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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (1,763)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (1,424)
  • ASTRONOMY  (492)
  • Fisheries
  • Industrial Chemistry
  • Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
  • Seismology
  • 2005-2009
  • 1975-1979  (3,488)
  • 1950-1954  (553)
  • 1978  (1,750)
  • 1976  (1,738)
  • 1951  (553)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 2005-2009
  • 1975-1979  (3,488)
  • 1950-1954  (553)
Year
  • 1
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    Digital recording and analysis of broad-band seismic data at the Gräfenberg (GRF)-array (1978)
    In:  J. Geophys., Berlin, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 44, no. 31, pp. 511-523, pp. B04310, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismic arrays ; Broad-band ; Seismology ; Data analysis / ~ processing
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    The foreshock activity of the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, California (1978)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Amsterdam, Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 1265-1279, pp. L12S09, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismology ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Fore-shocks ; Earthquake ; Earthquake precursor: statistical anal. of seismicity ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Determination of local magnitude, Ms-2dlus0, from strong-motion accelerograms (1978)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Tokyo, Tokyo University, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 471-485, pp. 2265, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Strong motions ; Seismology ; BSSA ; local Magnitude
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Seismological aspects of the Guatemala earthquake of February 4, 1976 (1978)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Tokyo, Tokyo University, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 3427-3434, pp. 2265, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Earthquake ; Seismology ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 5
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    The February 9, 1971 San Fernando earthquake: A study of source finiteness in teleseismic body waves (1978)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Basel, Elsevier Science Publishers, vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 1-29, pp. L15S20, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Teleseismic events ; Earthquake ; Source ; Seismology ; Source parameters ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 6
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    A procedure for estimating lateral variations from low-frequency eigenspectra data (1978)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Reykjavík, Icelandic Meteorological Office, Ministry for the Environment University of Iceland, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 441-455, pp. TC1011, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismology ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Spectrum ; Spectral analysis ; Inhomogeneity ; GJRaS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 7
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    Quantification of earthquakes (1978)
    In:  Nature, Tokyo, Tokyo University, vol. 271, no. 2, pp. 411-414, pp. 2265, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismology ; Source parameters ; Magnitude ; Review article
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 8
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    Transient and impulse responses of a one-dimensional linearly attenuating medium - II. A parametric study (1978)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 503-524, pp. B04202, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismology ; Attenuation ; Frequency ; GJRaS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 9
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    The Romanian earthquake of March 4, 1977. I. Rupture process inferred from fault-plane solution and multiple-event analysis (1978)
    In:  J. Geophys., Warszawa, American Geophysical Union, vol. 44, no. 1+2, pp. 203-218, pp. L08304, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Fracture ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; Source ; Earthquake ; Seismology ; Moment tensor ; EUROPROBE (Geol. and Geophys. in eastern Europe) ; Muller ; Stoeckel ; Stockel
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 10
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    Transfer functions for the seismic research observatory seismograph system (1978)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., New York, August, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 501-512, pp. 1610, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismology ; Transfer function ; SRO ; Instruments ; Seismic networks ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 11
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    Dynamic support of the outer rise (1978)
    In:  Geophys. Res. Lett., Hannover, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 321-324, pp. L04301, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Seismology ; Stress ; GRL
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 12
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    Slow earthquakes and stress redistribution (1978)
    In:  Nature, Basel, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 275, no. 4, pp. 599-602, pp. L14311, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismology ; Stress ; silent ; red ; Source
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 13
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    Moment tensor inversions and source models (1978)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Leyden, Noordhoff International Publishing, vol. 52, no. B2, pp. 359-364, pp. B04306, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismology ; Moment tensor ; Source ; SModelling ; GJRaS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 14
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    Seismische Kriterien zur Standortwahl kerntechnischer Anlagen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (1978)
    Bundesanstalt f. Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe
    In:  Hannover, Bundesanstalt f. Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, vol. 113, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN 1-56670-263-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismology ; Engineering geophys. ; Earthquake risk ; Earthquake hazard
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 15
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    Dynamics in prestressed media with moving boundaries: A continuum theory of failure in solids (1978)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Amsterdam, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 65-96, pp. 1390
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismology ; Fracture ; GJRaS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 16
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    Earthquake aftershocks as Green's functions (1978)
    In:  Geophys. Res. Letters, Münster, 3, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1-4, pp. L23301, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismology ; Source ; Aftershocks ; Green's function ; GRL
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 17
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    Q of the Earth (1978)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Luxembourg, EGS-Gauthier-Villars, vol. 83, no. 6717, pp. 5869-5882, pp. 2324
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Attenuation ; Absorption ; Scattering ; Seismology ; Earth rotation ; Earth tides ; Quality factor ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 18
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    The influence of rupture incoherence on seismic directivity (1978)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 283-300, pp. L15S17, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismology ; Source parameters ; Fracture ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 19
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    Regional variation of the scaling law of earthquake source spectra (1978)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Taipei, Elsevier, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 49-79, pp. TC1002, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismology ; Source ; Spectrum ; Scaling ; Nuclear explosion ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 20
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    Radiant flux as a guide to relative seismic efficiency (1978)
    In:  Tectonophys., Dordrecht, D. Reidel, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. T39-T46, pp. TC5003, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismology ; Energy (of earthquakes) ; Source parameters ; Magnitude ; FROTH ; (abstract)
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 21
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    Multivariate autoregressive representation of seismic signals with application to short-period discrimination (1978)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Warszawa, EGS, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 735-756, pp. L02611, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismology ; Filter- ; Auto-Regressive Moving Average-process ; Discrimination ; High frequency ... ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 22
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    Recent seismometrical works in Japan (1978)
    Center for Acad. Publ. Japan
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Earthquake Precursors, Tokyo, Center for Acad. Publ. Japan, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 69-78, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Seismology ; Project report/description ; Review article
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 23
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    A study of the stability of solutions of the inverse problem of seismology in the geometrical optics approximation (1978)
    In:  Vychislitel'naya Seismogogiya, Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 11, no. B7, pp. 111-133, pp. 2131, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismology ; Inversion
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 24
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    Simulation of strong-motion displacements using surface-wave modal superposition (1978)
    In:  Bull. seism. Soc. Am., Washington, D.C., AGU, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 907-922, pp. 2090, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismology ; Synthetic seismograms ; Surface waves ; NOModelling ; Layers ; Strong motions ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 25
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    Spectral analysis of the coda waves from local earthquakes (1978)
    In:  Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. (Tokyo), Taipei, EGS, vol. 53, no. 12, pp. 1-48, pp. L12306, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Spectral analysis ; Seismology ; Scattering
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 26
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    Seismological precursors to a magnitude 5 earthquake in the Central Aleutian Islands (1978)
    Center for Akad. Publ. Japan
    In:  Professional Paper, Earthquake Precursors, Tokyo, Center for Akad. Publ. Japan, vol. 4, no. 231, pp. 243-250, (ISBN 1-4020-1729-4)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earthquake precursor: statistical anal. of seismicity ; Seismology ; Earthquake ; Seismicity
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 27
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    Lokalisierung von Erdbeben in Medien mit beliebiger Geschwindigkeits-Tiefen-Verteilung unter Einschluß späterer Einsätze und die Hypozentren im Bereich des südlichen Oberrheingrabens von 1971 bis 1975 (1978)
    Fakultät für Physik
    In:  Dissertation, Universität Karlsruhe, Fakultät für Physik, vol. 10, no. WS-693 7-83, pp. 235-239, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Location ; Seismology ; Velocity ; Hypocentral depth ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Velocity depth profile
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 28
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    Wavelet processing (1978)
    In:  Seventh Annual IPA Convention, Atlanta, Soc. Explorat. Geophys., vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 8, pp. 480-482, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Waves ; Seismology ; Wavelet processing
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 29
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    A relation between seismic moment and stress drop of complex earthquakes (1978)
    USGS, Open file Rep. 78-380 and Inst. Phys. du Globe, Univ. Paris VI, IPG No. 275
    In:  Proc. Conf. III, Fault Mechanics and its Relation to Earthquake Prediction, Nat. Earthq. Hazard Reduction Program, 1-3.12.1977, Hanscom Air Force Base, USGS, Open file Rep. 78-380 and Inst. Phys. du Globe, Univ. Paris VI, IPG No. 275, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. PL-TR-91-2212(II), pp. 319-337, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismology ; Stress ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; seismic Moment ; Stress drop ; FROTH, ; FRUMMEL
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 30
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    Seismic monitoring at The Geysers geothermal field, California (1978)
    U.S. Geol. Surv.
    In:  Open-File Report, Potsdam, U.S. Geol. Surv., vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 78 (?), pp. 1448-1451, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismic networks ; Geothermics ; Seismology
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 31
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    Untersuchungen zur Ortung von Herden seismischer Ereignisse, dargestellt an Beispielen aus einem Stationsnetz (1978)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Dissertation, Berichte Reihe A, Aachen, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 429-433, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismic networks ; Location ; Induced seismicity ; Rock bursts (see also ERDSTOSS and GEBIRGSSCHLAG)
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 32
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    Sonograms of SRO broad-band recorded events (1978)
    MIT Lincoln Lab.
    In:  Semiannual Technical Summary Report, Lexington, Mass., MIT Lincoln Lab., vol. 10, no. 87-437, pp. 9, 29-31, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismology ; PIC ; son ; SRO ; Broad-band ; Seismic networks
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 33
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    Focal mechanism studies in the New Madrid seismic zone (1978)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Zagreb, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 1095-1102, pp. L02307, (ISSN 0343-5164)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismology ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; Source parameters ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 34
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    Erdbeben in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1974 (1978)
    Seismologischen Zentralobservatorium Gräfenberg
    In:  Berichte der seismologischen Observatorien in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland mit einem Katalog wichtiger Weltbeben, Oslo, Seismologischen Zentralobservatorium Gräfenberg, vol. 10, no. 421, pp. 1-24, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Earthquake catalog ; Germany ; Seismic networks ; Seismology
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 35
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    Hypocenter location program HYPOInversionSE (1978)
    U. S. Geol. Surv.
    In:  Open-File Report, Hannover, U. S. Geol. Surv., vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 78-694, pp. 1-113, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Seismology ; Location ; Hypocentral depth ; software ; USGS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 36
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    Ermittlung der Krustenstruktur in der Umgebung des seismologischen Zentralobservatoriums Erlangen aus Spektren von P-Wellen (1978)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Univ.
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Hamburg, Inst. f. Geophys., Univ., vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. PL-TR-91-2130, pp. 1-113, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: P-waves ; CRUST ; Seismology ; Seismic arrays ; Spectrum
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 37
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    The chemical activities of the Viking biology experiments and the arguments for the presence of superoxides, peroxides, gamma-Fe2O3 and carbon suboxide polymer in the Martian soil (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The evolution of N2, Ar, O2, and CO2 from Martian soil as a function of humidity in the Gas Exchange Experiment are correlated with the mean level of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere. All but O2 are associated with desorption. The evolution of oxygen is consistent with the presence of alkaline earth and alkali metal superoxides; and their peroxides and the gamma-Fe2O3 in the soil can account for the generation of radioactive gas in the Labeled Release Experiment. The slower evolution of CO2 from both the Gas Exchange Experiment and the Labeled Release Experiment are associated with the direct oxidation of organics by gamma-Fe2O3. The Pyrolytic Release Experiment's second peak may be carbon suboxide as demonstrated by laboratory experiments. A necessary condition is that the polymer exists in the Martian soil. We ascribe the activity of the surface samples to the reaction of Martian particulates with an anhydrous CO2 atmosphere activated by uv and ionizing radiations. The surface particles are ultimately altered by exposure to small but significant amounts of water at the sites. From the working model, we have predicted the peculiar nature of the chemical entities and demonstrated that the model is justified by laboratory data. The final confirmation of this model will entail a return to Mars, but the nature and implications of this chemistry for the Martian surface is predicted to reveal even more about Mars with further simulations in the laboratory.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Life sciences and space research (ISSN 0075-9422); Volume 16; 3-8
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 38
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    A fast DFT algorithm using complex integer transforms (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Winograd's algorithm for computing the discrete Fourier transform is extended considerably for certain large transform lengths. This is accomplished by performing the cyclic convolution, required by Winograd's method, by a fast transform over certain complex integer fields. This algorithm requires fewer multiplications than either the standard fast Fourier transform or Winograd's more conventional algorithms.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 134-140
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 39
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    Possible correlation of Io's posteclipse brightening with major solar flares (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In 6 of the 7 instances where posteclipse brightening of Io has been reported by observers using blue filters, a major solar flare occurred within 10 degrees of the sub-Jovian longitude in the 100-day interval prior to observation. In none of the 18 instances where no posteclipse brightening was observed did such a flare occur. It is proposed that a phenomenon associated with a major solar flare causes an increase in the trapped particle flux at Io's orbit by an order of magnitude. The posteclipse brightening may be caused by thermoluminescence of Io's surface material upon emergence. Alternatively, it is possible that the increase in trapped particle flux would warm the surface, creating a temporary atmosphere which would precipitate during eclipse cooling and vaporize in the period of warming after reemergence.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 33; Jan. 197
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 40
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    Positions of galactic X-ray sources - l/II/ between 320 and 340 deg (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The precise (20-40 sec) positions of seven X-ray sources in the celestial region corresponding to the galactic longitude range from 320 to 340 deg are reported. The sources include a recurrent transient X-ray source (MX1608-52) and a source 2S1553-542 coincident with a gamma-ray source within the given errors of position. The positions reported reduce the previously reported areas of the error region for six of the sources by factors ranging from 10 to 100. The presented results add confidence to the proposed radio candidates for 4U1624-49 and 4U1642-45 considered by Sanduleak and Dolan (1974) and Seaquist (1977).
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Nature; 271; Jan. 19
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 41
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    An observational study of the AFCRL infrared sky survey. III - Further searches for AFCRL/AFGL sources and an evaluation of the contents of the mid-infrared sky (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 219
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 42
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    On the ortho-para equilibrium of H2 in the atmospheres of the Jovian planets (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The ratio for the equivalent widths for the unsaturated H2 quadrupole transitions observed in the Jovian planets is calculated and compared with a large number of observations. The comparison indicates that equilibrium hydrogen may be present in Jupiter and Saturn, while Uranus and Neptune exhibit ratios not in accord with equilibrium hydrogen. Observations which can differentiate among the possible states of H2 are proposed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 33; Jan. 197
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 43
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    Infrared /JHK/ photometry of meteorites and asteroids (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reports JHK colors observed for ten asteroids and synthesized JHK colors for seven meteorite groups, samples of iron and nickel metal, pyroxene, olivine, feldspar, a lunar anorthite and some terrestrial mineral samples. Pronounced differences are apparent between the chondritic and achondritic meteorite classes; the chondritic classes show less subdued trends in J-H color which reflect their metamorphic grade. We find small but significant differences between the JHK colors of the predominant C and S classes of asteroids. All JHK colors of asteroids observed here fall within the limited domain defined by the various chondritic and iron-rich meteorites but are strikingly different from those of most achondritic meteorites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics; 13; Mar. 31
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    Airborne infrared spectrophotometry of Mira variables (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Airborne spectrophotometric observations of R Cas near minimum and maximum light, R Leo near minimum, and NML Tau near maximum are reported which were obtained over the wavelength range from 1.2 to 4 microns with 1.5% resolution. The spectral energy distributions of the three stars at the indicated times are presented, and it is shown that the H2O bands at 1.4, 1.9, and 2.7 microns are clearly evident in all the spectra, while the absorption bands of CO at about 1.6 and 2.3 microns are probably present although they are masked by the strong water vapor features. The results indicate that water vapor is the dominant opacity source in the atmospheres of Mira variables, that R Leo and NML Tau may be fitted well over the entire spectrum by respective single temperatures of 2250 and 1800 K, and that R Cas near both minimum and maximum cannot be adequately described by one temperature over the entire wavelength range investigated. The shapes and depths of the absorption bands are determined together with the apparent angular diameter of each star and the equivalent widths of the H2O + CO absorption bands. It is concluded that water vapor absorption is more strongly correlated with color temperature than with spectral type for R Cas and R Leo.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 83; Jan. 197
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    Cygnus A at 99 GHz - Observations of the three principal components and interpretation of the central source (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The three principal emission components of Cygnus A have been observed at 99 GHz, the highest frequency at which radio measurements of this source have been accomplished. The observations show no definite indication of a high-frequency cutoff in the spectrum of the compact central component, which perhaps may be attributed to an optically thin synchrotron source that peaks at a frequency of several hundred GHz.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 220
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  • 46
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    Jovian S-burst observations at 32 MHz (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Drift rates for S-burst emissions from Jupiter are studied. The burst spectra, recorded in the frequency range near 32 MHz, provide a qualitative illustration of the behavior of electron bunches shortly after injection into the Io-associated magnetic flux tube. The morphology of the spectra may be taken as support for the hypothesis of an ionospheric acceleration mechanism influencing the flow of electrons.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 272; Mar. 2
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    Possible fossil H2O liquid-ice interfaces in the Martian crust (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The extensive chaotic and fretted terrains in the equatorial regions of Mars are explained on the basis of the vertical distribution of H2O liquid and ice which once existed in the crust. This account assumes that below the permafrost containing water ice, there was a second zone in which liquid water resided for at least a time. Diagenetic alteration and cementation characterized the material in the subpermafrost zone; above, pristine fragmented material with various ice concentrations was found. Later, the ice-laden zone was stripped away by a number of erosional processes, exposing the former ice-liquid water interface.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 34; June 197
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    Global color variations on the Martian surface (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Spectral reflectance data from the Viking-II Orbiter vidicon cameras have provided a means of mapping and classifying Martian surface materials over about 65% of the planet. The imagery, acquired at three wavelengths, was processed to remove an average Martian photometric function; albedo maps at the three wavelengths were created. Analysis of the imagery showed that the dark region between the equator and about 30 deg S in the Martian highlands consists of ancient ridges, crater rims and rugged plateaus which are very red, and younger intercrater volcanic plains exhibiting mare ridges which are much less red. In addition probable eolian deposits were found in the intermediate and high albedo regions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 34; June 197
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    Saturn's rings: Particle composition and size distribution as constrained by microwave observations. I - Radar observations (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The radar backscattering characteristics of compositional and structural models of Saturn's rings are calculated and compared with observations of the absolute value, wavelength dependence, and degree of depolarization of the rings' radar cross section (reflectivity). The doubling method is used to calculate reflectivities for systems that are many particles thick using optical depths derived from observations at visible wavelengths. If the rings are many particles thick, irregular centimeter- to meter-sized particles composed primarily of water ice attain sufficiently high albedos and scattering efficiencies to explain the radar observations. In that case, the wavelength independence of radar reflectivity implies the existence of a broad particle size distribution; a narrower size distribution is also a possibility. Particles of primarily silicate composition are ruled out by the radar observations. Purely metallic particles may not be ruled out on the basis of existing radar observations. A monolayer of very large ice 'particles' that exhibit multiple internal scattering may not yet be ruled out.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 33; Feb. 197
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  • 50
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    Modification of fresh crater landforms - Evidence from the moon and Mercury (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The morphology of fresh lunar and Mercurian craters provides insight into processes of crater formation and modification. Measurements determined for Mercurian craters and compared to previously presented lunar data are depth/diameter, central peak and wall-related mass movement frequencies as functions of diameter, crater rim wall width/rim diameter, rim diameter/floor diameter, and central peak height/rim diameter. Two important results are as follows: (1) there is no evidence for direct gravity scaling of crater morphology, although some slight scaling relationship may be indicated, and (2) mass movements are responsible for the change in depth/diameter relationship observed near 2-km depth and 10-km diameter. The latter result is helpful in explaining gravitational and topographic data which suggest low-density regions beneath large fresh craters.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Jan. 10
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    Minor planets and related objects. XXV - UBV photometry of 145 faint asteroids (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Magnitudes and colors on the UBV system are presented for 145 minor planets, including 31 objects in the Eos family, 14 in the Koronis family, 6 in the Nysa family, 11 in the Themis family, 4 Hungarias, 7 Hildas, 8 Trojans, and several objects in unusual orbits. Clearly defined color groups for the Eos, Koronis, Nysa, and Themis family members are strongly suggestive of origin from discrete parent bodies. The Nysas apparently show large light-curve amplitudes. The Mars-orbit crossers 1977RA and 1980 = 1950LA, the earth-orbit crosser 1976UA, and several main-belt asteroids are found to show peculiar colors of unknown significance. The Mars-orbit crosser 1916 = 1953RA appears to be a typical S object, while 1474 Beira and 1977VA show neutral colors. Asteroids at semimajor axis in excess of 4 AU (Trojans preceding and following Jupiter, 279 Thule, and 944 Hidalgo) all belong to a color group centered at B-V = 0.72, U-B = 0.24.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 83; June 197
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    Future directions in experimental gamma ray astronomy (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Better vehicles and instruments are needed if gamma ray spectroscopy in astrophysics and cosmology is to advance. A gamma ray observatory will (1) permit long-term observations of selected sources to measure their variability and to achieve high sensitivity; (2) measure periods in days or weeks; and (3) assess the entire sky to observe various predicted sources, to measure the energy spectrum, and to map the isotropy of the cosmic ray background over larger collecting areas (of the order of a square meter). Conventional and unconventional instruments must cover the energy range from 0.1 MeV to 20 MeV with improved sensitivity. Angular resolution must be improved one degree or more to study discrete X-ray sources in the galactic center. Actively collimated detectors, improved double Compton instruments, and gamma ray correlators to actively synthesize the absolute energy spectrum of the sky protons are discussed as well as the need for scientific balloons.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 492-497
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    Gamma ray astronomy and the origin of the light nuclei (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Nuclear reactions induced by the collisions of the protons and alphas of the galactic cosmic ray with heavy nuclei of the interstellar gas are responsible for the continuous production of the light elements lithium, beryllium, and boron in the galaxy. To better than one order of magnitude, the observed ratios of these abundances to hydrogen abundance and the nuclidic abundance ratios between themselves are accounted for by simply considering the effect of fast protons and alphas with a flux and an energy spectrum as observed in galactic cosmic rays, for a period comparable with the life of our galaxy. The role of gamma ray astronomy in solving problems that occur when accurate agreement is sought with increasingly accurate data is discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 283-301
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    The accretion of planets from planetesimals (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Collisional accretion appears to be a viable, and seemingly unavoidable, mechanism for intermediate-stage from a swarm of planetesimals into a system containing a few discrete seed planets. Some other mechanism must be invoked to explain growth of condensate grains up to at least tens of meters. Gravitational instability in the particulate disk seems a plausible means of achieving that early-stage growth up to kilometer-scale bodies. The last stage of growth in which the seed planets accrete the remaining material now presents difficulties due to the isolated, circular orbits generated from the intermediate collisional stage.
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    Spectral reflectivities of the Galilean satellites and Titan, 0.32 to 0.86 micrometers (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Icarus; 36; Dec. 197
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  • 56
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    Near-infrared energy distributions of M31 (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Spectrophotometric data obtained by comparing Spinrad-Taylor (1969) standards with Alpha Lyr are presented, along with a calibration of these data for wavelengths longward of 6000 A. M31 sky measurements made 1 deg south of the nucleus at five wavelengths between 6040 and 10,360 A, inclusive, are compared with near-IR spectrophotometry performed by Spinrad and Taylor (1971), Oke and Schwarzschild (1975), and O'Connell (1976). Agreement and discrepancies among the different data sets are discussed. Some possible explanations of the differences are discounted, and tests are performed which reveal no effects of error in mean extinction and brightness-dependent wavelength response.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 83; Nov. 197
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  • 57
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    X-ray emission from UX Arietis - RS Canum Venaticorum systems as a class of coronal X-ray sources (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 225
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  • 58
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    Isotopic anomalies in solar system material - What can they tell us (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Three relatively recently discovered anomalies are considered. The goal of isotopic research is to understand what phenomena are responsible for the observed isotopic anomalies, and thereby to determine the initial solar system isotopic composition. Until recently there has been no measured isotopic ratios which could not be understood in the context of reasonable physical or chemical processes acting to alter a uniform initial solar isotopic composition. This situation changed in 1969 with the discovery by Black and Pepin of an unusual neon isotopic composition in certain carbonaceous meteories. This unusual composition was later designated as Neon E. An unusual or anomalous oxygen isotopic composition was discovered by Clayton et al. (1973). A magnesium isotopic anomaly was discovered by Gray and Compston (1974), and Lee and Papanastassiou (1974). The three isotopic anomalies are discussed, emphasizing particularly the experimental evidence, possible causes for the observed isotopic composition and finally, possible implications of these anomalies with regard to models of solar system formation and evolution.
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    Far infrared spectrophotometry of Jupiter and Saturn (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Infrared spectral measurements of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn were obtained from 100 to 470 kaysers and, by taking Mars as a calibration source, brightness temperatures of Jupiter and Saturn were determined with approximately 5 kayser resolution. Internal luminosities were determined from the data and are reported to be approximately 8 times 10 to the minus tenth power of the sun's luminosity for Jupiter and approximately 3.6 times 10 to the minus tenth power of the sun's luminosity for Saturn. Comparison of data with spectra predicted by models suggests the need for an opacity source in addition to gaseous hydrogen and ammonia to help explain Jupiter's observed spectrum in the vicinity of 250 kaysers.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 35; July 197
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    A microstructural study of the Tishomingo meteorite (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Metallography, electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques were employed to study a fragment of the Tishomingo iron meteorite. The results suggest the following thermal-mechanical history: The fragment was originally a large crystal of taenite (gamma). Cooling through the alpha + gamma phase boundary did not result in accompanying precipitation of kamacite (alpha). Transformation to a martensitic structure initiated between -25 and -65 C. Transformation continued as the temperature fell to -75 to -115 C, resulting in approx 80% martensite (alpha-prime). Subsequent shock deformation and thermal aging processes substantially modified the taenite and martensite microstructures. Twins in the retained taenite phase are attributed to shock deformation at a pressure estimated for a single event at about 170 kbar. The existing complex altered martensite structure containing both taenite and kamacite (3-15% Ni) particles was apparently the product of both shock deformation and thermal aging processes. The maximum temperature reached during thermal aging is estimated to be less than 400 C and perhaps below 310 C.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 42; July 197
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  • 61
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    The tektite problem (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Small glassy pebbles, called tektites, are found in widely scattered locations around the world. These tektites appear much like volcanic glass obsidian, but their chemical composition is different from that of any terrestrial lava and they contain far less water and none of obsidian's characteristic microcrystals. No one has ever found the mother lode of a field of tektites. They cannot, therefore, be the product of terrestrial volcanism. Recently acquired knowledge about the moon's surface confirms earlier indications that tektites cannot be bits of lunar soil propelled to the earth by the impact of meteorites on the moon. According to one of two remaining possibilities tektites are bits of terrestrial sedimentary rock excavated by meteorites striking the earth's surface, melted by the heat of impact, and congealed into glass as they travel above the atmosphere to the scattered sites where they are found. The other possibility is that tektites are the remains of gobs of lava fired at the earth by volcanic activity on the moon.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Scientific American; 239; Aug. 197
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  • 62
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    Comment on 'Spectrophotometric and color estimates of the Viking lander sites' by Friedrich O. Huck et al (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; July 10
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    Preliminary results of linear polarization measurements at 99 GHz (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The results of the first linear polarization measurements of extrasolar radio sources at a frequency above 35 GHz are presented. For the quasars 3C 273 and 3C 345, the observed position angles are in accord with the predictions of Inoue, and the measurements are consistent with the suggestion that the compact components responsible for the high-frequency emission are affected by high degrees of internal Faraday depolarization. For the radio galaxy 3C 274 (Virgo A) the observed position angle and degree of polarization are consistent with the model of Hobbs and Waak.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 223
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    Conclusions derived from the evidence on accretion in meteorites (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A study of the evidence on accretion in meteorites shows that gross chemical features of chondritic meteorite type were established by accretion of materials with characteristic chemical and isotopic compositions. Some meteorites have been subjected to intensive mechanical and/or thermal processes. Mixing has occurred among meteorite types, presumably late in the accretion sequence. From the materials which appear to have escaped substantial modification it can be concluded that the relative velocities between accreting grains varied but in some cases were very low. Accretion took place after most, if not all, of the gaseous components had been separated from the condensed portion of solar matter.
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    Chemical alterations of the Holbrook chondrite resulting from terrestrial weathering (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Major, minor and trace element analysis as well as noble gas measurements were performed on three Holbrook chondrite samples collected fresh in 1912, in 1931, and in 1968. Decreases in metallic iron and MgO and an increase in total iron were detected. Elemental concentrations of Ti, Ca, Al, P, Mn, Ni, and Cr did not change significantly during weathering. While sodium might have been lost, and K slightly enriched, the trace elements C, Rb, and Sr increased at least two-fold during weathering. Gas abundances decreased, and the concentration ratios of noble gas nuclides varied unpredictably.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics; 13; Sept. 30
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    The origin of planetary atmospheres (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Reasons for the difference in planetary atmospheres are reviewed. Atmospheric formation by outgassing from terrestrial planets is contrasted with the retention of the primary material by the outer planets. The differences in Venusian, earth, and Martian atmospheres are explained in terms of planet distance from the sun. Data on terrestrial planet pressures, temperatures, and gas compositions, as well as on rates and gas composition of outgassing material are presented. The significance of planet mass is considered.
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    The phase function of Venus cloud particles from Mariner 10 data (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Mariner 10 images of Venus taken at several phase angles were photometrically reduced. The analysis shows that the phase function of the cloud particles is not isotropic, as had been deduced earlier from the brightness distribution on spacecraft images taken at a single phase angle, but has a broad minimum near 60 deg and is forward-scattering. The scattering properties are in quantitative agreement with previous deductions from earth-based polarization measurements by Hansen and his associates.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Dec. 197
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    X-ray observations of BL Lacertae objects (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are reported for OSO 8 and HEAO 1 X-ray observations of the BL Lac objects Mrk 421, Mrk 501, and PKS 0548-322 over the energy range from 2 to 60 keV. It is found that the X-ray spectra of Mrk 421 and 501 are similar, exhibit statistically significant soft X-ray excesses, lack low-energy absorption, and are best fitted by power laws over the 2-30-keV range with respective photon indices of approximately 0.91 and 1.2 and respective hydrogen column densities of less than 8 x 10 to the 21st per sq cm and no more than 1.8 x 10 to the 22nd per sq cm. It is noted that the spectral index for both sources is identical, within errors, to the HF radio spectral index and that Mrk 421 experienced a factor of 6 decrease in the 2-10-keV band over a six-month period. A tentative identification of PKS 0548-322 with the source H0548-32 is suggested.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 226
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    The ammonia mixing ratio in Jupiter's stratosphere (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes the theory that underlies the model calculations which show that the far-infrared bands of ammonia are very sensitive to the ammonia distribution above the Jovian atmospheric inversion layer. Observation of the J = 5 and J = 6 ammonia bands at moderate resolution might permit choice between a cold trap model or the irreversible uv photodestruction model for the ammonia distribution. The lack of prominent emission cores in the NH3 rotation-inversion lines only implies that the mixing ratio is low. The ammonia is uniformly mixed if the inversion temperature is low but, at a higher inversion temperature, emission cores will be observed unless the photodissociation is extremely efficient down to at least the inversion layer.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 36; Oct. 197
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  • 70
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    Instrumentation for infrared astronomy (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: During the last 10 years, infrared astronomy, based on observations in the wavelength range from 2 to 1000 micrometers, has become a major field of observational astrophysics. This development is mainly related to two major technical advances. Extremely sensitive detectors have been developed and become available for astronomical applications. Motivated by the first development, major groups have expended much effort in building and operating telescopes above most or all of the earth's atmosphere in order to circumvent its opacity and emission throughout the range. Attention is given to advances in the area of infrared detectors, platforms for infrared astronomy, focal plane instruments, high spatial resolution instrumentation, and infrared polarization measurements.
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    The Allende meteorite - Evidence for a new cosmothermometer based on the Ti/3+/ to Ti/4+/ ratio (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The mineral thermodynamic condensation sequence is applied to assemblages in Ca-Al-Ti-rich inclusions in the Allende meteorite, and it is suggested that the total amount of titanium and Ti(3+) contents of aluminous clinopyroxenes (fassaites) are temperature sensitive and that the ratio Ti(3+)/Ti(4+) may be used as a qualitative cosmothermometer. The direct gas-to-solid condensation hypothesis is favored because the predicted thermodynamic sequence is followed. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that the condensation interval of Ti(3+) stabilization is 1647-1125 K, while the titanian-fassaites probably condensed in the interval 1625-1349 K. It is suggested that the Allende meteorite has sampled a spectrum of the condensing solar nebula.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 276; Nov. 16
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    Nitric oxide production by Tunguska meteor (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The nonequilibrium chemical processes of nitric oxide formation are computed for the wake of the Tunguska meteor of 1908. The wake characteristics are derived by carrying out an optically-thick radiation field analysis for ablation of the meteoroid. The wake flow field is approximated by a one-dimensional, well-stirred reactor model. Known characteristics of the Tunguska event are imposed as constraints, and three controlling parameters - chemical composition, density, and velocity - are varied over a range around the values derived by Korobeinikov et al. (1976) and Petrov and Stulov (1975). The calculation shows that at least 19 million tons of nitric oxide is produced between the altitudes of 10 and 50 km. The anomalous atmospheric phenomena following the event are attributed to the reactions involving nitric oxide thus produced and atmospheric ozone. It is speculated that the nitric oxide produced by the event fertilized the area near the fall, causing the observed rapid plant growth.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Acta Astronautica; 5; July-Aug
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  • 73
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    A 4.8 hour periodicity in the spectra of Cygnus X-3 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The X-ray binary Cyg X-3 has been observed on three occasions during 1975 and 1976 by the GSFC Cosmic X-Ray Spectroscopy Experiment on OSO 8. The X-ray spectra from all three observations can be represented by power-law continua with strong iron line emission. Comparisons of spectra taken within the same observation at various phases of the 4.8 hour period reveal a relative excess of low-energy X-ray emission near zero phase (i.e., the minimum) of the 4.8 hour modulation. In addition, the centroid of the line emission is observed to vary in phase with the 4.8 hour cycle. The possibility of persistent thermal X-ray emission from material surrounding the binary system is introduced in an effort to account for the observed effects.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 224
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    Observations of low-luminosity X-ray sources in Vela-Puppis (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are presented for a study of the X-ray emission from a small portion of the galactic plane near galactic longitude 260 deg. This region contains at least six low-luminosity X-ray sources within about 10 deg of PSR 0833-45, which is near the center of the Gum nebula. The X-ray source 4U 0833-45, associated with the Vela pulsar, is observed at twice its 4U catalog intensity. The lack of X-ray pulsations at the pulsar period (greater than 99% nonpulsed), the nonthermal power-law spectrum, and models of the X-ray source distribution in this region suggest that a large fraction of the X-rays come from an extended source about 1 deg of arc in radius. The observation of a high-temperature (effective temperature at least 100 million K) spectrum in a field of view containing only Puppis A among known sources has led to the discovery of new OSO 8 source, OS 0752-39. Other spectra from this region are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 223
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    Asteroid 1 Ceres - Evidence for water of hydration (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An absorption feature centred near 3.0 microns has been discovered in the infrared spectrum of asteroid 1 Ceres. This spectrum has been compared with laboratory spectra of meteorites and shows great similarity to the spectra of type II carbonaceous chondrites. By analogy this suggests the presence of about 10-15 per cent water in the form of water of hydration on the surface of Ceres. This is the first evidence of water in the surface material of an asteroid.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 182
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  • 76
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    Circular polarization of sunlight reflected by planetary atmospheres (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Multiple scattering calculations are performed in order to investigate the nature of the circular polarization of sunlight reflected by planetary atmospheres. Contour diagrams as a function of size parameter and phase angle are made for the integrated light from a spherical but locally plane-parallel atmosphere of spherical particles. To investigate the origin of the circular polarization, results are also computed for second-order scattering and for a simpler semiquantitative model of scattering by two particles. Observations of the circular polarization of the planets are presently too meager for accurate deduction of cloud particle properties. However, certain very broad constraints can be placed on the properties of the dominant cloud particles on Jupiter and Saturn. The cloud particle size and refractive index deduced for the Jupiter clouds by Loskutov, Morozhenko, and Yanovitskii from analyses of the linear polarization are not consistent with the circular polarization. The few available circular polarization observations of Venus are also examined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 33; Jan. 197
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  • 77
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    Observation of X-ray eclipses from LMC X-4 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observations made with the Rotation Modulation Collimator system (RMC) have revealed that X-ray source X-4 in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC X-4) is most likely part of a binary system. An analysis of the star's coordinates is presented, with attention given to orbital period and flux intensity variations. Stellar mass and orbital inclination angle are estimated for both X-4 and its companion star.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Nature; 271; Jan. 5
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  • 78
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    The composition of Phobos - Evidence for carbonaceous chondrite surface from spectral analysis (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In connection with a need for more definitive information concerning the composition of Phobos in a study of its origin, an ultraviolet-visible-infrared reflectance spectrum of the Martian satellite was compiled from the Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectrometer, Viking lander imaging, and ground-based photometric data. The probable surface composition of Phobos was deduced by comparing the obtained spectrum with the spectra of asteroids of known composition. The considered data show that the reflectivity of Phobos is flat from 1100 to 400 nm but decreases sharply in the ultraviolet to about 1 percent at 212 nm. The reflectance spectrum is similar to the spectra of asteroids Ceres and Pallas which were found to have surface compositions similar to that of carbonaceous chondrites. It is concluded that the surface composition of Phobos is also similar to that of carbonaceous chondrites. The results of the investigation point to different modes of origin for Mars and Phobos.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 199; Jan. 6
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  • 79
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    Viking first encounter of Phobos - Preliminary results (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Viking Orbiter-1 (VO-1) made a series of close flybys of the Martian satellite Phobos in February and May 1977. A description is presented of the results obtained during the flybys in February. The flyby geometries for the encounter period in February are shown in a graph. The trajectory design gave flybys on the illuminated side of Phobos within 80 to 300 km during the entire encounter period. The primary encounter observations of Phobos included visual and infrared imaging as well as radio tracking of VO-1 while it was under the gravitational influence of Phobos. Visual imaging was obtained from two narrow-angle television cameras. Infrared observations were obtained from an infrared thermal mapper. Radio data included S- and X-band Doppler and ranging data to VO-1 with a 10-second Doppler count. Assuming for Phobos a volume of 500 + or - 900 cu km, a mean density of 1.9 + or - 0.6 g/cu cm is obtained for it on the basis of the processed data.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 199; Jan. 6
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  • 80
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    The origin and relative abundances of C, N and the noble gases on the terrestrial planets and in meteorites (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Relative concentrations of noble gases and C and N are evaluated for the terrestrial planets. Comparisons between amounts of volatile materials in carbonaceous chondrites and on Earth and Mars are presented as support for the accretion model of planetary formation. However, attention is given to the large differences in the C/noble gas ratios on various bodies in the solar system, e.g. the Sun, Venus, Earth, Mars, stressing that the data are too incomplete to provide a reliable model for the sources of volatile and noble elements on the terrestrial planets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 271; Jan. 12
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  • 81
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    Multicolor observations of Phobos with the Viking lander cameras - Evidence for a carbonaceous chondritic composition (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The reflectivity of Phobos has been determined in the spectral region from 0.4 to 1.1 micrometers from images taken with a Viking lander camera. The reflectivity curve is flat in this spectral interval and the geometric albedo equals 0.05 + or - 0.01. These results, together with Phobos's reflectivity spectrum in the ultraviolet, are compared with laboratory spectra of carbonaceous chondrites and basalts. The spectra of carbonaceous chondrites are consistent with the observations, whereas the basalt spectra are not. These findings raise the possibility that Phobos may be a captured object rather than a natural satellite of Mars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 199; Jan. 6
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  • 82
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    Rice University observations of the galactic center (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The most sensitive of the four balloon fight observations of the galactic center made by Rice University was conducted in 1974 from Rio Cuarto, Argentina at a float altitude of 4 mbar. The count rate spectrum of the observed background and the energy spectrum of the galactic center region are discussed. The detector used consists of a 6 inch Nal(T 1ambda) central detector collimated to approximately 15 deg FWHM by a Nal(T lamdba) anticoincidence shield. The shield in at least two interaction mean free paths thick at all gamma ray energies. The instrumental resolution is approximately 11% FWHM at 662 keV. Pulses from the central detector are analyzed by two 256 channel PHA's covering the energy range approximately 20 keV to approximately 12 MeV. The detector is equatorially mounted and pointed by command from the ground. Observations are made by measuring source and background alternately for 10 minute periods. Background is measured by rotating the detector 180 deg about the azimuthal axis.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 223-227
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  • 83
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    Far-infrared observations of sources associated with double-lobed reflection nebulae (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Far-infrared observations of GL 915, 618, 2688 and OH 0739-14 are presented. The data provide information on the total flux arising in each of these sources, and on the wavelength-dependence of the emissivity of the associated dust. Two sources, GL 618 and GL 2688, have far-infrared continua similar to those recently observed in planetary nebulae.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 65; 1, Ap; Apr. 197
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  • 84
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    IAU nomenclature for albedo features on the planet Mercury (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The International Astronomical Union has endorsed a nomenclature for the albedo features on Mercury. Designations are based upon the mythological names related to the god Hermes; they are expressed in Latin form. The dark-hued albedo features are associated with the generic term Solitudo. The light-hued areas are designated by a single name without generic term. The 32 names adopted are allocated on the Mercury map.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 85
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    Aspheric grating for extreme ultraviolet astronomy (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A family of plane curves is developed which can diffract incident parallel rays to a point focus. These curves, termed diffractoidal curves, are rotated around an axis to produce surfaces of revolution correspondingly termed diffractoids, whose imaging properties for sources at infinity are studied by ray tracing in a few examples. The paraboloid emerges as a limiting case of the diffractoid. A comparison is made between the stigmatic focusing properties of the diffractoid and the toroidal grating.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Applied Optics; 17; Apr. 15
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  • 86
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    Io-phase motion and jovian decametre source locations (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A second-order effect in the relationship between jovian decameter storms and the departure of Io from superior geocentric conjunction is explained on the basis of latitudinal variations in the earth-Jupiter viewing geometry. These variations are defined by the 12-year cycle in the jovicentric declination of the earth. In addition, it is found that the emission of the jovian decameter storm source Io-B (Io-C) is beamed from the northern (southern) magnetic latitudes. These conclusions are compatible with source positions derived from polarimetry and from considerations of planetary-limb shadowing.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 272; Mar. 23
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  • 87
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    Photometry and polarimetry of Jupiter at large phase angles. I - Analysis of imaging data of a prominent belt and a zone from Pioneer 10 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Photopolarimetric observations of a prominent bright zone and a dark belt of Jupiter in red and blue light are analyzed which were performed by Pioneer 10 at phase angles of 12, 23, 34, 109, 120, 127, and 150 deg. Geometric and photometric reductions of the imaging data are described, the instrument sensitivity at various times is evaluated, and the data are referred to an absolute scale. The observations are analyzed in detail by comparing the data with results of radiative-transfer calculations for specific scattering models of Jupiter's atmosphere. These models include those with a vertical structure consisting of a layer of Rayleigh-scattering gas above a semiinfinite mixture of cloud particles and gas, those having a small quantity of aerosols in the gas above either the diffuse cloud in a reflecting-scattering model or the top cloud of a two-cloud-layer model, those in which a forward-scattering haze is mixed uniformly with gas, and those containing dust layers. It is found that in both the belt and the zone in red as well as blue light, cloud phase functions are required which provide both strong forward scattering and some backscattering.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 33; Mar. 197
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  • 88
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    Uranus and the shape of elliptical rings (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is reported that when the star SAO158687 passed behind the Uranus system, its light was occulted twice by the epsilon (fifth) ring of the planet. The first part of the ring to occult was about 100 km wide and the second part was about 40 km wide. The variable width of the ring is accounted for by differences in the orbital eccentricities of the individual particles composing the ring.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 272; Mar. 9
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  • 89
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    The X-ray emitting galaxy Centaurus A (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: OSO-8 X-ray observations of Cen A in 1975 and 1976 are reported. The source spectrum can be well fitted in both years by a power law of number index 1.66 and absorption due to 1.3 by 10 to the 23rd power atoms/sq cm. The total flux varied by a factor of 2 between 1975 and 1976. In 1976 there were flux variations of approximately 40% on a time scale of days. Measurements of the 6.4-keV Fe fluorescent line and the 7.1-keV absorption edge imply Fe/H of approximately 0.000016. Simultaneous radio measurements show variation in phase with X-ray variability. Consideration of radio, millimeter, infrared, and X-ray data shows that all the data can be accounted for by a model in which the X-rays are due to a synchrotron self-Compton source embedded in a cold H2 cloud.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 220
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  • 90
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    On the accelerations of the moon and sun, the constant of gravitation, and the origin of mountains (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: On the assumption of a constant value for the gravitational constant G, the lunar and solar tidal couples and the rate of change of angular velocity of the earth are recalculated on the basis of the improved values for the apparent accelerations of the moon and sun arrived at by Muller and Stephenson (1977). These new values are then used to derive general dynamical equations with a changing moment of inertia and changing G connecting the apparent accelerations to the lunar and solar couples. The effect of a changing G is considered, and a value of (dG/dt)/G = -3 times 10 to the -11th power per yr can be reconciled only weakly with the improved accelerations, especially for the case of linear friction. For quadratic friction the situation is more favorable. The new accelerations, however, are best reconciled with a nonchanging G, and certainly cannot be reconciled with a value of (dG/dt)/G = -6 times 10 to the -11th power per yr.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Moon and the Planets; 18; Apr. 197
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  • 91
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    C3 and infrared spectrophotometry of Y Canum Venaticorum (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The 1.2- to 5.6-micron spectrum of the carbon star Y CVn is presented and discussed. The observations were made from the Kuiper Airborne Observatory at an altitude of 12.5 km, thereby avoiding most of the absorption due to terrestrial water vapor. Comparison of Y CVn near 5 microns with laboratory spectra provides possible evidence for the presence of the linear triatomic molecule C3. For the first time in a carbon star the clearly formed band heads of the CN red system between 1.2 and 2.3 microns are observed. Corroborative evidence for the presence of the molecules HCN and C2H2 is presented, and the relative contributions of C3, HCN, and C2H2 to the 3.1-micron absorption band are discussed. Spectra of two other carbon stars, TX Psc and S Cep, are presented for comparison.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 222
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  • 92
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    Orbital changes of the gaseous ring around Be stars. II - Apsidal motion and slow drift of the orbital elements (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is shown that the observed data about the apsidal motion of gaseous rings around some Be stars, like Beta(1) Mon and Pi Aqr, cannot be explained solely by the influence of the equatorial bulge. This fact has prompted the development of a theory of apsidal motion and slow drift of orbital elements that is based on the mixing of slowly escaping gases from the central star with gases in the emission ring around it. Thus, the basic physical idea in this paper follows closely what has been advanced in the first paper of this series but the mathematical treatment has been broadened in order to deal with the actual orbits, instead of osculating orbits, of particles in the ring. In accordance with this theory, it is believed that in cases where no mixing of gases takes place, the apsidal motion is controlled solely by the equatorial bulge. But in cases where mixing takes place, the apsidal motion depends upon the manner of gas mixing as well.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 219
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  • 93
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    The occultation of Epsilon Geminorum by Mars as observed at Princeton (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are reported for two-color (red and blue) high-speed photometric observations of the April 8, 1976, occultation of Epsilon Gem by Mars. The observing system is briefly described, fits to an isothermal atmospheric model of the event are presented, and the blue data are used to derive temperature profiles of the Martian atmosphere in the manner of Wasserman and Veverka (1973). The results are compared with those of Elliot et al. (1977), which were obtained from the NASA Kuiper Airborne Observatory.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 83; Apr. 197
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  • 94
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    Properties of the clouds of Venus, as inferred from airborne observations of its near-infrared reflectivity spectrum (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The shape and absolute value of Venus' reflectivity spectrum is measured in the 1.2- to 4.0 micrometer spectral region with a circular variable filter wheel spectrometer having a spectral resolution of 1.5%. Comparing these spectra with synthetic spectra generated with a multiple-scattering computer code, a number of properties of the Venus clouds are inferred. Evidence is obtained indicating that the clouds are made of a water solution of sulfuric acid in their top unit optical depth, and that the clouds are made of this material down to an optical depth of at least 25. In addition, the acid concentration is 84 plus or minus 2% H2SO4 by weight in the top unit optical depth, the total optical depth of the clouds is 37.5 plus or minus 12.5, and the cross-sectional weighted mean particle radius lies between 0.5 and 1.4 micrometers in the top unit optical depth of the clouds. It is found that the average volume mixing ratio of H2SO4 and H2O contained in the cloud material both equal approximately 2 x 10 to the -6. Employing vapor pressure arguments, the acid concentration is shown to equal 84 plus or minus 6% at the cloud bottom and the water vapor mixing ratio beneath the clouds lies between 6 x 10 to the -4 and 10 to the -2.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 95
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    Sharpening stellar images (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A prototype telescope system with six movable elements has been used with sharpness detection procedures to observe objects as dim as fifth magnitude. The real-time image sharpening technique does not rely on the use of a reference star. By correcting for atmospherically induced phase perturbations, the sharpening system has permitted restoration of stellar images to the diffraction limit (in one dimension) for a 30-cm telescope. Application of the system to the separation of double stars is reported.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Science; 200; May 5
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  • 96
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    Mercury's helium exosphere after Mariner 10's third encounter (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: From a comparison of the Mariner 10 third encounter UV spectrometer data with intensities generated from a newly constructed model exosphere, a new value of 4.5 x 10 to the -4th power for the fraction of the solar wind He(++) flux to be intercepted and captured by Mercury's magnetosphere, if the observed He atmosphere is maintained by the solar wind, has been derived. If an internal source for He prevails, the corresponding upper bound for the global outgassing rate is estimated to be 4.5 x 10 to the 22nd power/s. These values differ from those given earlier because of the present use of a surface temperature distribution satisfying the heat equation over Mercury's entire surface which employs Mariner-10-determined mean surface thermal characteristics. The mean standoff distance of Mercury's magnetopause averaged over Mercury's orbit is also used. Agreement between the observed and calculated intensities is found to be good. Minor discrepancies on the nightside of the terminator are explicable in terms of differences between actual and computed temperatures and scale height structure changes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Apr. 1
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  • 97
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    Is the moon really as smooth as a billiard ball - Remarks concerning recent models of sputter-fractionation on the lunar surface (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Apr. 197
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  • 98
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    Nonthermal galactic emission below 10 megahertz (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Radio Astronomy Explorer 2 (RAE 2) lunar-orbiting satellite has provided measurements of the nonthermal galactic radio emission at frequencies below 10 MHz. Measurements of the emission spectra are presented for the center, anticenter, north polar, and south polar directions at 22 frequencies between 0.25 and 9.18 MHz. Survey maps of the spatial distribution of the observed low-frequency Galactic emission at 1.31, 2.20, 3.93, 4.70, 6.55, and 9.18 MHz are presented. The observations were obtained with the 229-m traveling-wave V antenna on this lunar-orbiting spacecraft. The improved frequency coverage offers additional insights into the structure of the local Galactic neighborhood.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 221
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  • 99
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    An analytic study of impact ejecta trajectories in the atmospheres of Venus, Mars, and earth (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Calculations have been made to determine the effects of atmospheric drag and gravity on impact ejecta trajectories on Venus, Mars, and earth. The equations of motion were numerically integrated for a broad range of body sizes, initial velocities, and initial elevation angles. A dimensionless parameter was found from approximate analytic solutions which correlated the ejecta range, final impact angle, and final impact velocity for all three planets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 33; Mar. 197
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  • 100
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    Investigation of the Manicouagan impact crater, Quebec - An introduction (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An interdisciplinary study of the 65-km diameter Manicouagan ring structure in Quebec was undertaken to gain insight into the integrated effects of impacts on terrestrial planetary bodies. The paper serves as an introduction to several companion papers and summarizes major conclusions. Studies of the 214 m.y. old structure show that the melt rocks are texturally inhomogeneous but chemically homogeneous and can be modeled as a mixture of target lithologies. The melt rocks have a Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio compatible with the melting of crustal rocks. The melt had a two-stage cooling history with clast-melt interactions indicative of mixing superheated silicate liquid with cold clasts. Grain size, clast reactions, and thermal equilibration of clasts and melts are described.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; June 10
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