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  • 2005-2009  (45,721)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979
  • 1950-1954  (15,079)
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  • 1
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    Environmental Chemistry : Microscale Laboratory Experiments (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Air ; Chlor ; GSM-Postponed Project ; Manual ; Oxide ; Water ; bacteria ; microorganism ; pollution ; production ; soil ; toxicity
    Description / Table of Contents: Environmental Chemistry: Fundamentals, by Jorge Ibanez et al., is an exceptionally useful and well organized book. After reviewing basic chemical concepts, Environmental Chemistry: Fundamentals quickly progresses to more advanced and contemporary applications including ozone depletion, physiochemical and biological treatment of pollutants, and green chemistry. The chemistry of processes of the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere are covered in detail and the effects of pollutants on each of these chemical processes are extensively considered, as are their effects on the biosphere. The book also has an experimental companion, Environmental Chemistry: Microscale Laboratory Experiments, which includes an array of environmental chemistry experiments that can be readily performed at the microscale level. Ideas for additional open-ended projects are provided for all experiments, and they impart a thorough introduction to environmental experimentation. I strongly recommend Environmental Chemistry: Fundamentals and its experimental accompaniment, Environmental Chemistry: Microscale Laboratory Experiments. Dr. Zvi Szafran Vice President for Academic Affairs and Professor of Chemistry Southern Polytechnic State University Our Earth is a remarkable reaction vessel. It is of paramount importance that students grow in their understanding and awareness of the astounding effects that chemistry and biochemistry have on our environment…and why they are so significant to our present and future hopes as a civilization. Environmental Chemistry: Microscale Laboratory Experiments, intended to complement lessons in the companion textbook Environmental Chemistry: Fundamentals, covers the chemical and biochemical processes that take place in air, water, soil, and living systems. The corresponding experiments range from the characterization of aqueous media to pollutant-treatment schemes. For increased safety, as well as for reduced costs, wastes, and environmental damage, the experiments are presented at the microscale level. Pre- and post-laboratory exercises and open-ended projects accompany each experiment, to develop problem-solving skills and initiative among students.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 238 pages)
    ISBN: 9780387494937
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-49493-7
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Seasonal Forecasts, Climatic Change and Human Health : Health and Climate (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Assessment ; Malaria ; Public Health ; Scale ; Weather ; climate change ; public health policy ; temperature
    Description / Table of Contents: Awareness that many key aspects of public health are strongly influenced by climate is growing dramatically, driven by new research and experience and fears of climate change and the research needed to underpin policy developments in area is growing rapidly . This awareness has yet to translate into a practical use of climate knowledge by health policy-makers. Evidence based policy and practice is the mantra of the health sector. If climate scientists are to contribute effectively to health policy at local and global scales then careful empirical studies must be undertaken – focused on the needs of the public health policy and decision-makers. Results presented at the Wengen conference make clear that the science and art of integrating climate knowledge into the control of climate sensitive diseases on a year to year time frame as well as careful assessments of the potential impacts of climate change on health outcomes over longer time frames is advancing rapidly on many fronts. This includes advances in the empirical understanding of mechanisms, methodologies for modeling future impacts, new partnership developments between the health and climate community along with access to relevant data resources, and education and training. In a rapidly evolving field this book provides a snapshot of these emerging themes.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 232 pages)
    ISBN: 9781402068775
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6877-5
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Carbon Nanomaterials in Clean Energy Hydrogen Systems : Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workhop on Using Carbon Nanomaterials in Clean-Energy Hydrogen Systems, Sudak, Crimea, Ukraine, 22-28 September, 2007 (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Atom ; Fulleren ; Fullerene ; Nanocar ; Nanomaterial ; Nanotube ; Transport ; carbon nanotubes ; electricity
    Description / Table of Contents: The 2007 ARW “Using Carbon Nanomaterials in Clean-Energy Hydrogen Systems” (UCNCEHS’2007) was held in September 22–28, 2007 in the remarkable town Sudak (Crimea, Ukraine) known for its heroic and unusual fate. In the tradition of the earlier conferences, UCNCEHS’2007 meeting served as an multidisciplinary forum for the presentation and discussion of the most recent research on transition to hydrogen-based energy systems, technologies for hydrogen production, storage, utilization, carbon nanomaterials processing and chemical behavior, energy and environmental problems. The aim of UCNCEHS’2007 was to provide the wide overview of the latest scientific results on basic research and technological applications of hydrogen interactions with carbon materials. The active representatives from research/academic organizations and governmental agencies could meet, discuss and present the most recent advances in hydrogen concepts, processes and systems, to evaluate current progress and to exchange academic information, to identify research needs and future development in this important area. This ARW should help further the progress of hydrogen-based science and promote the role of hydrogen and carbon nanomaterials in the energy field.
    ISBN: 9781402088988
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8898-8
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Thermal characterization of the Vulcano fumarole field (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-17
    Description: Ground-based thermal infrared surveys can contribute to complete heat budget inventories for fumarole fields. However, variations in atmospheric conditions, plume condensation and mixed-pixel effects can complicate vent area and temperature measurements. Analysis of vent temperature frequency distributions can be used, however, to characterise and quantify thermal regions within a field. We examine this using four thermal infrared thermometer and thermal image surveys of the Vulcano Fossa fumarole field (Italy) during June 2004 and July 2005. These surveys show that regions occupied by low temperature vents are characterised by distributions that are tightly clustered around the mean (i.e., the standard deviation is low), highly peaked (positive kurtosis) and skewed in the low temperature direction (negative skewness). This population is associated with wet fumaroles, where boiling controls maximum temperature to cause a narrow distribution with a mode at 90–100°C. In contrast, high temperature vent regions have distributions that are widely spread about the mean (i.e., the standard deviation is high), relatively flat (negative kurtosis) and skewed in the high temperature direction (positive skewness). In this dry case, fumaroles are water-free so that maximum temperatures are not fixed by boiling. As a result greater temperature variation is possible. We use these results to define two vent types at Vulcano on the basis of their thermal characteristics: (1) concentrated (localized) regions of high temperature vents, and (2) dispersed low temperature vents. These occur within a much larger region of diffuse heat emission across which surfaces are heated by steam condensation, the heat from which causes elevated surface temperatures. For Vulcano's lower fumarole zone, high and low temperature vents occupied total areas of 3 and 6 m2, respectively, and occurred within a larger (430 m2) vent-free zone of diffuse heat emission. For this lower zone, we estimate that 21– 43×103 W of heat was lost by diffuse heat emission. A further 4.5×103 W was lost by radiation from high temperature vents, and 6.5×103 W from low temperature vents. Thus, radiative heat losses from high and low temperature vents within Vulcano's lower fumarole zone respectively account for 10% and 15% of the total heat lost from this zone. This shows that radiation from open vents can account for a non-trivial portion of the total fumarole field heat budget.
    Description: Published
    Description: 441
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Fumarole ; Vulcano ; Thermal image ; Infrared thermometer ; Heat flux ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Crustal seismic velocity in the Marche region (Central Italy): computation of a minimum 1-D model with seismic station corrections. (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-16
    Description: A 1-D velocity model for the Marche region (central Italy) was computed by inverting P- and S-wave arrival times of local earthquakes. A total of 160 seismic events with a minimum of ten observations, a travel time residual ≤ 0.8 s and an azimuthal gap lower than 180° have been selected. This “minimum 1-D velocity model” is complemented by station corrections, which can be used to take into account possible near-surface velocity heterogeneities beneath each station. Using this new P-wave velocity model and the program HYPOELLIPSE (Lahr, 1999), the selected local events were relocated. Earthquake locations in this study are of higher quality with respect to the original ones. The obtained minimum 1-D velocity model can be used to improve the routine earthquakes locations and represents a further step towards more detailed seismotectonic studies of the area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1115–1121
    Description: 3T. Sorgente sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Minimum 1D model ; Earthquake locations ; Marche region ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.06. Seismic methods
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Synthetic ANaB(NaxLi1 ¡ xMg1)CMg5Si8O22(OH)2 (with x = 0.6, 0.2 and 0) P21/m amphiboles at high pressure: a synchrotron infrared study (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-17
    Description: high-pressure behavior of three synthetic amphiboles crystallized with space group P21/m at room conditions in the system Li2O–Na2O–MgO–SiO2–H2O has been studied by in situ synchrotron infrared absorption spectroscopy. The amphiboles have compositions ANa B(NaxLi1 ¡ xMg1) CMg5 Si8 O22(OH)2 with x = 0.6, 0.2 and 0.0, respectively. The high-P experiments up to 32 GPa were carried out on the U2A beamline at Brookhaven National Laboratory (NY, USA) using a diamond anvil cell under non-hydrostatic or quasi-hydrostatic conditions. The two most intense absorption bands in the OH-stretching infrared spectra can be assigned to two non-equivalent O–H dipoles in the P21/m structure, bonded to the same local environment M1M3Mg3–OH–ANa, and pointing toward two diVerently kinked tetrahedral rings. In all samples these bands progressively merge to give a unique symmetrical absorption with increasing pressure, suggesting a change in symmetry from P21/m to C2/m. The pressure at which the transition occurs appears to be linearly correlated to the aggregate B-site dimension. The infrared spectra collected for amphibole B(Na0.2Li0.8Mg1) in the frequency range 50 to 1,400 cm¡1 also show a series of changes with increasing pressure. The data reported here support the inference of Iezzi et al. (Am Miner 91:479–482, 2006a) regarding a new high-pressure C2/m amphibole polymorph characterized by two equivalent and kinked double-chains, stable at very high-pressure.
    Description: Published
    Description: 343–354
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: High-pressure ; B-site dimension ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.04. Mineral physics and properties of rocks
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Observations of Electromagnetic Radiation in the Central Apennines Seismic Region (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In recent years, continuous radio-noise recording is in use at many geophysical observatories, in order to detect possible earthquake precursors and/or coseismic signals. The recordings obtained indicate that electromagnetic radiation (e.g., in the range of 10-40 kH) can indeed be treated as seismic precursor. We present here the examples of successful prediction observation, which we have obtained in the Central Apennines region at the l'Aquila Observatory (Polish-Italian cooperation). A short discussion on relation between the evolution of stresses (dislocation dynamics) and electromagnetic emission supplements this paper.
    Description: Published
    Description: 43-53
    Description: 2.6. TTC - Laboratorio di gravimetria, magnetismo ed elettromagnetismo in aree attive
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: electromagnetic radiation ; dislocation dynamics ; Central Apennines ; seismic precursors ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.08. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Survey on fluoride, bromide and chloride contents in public drinking water supplies in Sicily (Italy) (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Six hundred and sixty-seven water samples were collected from public drinking water supplies in Sicily and analysed for electric conductivity and for their Cl-, Br- and F- contents. The samples were, as far as possible, collected evenly over the entire territory with an average sampling density of about one sample for every 7600 inhabitants. The contents of Cl- and Br-, ranging between 5.53 and 1302 mg/l and between 〈 0.025 and 4.76 mg/l respectively, correlated well with the electric conductivity, a parameter used as a proxy for water salinity. The highest values were found both along the NW and SE coasts, which we attributed to seawater contamination, and in the central part of Sicily, which we attributed to evaporitic rock dissolution. The fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.023 to 3.28 mg/l, while the highest values (only 3 exceeding the maximum admissible concentration of 1.5 mg/l) generally correlated either with the presence in the area of crystalline (volcanic or metamorphic) or evaporitic rocks or with contamination from hydrothermal activity. Apart from these limited cases of exceeding F- levels, the waters of public drinking water supplies in Sicily can be considered safe for human consumption for the analysed parameters. Some limited concern could arise from the intake of bromide-rich waters (about 3% exceeding 1 mg/l) because of the potential formation of dangerous disinfection by-products.
    Description: Published
    Description: 303-313
    Description: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: drinking water quality ; fluoride ; bromide ; chloride ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.03. Chemistry of waters ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    On the suitability of 1 s geophone for ambient noise measurements in the 0.1–20Hz frequency range: experimental outcomes (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Following the ongoing debate about suitability of short-period sensor for seismic noise measurements at frequencies lower than 1Hz, in this study we compare recordings from two different seismometers (Güralp CMG-3ESPC and Mark L4C-3D) installed side by side in the GeoForschungsZentrum laboratory. The comparison carried out in terms of Power Spectral Density and coherency analysis shows an excellent agreement between the shortperiod and the broad-band recordings in the frequency band 0.2–20 Hz. Therefore, this result highlights that with a calibrated short-period sensor one can obtain the same results that would be obtained by using a broad-band seismometer in the band of engineering interest.
    Description: Published
    Description: 141-147
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Short-period sensor, Broad-band sensor, Noise measurements ; Coherency analysis ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.10. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    A Glimpse into the Seismicity of the Ionian Islands between 1658 and 1664 (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Mostly based on traditional catalogues, without further research, several modern parametric catalogues are nevertheless straightforward, without question marks, and easily misleading (chronology, epicentre, epicentral intensity, not to speak of magnitude). The example of an Ionian time-window (1658-1664), with several major events, shows that the historical seismicity of the Ionian Islands, often thought to be well-known, actually needs a more or less drastic revision. A wealth of sources was collected, mostly from the Archives of the Republic of Venice, then ruling the main three islands of the Ionian Archipelago; it was ascertained that there are no important chronological gaps in the surviving documentation. Similarly outstanding, and in fact at the basis of a more balanced and precise view of one of the events in this time-window, are the souvenirs of Christoff von Degenfeld, a German nobleman at the service of the Republic of Venice. His manuscript, discovered at the library of Karlsruhe (Germany) in 1992, has been consulted again in the original, on the occasion of the preparation of this paper. Some question marks remain on the distributions of macroseismic effects of the earthquakes within this time-window, and this is due to the lack of information concerning the mainland. For this reason this study does not propose epicentres and, of course, magnitudes. An unusually long documentary appendix is provided, with the hope that it might contribute in discouraging authors of parametric earthquake catalogues from hasty exploitation and interpretation of often unreliable current catalogues.
    Description: Published
    Description: 43-91
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: open
    Keywords: Historical seismology ; Ionian Islands 1658-1664 ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 11
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    The fidelity of melt inclusions as records of melt composition (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A series of experiments created melt inclusions in plagioclase and pyroxene crystals grown from a basaltic melt at 1,150 C, 1.0 GPa to investigate diffusive fractionation during melt inclusion formation; additionally, P diffusion in a basaltic melt was measured at 1.0 GPa. Melt inclusions and melts within a few 100 microns of plagioclase– melt interfaces were analyzed for comparison with melt compositions far from the crystals. Melt inclusions and melt compositions in the boundary layer close to the crystal–melt interface were similar, but both differ significantly in incompatible element concentrations from melt found greater than approximately 200 microns away from the crystals. The compositional profiles of S, Cl, P, Fe, and Al in the boundary layers were successfully reproduced by a two-step model of rapid crystal growth followed by diffusive relaxation toward equilibrium after termination of crystal growth. Applying this model to investigate possible incompatible element enrichment in natural melt inclusions demonstrated that at growth rates high enough to create the conditions for melt inclusion formation, *10-9–10-8 m s-1, the concentration of water in the boundary layer near the crystal was similar to that of the bulk melt because of its high diffusion coefficient, but sulfur, with a diffusivity similar to major elements and CO2, was somewhat enriched in the boundary layer melt, and phosphorus, with its low diffusion coefficient similar to other high-field strength elements and rare earth elements, was significantly enriched. Thus, the concentrations of sulfur and phosphorus in melt inclusions may over-estimate their values in the bulk melt, and other elements with similar diffusion coefficients may also be enriched in melt inclusions relative to the bulk melt.
    Description: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery grant; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica and Vulcanologia, Italy
    Description: Published
    Description: 377-395
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Melt inclusions ; Phosphorus diffusion ; Crystal growth ; Diffusive Fractionation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Can earthquake size be controlled by the initial seconds of rupture? (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: It has been argued that the dominant period T_p derived from the initial seconds of a seismogram, hence only depending on the initial phases of earthquake rupture, seems to scale with the final size of the earthquake. We provide a physical interpretation for the observed scaling and explain how the final earthquake size could be controlled by the initial phase of rupture.
    Description: Published
    Description: 9-19
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: early warning ; fracture energy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    Effusive Activity at Mount Etna Volcano (Italy) During the 20th Century: A Contribution to Volcanic Hazard Assessment (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Mount Etna is an open conduit volcano, characterised by persistent activity, consisting of degassing and explosive phenomena at summit craters, frequent flank eruptions, and more rarely, eccentric eruptions. All eruption typologies can give rise to lava flows, which represent the greatest hazard by the volcano to the inhabited areas. Historical documents and scientific papers related to the 20th century effusive activity have been examined in detail, and volcanological parameters have been compiled in a database. The cumulative curve of emitted lava volume highlights the presence of two main eruptive periods: (a) the 1900–1971 interval, characterised by a moderate slope of the curve, amounting to 436 · 106 m3 of lava with average effusion rate of 0.2 m3/s and (b) the 1971–1999 period, in which a significant increase in eruption frequency is associated with a large issued lava volume (767 · 106 m3) and a higher effusion rate (0.8 m3/s). The collected data have been plotted to highlight different eruptive behaviour as a function of eruptive periods and summit vs. flank eruptions. The latter have been further subdivided into two categories: eruptions characterised by high effusion rates and short duration, and eruptions dominated by low effusion rate, long duration and larger volume of erupted lava. Circular zones around the summit area have been drawn for summit eruptions based on the maximum lava flow length; flank eruptions have been considered by taking into account the eruptive fracture elevation and combining them with lava flow lengths of 4 and 6 km. This work highlights that the greatest lava flow hazard at Etna is on the south and east sectors of the volcano. This should be properly considered in future land-use planning by local authorities.
    Description: Published
    Description: 407–443
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mt. Etna ; effusive activity ; database ; lava flow length ; eruptive fractures ; vent elevation ; hazard zonation ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
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    Observatories in Italy (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Monitoring the Earth's magnetic field is carried out by geomagnetic observatories all over the world. In Italy, the first observatory was founded in 1880, when Pietro Tacchini, the director of the Central Meteorological Institute (Ufficio Centrale di Meteorologia), launched an initiative to study the distribution of the Earth's magnetic field over the Italian territory.
    Description: Published
    Description: 733
    Description: 1.6. Osservazioni di geomagnetismo
    Description: 3.4. Geomagnetismo
    Description: 5.3. Banche dati di geomagnetismo, aeronomia, clima e ambiente
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Earth's magnetic field ; Magnetic observatories ; Italy ; L'Aquila and Castello Tesino ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.06. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.02. Geomagnetic field variations and reversals ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.03. Global and regional models ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.04. Magnetic anomalies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.08. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    Geochemistry and potential use of groundwater in the Rocca Busambra area (Sicily, Italy) (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In the Rocca Busambra area (mid-west Sicily, Italy), from November 1999 to July 2002, 23 water points including wells and springs were sampled and studied for their chemical and isotopic compositions. Two rain gauges were also installed at different altitudes, and rainwater was collected monthly to determine the isotopic composition. The obtained results revealed the Rocca Busambra carbonate complex as being the main recharge area on account of its high permeability value. From a chemical view point, two main groups of water can be distinguished: calcium– magnesium–bicarbonate-type and calcium–magnesium– chloride–sulphate-type waters. The first group reflects the dissolution of the carbonate rocks; the second group probably originates from circulation within flyschoid sediments. Three water wells differ from the other samples due to their relatively high Na and K content, which probably is to be referred to a marked interaction with the ‘‘Calcareniti di Corleone’’ formation, which is rich in glauconite [(K, Na)(Fe3+, Al, Mg)2(Si, Al)4O10(OH)2]. In accordance with WHO guidelines for drinking water (2004), almost all the samples collected can be considered drinkable, with the exception of four of them, whose NO3 -, F- and Na+ contents exceed the limits. On the contrary, the sampled groundwater studied is basically suitable for irrigation
    Description: In press
    Description: on line first
    Description: 4.5. Degassamento naturale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Water quality ; Geochemistry ; Environmental isotopes ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.03. Groundwater processes
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
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    Impact of extreme CO2 levels on tropical climate: A CGCM study (2008)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A coupled general circulation model has been used to perform a set of experiments with high CO2 concentration (2, 4, 16 times the present day mean value). The experiments have been analyzed to study the response of the climate system to strong radiative forcing in terms of the processes involved in the adjustment at the ocean-atmosphere interface. The analysis of the experiments revealed a non-linear response of the mean state of the atmosphere and ocean to the increase in the carbon dioxide concentration. In the 16xCO2 experiment the equilibrium at the ocean-atmosphere interface is characterized by an atmosphere with a shut off of the convective precipitation in the tropical Pacific sector, associated with air warmer than the ocean below. A cloud feedback mechanism is found to be involved in the increased stability of the troposphere. In this more stable condition the mean total precipitation is mainly due to large-scale moisture flux even in the tropics. In the equatorial Pacific Ocean the zonal temperature gradient of both surface and sub-surface waters is significantly smaller in the 16xCO2 experiment than in the control experiment. The thermocline slope and the zonal wind stress decrease as well. When the CO2 concentration increases by about two and four times with respect to the control experiment there is an intensification of El Nino. On the other hand, in the experiment with 16 times the present-day value of CO2, the Tropical Pacific variability weakens, suggesting the possibility of the establishment of permanent warm conditions that look like the peak of El Nino.
    Description: Published
    Description: 743-758
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: coupled model ; CO2 increase ; climate sensitivity ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.04. Processes and Dynamics
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  • 17
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    Jean Vogt 1929-2005. His Life as a Seismologist, Geologist, Geographer, and Historian (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Jean Vogt was born in 1929 in Strasbourg (France), where he attended primary and secondary school. At the University of Strasbourg, he graduated in Geography, and majored in Geomorphology. His professor was the geographer Jean Tricart, who taught him the importance of both geological field work and archive investigation. In 1955 he joined the French West-Africa Geological Service and later the French Bureau for Geology and Mines (BRGM). Along the following 20 years he lived as a “geological” globetrotter in a number of countries, dispensing his time between the field and the archives. In these years, he was concerned mainly with mining geology, geomorphology, superficial deposits, and landslides. This unique experience led him in 1975 to the responsibility of the “Seismo-Tectonic Project”, the BRGM project in relation with the French nuclear power programme. From 1975 to 1984, he gave a substantial impulse to the study of French historical earthquakes, and since then he visited almost every public archive in France, and several major archives and libraries in Europe and abroad. He took care at the same time of the follow-up of macroseismic studies of present-day earthquakes. After he retired in 1984, he continued on a personal basis his investigations of historical earthquakes, in Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and the Caribbean area. Alongside and for about 50 years, Jean Vogt investigated uninterruptedly the agrarian history of Northeastern France and Southwestern Germany. He published in scientific journals and in local learned societies bulletins more than 500 notes and articles devoted to a variety of subjects, such as soil erosion, agriculture, cattle trade, and social conflicts. Jean Vogt died on 5 June 2005 in Strasbourg. His scientific legacy consists of a wealth of published papers, manuscripts, documentation related to history and seismology, awaiting to be further exploited, as he would have done.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3-16
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Jean Vogt ; biography ; historical seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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    Strong Earthquakes in North-Western Africa in the Second Half of the 17th Century, AD: A Critical Reappraisal of the Historical Evidence (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The recent seismological literature recorded three strong earthquakes in Algeria, Libya and Tunisia between 1656 and 1694 AD. The historical evidence for these derives from European sources only (gazettes, journalistic pamphlets, missionary literature). Considering the kind of sources involved, their likely biases and the geographical distances that divided their places of production from the places that they spoke about, it is possible that some of these accounts could be less than reliable, and therefore have little use as materials from which to assess earthquake parameters. To answer these doubts, we have retrieved, cross-checked and critically analysed the original historical sources quoted in previous compilations and studies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 163-184
    Description: 5.1. TTC - Banche dati e metodi macrosismici
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Historical Seismicity ; North Africa Earthquakes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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    The occurrence of Mt Barca flank eruption in the evolution of the NW periphery of Etna volcano (Italy) (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Geological surveys, tephrostratigraphic study, and 40Ar/39Ar age determinations have allowed us to chronologically constrain the geological evolution of the lower NW flank of Etna volcano and to reconstruct the eruptive style of the Mt Barca flank eruption. This peripheral sector of the Mt Etna edifice, corresponding to the upper Simeto valley, was invaded by the Ellittico volcano lava flows between 41 and 29 ka ago when the Mt Barca eruption occurred. The vent of this flank eruption is located at about 15 km away from the summit craters, close to the town of Bronte. The Mt Barca eruption was characterized by a vigorous explosive activity that produced pyroclastic deposits dispersed eastward and minor effusive activity with the emission of a 1.1-km-long lava flow. Explosive activity was characterized by a phreatomagmatic phase followed by a magmatic one. The geological setting of this peripheral sector of the volcano favors the interaction between the rising magma and the shallow groundwater hosted in the volcanic pile resting on the impermeable sedimentary basement. This process produced phreatomagmatic activity in the first phase of the eruption, forming a pyroclastic fall deposit made of high-density, poorly vesicular scoria lapilli and lithic clasts. Conversely, during the second phase, a typical strombolian fall deposit formed. In terms of hazard assessment, the possible occurrence of this type of highly explosive flank eruption, at lower elevation in the densely inhabited areas, increases the volcanic risk in the Etnean region and widens the already known hazard scenario.
    Description: INGV-DPC V3_6 project UR V3_6/07
    Description: In press
    Description: on line first
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Etna volcano ; unconformity ; tephostratigraphy ; 40Ar/39Ar age determination ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous
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    Chemical and isotopic compositions of thermal springs, fumaroles and bubbling gases at Tacaná Volcano (Mexico–Guatemala): implications for volcanic surveillance (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This study presents baseline data for future geochemical monitoring of the active Tacaná volcano–hydrothermal system (Mexico–Guatemala). Seven groups of thermal springs, related to a NW/SE-oriented fault scarp cutting the summit area (4,100m a.s.l.), discharge at the northwest foot of the volcano (1,500–2,000m a.s.l.); another one on the southern ends of Tacaná (La Calera). The near-neutral (pH from 5.8 to 6.9) thermal (T from 25.7°C to 63.0°C) HCO3–SO4 waters are thought to have formed by the absorption of a H2S/SO2–CO2-enriched steam into a Cl-rich geothermal aquifer, afterwards mixed by Na/HCO3-enriched meteoric waters originating from the higher elevations of the volcano as stated by the isotopic composition (δD and δ18O) of meteoric and spring waters. Boiling temperature fumaroles (89°C at~3,600m a.s.l. NW of the summit), formed after the May 1986 phreatic explosion, emit isotopically light vapour (δD and δ18O as low as −128 and −19.9‰, respectively) resulting from steam separation from the summit aquifer. Fumarolic as well as bubbling gases at five springs are CO2-dominated. The δ13CCO2 for all gases show typical magmatic values of −3.6 ± 1.3‰ vs V-PDB. The large range in 3He/4He ratios for bubbling, dissolved and fumarolic gases [from 1.3 to 6.9 atmospheric 3He/4He ratio (RA)] is ascribed to a different degree of near-surface boiling processes inside a heterogeneous aquifer at the contact between the volcanic edifice and the crystalline basement (4He source). Tacaná volcano offers a unique opportunity to give insight into shallow hydrothermal and deep magmatic processes affecting the CO2/3He ratio of gases: bubbling springs with lower gas/water ratios show higher 3He/4He ratios and consequently lower CO2/3He ratios (e.g. Zarco spring). Typical Central American CO2/3He and 3He/4He ratios are found for the fumarolic Agua Caliente and Zarco gases (3.1 ± 1.6 × 1010 and 6.0 ± 0.9 RA, respectively). The L/S (5.9 ± 0.5)and (L + S)/M ratios (9.2 ± 0.7) for the same gases are almost identical to the ones calculated for gases in El Salvador, suggesting an enhanced slab contribution as far as the northern extreme of the Central American Volcanic Arc,Tacana
    Description: In press
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Tacaná volcano ; Fluid geochemistry ; Volcano–hydrothermal system ; Bubbling gases ; Fumaroles ; Isotopes ; Volcanic surveillance ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data
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  • 21
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    Hardware in the Loop Tuning for a volcanic Gas Sampling UAV (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Significant advances have been made in recent years in volcanic eruption forecasting and in understanding the behaviour of volcanoes. A major requirement is improvement in the collection of field data using innovative methodologies and sensors. Collected data are typically used as input for computer simulations of volcanic activity, to improve forecasts for longlived volcanic phenomena, such as lava flow eruptions and sand-rain. This research was conducted in cooperation with OTe Systems Catania, Italy [16].
    Description: Published
    Description: 473-493
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Unmanned aerial vehicle ; volcanic plume sampling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.01. Geochemical exploration ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 22
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    Volcanological inferences from seismic-strain tensor computations at Mt. Etna Volcano, Sicily (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Kostrov's (1974) algorithm for seismic-strain tensor computations, in the version implemented by Wyss et al. (1992a) for error estimates, has been applied to shear-type earthquakes occurring beneath the Etna volcano during 1990-1996. Space-time variations of strain orientations and amplitudes have been examined jointly with ground-deformation and gravimetric data collected in the same period and reported in the literature. Taking also into account the information available from volcanological observations and structural geology, we propose a model assuming that hydraulic pressure by magma emplaced in nearly north-south vertical structures produces the E-W orientation of the maximum compressive strain found in the upper 10 km beneath the crater area. In contrast, regional tectonics deriving from the slow, north-south convergence between the African and European plates appear to play a dominant role in the generation of stress and strain fields at crustal depths deeper than 10 km below the volcano. According to our interpretation, the progressive ascent of magma through the upper crust prior to eruption produces the observed gravity changes, cone inflation and unusual seismic strain rate in the upper 10 km associated with a more sharply defined seismic deformation regime (i.e. very small confidence limits of the epsilon 1 orientation). In agreement with this model, deflation revealed by ground-deformation data during the course of the major 1991-1993 eruption was accompanied by a practically nil level of shallow seismicity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 318-330
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Mt. Etna ; Italy ; Earthquakes ; Seismic strain ; Stress inversion ; Volcanic processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology
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    BET_EF: a probabilistic tool for long- and short-term eruption forecasting (2008)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a Bayesian event tree model for eruption forecasting (BET_EF). The model represents a flexible tool to provide probabilities of any specific event at which we are interested in, by merging all the relevant available information, such as theoretical models, a priori beliefs, monitoring measures, and any kind of past data. BET_EF is based on a Bayesian procedure and it relies on the fuzzy approach to manage monitoring data. The method deals with short- and long-term forecasting, therefore it can be useful in many practical aspects, as land use planning, and during volcanic emergencies. Finally, we provide the description of a free software package that provides a graphically supported computation of short- to long-term eruption forecasting, and a tutorial application to the recent MESIMEX exercise at Vesuvius.
    Description: Published
    Description: 623-632
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: eruption forecasting ; event tree ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 24
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    Fluorine speciation in topsoils of three active volcanoes of Sicily (Italy) (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Fluorine is one of the many environmental harmful elements released by volcanic activity. The content of total, oxalate extractable and water extractable fluorine was determined in 96 topsoils of three active volcanic systems of southern Italy (Mt. Etna, Stromboli and Vulcano). Total fluorine content (FTOT) ranges from 112 to 7430 mg kg-1, F extracted with oxalate (FOX) ranges from 16 to 2320 mg kg-1 (2 – 93 % of FTOT) and F extracted with distilled water (FH2O) ranges from 1.7 to 159 mg kg-1 (0.2 – 40 % of FTOT). Fluorine in the sampled topsoils derives both from the weathering of volcanic rocks and ashes and from enhanced deposition due to volcanic gas emissions either from open-conduit passive degassing (Mt. Etna and Stromboli) or from a fumarolic field (Vulcano). Fluorine accumulation in the studied soils does generally not present particular environmental issues except for a few anomalous sites at Vulcano where measured contents could be dangerous both for vegetation and for grazing animals.
    Description: Published
    Description: 413-423
    Description: 4.5. Degassamento naturale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: soil fluorine ; oxalate extractable F ; water extractable F ; environmental impact of volcanic F ; Sicily ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
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  • 25
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    Investigation of pre-1700 Earthquakes Between the Adda and the Middle Adige River Basins (Southern Alps) (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: While the seismicity of the Southern Alps is high in the Eastern sector, corresponding to the Veneto and Friuli regions, it decreases towards West up to the Adda River. In the sector between the Lessini Mts. and Eastern Friuli the damaging earthquakes are clustered in a well defined seismic belt, where seismogenic sources responsible for earthquakes with Mw 6 have been defined in recent works. In contrast, the knowledge of the Southalpine sector West of this area is sparser; the area experienced some earthquakes with Mw〉5.5 and varied events with 4.8≤Mw≤5.5 the distribution of which is, apparently, random. For the area roughly defined by the basins of the Adda River to the West and the middle Adige River to the East, this paper reappraises the background knowledge of the earthquakes occurred before 1700. The investigation and the results are presented according to two successive periods, up to 1995 and from 1995 on. In the research performed up to 1995, the most important achievements concerned two different aspects: i) the assessement of several “fake quakes”, some of which were the object of paradigmatic case-histories; ii) the resizing and relocation of several, presumed damaging earthquakes. Though this round of investigation changed significantly the picture of the seismicity with respect to the Seventies, the research continued. For the period from 1995 on, the discussion focuses on the reliability of the available information; material that received little or no consideration before, new historical findings and comments to the seismological interpretation as in the most recent literature are also presented. This part includes also the discussion of archaeoseismological evidence of damage related to past earthquakes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 93-129
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: historical seismology ; Adda and Middle Adige River Basins ; Southern Alps ; archaeoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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  • 26
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    In Troubled Times, in a Divided Country: The 1789 Valtiberina Earthquake (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: The Valtiberina region (central Italy) has a seismic record going back to the Middle Ages and including five Io 〉 VIII MCS earthquakes, the earliest of which (1352, 1389, 1458). though recently and extensively studied, remain rather poorly known. This makes it all the more important to ensure that the later ones (1789, 1917) are as throughly studied as possible. The 1789 earthquake is listed by the current Italian catalogue (CPTI Working Group 2004) with Io VIII-IX MCS and Mm 5.8. These parameters were assessed from a database of 28 macroseismic intensity data points (Castelli et al. 1996), which is less than plentiful for a late 18th century earthquake. An analysis of the historical context of the 1789 earthquake and its influence on the production of contemporary accounts evidences a few research paths that previous studies either did not or could not take. Following them, the macroseismic database of the 1789 earthquake can be noticeably improved, providing the catalogue compiler with a mean to check the reliability of its current parameters.
    Description: Published
    Description: 249-260
    Description: 5.1. TTC - Banche dati e metodi macrosismici
    Description: open
    Keywords: Historical Seismicity ; 1789 Valtiberina Earthquake ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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  • 27
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    Volcanic Eruptions:Cyclicity during Lava Dome Growth (2008)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We consider the process of slow extrusion of very viscous magma that forms lava domes. Dome-building eruptions are commonly associated with hazardous phenomena, in- cluding pyroclastic flows generated by dome collapses, explosive eruptions and volcanic blasts. These eruptions commonly display fairly regular alternations between pe- riods of high and low or no activity with time scales from hours to years. Usually hazardous phenomena are asso- ciated with periods of high magma discharge rate, thus, understanding the causes of pulsatory activity during ex- trusive eruptions is an important step towards forecasting volcanic behavior, especially the transition to explosive ac- tivity when magma discharge rate increases by a few orders of magnitude. In recent years the risks have increased be- cause the population density in the vicinity of many active volcanoes has increased.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: open
    Keywords: Volcanic Eruptions ; Cyclicity ; During Lava ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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    Simulating Earthquake Scenarios in the European Project LESSLOSS: The Case of Lisbon (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-30
    Description: Within the framework of the European LESSLOSS Project “Risk Mitigation for Earthquakes and Landslides”, finite-fault seismological models have been proposed for the computation of earthquake scenarios for three urban areas: Istanbul (Turkey), Lisbon (Portugal) and Thessaloniki (Greece). For each case study, ground motion scenarios were developed for the two most probable events with different return periods (generally 50 and 500 years), locations and magnitudes that were derived from historical and geological data. The ground motion simulations were performed in the frequency band of engineering interest (0.5-20 Hz) by two numerical finite-fault methods: a hybrid deterministic-stochastic method, DSM, used for all of the cases investigated, and a non-stationary stochastic finite-fault simulation method, RSSIM, applied only in the case of Lisbon. In the present study, the results with respect to bedrock and surface are presented in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA) for the city of Lisbon and the surrounding area, using earthquake scenarios from the onshore source area of the Lower Tagus Valley, and from the offshore source area of the Marques de Pombal fault, which is one of the possible sources of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Site effects are evaluated by means of a properly designed equivalent stochastic non-linear one-dimensional ground response analyses of stratified soil profile units. The requirements of the users (e.g., engineers, local administrators) constrain the choice of the scenario that can be adopted as input for disaster scenario predictions and loss modelling; in the case of Lisbon, the maximum values of shaking were assumed as the criteria for the reference scenarios.
    Description: Published
    Description: 233-243
    Description: 3T. Storia Sismica
    Description: open
    Keywords: Simulating Earthquake Scenarios ; European LESSLOSS project ; The Case of Lisbon ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
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    Heavy metals distribution of soils around mining sites of cadmium-rich marine sedimentary phosphorites of Kpogamé and Hahotoé (Southern Togo) (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Metal concentrations of 37 soil samples taken from mining areas (abandoned mine pits and transport routes) in Kpogamé and Hahotoé (southern Togo) range from 0.2-43 ppm for Cd, 15-115 ppm for Pb, 182-1,029 ppm for Cr, 18-356 ppm for Cu, 15-342 pm for Ni, 90-513 ppm for V, 35-536 ppm for Zn, 80-469 ppm for Zr and 266-3,161 ppm for Sr. The tropical alteration of the ore waste plays an important role in the distribution of trace elements in the studied soils. Because the alteration affects the element mobility, generally old abandoned mining areas, which , together with soils near the transport routes, show a higher degree of contamination. Under low pH and oxidising conditions in studied soils Cd, Ni and Zn are generally easily mobilised and are thus available to the environment.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; Pollution ; Heavy metals ; Mining ; Phosphorite ; Pollution
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    VLNDEF Project for Geodetic Infrastructure Definition of Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-30
    Description: Scientific investigations in Antarctica are, for many different reasons, a challenging and fascinating task. Measurements, observations and field operations must be carefully planned well in advance and the capacity of successfully meeting the goals of a scientific project is often related to the capacity of forecasting and anticipating the many different potential mishaps. In order to do that, experience and logistic support are crucial. On the scientific side, the team must be aware of its tasks and be prepared to carry out observations in a hostile environment: both technology and human resources have to be suitably selected, prepared, tested and trained. On the logistic side, nations, institutions and any other organisation involved in the expeditions must ensure the proper amount of competence and practical support. The history of modern Italian Antarctic expeditions dates back to the middle 80’s when the first infrastructures of “Mario Zucchelli Station”, formerly Terra Nova Bay Station, were settled at Terra Nova Bay, Northern Victoria Land. Only a few years later, the first geodetic infrastructures were planned and built. Italian geodetic facilities and activities were, ever since, being constantly maintained and developed. Nowadays, the most remarkable geodetic infrastructures are the permanent Global Positioning System (GPS) station (TNB1) installed at Mario Zucchelli and the GPS geodetic network Victoria Land Network for DEFormation control (VLNDEF) entirely deployed on an area extending between 71° S and 76° S and 160° E and 170° E. These facilities do not only allow carrying out utmost geodetic investigations but also posses interesting capacities on the international multidisciplinary scientific scenario. In order to fully exploit their potentiality, management and maintenance of the infrastructure are crucial; nevertheless, in order to perform high quality scientific research, these abilities must be coupled with the knowledge concerning a proper use and a correct processing of the information that these infrastructures can provide. This work focuses on the different methods that can be applied to process the observations that are performed with GPS technique in Northern Victoria Land, aiming at reaching the highest accuracy of results and assuring the larger significance and versatility of the processing outcomes. Three software were used for the analysis, namely: Bernese v.5.0, Gipsy/Oasis II and Gamit/Globk. The working data sets are (i) the permanent GPS station TNB1 observations continuously performed since 1998 and (ii) the five episodic campaigns performed on the sites of VLNDEF. The two infrastructures can be regarded as neat examples of standard geodetic installation in Antarctica. Therefore, the technological solutions that were adopted and applied for establishing the GPS permanent station and the VLNDEF geodetic network as well as the data processing strategies and the data analysis procedures that were tested on their observation will be illustrated in detail. The results will be presented, compared and discussed. Furthermore, their potentials and role in geodetic research will be carefully described; their versatility will also be highlighted in the foreground of a multidisciplinary Antarctic international scientific activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 37-72
    Description: 1.8. Osservazioni di geofisica ambientale
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Antarctica ; Geodesy ; Geodetic Infrastructures ; GPS ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques
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    Correlation between damage distribution and ambient noise H/V spectral ratio: the SESAME project results (2008)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-24
    Description: In the framework of the SESAME project one of the taskswas the compilation of all available ambient noise measurements within urban environments affected by historical or/and recent strong earthquakes in Europe. The aim of such a task was to give an answer to the question; “How does horizontal-to-vertical ambient noise spectral ratio compare with damage in modern cities?”. For this purpose five European urban areas, namely, Angra do Heroismo (Portugal), Fabriano and Palermo (Italy), Thessaloniki and Kalamata (Greece) were selected for which spatial damage information was available either in terms of modified Mercalli intensity or in EMS98 damage grades. The geological setting of the examined sites as well as the causative earthquakes are satisfactorily known. Ambient noise recordings compiled for all examined sites have been homogeneously processed by a technique developed and agreed upon SESAME project. Using a standard multivariate statistical analysis, namely, factor analysis and canonical correlation, the horizontal-to-vertical ambient noise spectral ratio (HVNSR) is correlated with damage pattern observed within examined urban areas. Results show that, in some cases (Thessaloniki, Palermo), the HVNSR seems to be able to differentiate between areas previously shown to be associated with higher damage. In other cases however (Angra do Heroismo, Fabriano, Kalamata), the correlation is not statistically significant indicating thus the complex character of the parameters involved, implying that currently there is no a straightforward way that a value of HVNSR can correctly predict the extent to which a given region will be associated with increased damage.
    Description: Published
    Description: 109–140
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Ambient noise ; Site effect ; Macroseismic intensity ; Factor and canonical analysis ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 32
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    Deriving vulnerability curves using Italian earthquake damage data (2008)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-24
    Description: The concerted effort to collect earthquake damage data in Italy over the past 30 years has led to the development of an extensive database from which vulnerability predictions for the Italian building stock can be derived. A methodology to derive empirical vulnerability curves with the aforementioned data is presented herein and the resulting curves have been directly compared with mechanics-based vulnerability curves. However, it has been found that a valid comparison between the empirical and analytical vulnerability curves is not possible mainly due to a number of shortcomings in the database of surveyed buildings. A detailed discussion of the difficulties in deriving vulnerability curves from the current observed damage database is thus also presented.
    Description: DPC — Dipartimento della Protezione Civile MIUR – Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca - project AIRPLANE
    Description: Published
    Description: 485–504
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: vulnerability curves ; damage data ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Progress, prospects and pitfalls in primate biogeography (2008)
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    In:  Primate Biogeography, Progress and Prospects vol. 77 no. 2, pp. 135-138
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Keywords: primates ; biogeography
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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    Orbits (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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    Dynamics of Complex Intracontinental Basins : the Central European Basin System (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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    Random walk with persistence and external bias (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 311-338 
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    Notes: Abstract The partial differential equation of the random walk problem with persistence of direction and external bias is derived. By persistence of direction or internal bias we mean that the probability a particle will travel in a given direction need not be the same for all directions, but depends solely upon the particle's previous direction of motion. The external bias arises from an anisotropy of the medium or an external force on the particle. The problem is treated by considering that the net displacement of a particle arises from two factors, namely, that neither the probability of the particle traveling in any direction after turning nor the distance the particle travels in a given direction need be the same for all directions. A modified Fokker-Planck equation is first obtained using the assumptions that the particles have a distribution of travel times and speeds and that the average time of travel between turns need not be zero. The fional equation incopporating the assumption of a persistence of direction and an external bias is then derived. Applications to the study of diffusion and to long-chain polymers are then made.
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    Methods of statistical analysis (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 383-383 
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
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    The transmission of excitation from the membrane to actomyosin (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 385-385 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
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    On the spread of information with time and distance (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 367-381 
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    Notes: Abstract The transmission of some information or behavior pattern is treated as a flow of “particles” which execute random motions over a population of individuals and which may multiply or disappear. Equations are derived for the number density of these “particles” and from this is calculated the number of individuals through which the “particles” have passed. The results are applied to a number of situations such as 1) uniform spatial distribution with multiplication factor decreasing with time because of loss of interest or confusion of the information, 2) multiplication factor constant but the rate of spreal decreasing with multiple hearings, 3) one-dimensional region with a small starting region with or without an absorbing barrier 4) two-dimensional region with absorbing barrier, 5) continous sources of information within a small region in one dimension, 6) uniform spatial distribution in which individuals do not respond to more than one hearing.
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    A mathematical derivation of the exchange of a labeled substance between a liquid flowing in a vessel and an external compartment (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 387-394 
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    Notes: Abstract A situation is considered in which a fluid containing a substance flows through a vessel at a constant rate, the substance being permeable to the vessel wall. In the region outside the vessel there is supposed to be rapid mixing in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the vessel but no mixing longitudinally. The solution for the spatial distribution at any time is given for the case of an arbitrary initial distribution along the vessel length in the absence of an input. The solution is also given for the case of a single impulsive input, the concentration being initially zero everywhere.
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    A mathematical contribution to the study of orientation of organisms (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 431-476 
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    Notes: Abstract Organisms orient themselves to a stimulus by two general methods. One method is by directed orientation (taxis); the other is by undirected locomotory reaction (kinesis). An equation, and the methods for finding the necessary parameters of this equation, is derived for the distribution of organisms within a container, with the following limitations: (1) the organisms have no accommodation, (2) they are always active, and (3) the stimulus changes slowly with position. Necessary modifications of the equation are then derived, so that the last two limitations may be eliminated. The equation cannot be solved excatly because of its complexity; hence an approximation method must be used. This method is discussed, an approximate solution is found, and a time constant for equilibrium to be established is derived. Applications tovarious experiments in the literature are then made with fairly satisfactory results. A new interpretation of the theory of klino-kinesis with accommodation is found upon application of the equations developed to experimental work. Further limitations and uses of these equations are then discussed.
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    Structural parameters of communication networks (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 501-507 
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    Notes: Abstract Certain parameters are defined which roughly characterize the internal structure of networks. A given network structure uniquely determines the values of the parameters, but the reverse is not true. The parameters therefore define certain classes of networks. One of the parameters, thedispersion D(S) gives an indication of the “compactness” of the internal structure. Addition theorems and inequalities are derived relating the dispersions of sub-systems to the dispersion of the complete structure.
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    Determination of diffusion and permeability coefficients in nerve trunks (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 489-500 
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    Notes: Abstract A mathematical theory is developed which permits the determination of certain parameters of an inhomogenous tissue, such as a nerve trunk without its epineurium. The parameters are the permeability coefficients for entrance into an exit of a substance from the nerve fibers, and the diffusion coefficient of the interstitial material. The experimental data required are the dimensions of the cross-section, the average diameter of the fibers, and the ratio of the cross-sectional are of the fibers to the total cross-section, as well as the time course of the decrease of the fraction of the substance left in the nerve trunk, when the trunk is immersed in a bathing solution containing none of it.
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    Enzyme localization as a mechanism of apparent active transport (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 509-522 
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    Notes: Abstract A model based on enzyme localization is developed which gives rise to an apparent active transport of a metabolite into or out of cells. The model is applied to three simple situations, using Fick's equation and the Rashevsky approximation. It is shown that the apparent efficiency can be made as large as desired if, for constant reaction, the outer cell region is made sufficiently small, or, for autocatalytic reaction, if the metabolite concentration in the outer region is sufficiently small. The physical limitations imposed by this mechanism are developed for all three situations.
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    Spread of information through a population with socio-structural bias: I. Assumption of transitivity (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 523-533 
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    Notes: Abstract A previously derived iteration formula for a random net was applied to some data on the spread of information through a population. It was found that if the axon density (the only free parameter in the formula) is determined by the first pair of experimental values, the predicted spread is much more rapid than the observed one. If the successive values of the “apparent axon density” are calculated from the successive experimental values, it is noticed that this quantity at first suffers a sharp drop from an initial high value to its lowest value and then gradually “recovers”. An attempt is made to account for this behavior of the apparent axon density in terms of the “assumption of transitivity”, based on a certain socio-structural bias, namely, that the likely contacts of two individuals who themselves have been in contact are expected to be strongly overlapping. The assumption of transitivity leads to a drop in the apparent axon density from an arbitrary initial value to the vicinity of unity (if the actual axon density is not too small). However, the “recovery” is not accounted for, and thus the predicted spread turns out to beslower than the observed.
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    Spread of information through a population with socio-structural bias: II. Various models with partial transitivity (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 535-546 
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    Notes: Abstract The assumption of transitivity treated in part I is modified in various ways to describe an information-diffusion process, in which a certain amount of randomness of contact does occur. In one model a parameter is introduced which is indicative of a tendency to go beyond one's immediate vicinity to spread the information as the vicinity becomes saturated with knowers. In another model the randomness appears in the assumption that new knowers are uniformly distributed among the knowers. Two of the equations thus derived, each with two free parameters are in good agreement with experimental results.
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    The transmission of excitation from the membrane to actomyosin (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 1-13 
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    Notes: Abstract The impressed field, “Window Field” (WF), due to a half-wave action potential on a muscle fiber, has been calculated on the basis of potential theory. It has been shown that in spite of the small intensity of the field, its integrated action can transfer the energy needed to induce, contraction from the membrane to the interior of the fiber. The energy of polarization has been found to be sufficient to exceed the energy of, thermal agitation on that length of fiber, which can be identified as the length of a sarcomere. The changes of ion concentration, caused by the WF, if calculated on the assumption of the semipermeability of theZ membranes, was found to be equal to the changes necessary to induce contraction of actomyosinin vitro.
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    Nonlinear diffusion in metabolic systems (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 15-21 
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    Notes: Abstract Some general properties of the solution of the diffusion equation are deduced for the steady-state, spherically symmetric system. On the basis of these developments some results of N. Rashevsky (Bull. Math. Biophysics,11, 15, 1949) are discussed and the results of a previous investigation (Hearon,Bull. Math. Biophysics,12, 135, 1950b) are extended to more general conditions. In particular these extensions apply to the flow of a soluteagainst its concentration gradient, the nonzero gradient of an inert metabolite, and theaccumulation or exclusion of an inert metabolite in a metabolic system.
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    Comments on the approximate solution of the diffusion equation: I (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 23-31 
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    Notes: Abstract The approximation method of N. Rashevsky is discussed and reviewed. It is shown that in addition to theexplicit assumptions and approximations there is involved the assumption that the rate of metabolism is the same at every point in the cell and that theaverage rate of metabolism is different from zero. An expression is given for the error in the approximate method when the rate of metabolism is any function of the concentration. It is also shown that a solution in theform of that obtained by the approximate method is not possible if the generalized laws of diffusion are assumed to apply.
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    The kinetics of the succinoxidase (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 33-42 
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    Notes: Abstract Rate equations for the enzymatic oxidation of succinic acid are derived on the assumption that when a single molecule of substrate combines with an enzyme molecule, it can do so with either one or two sites on the enzyme, and that oxidation occurs only in the second case. In addition it is assumed that the product of the reaction, fumaric acid, combines reversibly with the enzyme. With certain enzyme preparations the data fitted such an equation satisfactorily. In others the rate was that of a first-order reaction, but addition of cytochrome changed it to the former type. It was concluded that the transfer of hydrogen to oxygen was a first-order reaction and dominated the whole rate when enzyme preparations were used which had been washed relatively free of cytochrome. When the limiting factor was succino-dehydrogenase the rates followed the new equation. Criteria for recognizing noncompetitive inhibition are given, and inhibition by di-tertiary butyl peroxide was shown to be of this type.
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    The interpretation of exponential dose-effect curves (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 43-47 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the following question: Which distributions of radiosensitivity in a population can lead to an exponential survival curve? The problem is solved exactly, with statistical fluctuations in dose fully accounted for. It is shown that only an exponential distribution of sensitivities can give rise to an exponential survival curve.
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    An approximation method for the solution of diffusion and related problems (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 49-61 
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    Notes: Abstract An approximation method is introduced which enables a number of diffusion-type problems to be solved in an approximate but simple manner. Many cases require only the solution of a simple first-order differential equation. The method is applied to a number of cases in which the exact solutions are available. A comparison shows that the method is quite satisfactory in these cases. The method is applied to diffusion problems with rate of consumption proportional to concentration or to the square of the concentration. In the latter case, the result obtained is essentially the same as that found by H. G. Landau (1950) after elaborate calculations.
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    On spontaneous discharge obtained from a physicochemical model of excitation (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 83-91 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that a slight modification of a model of excitatory phenomena in irritable tissues, which has been treated before, exhibits spontaneous oscillations. The frequency of these oscillations and the time-course of the potential across the model membrane have been determined, together with the dependence of some of their characteristics on some important parameters, particularly (Ca++).
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    Cell division by swelling stresses (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 73-81 
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    Notes: Abstract It is demonstrated that, if the variations of viscosity throughout a cell are considered, swelling stresses may produce elongation and division. To do this it is necessary to generalize Betti's theorem to cover systems containing viscosity gradients and such a generalization is presented. On the basis of two special assumptions it is shown that most of the results of the diffusion drag theory of cell division may be duplicated by the present theory.
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    Imitative behavior in nonuniformly spatially distributed populations (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 63-71 
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    Notes: Abstract The theory of imitative behavior, developed previously, is applied to the case of two social groups which are separated spatially. If the information of each group as to the behavior of the other is complete, the case reduces to that of a single group. When any information is lacking at all, the two groups are independent. If we have two mutually exclusive behaviorsA andB, all four combinationsAA, AB, BA, andBB are possible. If the mutual information gradually increases from zero, then for a certain value of it, the group which is more informed about the behavior of the other will change to that behavior if it did not already exhibit it. If for constant information the size of the group increases, then above a certain threshold value, the larger group imposes its behavior on the smaller.
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    Note on a theory of membrane permeability (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 103-104 
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    The limiting information capacity of a neuronal link (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 107-107 
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    Heredity in uterine cancer (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 105-106 
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    Some considerations on capillary adjustment to changing metabolism of tissue (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 93-101 
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    Notes: Abstract Local regulation of blood flow as determined by capillary diameter and the number of open capillaries in a region is considered. The local changes in capillary diameter and in the number of open capillaries are assumed to be due to concentration changes of a diffusible, nonspecified metabolite. This metabolite is produced in the tissue and carried away by the blood stream. Using these assumptions and applying pertinent data on capillaries, deductions are made concerning: (a) the law of blood flow as a function of temperature and capillary radius for the hyperemia of high temperature, (b) high flow as it depends on metabolism during strenuous exercise of muscle, and (c) a first approximation to the time duration of occlusion hyperemia.
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    Some Contributions to the Mathematical Biology of Blood Circulation. Reflections of pressure waves in the arterial system (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 109-109 
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    On dominance relations and the structure of animal societies: III The condition for a score structure (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 143-148 
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    Notes: Abstract The necessary and sufficient condition is given forn integers to be the score structure of a society with a dominance relation. A proof is also given for a theorem showing that there are members who dominate every other member either directly or indirectly through a single intermediate member.
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    Comments on the approximate solution of the diffusion equation: II (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 111-119 
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    Notes: Abstract On the basis of a previous general formulation (Bull. Math. Biophysics,15, 21–29, 1953a) a discussion is given of the error in the approximation method of N. Rashevsky. This error, inherent in the method when the metabolic rate is different at each point in the cell, is discussed in detail and numerical values are presented for two particular cases: the rate proportional to the concentration and the rate a prescribed function of the spatial coordinates. It is shown that the formulation for the first case also applies to several other cases, that the error is negligible provided the rate is sufficiently small, and that the error is fairly sensitive to the cell size. If the rate depends upon the coordinatesalone a small rate is not sufficient to insure a negligible error. The relations between the exact method, the standard approximate method, an earlier approximate method (Physics,7 260, 1936), and a more recent refinement (Bull. Math. Biophysics,10, 201, 1948) of the standard method are discussed.
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    The kinetics of linear systems with special reference to periodic reactions (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 121-141 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown on the basis of (1) conservation of mass, (2) positive concentrations, and (3) the principle of detail balancing that periodic reactions cannot occur in a closed system described bylinear differential equations. The matrix,A, of the rate equations must be such that |A|=0,a ij〉0 fori≠j,a ii〈0, andVAV −1=B, whereV is diagonal andB is symmetric. These properties ofA imply that the latent roots are real and non-positive and that neither catalysis nor inhibition can be described bylinear equations. It is further shown that periodic reactions cannot occur in anopen system for which the matrix associated with the chemical reactions has the above properties and in which thesimple law of diffusion is obeyed. The relation of these results to Onsager's reciprocal relations and to previous work on periodic and cyclic chemical reactions is discussed. The utility of certain of these results for the treatment of isotope kinetics is indicated.
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    A note on the flow of blood in capillary tubes (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 149-152 
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    Notes: Abstract It is demonstrated that an explanation of the small radius effect or the so-called sigma phenomenon may be obtained by noting that one of the effects of the presence of suspended particles in a flowing fluid is to increase the velocity of flow near the wall over that existing in the absence of particles. This effect may be considered equivalent to relaxing the boundary conditions at the wall. An expression for the viscosity is compared with data and fit is found to be good.
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    Note on the Donnan equilibrium (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 153-159 
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    Notes: Abstract The solution for the spatial distribution of ions in a Donnan equilibrium has been given by J. H. Bartlett and R. A. Kromhout (1952). The present note gives an explicit solution for the case in which the length of the region containing the membrane is large; in biological situations this requires only that the length considered should be greater than a few hundred Ångstrom units. The Donnan equilibrium may be considered to be a special case of a situation in which forces other than electrical act upon the ions; in particular, it represents the case in which only one ion is acted upon and the energy difference on the two sides of the membrane is infinite. An expression is given for the difference in energy of theith in terms of the electrical potential and of the ion concentrations. As an illustration, the results are applied to nerve membrane potentials.
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    Some considerations on a carrier mechanism as a model for ion accumulation (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 161-165 
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    Notes: Abstract A mechanism is described which accounts for the active transport of Na+ ions through a membrane. It is assumed that at one side of the membrane the ion combines with a carrier ion, the resulting carrier compound then diffuses through the membrane and decomposes at the other side of the membrane. The free diffusion of the ions is also taken into account. The time rate of accumulation of the ion in question at the latter side of the membrane is calculated in terms of the concentrations of the ion at both sides of the membrane.
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    Approximate treatment of the formation of a difference in the concentrations of an ion at the two sides of a membrane (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 167-171 
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    Notes: Abstract The recent extension of the approximation method is applied to enable us to arrive at the time course of the concentrations at both sides of a membrane. From the differential equations which govern these, the steady-state solution is obtained in terms of the parameters, which are determined by the thickness of the diffusion layers, the chemical composition and reactions, and the diffusion constant of the membrane.
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    Contribution to the mathematical theory of contagion and spread of information: I. Spread through a thoroughly mixed population (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 173-183 
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    Notes: Abstract An equation is derived from the spread of a “state” by contact through a thoroughly mixed population, in which the probability of transmission depends both on the over-all duration of the process and on the time an individual has been in the “state.” Cases in which this probability is a function of only one or the other of the two “times” are worked out. It is shown that in the case of dependence on “private time” alone the asymptotic value of the fraction of the population effected is the same as that derived by the random net approach.
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    Comments on the approximate solution of the diffusion equation: I (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 235-235 
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    Contributions to the mathematical biophysics of the cardiovascular system (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 185-195 
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    Notes: Abstract The reflection of pressure waves in a fluid enclosed within a tube with an elastic wall is studied for the case of a localized change in diameter of the tube. The concept of impedance is introduced. The relation of the reflection characteristics of the parts of the tube at either side of the change is derived on the basis of the continuity of pressure and mass flow at the site of the change. This relations is used to derive the expression for the ratio of the pressure oscillations measured in front of, and behind, the constriction in terms of the constants of the system. As a result, a method is indicated to locate the coarctation from measurements of the pressures in front of, and behind it.
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    On the subnormal variance in the counts of randomly distributed particles: I. Approximate treatment of the three-dimensional case and discussion of experiments (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 237-244 
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    Notes: Abstract The question is raised concerning the possible causes of abnormally small standard deviations found in counting samples in which particles are distributed at random (e.g., blood cells, fat globules in milk, etc.). The effect of discarding abnormal samples is discounted inasmuch as small standard deviations occur even when all samples are counted. An approximation method is used to calculate the effect of finite particle size, of known repulsive forces between particles and of convection currents. This calculation shows that neither finite size nor the known repulsive forces are sufficient to account for the observed abnormality of standard deviation, but that convection currents can possibly account for it. The possible presence of long-range repulsive forces cannot, however, be excluded.
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    On the subnormal variance in the counts of randomly distributed particles: II. Exact treatment of the one-dimensional case (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 245-250 
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of finite particle size on the standard deviation in sample counts is computed for the one-dimensional case. To a first order of approximation the correction is found to be identifical with that found by H. de Vries (1953) using a general approximation method.
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    Outlines of a new theory of photoreception (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 251-260 
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    Notes: Abstract A critical examination of the “classical” theories of photoreception in view of more recent experimental findings yields the result that these theories do not possess the property to describe all the more significant phenomena of photoreception correctly, and to some extent suffer the lack of more general applicability. The basis for a new and presumably more general theory of photoreception based on dynamical aspects is laid out. Emphasis is put on the time course of afferent and efferent excitation in the photoreception model, consisting of a receptor element, an afferent and an efferent neuron of the one-factor Rashevsky-type, and an effector organ.
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    Outline of a mathematical approach to history (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 197-234 
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    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model for the development of human society, beginning with the earliest stages of urban cultures, is outlined. In the early stages of history, behavior was characterized largely by adherence to a number of beliefs and prejudices of diffeirent kinds, which were accepted on faith and not subject to critical rational analysis. Due to psychobiological variability a very small number of individuals spontaneously appear at all times who challenge the accepted beliefs and prejudices and do not follow the accepted patterns of social behavior. The effect of these individuals upon the rest of the society, especially upon the younger generation, depends on the facilities with which information spreads in society. In earliest societies, when modern methods of mass communication were unknown, the channels of communication were practically identical with the channels of economic transport. The latter in its turn depended on the nature of the roads, and especially on the presence of waterway, which facilitated transportation. The sizes of the earliest cities and the distances between them were largely determined by relative ease of transporation. Expressions are derived for the average size of the earliest cities and for the average distance between them. The calculated average populations of the earliest cities are of the order of 103; the distance of the order of 102 km. Both are in agreement with some archaeological findings. An expression for the time spaon required for the development from the earliest stages of urban cultures to the present time is derived and shown to depend on the specific shoreline of the country, that is, the length of the shorline divided by the area of the country. It is pointed out that western Europe's specific shoreline, including land bordering both seas and rivers, is ten times as large as the shoreline area of other parts of the world. It is shown that this greater specific shoreline may account quantitatively for the faster social and technological development of western Europe in the last few centuries. The calculated total span of time of development from earliest urban cultures to our days is found to be of the order of magnitude of ten thousand years. It is shown that the model accounts for the existence at the present time of primitive cultures. A number of suggestions is made in regard to other possible applications of mathematics to history.
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    A note on the integral-equation description of metabolizing systems (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 269-276 
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    Notes: Abstract The assumptions latent in the derivation of the integral equation of Branson are rendered explicit and discussed. It is shown that the equation is valid only for systems in which the substance disappears according to a linear rate law.
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    A critical investigation of the integral description of metabolizing systems (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 261-268 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the validity of Branson's integral description of metabolizing systems is subject to severe limitations. The validity is insured only in cases where the reaction is of first order, or quasi of first order. In all other cases Branson's equation has to be modified to insure general applicability. The consequences of a different definition of the metabolizing functionF have also been investigated. With the new definitionF describes the pure effect of metabolization. It is found that in this case the integral equation is only capable of describing first-order reactions. With a slight modification of the integral equation it is possible to describe metabolites “with age”, which do not have reactions of definite order, but which satisfy the superposition principle.
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    On the statistical distribution of mutant bacteria (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 277-292 
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    Notes: Abstract A problem in probability is stated with included the problem of the distribution of bacterial mutants as a special case. This problem is solved exactly but since the resulting expressions are too complicated for practical use, various approximate expressions for the distribution are considered, especially for the bacterial mutation case.
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    Note on the neurobiophysical interpretation of imitative behavior (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 293-300 
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    Notes: Abstract Simple reaction and discrimination reaction, under the influence of imitation, are considered for the situation in which the stimulus or the stimuli vary slowly with time. The result is analogous to hysteresis under certain conditions. The calculations are facilitated by the solution of $$x = \int_{ - \infty }^{a + \beta x} {g\left( \xi \right)d} \xi ,$$ g(ξ) being the normal error function. Values ofx(α, β) are given in a table.
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    Blood flow in branching circulatory systems during rest and activity (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 301-309 
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    Notes: Abstract On the basis of simple physical considerations the blood flow in a branching circulatory system is studied. The case of two groups of parallel vessels is treated. The vessels of the same group are supposed to be identical. The resistance of each group is determined by the resistance of each vessel in the group and by the number of vessels in the group. From the dependence of the resistance of each vessel on its radius an expression is obtained for the blood flow through each group of vessels in terms of the numbers and sizes of the vessels in each group. The number of open vessels in an organ and the radius of each of those vessels are assumed to depend on the metabolic rate of that organ. The relations so obtained, together with the expression above, are applied to derive the blood flow through an organ as a function of the metabolic rate of that organ. It is indicated that the relations obtained might describe the shifting of blood from one organ to another if the activity of one of them changes. A way is pointed out to treat neural regulation of this phenomenon.
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    An age-dependent stochastic model of population growth (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 361-365 
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    Notes: Abstract A stochastic model of population growth is treated using the Bellman-Harris theory of agedependent stochastic branching processes. The probability distribution for the population size at any time and the expectation are obtained when it is assumed that there is probability (1−σ), 0≤σ〈1, of the organism dividing into two at the end of its lifetime, and probability σ that division will not take place.
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    Some quantitative aspects of history (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 339-359 
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    Notes: Abstract In a previous paper, in which a possible mathematical approach to history was outlined, it was shown that urbanization plays an important part in the propagation of new ideas. The rate of such propagation influences the rate of historical developments. The present paper deals in more detail with possible mechanisms of formation of earliest cities. Equations are derived which give the limiting size of such cities and their rate of growth. Of particular importance for the spread of new ideas is the spread of information. The latter largely depends on the fraction of individuals who travel between city and country. Expressions for this quantity are derived. An approach is outlined to the mathematical study of the earliest social classes, which may have been formed as a result of military, religious, or economic stratifications.
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    On the propagation of a disturbance through a viscous liquid flowing in a distensible tube of appreciable mass (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 395-409 
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    Notes: Abstract The velocity of propagation of a disturbance wave in a liquid flowing in a distensible tube is computed. The mathematical model is more general than those used in previous analyses: the tube wall properties are realistic; the convective part of the axial inertia forces is taken into account; radial inertia forces of both the fluid and tube wall are present; viscous stresses are present. Four parameters influencing the velocity of propagation are obtained and discussed. Curves are plotted illustrating the effects of the parameters. Contrary to the results of previous analyses, viscous effects are shown to be appreciable in blood flow. It is also shown that radial inertia effects can be important in laboratory set-ups.
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    Theory of the vacuum drying of frozen tissues (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 411-429 
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    Notes: Abstract A general theory of the drying of frozen tissue is developed and applied to the measurement of the drying rate of frozen guinea pig liver. It is shown that for a given temperature of the subliming ice crystals the mininum drying time of a piece of guinea pig liver is greater than the minimum sublimation time of a piece of ice of the same size and shape by a factor of the order of one thousand. This fact has many implications in the design of freeze-dry apparatus which will be developed in a following paper.
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    The time course of capillary exchange (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 477-488 
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    Notes: Abstract The equations governing the time course of the exchange of substances between the blood in the capillaries and the extracellular space are solved for the case of substances which do not penetrate the cells. The equations given relate the time course of the exchange process to the various tissue and circulation parameters such as the specific capillary wall area, the pore area, the inter-capillary distance, the size of the extra-vascular, extra-cellular space, the diffusion coefficient in this space, and the velocity of blood in the capillaries. Some experimental work on capillary exchange is discussed in relation to the theory and estimates are made of the relative importance of the various tissue and circulation parameters in the exchange of substances in different tissues.
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    The excitation of the heart and its modification under the influence of the chemical mediators and the cardiac nerves: II. A particular case of the one-factor theory (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 547-559 
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    Notes: Abstract Previous work (Macey, 1952) in the application of the one-factor theory to the heart is extended. The rate of production of the excitatory state is assumed to be linear. Two possible mechanisms are indicated whereby such a situation might arise. Assumptions are made regarding the mode of action of the chemical mediators on the heart, and an equation is derived relating the heart rate to the frequency of nerve impulses traveling along the cardiac nerves. This result compares favorably with the experimental findings of A. Rosenblueth and F. A. Simeone (1934). Other experimental results are interpreted in terms of the theory.
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    Symposium on Radiobiology. The Basic Spects of Radiation Effects on Living Systems (1953)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 15 (1953), S. 561-563 
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    The anticyclonic eddies just south of jet stream (1952)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 5 (1952), S. 1-4 
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    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Bedeutung der hydrodynamischen Instabilität für die Bildung antizyklonaler Wirbel direkt südlich des westlichen Freistrahlstromes in mittleren Breiten wird dargelegt. Ferner macht der Verfasser auf seine früheren Untersuchungen von 1941 über dynamische Instabilität aufmerksam.
    Abstract: Résumé L'auteur montre l'importance de l'instabilité hydrodynamique pour la formation de tourbillons anticycloniques immédiatement au Sud du courant d'Ouest (jet stream) aux latitudes moyennes. Il rappelle ensuite ses précédentes recherches de 1941 sur l'instabilité dynamique.
    Notes: Summary The importance of the hydrodynamic instability for the formation of anticyclonic eddies just south of westerly jet stream in the middle latitudes is pointed out. Finally, the author would like to call attention for his earlier works on dynamic instability in 1941.
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    Sur l'énergie potentielle du champ barique (1952)
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 5 (1952), S. 5-16 
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch die Grenzfläche jedes Luftteilchens, das sich in der Atmosphäre bewegt, strömt ständig Energie in die benachbarte Atmosphäre hinein und aus ihr hinaus. Die Energie, die das Luftteilchen aus der benachbarten Atmosphäre aufnimmt, wird aus der Gradientkraft und aus den Druckkräften durch Gl. (4′) bestimmt. Ein Teil dieser Energie bedingt eine Änderung der potentiellen Energie des barischen Feldes des Luftteilchens, der andere Teil dagegen eine Änderung seiner inneren Energie. Die potentielle Energie des Druckfeldes kann durch die Enthalpie definiert werden. Jedes Luftteilchen besitzt neben anderen Energiearten noch eine äußere Energie, die ihren Sitz nicht im Luftteilchen selbst, sondern außerhalb desselben in der umgebenden Atmosphäre hat; diese Energie ist gleich der Differenz zwischen der Enthalpie und der inneren Energie des Luftteilchens.
    Abstract: Summary Through the boundary surface of any air particle moving in the atmosphere a permanent flow of energy is outgoing and incoming to and from the atmosphere. The energy absorbed by the air particle from the neightbouring atmosphere is defined from the gradient force and the pressure force by the equation (4′). One part of this energy induces a modification of the potential energy of the field of pressure of the air particle, and the other part a variation of the internal energy. The potential energy of the field of pressure can be defined by the enthalpy. In addition to other kinds of energy each air particle holds and external energy, the place of which is not in the air particle itself but in the surrounding atmosphere. This energy is equal to the difference between the enthalpy and the internal energy of the air particle.
    Notes: Résumé De la surface limite de n'importe quelle particule d'air qui se meut dans l'atmosphère sort perpétuellement une énergie dans l'atmosphère ambiante et inversement. En raison de la présence de la force du gradient et de la force de pression, l'énergie que reçoit la particule de l'atmosphère ambiante est établie par l'équation (4′). Une partie de cette énergie détermine une modification de l'énergie potentielle du champ barique de la particule, et l'autre une modification de son énergie interne. L'énergie potentielle du champ barique peut être définie par l'enthalpie. Chaque particule d'air possède, outre les autres énergies, encore une énergie externe qui diffère de l'énergie interne en ce qu'elle ne réside pas dans la particule mais en dehors d'elle, dans l'atmosphère ambiante. Cette énergie est égale à la différence entre l'enthalpie et l'énergie interne de la particule.
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    Über Integralgleichungen mit unsymmetrischem Polynomkern bei längs der Hauptdiagonale sich änderndem Bildungsgesetz (1952)
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 1-15 
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    Topics: Mathematics
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    Geometrische Bemerkungen zu einigen Grundfragen der algebraischen Geometrie in idealtheoretischer Begründung (1952)
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 16-37 
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    Topics: Mathematics
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    Über die untere Grenze der positiven Werte reeller quadratischer Formen (1952)
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 49-60 
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    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01300215
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    Eine projektiv invariante Konfiguration von Linienelementen dritter Ordnung (1952)
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 38-48 
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    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01300214
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    Über die Approximation von komplexen Zahlen durch Zahlen des Körpers K(i) (1952)
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 61-74 
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    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01300216
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    Buchbesprechungen (1952)
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 75-88 
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    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01300217
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    Die Vollidealringe (1952)
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 89-95 
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    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01412826
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    Elliptisch-metrische Eigenschaften des Strahlgewindes (1952)
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 96-100 
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    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01412827
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    Über einen Satz der additiven Zahlentheorie (1952)
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 101-104 
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    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01412828
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    Faltungsgeometrie im Hilbertschen Raume und in der Menge der stützbaren Bereiche einer Ebene (1952)
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 105-125 
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    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01412829
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    Sätze über Primzahlen II (1952)
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 137-143 
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    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01412831
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    Zur Theorie der hypergeometrischen Funktionen (1952)
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Mathematik 56 (1952), S. 126-136 
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    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01412830
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