskan Case Studies. Regional Trends Bernard L. Weinstein, Harold T. Gross, and John Rees, Regional Growth and Decline in the United States. The Particular and the General Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds., Social Relations and Spatial Structures. Growing Through Export Vittorio Corbo, Anne O. Krueger, and Fernando Ossa, eds., Export-Oriented Development Strategies: The Success of Five Newly Industrialized Countries
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1987.tb00076.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Regional Indexes of Leading Indicators: An Evaluation Of Forecasting Performance (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Indexes of leading indicators are used to forecast short-run changes in economic activity in many states and metropolitan areas. This article examines the forecasting performance of a sample of such regional indexes over several business cycles. Although these indexes vary across regions, the results show that they do provide forecasts of recessions and recoveries and also exhibit some potential for forecasting quantitative changes in regional employment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1987.tb00081.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    A Community Economic Forecasting and Simulation System: Description of a Satellite Model (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper deals with the problem of modelling sub-county areas that are so small that county level forecasts cannot be used for policy purposes. Starting from a simple specification that relates demand for local goods and services to local and non-local income, a system of equations is developed that can be used as a satellite to a county model to forecast impacts of economic events at the town level. Regression coefficients for the equations are estimated using data at the one-digit SIC code level for a pooled sample of towns in Massachusetts. Model validation tests are reported. An example of an application is provided by simulating impacts of 500 new manufacturing jobs in a town within a county. Our approach yields simulation and forecasting results for both the town and the county.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1987.tb00451.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Return Migration to Eastern Kentucky and the Stem Family Concept (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This research provides a conceptual framework—based on the stem family concept—with which to explore the cyclical nature of return migration to Eastern Kentucky. A generalized six-phase migration model is developed within a stem family/diffusion context to explain how the socioeconomic characteristics of return migrants have varied in response to economic changes outside Appalachia. The role of awareness space on channeling migration flows is also examined.Responses from 119 households in Laurel, Pike, and Powell counties, Kentucky, are used to test hypotheses associated with the general model. The survey results support the continued existence of extreme stem family forces within Eastern Kentucky. Most inmigrants are return migrants. Return migration motives continue to be more related to sociocultural factors than they are job-related decisions. Most returnees are well below retirement age, and even the younger and more educated among these have a strong preference for remaining in Eastern Kentucky, although their historical tendency has been to move away when economic pulls are strong enough. Maps of return migrants’awareness spaces closely conform with past outmigration patterns. As awareness spaces have been shown to correspond with migrants’destination choices, the maps suggest that future outmigrants from Eastern Kentucky will continue to bias their destination choices more toward the North than the South.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1987.tb00454.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Book Reviews (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Border Linkages. Peggy B. Musgrave, ed. If the Creek Rises. Raymond J. Burby and Steven P. French, with Beverly A. Cigler, Edward J. Kaiser, David H. Moreau, and Bruce Stiftel That Rising SunDuane Kujawa, Japanese Multinationals in the United States: Toward a High-Tech Economy John Rees, ed., Technology, Regions, and Policy. Impacts on Humans James A. Lee, The Environment, Public Health, and Human Ecology: Public Finance in CanadaDouglas J. McCready, The Canadian Public Sector. Toronto: A Survey of Industrialization PoliciesRobert N. Gwynne, Industrialization and Urbanization in Latin America. Baltimore: The Risk Takers Robert C. Perez, Inside Venture Capital: Past, Present and Future. New York: Policy Directions Charles R. Warren, ed., Urban Policy in a Changing Federal System: Proceedings of a Symposium. Power for the Future Adela Maria Bolet, ed., Forecasting U.S. Electricity Demands: Trends and Methodologies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1987.tb00457.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Dynamics of Tornadic Thunderstorms (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 369-402 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.002101
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  • 19
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    Magnetic Fluids (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 437-461 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.002253
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  • 20
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    Recent Developments in Rapid-Distortion Theory (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 531-573 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.002531
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  • 21
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    Rarefaction Waves in Liquid and Gas-Liquid Media (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 577-600 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.003045
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  • 22
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    Ludwig Prandtl and His Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 1-26 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.000245
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  • 23
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    Upstream Blocking and Airflow Over Mountains (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 75-95 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 24
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    Turbulent Secondary Flows (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 53-74 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.000413
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  • 25
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    A Description of Eddying Motions and Flow Patterns Using Critical-Point Concepts (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 125-155 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.001013
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  • 26
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    Viscoelastic Flows Through Contractions (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 157-182 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.001105
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  • 27
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    Viscous Fingering in Porous Media (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 271-311 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.001415
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  • 28
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    Thermocapillary Instabilities (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 403-435 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.002155
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  • 29
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    Isolated Eddy Models in Geophysics (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1987), S. 493-530 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.002425
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    Common Lisp (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 1-19 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.02.060187.000245
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    The Emerging Paradigm of Computational Vision (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 69-89 
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    ISSN: 8756-7016
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.02.060187.000441
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    Knowledge-Based Software Tools (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 21-35 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cs.02.060187.000321
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    Computer Algebra Algorithms (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 91-118 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Using Reasoning About Knowledge to Analyze Distributed Systems (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 37-68 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Linear Programming (1986) (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 119-145 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Logic, Problem Solving, and Deduction (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 187-229 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Algorithmic Geometry of Numbers (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 231-267 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Computer Science
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    Research on Automatic Verification of Finite-State Concurrent Systems (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 269-290 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Computer Applications in Education: A Historical Overview (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 317-358 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Planning (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 359-400 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Language Generation and Explanation (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 401-449 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Search Techniques (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 451-467 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Nonmonotonic Reasoning (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 147-186 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Techniques and Architectures for Fault-Tolerant Computing (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 469-520 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Vision and Navigation for the Carnegie-Mellon Navlab (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 521-556 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Network Protocols and Tools to Help Produce Them (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Computer Science 2 (1987), S. 291-316 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Public Attitudes Toward Local Farmland Protection Programs (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Using telephone survey data, this study analyzes citizen attitudes toward a locally based farmland protection program for Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. The study findings indicate widespread public support for farmland protection, in general, and strong support for zoning and purchase of development rights approaches. Testing of the anti-elitist and sociospatial explanations for public support of land use regulations is carried out. A statistical analysis of survey results finds moderate support for the sociospatial explanation.
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    Book Reviews (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: City, Region, and North American Hierarchy Benjamin Higgins, The Rise—And Fall? of Montreal: A Case Study of Urban Growth, Regional Economic Expansion and National Development. The Quality of Community Life David Popenoe, Private Pleasure, Public Plight: American Community Life in Comparative Perspective. Rural America Dale Jahr, Jerry W. Johnson, and Ronald Wimberley, eds., New Dimensions in Rural Policy: Building upon Our Heritage. East Meets West: Theory and Practice Don R. McCreary, Japanese-U.S. Business Negotiations: A Cross-Cultural Study. National Issues along the Rio Grande Lay James Gibson and Alfonso Corona Renteria, eds., The U.S. and Mexico: Borderland Development and the National Economies.
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    The Narrowing Male-Female Unemployment Differential (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Historically, the female unemployment rate in the U.S. has been higher than the male rate, but recently this unemployment rate differential has narrowed. This study looks at the reasons behind this phenomenon, and finds that relative declines in male-dominated industries such as durable manufacturing and construction increase the male unemployment rate relative to the female rate. If male-dominated industries continue to decline, the female unemployment rate is likely to fall below the male rate in the near future and remain lower in both recessions and expansions. The results reported here also indicate that increases in the female labor force participation rate are associated with relatively lower female unemployment rates after the mid-l970s, contrasting with the positive relationship in the 1950s and 1960s.
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    Considerations in Extending Shift-Share Analysis: Note (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: One of the limitations to the widespread use of the Esteban-Marquillas shift-share extension has been the Stokes (1974) proof of the lack of regional additivity of the Esteban-Marquillas competitive components. Since the Arcelus extension (1984) of the traditional shift-share decomposition is a continuation of the logical framework by Esteban-Marquillas (1972), the Stokes criticism would at first appear to have equal relevance to this new work. This note demonstrates that the relationship between the rate of growth of the larger region and the rates of growth of its constituent subregions is ignored in the Stokes criticism and in the subsequent critique by Beaudry and Martin (1979). By explicitly incorporating the relationship between the rate of growth of the larger region and the rates of growth of the constituent subregions, we also demonstrate that the recent shift-share extensions by Esteban-Marquillas and Arcelus share with the classical shift-share decomposition the desirable additive properties under regional disaggregation of the data.
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    Changing Regional Inequalities in North Carolina, 1928–82 (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Assessing the Labor Market Intermediary Role of the Job Service: Note (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Foreign Export Orientation and Regional Growth in the U.S. (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Long-Distance Commuting and Population Change in Georgia, 1960–80 (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    The Expenditure Tax and Savings Incentives: Design Matters (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Market and Market-Institutional Perspectives on the Agricultural Land Preservation Issue (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    A Review of Identification of Hedonic Supply and Demand Functions (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 18 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    A DYNAMIC PHASE TRANSITION MODEL FOR SPATIAL AGGLOMERATION PROCESSES (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 27 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: A nonlinear model for the migration of one population between L primordially equivalent regions is introduced. The agglomeration trend k is the relevant system parameter. For low (k 〈 kc) the homogeneous population distribution and for high (k 〉 kc) states with one metropole and (L−1) depleted provinces are stable equilibria. The dynamics of phase transitions between such stable states can be described by a global nonlinear analysis. Exact analytic solutions for the population evolution along symmetry paths are found. A dynamic stability analysis shows which paths of evolution are preferred and lead to stable endconfigurations.
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    A HEDONIC MODEL OF INTERREGIONAL WAGES, RENTS, AND AMENITY VALUES (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 27 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper develops a general multimarket hedonic model appropriate for a national, interregional study of wages, housing prices, and location-specific amenities. The model encompasses the effects of interregional location, intraurban location, and city size. Typically, hedonic studies focus on a single market such as labor or housing and ignore interactions implicit in a more global compensation mechanism. Examination of the comparative statics of our model indicates that single-market differentials are partial prices and are unreliable measures of amenity values in an interregional context. Unbiased amenity values are estimated for a comprehensive set of amenities using data on housing prices for 34,414 households and wages for 46,004 workers from the 1980 Census of Population and Housing. Statistically significant differences in housing prices and wages are found due to amenities.
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    BOOKS RECEIVED (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 27 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 27 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Industrialization and Urbanization in Latin America, by Robert N. Gwynne. Spatial Cycles, by Leo van den Berg, Leland S. Burns, and Leo H. Klaassen (eds.). Innovation, Entrepreneurs and Regional Development, by G.P. Sweeny. Financing Economic Development in the 1980s, by Norman Walzer and David L. Chicoine (eds). The Politics of Realignment: Party Change in the Mountain West, by Peter Galderisi, Michael Lyons, Randy Simmons, and John Francis. Southern Capitalism: The Political Economy of North Carolina, 1880-1980, by Phillip J. Wood.
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    POISSON GRAVITY MODELS OF SPATIAL FLOWS (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 27 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to bring together a number of results on spatial flow models, and to reformulate them within a unified probability framework based on Poisson frequencies. To do so, a class of discrete stochastic processes, designated as independent flow processes, is developed which not only yields a complete characterization of Poisson flow frequencies, but also allows a wide range of gravity-type flow models to be formulated within this distributional framework. In particular, a hierarchical classification of 12 model types is developed, and each model type is shown to be characterizable directly in terms of behavioral axioms on independent flow processes.
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    THE CORE OF A SPATIAL PRICE EQUILIBRIUM GAME (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 27 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper presents a critical appraisal of the use of the core as a solution concept for games involving spatially separated producers. Starting from the classical Samuelson/Takayama-Judge spatial price equilibrium model, the core of a game between the producers of commodities in this economy is defined, the conditions ensuring the nonemptiness of the core are stated, and the problems surrounding the definition and computation of the characteristic function are addressed. An application to the eastern United States’coal market is then presented in order to illustrate the usefulness of the theoretical and algorithmic results of this paper.
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    PUBLIC CAPITAL, REGIONAL OUTPUT, AND DEVELOPMENT: SOME EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 27 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The goal of our paper is to provide direct estimates of the association between public capital and regional output. This is made possible by the construction of a data series which measures public capital at the state level.The relation between public capital and other productive factors is tested using a translog production function. Our results show that labor and public capital are complementary inputs, and that public capital exhibited diminishing returns. We also consider restrictions on the translog formulation. Linear homogeneity is rejected in all cases, and the Cobb-Douglas specification is rejected for the manufacturing and all sectors categories.
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    A NOTE ON INCOME TAXES AND DEGREE ONE PRODUCTION HOMOGENEITY (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 27 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In a recent JRS article [Martinich and Hurter (1985)] we examined the production and spatial impact on a firm operating in an uncertain environment due to the imposition of a flat rate income tax. The impacts were shown to depend on the properties of the firm's production and preference functions. In this paper we develop further results for the case where the firm has a degree one homogeneous production function. It is shown that an income tax is technologically and spatially neutral for any risk-averse firm, without regard to any other properties of the preference function. Thus, we not only extend our earlier results for the degree one homogenous production function case but we also correct an error related to this case in the earlier paper.
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    SELECTED TITLES FROM CURRENT JOURNALS (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 27 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    OPTIMAL REGIONAL GROWTH MODELS: MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES, SINGULAR CONTROLS, AND SUFFICIENCY CONDITIONS (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 27 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: We develop a generalized Harrod-Domar type of model for optimal regional growth which allows determination of the optimal allocation of regional public investments and which considers multiple growth objectives, as well as both normal and singular fiscal instruments. This general model is shown to include most of the previous optimal regional growth models as special cases. Necessary conditions for some special cases of the general model are analyzed in detail, and decision rules associated with derived optimal regional growth policies are articulated. These special cases verify that singular controls do exist in certain instances, and that they must be considered for the complete specification of optimal regional growth policies; this is significant because singular controls have not been previously analyzed in the literature. We conclude the paper with a discussion of sufficiency conditions for optimal regional growth models which is more general than that given by previous authors.
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    THE ROLE OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE SUPPLY OF HOUSING (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 27 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: As the housing stock in a city is duplicated, developers must devote greater amounts of resources to the provision of infrastructure. If the production of infrastructure is characterized by decreasing returns to scale, this will cause the price of developable land to increase. The conditions under which an upward-sloping supply curve for housing will result are discussed. Using cross-sectional data for U.S. cities from 1973 to 1982, it is shown that land prices fail to increase with the quantity of construction and that the price elasticity of the supply of housing is infinite.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1987)
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    Journal of regional science 27 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in This Article: Production, Work, Territory: The Geographical Anatomy of Industrial Capitalism, by Allen J. Scott and Michael Storper (eds.). Social Organization of an Urban Grants Economy, by J. Galaskiewicz. Experimental Estimates of Gross State Product by Industry, Bureau of Economic Analysis Staff Paper No. 42 Regional Multipliers: A User Handbook for the Regional Input-Output Modeling System (RIMS II), U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.
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    SELECTED TITLES FROM CURRENT JOURNALS (1987)
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    Journal of regional science 27 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    LOCAL TAX BURDENS AND THE SUPPLY OF BUSINESS SITES IN SUBURBAN MUNICIPALITIES (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 27 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of local household tax burdens and other community attributes on the supply of business sites made available by local municipalities. A model of community site supply is tested in which municipalities trade off increased fiscal benefits from business location and reductions in environmental quality that accompany industrial and commercial development. This tradeoff is embodied in municipal zoning decisions. Empirical analysis of industrial and commercial zoning in two rapidly growing suburban counties of the Philadelphia metropolitan area provides considerable support for the tenets of community site supply theory.
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    SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR GENERAL SPATIAL PRICE EQUILIBRIA (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 27 (1987), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . General spatial price equilibrium models are formulated as variational inequalities. Sensitivity analysis results recently developed for variational inequalities are reviewed which give conditions for existence and equations for calculating the derivatives of solution variables with respect to perturbation parameters. These results are applied to the variational inequality formulations of general spatial price equilibria, and derivatives of supplies, demands, flows, and prices with respect to perturbations of supply functions, demand functions, and transportation-cost functions are calculated.
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    A NOTE ON “SPATIAL PRICE POLICY AND THE DEMAND FOR TRANSPORTATION” (1987)
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    Journal of regional science 27 (1987), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    ONCE AGAIN: TESTING FOR REGIONAL HOMOGENEITY (1987)
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    Journal of regional science 27 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Summarizing the foregoing discussions in this journal on testing for regional homogeneity the present note shows that in the model of Zellner's seemingly unrelated regressions one test statistic may be used not only to test for overall homogeneity but also to examine for individual coefficient homogeneity. This aim is achieved by varying the linear restrictions in the test statistic according to different problems. To illustrate these tests regional consumption functions for the 11 Bundesläder (States) of the Federal Republic of Germany are used.
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    SELECTED TITLES FROM CURRENT JOURNALS (1987)
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    Journal of regional science 27 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Automatic program debugging for intelligent tutoring systems (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Program debugging is an important part of the domain expertise required for intelligent tutoring systems that teach programming languages. This article explores the process by which student programs can be automatically debugged in order to increase the instructional capabilities of these systems. The research presented provides a methodology and implementation for the diagnosis and correction of nontrivial recursive programs. In this approach, recursive programs are debugged by repairing induction proofs in the Boyer-Moore logic. The induction proofs constructed and debugged assert the computational équivalence of student programs to correct exemplar solutions. Exemplar solutions not only specify correct implementations but also provide correct code to replace buggy student code. Bugs in student code are repaired with heuristics that attempt to minimize the scope of repair.The automated debugging of student code is greatly complicated by the tremendous variability that arises in student solutions to nontrivial tasks. This variability can be coped with, and debugging performance improved, by explicit reasoning about computational semantics during the debugging process. This article supports these claims by discussing the design, implementation, and evaluation of Talus, an automatic debugger for LISP programs, and by examining related work in automated program debugging.Talus relies on its abilities to reason about computational semantics to perform algorithm recognition, infer code teleology, and to automatically detect and correct nonsyntactic errors in student programs written in a restricted, but nontrivial, subset of LISP. Solutions can vary significantly in algorithm, functional decomposition, role of variables, data flow, control flow, values returned by functions, LISP primitives used, and identifiers used. Solutions can consist of multiple functions, each containing multiple bugs. Empiricial evaluation demonstrates that Talus achieves high performance in debugging widely varying student solutions to challenging tasks.
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    An architecture for a self-improving instructional planner for intelligent tutoring systems (1987)
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    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Machine instructional planners use changing and uncertain data to incrementally configure plans and control the execution and dynamic refinement of these plans. Current instructional planners cannot adequately plan, replan, and monitor the delivery of instruction. This is due in part to the fact that current instructional planners are incapable of planning in a global context, developing competing plans in parallel, monitoring their planning behavior, and dynamically adapting their control behavior. In response to these and other deficiencies of instructional planners a generic system architecture based on the blackboard model was implemented. This self-improving instructional planner (SUP) dynamically creates instructional plans, requests execution of these plans, replans, and improves its planning behavior based on a student's responses to tutoring. Global planning was facilitated by explicitly representing decisions about past, current, and future plans on a global data structure called the plan blackboard. Planning in multiple worlds is facilitated by labeling plan decisions by the context in which they were generated. Plan monitoring was implemented as a set of monitoring knowledge sources. The flexible control capability for instructional planner was adapted from the blackboard architecture BB1. The explicit control structure of SUP enabled complex and flexible planning behavior while maintaining a simple planning architecture.
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    Meaning representation in Montague grammar and situation semantics (1987)
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    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper compares certain aspects of situation semantics and Montague grammar and points out some issues related to natural language programming. It provides and introduction to certain basic concepts of situation semantics and makes some tentative claims about possible advantages of situation semantics.
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    A critique of pure reason (1987)
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    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    The myth of the one true logic (1987)
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    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    Logic and explanation (1987)
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    Commentary on McDermott (1987)
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    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    The use of logic (1987)
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    Must logicists become programmers? (1987)
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    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    The logicist conception of knowledge is too narrow—but so is McDermott's (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Two lessons of logic (1987)
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    Similarity-based learning and its extensions (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper synthesizes a number of approaches to concept representation and learning in a multilayered model. The paper emphasizes what has been called similarity-based learning (SBL) from examples, although this review is extended to address wider issues. The paper pays particular attention to requirements for incremental and uncertain environments, and to interrelationships among concept purpose, concept representation, and concept learning.One goal of the paper is to unite some of the notions underlying recent research, in an attempt to construct a more complete and extensible framework. This framework is designed to capture representations and methods such as those based on hypothesis search and bias selection, and to extend the ideas for greater system capability. This leads to a specific perspective for multilayered learning which has several advantages, such as greater clarity, more uniform learning, and more powerful induction.The approach clarifies and unifies various aspects of the problem of concept learning. Some results'are (1) Various concept representations (such as logic, prototypes, and decision trees) are subsumed by a standard form which is well suited to learning, particularly in incremental and uncertain environments; (2) Concept learning may be enhanced by exploiting a particular phenomenon in many spaces-this phenomenon is a certain kind of smoothness or regularity, one instance of which underlies the similarity in SBL systems; (3) The paper treats the phenomenon in a general way and applies it hierarchically. This has various advantages of uniformity. For example the model allows layered learning algorithms for concept learning all to be instantiations of one basic algorithm. A single kind of representation (an instantiation of the standard form) is prominent at each level. The combination of representation and algorithm allows fast, accurate, concise, and robust concept learning.
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    Learning to control a dynamic physical system (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper presents an approach to learning to control a dynamic physical system. The approach has been implemented in a program named CART, and applied to a simple physical system studied previously by several researchers. Experiments illustrate that a control method is learned in about 16 trials, an improvement over previous learning programs.
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    A foundational approach to autonomous knowledge acquisition (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A formal, foundational approach to autonomous knowledge acquisition is presented. In particular, “learning from examples” and “learning from being told” and the relation of these approaches to first-order representation systems are investigated. It is assumed initially that the only information available for acquisition is a stream of facts, or ground atomic formulae, describing a domain. On the basis of this information, hypotheses expressed in set-theoretic terms and concerning the application domain may be proposed. As further instances are received, the hypothesized relations may be modified or discarded, and new relations formed. The intent though is to characterize those hypotheses that may potentially be formed, rather than to specify the subset of the hypotheses that, for whatever reason, should be held.Formal systems are derived by means of which the set of potential hypotheses is precisely specified, and a procedure is derived for restoring the consistency of a set of hypotheses after conflicting evidence is encountered. In addition, this work is extended to where a learning system may be “told” arbitrary sentences concerning a domain. Included in this is an investigation of the relation between acquiring knowledge and reasoning deductively. However, the interaction of these approaches leads to immediate difficulties which likely require informal, pragmatic techniques for their resolution. The overall framework is intended both as a foundation for investigating autonomous approaches to learning and as a basis for the development of such autonomous systems.
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    A computational theory of motor learning (1987)
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    Notes: In this paper we present a computational theory of human motor performance and learning. The theory is implemented as a running AI system called MAGGIE. Given a description of a desired movement as input, the system generates simulated motor behavior as output. The theory states mat skills are encoded as motor schemas, which specify the positions and velocities of a limb at selected points in time. Moreover, there exist two natural representations for such knowledge; viewer-centered schemas describe visually perceived behavior, arid joint-centered schemas are used to generate behavior. When the model acts upon these two representational formats, they exhibit quite different behavioral characteristics. MAGGIE performs the desired movement within a feedback control paradigm, monitoring for errors and correcting them when it detects them. Learning involves improving the joint-centered schema over many practice trials; this reduces the need for monitoring. The model accounts for a number of well-documented motor phenomena, including the speed-accuracy trade-off and the gradual improvement in performance with practice. It also makes several testable predictions. We close with a discussion of the theory's strengths and weaknesses, along with directions for future research.
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    A reasoning-based approach to machine learning (1987)
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    Notes: This paper describes a novel approach to machine learning, based on the principle of learning by reasoning. Current learning systems have significant limitations such as brittleness, i.e., the deterioration of performance on a different domain or problem and lack of power required for handling real-world learning problems. The goal of our research was to develop an approach in which many of these limitations are overcome in a unified, coherent and general framework. Our learning approach is based on principles of reasoning, such as the discovery of the underlying principle and the recognition of the deeper basis of similarity, which is somewhat akin to human learning. In this paper, we argue the importance of these principles and tie the limitations of current systems to the lack of application of these principles. We then present the technique developed and illustrate it on a learning problem not directly solvable by previous approaches.
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    Book Reviews (1987)
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    Expert systems 4 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Book reviewd in this article: The Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence. (two volumes). Ed. S. C. Shapiro und D. Eckroth. Expert Systems 1986, Volume 1: the USA and Canada. J. Hewett and R. Susson, Ovum, 1986. Commercial Expert Systems in Europe. J. Newett, S. Timms and G. d'Aumale, Ovum, 1986.
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    The problem of implicit knowledge (1987)
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    Expert systems 4 (1987), S. 0 
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Recognising the existence of different forms of knowledge is a first step towards effective knowledge elicitation. This article takes a brief look at some of the different types of knowledge which human experts possess and then focusses on the problem of implicit knowledge.The fact that much of an expert's knowledge is implicit or tacit in nature is a major problem for those working in the area of knowledge elicitation. Despite this, the topic has attracted little discussion or research. The present article reviews some of the limited literature on the topic and attempts to settle some of the confusion over what implicit knowledge is, or might be. Relevant experiments from the psychological literature are discussed. The paper also looks at possible ways of assessing implicit knowledge and makes recommendations for future research in this area.
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    Expertise in assessing solvency problems (1987)
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    Notes: Abstract: The nature of expertise required in evaluating an economic entity's solvency position is investigated. The decision perspective chosen is that of the independent auditor as s/ he ponders the appropriate opinion to render on the financial statements of an entity in financial distress. Verbal protocols were collected from two Big Eight public accounting firm audit partners with experience in making this type of decision. A comprehensive, two part case was designed reflecting the information available to the auditor at separate two points in time. The protocol analysis yielded several levels of representation. The first was a general model of the opinion decision which, in effect, suggested that a ‘normative model’ of the entity under evaluation was constructed and then compared with the actual information about the entity. The process appeared somewhat akin to medical diagnosis. The next level of analysis involved the general classifications of technical knowledge which represented primitive or intermediate decisions within a hierarchical branching structure. Seven major technical model classifications were identified. The next level was referred to as the IF-THEN rule categories representing decision expertise. General categories included knowledge of business, knowledge of accounting/auditing and current state indicators. These represent the general framework within which the technical knowledge was instantiated. Five primary category frequencies were identified: comparison, evaluation, scenario, rule and recall/review.
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    RECENT ARTICLES (1987)
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    News (1987)
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    Supporting the programmer of a rule based language (1987)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: In this paper we take up the plight of the programmer of a rule based language. Our focus is on the type of development environment that is most supportive of such programmers. Our view will be that programming is programming, whether it be with a rule based, functional or imperative language. While it is true that rule based languages have strong links to the Expert Systems field, our discussion in this paper has less to do with ‘expert systems’ per se/〉, and more to do with the view of rule based languages as yet another computational paradigm, often included under the same roof with non-rule-based languages. Just as programming environment research has progressed for non-rule-based languages, we would like to build more powerful environments in the rule based world as well. We report here on an attempt to build such an environment./〉
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1987.tb00131.x
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    News (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 4 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1987.tb00135.x
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RECENT ARTICLES (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 4 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1987.tb00136.x
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  • 100
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    An integrated knowledge representation scheme for expert systems (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 4 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of knowledge representation for an expert system is to specify functions to be performed by the system. In this paper, a knowledge representation scheme which mutually combines procedures, functions, production rules and Horn clauses is outlined. Its knowledge representation model is an imaginary organisation for performing functions of a target system, where a number of members try to solve given problems systematically. Knowledge is distributed to each of the members with considerable modularity. Functional specification of expert systems would be performed with less difficulty.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1987.tb00410.x
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