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  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (553)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (429)
  • COMMUNICATIONS  (315)
  • 1970-1974  (1,293)
  • 1950-1954  (4)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1935-1939
  • 1972  (1,293)
  • 1951  (4)
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  • 1970-1974  (1,293)
  • 1950-1954  (4)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1935-1939
Year
  • 1
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    Miniature battery-operated electromagnetic flowmeter (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Life Sci. Publ., Vol. 2; 7 p
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  • 2
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    Solar corona photography, part B (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Photographic observations of the solar corona by the Apollo 16 command module pilot while in lunar orbit are reported. These were designed to provide data on outer coronal forms and intensities to elongation angles of 25 deg. The results of Apollo 15 solar corona photography verified the procedures and provided the first photographs of identifiable coronal streamers curving at elongation angles of some 10 deg. By using the Apollo 15 data, exposure settings were optimized for Apollo 16, and the results show a significant improvement in photometric quality over the large range of brightness to be photographed. Ground observations of the inner solar corona (to approximately 2 solar radii from Sun center) indicate a general lack of coronal structure, and results of data reduction thus far show no streamer structure at large elongation angles.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 2 p
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  • 3
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    Astronomical photography. Part A: Gum nebula, galactic cluster, and zodiacal light photography (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: It is reported that the Apollo 16 command module astronomical photography was performed with the specific objective of capitalizing on the uniqueness of the double umbra as a vantage point to collect astronomical data that are obtainable only near our Moon. For this reason, these data will be compared directly to analogous photography performed from Earth orbit during Project Mercury and the Gemini Program as well as to the Apollo-duplicated photography taken from sites on the Earth surface. Comparison with Earth-based photography should yield direct information on the Earth airglow layer and on atmospheric scattering and extinction.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 2 p
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  • 4
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    Photogrammetry using Apollo 16 orbital photography, part B (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Discussion is made of the Apollo 15 and 16 metric and panoramic cameras which provided photographs for accurate topographic portrayal of the lunar surface using photogrammetric methods. Nine stereoscopic models of Apollo 16 metric photographs and three models of panoramic photographs were evaluated photogrammetrically in support of the Apollo 16 geologic investigations. Four of the models were used to collect profile data for crater morphology studies; three models were used to collect evaluation data for the frequency distributions of lunar slopes; one model was used to prepare a map of the Apollo 16 traverse area; and one model was used to determine elevations of the Cayley Formation. The remaining three models were used to test photogrammetric techniques using oblique metric and panoramic camera photographs. Two preliminary contour maps were compiled and a high-oblique metric photograph was rectified.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 5
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    Photogrammetry and altimetry. Part A: Apollo 16 laser altimeter (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The laser altimeter measures precise altitudes of the command and service module above the lunar surface and can function either with the metric (mapping) camera or independently. In the camera mode, the laser altimeter ranges at each exposure time, which varies between 20 and 28 sec (i.e., 30 to 43 km on the lunar surface). In the independent mode, the laser altimeter ranges every 20 sec. These altitude data and the spacecraft attitudes that are derived from simultaneous stellar photography are used to constrain the photogrammetric reduction of the lunar surface photographs when cartographic products are generated. In addition, the altimeter measurements alone provide broad-scale topographic relief around the entire circumference of the moon. These data are useful in investigating the selenodetic figure of the moon and may provide information regarding gravitational anomalies on the lunar far side.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 6
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    Examination of the Surveyor 3 surface sampler scoop (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The operation and external appearance of the surface sampling scoop are discussed. An attempt was made to measure the magnitude of the existing adhesion between the lunar soil and the various surfaces of the scoop.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 100-114
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  • 7
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    Antenna drive system for the Nimbus satellite (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A two-axis drive system is described for pointing a high gain antenna. Motion about each axis is provided by identical drive mechanisms. Only three gear passes are required to obtain the necessary 900:1 gear reduction. The drive system is a primary element of an experiment that will provide a real time data link between Nimbus and ground stations. Data are transmitted from Nimbus to the applications technology satellite, which relays the data to ground stations.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center 6th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 117-120
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  • 8
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    The Intelsat 4 antenna positioner (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The Intelsat 4 communications satellite has two spot beam antennas which are pointed to selected land masses by gimbaled positioners. The positioners employ drive motors with electromagnetic brakes and jackscrews that are self-caging during the launch. The positioner uses dry lubricants for ball bearings, spur gears, screw and nut, and various journal bearings. A coefficient of friction of approximately 0.05 was demonstrated in vacuum operation. Success of the positioner was demonstrated on the first Intelsat 4 placed in orbit in January 1971. The developmental problems that were encountered and their solutions are discussed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center 6th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 109-116
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  • 9
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    NASA-ARC 36 inch airborne infrared telescope (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A 36 in. aperture telescope is being developed for installation aboard a NASA-Lockheed C-141A aircraft. This airborne observatory will permit observation of infrared emission at altitudes above 45,000 ft above much of the infrared-absorbing atmospheric water vapor. The telescope will look through a movable open port in the aircraft fuselage. A porous spoiler, upstream from the open port, will attenuate pressure disturbances and permit operation at ambient temperatures and pressures without an obscuring window. The telescope's entire structure is supported by a 16 in. spherical air bearing, which effectively isolates it from angular aircraft motions. This air bearing support, with inertial stabilization and star tracking, will permit net line of sight stability of better than 2 arcsec rms.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: 6th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 81-88
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  • 10
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    Locations of solar radio bursts (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Measurements of the positions of the sources of solar radio bursts at decameter wavelengths, 20- to 60-MHz range, provide information about physical conditions in a region of the corona extending from about one-half to several solar radii from the surface of the sun. Position measurements in the 20- to 60-MHz range were made with the Clark Lake sweep-frequency grating interferometer. Although the resolution of the instrument is sufficient to measure source position accurately, the highly variable effect of refraction in the earth's ionosphere severely limits the observations, distorting position determinations to such an extent as to make much of the position data useless unless ionospheric refraction can be taken into account. A method was developed for the removal of the refractive effect from the data to permit determination of true source position. With this technique it is considered possible to measure spatial extent of radio sources that will provide information about emission processes and physical parameters in the corona.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 149-153
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  • 11
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    Astronomical photography, part T (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Photographic observations of astronomical interest conducted during the Apollo 15 mission are discussed. Procedures used in photographing the solar corona are described together with calibration and reduction methods. In addition, selected preliminary results obtained from the photography are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Its Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 39 p
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  • 12
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    First earthshine photography from lunar orbit, part S (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The first photographs of the moon taken with earthshine illumination by the Apollo 15 crew were examined. Emphasis in the analysis was placed on a comparison of predicted exposures and obtained exposures. The results of the investigation indicate the following: (1) The predicted exposure of the maria areas and the obtained exposures were in reasonably close agreement. (2) The apparent-albedo values obtained for the floor of Aristarchus Crater are seven times greater than those for the maria.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 7 p
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  • 13
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    Reduction of near-in sidelobes using phase reversal aperture rings (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A technique is described for reducing near-in sidelobes in spacecraft antennas by cancellation. This technique takes a small portion of the radiation from the antenna aperture and generates the near-in lobes, which are then fed out of phase relative to the main signal. Results of sample cases indicate that the first three lobes can be nearly eliminated at a 40% reduction in aperture efficiency.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: JPL Quart. Tech. Rev., Vol. 1, No. 4; p 34-42
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  • 14
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    The particles and fields subsatellite magnetometer experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: It is reported that the objectives of the particles and fields subsatellite (PFS) magnetometer experiment are to calculate the interior electrical conductivity of the moon, to survey the remanent magnetization of the lunar surface, and to study the interaction of the moon with its plasma environment. The magnetometers also support the PFS particle experiment by providing onboard magnetic sectoring and a posteriori pitch angle data and plasma diagnostics.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept. te]; 13 p
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  • 15
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    X-ray fluorescence experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, carried in the scientific instrument module bay of the command and service module, was used for orbital mapping of the lunar surface composition and X-ray galactic observations during transearth coast. The lunar surface measurements involved observations of the intensity and characteristic energy distribution of the secondary or fluorescent X-rays produced by the interaction of solar X-rays with the lunar surface. The astronomical observations consisted of relatively long periods of X-ray measurement of preselected galactic sources such as Cygnus (Cyg X-1) and Scorpius (Sco X-1).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 14 p
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  • 16
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    Cosmic ray experiment. Part A: Composition and energy spectra of solar cosmic ray nuclei (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The GE experiment consisted of two types of detectors: plastics and glasses located in panel 2 and the lower half of panel 3. In panel 2, the entire exposed detector area of 14.7 by 22.6 cm was composed of 31 sheets of 0.025-cm polycarbonate plastic 9070-112. In panel 3, 39 sheets of 0.02-cm cellulose triacetate with no plasticizer made up the major volume fraction. The lower part of panel 3 contained five types of glass detectors. Particles that entered the array after it was folded were recognized, if they crossed from one sheet to another, by means of a 2-mm relative shift of alternate sheets.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 17
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    Far UV camera/spectrograph (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The far UV camera/spectrograph deployed in the Apollo 16 mission recorded light in the invisible band of wavelengths between 50 and 160 nm, approximately one-third the wavelength that can penetrate the atmosphere of the earth to ground based telescopes. The photographs obtained show hydrogen and other gases in the solar wind and interplanetary media, and provide new data on stars, nebulae, and galaxies. The instrument is described, the experimental goals outlined, and the preliminary results discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 14 p
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  • 18
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    Composition of interplanetary particles at energies from 0.1 to 150 MeV/nucleon, part B (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: During the Apollo 16 mission, a solar flare produced an enormous amount of low-energy nuclei, many orders of magnitude greater than the level inferred from studies of tracks in the window of the Apollo 12 spacecraft during a time when the sun was quiet. The differential energy spectrum of nuclei with Z less than or equal to 6 falls by seven orders of magnitude over the interval from 0.1 to 20 MeV/nucleon, then remains almost flat up to approximately 100 MeV/nucleon. The two parts correspond to contributions from the sun and from galactic cosmic rays. Any maximum in the spectrum occurs below the lowest energy studied.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 8 p
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  • 19
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    Lunar orbital mass spectrometer experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A lunar orbital mass spectrometer carried by the Apollo 16 command and service module was used to detect the lunar atmosphere and to search for active lunar volcanism. The experimental procedure and results are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 6 p
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  • 20
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    Gamma ray spectrometer experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The transearth coast period of the Apollo 16 mission provided an opportunity to study the astronomical sources of gamma radiation. This experiment was used to aid compositional identification for geochemical mapping of the lunar surface.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 8 p
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  • 21
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    Solar cosmic ray, solar wind, solar flare, and neutron albedo measurements, part C (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: All mineral detectors exposed on Apollo 16 had high surface track densities probably produced by a solar flare that occurred during the mission. The heavy ions followed a power law spectrum with exponent approximately 3 down to approximately 200 KeV/nucleon. The abundance of low-energy particle tracks observed in this flare may explain the high track densities observed in lunar dust grains. Pristine heavy-particle tracks in feldspar give long tracks. Shallow pits similar to those expected from extremely heavy solar wind ions were observed in about the expected number. Initial results give a low apparent value of neutron albedo relative to theory.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 14 p
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  • 22
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    UV photography of the earth and moon (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: This experiment obtained imagery of the earth and the moon at a series of wavelength intervals in the near ultraviolet. These photographs were used to aid in the interpretation of the UV appearance of other planets in the solar system, especially mars and venus. The filter and film characteristics are described, as well as the ozone absorption coefficient curve.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 23
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    Surveyor television camera, selected materials and electronic components, Appendix C (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The locations of various parts of the Surveyor camera are presented. Tables were prepared with emphasis on: (1) exterior parts and surfaces that are directly exposed to space, (2) parts that shield others from space radiation, (3) representative or unique materials, and (4) electronic devices that may contain unique or well-characterized materials.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 278-283
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  • 24
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    Solar flares, the lunar surface, and gas rich meteorites (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Investigations on the Fe-group nuclei track density vs depth in lunar rocks and Surveyor 3 TV camera filter glass were critically examined considering more factors than previously. The analysis gives a firmer basis to the observation of the preferential leakage of low energy Fe nuclei from the accelerating region of the sun. The track density gradients in lunar rock 12022 and filter glass are used to determine the lunar erosion rate of 3 angstroms/yr. Track gradients are less steep than predicted from energy spectrum observed in the Surveyor glass, perhaps due to sputtering. High densities of etchable tracks were found at all depths down to 60 cm in fines from Apollo cores and also in thin sections of the Pesjanoe, Pantar, and Fayetteville gas-rich meteorites. It is felt unlikely that suprathermal heavy ions were responsible for the high track densities.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 221-226
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  • 25
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    High voltage transmission microscopy of Surveyor 3 camera shrouds (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The internal structure of painted and unpainted aluminum alloy sheet samples from the TV camera shrouds were examined by high-voltage transmission electron microscopy. No clear-cut evidence of radiation damage effects was observed. Noticeable differences in microstructures between the upper visor and the sides and bottom of the lower shroud suggest different thermal histories, and the maximum temperatures due to solar heating are estimated to be between 164 and 319 C. Some correlation between microstructures and maximum estimated temperature is noted. It is felt that the apparent temperature rise due to solar heating will not affect the structural integrity of spacecraft components except possibly for very long periods of exposure. However, substantial thermal diffusion could affect interpretation of solar wind rare gas studies.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 184-196
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  • 26
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    Very heavy solar cosmic rays: Energy spectrum and implications for lunar erosion (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Particle tracks were investigated in the glass plate of a neutral density (clear flint) optical filter housed in the Surveyor 3 TV camera but exposed directly to space. The track density vs depth curve was determined and descends sharply from approximately 2.6 million tracks/sq cm at a depth of 3.6 mg/sq cm to about 35/sq cm at 700 mg/sq cm. Several tracks were of V-shapes characteristic of high energy induced fission. The erosion rate on the moon due to solar wind ions was determined from the energy spectrum, and was found to be low (0 to 2 x 10 to the minus 8th power cm/yr).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 213-216
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  • 27
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    Solar and galactic cosmic ray exposure of Surveyor 3 as determined from cosmogenic radionuclide measurements (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The proton-produced Na-22 content of samples of Surveyor 3 TV camera, surface sampler scoop, and other components was determined by nondestructive gamma ray spectrometry. The contributions of the nine most prominent solar flares to Na-22 production were calculated to be 18 dpm/kg. The observed activity in the Surveyor 3 samples was 62 + or - dpm/kg. This indicates a galactic proton contribution of about 44 dpm/kg, which adjusted for spallation of Al gives a value of 42 dpm/kg. This is compared to measurements of 88 dpm/kg in the Lost City meteorite which had an orbit extending to 2.35 AU, with a 4 pi bombardment as compared to the 2 pi bombardment of the samples on the lunar surface. The agreement between Na-22 production in Surveyor 3 and the Lost City meteorite offers evidence that the galactic cosmic ray flux is almost the same at 1 Au and at 2.35 AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 196-200
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  • 28
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    The Goddard helical tape recorder (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A spacecraft recorder was developed with the objective of functioning continuously for 5 years. The resulting design employed a metallic tape wound in a 200-turn helix. A direct drive, brushless dc torquer and servo speed control drove the recorder at 3 rpm for recording and 54 rpm for playback.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: 6th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 89-93
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  • 29
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    Long duration solar active regions (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Nimbus 3 and 4 observations of ultraviolet active regions of the sun have been investigated. It is not clear what is producing these UV-active regions, however, it could be changes in the overall intensity of the solar continuum near the region of the temperature minimum, or the solar flux variations that have been seen could be due to a continuous type of absorption like that associated with the ionization limits of elements such as aluminum, silicon, or magnesium.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 159-163
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  • 30
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    The stability of tangential discontinuities (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Intuition regarding the stability of MHD tangential discontinuities of solar wind has been borne out by a linear stability analysis of the MHD equations. In performing the calculation, the model used had no plasma flow and thus corresponded to the solar wind rest frame. The method calculated the change in total energy, plasma plus magnetic, due to the perturbation. This type of stability analysis is analogous to the test of the stability of an equilibrium point in a mechanical potential.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 134-139
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  • 31
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    Solar wind heat flow (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The ability of a theoretical solar wind model to predict the energy flux density due to heat conduction was investigated. In order to demonstrate this capability, the analysis used simultaneous data from the electron plasma experiment of Ogilvie and Lind, and the vector magnetic field data of Heppner and Sugiura on OGO-5. On the strength of two independent, different, and consistent experimental determinations of the conduction of heat flux by electrons at 149.6 gigameters(1 AU), it was determined that the models for the solar wind must be able to predict a value for the heat conduction in the range 0.007 to 0.008 in order to be in agreement with the observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 144-148
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  • 32
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    Solar X-rays and particle acceleration (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The process of solar flare acceleration of interplanetary particles, as measured by the fifth orbiting solar observatory, is explained. Data show the acceleration proceeds in two stages: (1) particle acceleration by induced electric fields arising from annihilating magnetic fields at the beginning stages of flares, and (2) a Fermi acceleration mechanism operating in a shock front produced by the flare.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 171-175
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  • 33
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    A contamination experiment investigating the failure of the Nimbus 4 filter wedge spectrometer (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A ground test is described wherein a quartz crystal microbalance was used in defining the quantity and direction of a contaminant. The cause of the failure of an experiment in orbit was thus confirmed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Simulation; p 469-485
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    An instrument for real time detection of contamination in space environmental tests chambers (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: An instrument for in situ vacuum detection of surface reflectance changes at 1216A was designed. Using successive reflections, this instrument is more sensitive as an indicator of reflectance changes than similar instruments having only a single reflection. The selection of each component of the instrument and its operational performance is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Simulation; p 503-519
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    Bias and spread in extreme value theory measurements of probability of error (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Extreme value theory is examined to explain the cause of the bias and spread in performance of communications systems characterized by low bit rates and high data reliability requirements, for cases in which underlying noise is Gaussian or perturbed Gaussian. Experimental verification is presented and procedures that minimize these effects are suggested. Even under these conditions, however, extreme value theory test results are not particularly more significant than bit error rate tests.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: JPL Quart. Tech. Rev., Vol. 1, No. 4; p 58-68
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    Calibration of radar data from Apollo 16 results, part X (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Predictions of surface and near surface blockiness using earth based radar measurements were made. Two polarizations of the radar echoes were measured - polarized and depolarized. Particular attention was given to the depolarized echoes. North Ray and South Ray Craters and a 512-m diameter lunar crater in the Flamsteed Ring were used for the study.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 3 p
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    Bistatic-radar investigation (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The purpose of the reported experiment was to determine the principal electromagnetic and structural properties of the lunar surface from the observation of command and service module (CSM) radio transmissions that were reflected from the lunar surface and received on earth. These transmissions emanate from the CSM communication systems at wavelengths of 13 cm (S-band) and 116 cm (very high frequency (VHF)). Lunar crustal properties such as dielectric constant, average slope and slope probability, density, small-scale surface roughness, and embedded rocks to a depth of 20 m may be determined. The results are proving to be most useful in understanding the processes that have produced and modified the crust and in distingushing between adjacent and subjacent geological units. The experimental observations are also of intrinsic interest in the study of electromagnetic scattering.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 13 p
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    Alpha-particle spectrometer experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Observation of lunar radon emanation during the Apollo 15 and 16 missions shows the existence of areas with locally high emanation rates. The most conspicuous Rn-222 feature found in the data analysis is a region that includes Aristarchus Crater. The excess emanating power of the Aristarchus region may be an indication of internal activity at that site. There are regions with anomalously high rates of Po-210 activity, which indicates transient phenomena involving the release of Rn-222 gas from certain areas of the moon.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 6 p
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    Solar particle tracks in glass from Surveyor 3 (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Samples of glass from the Surveyor 3 TV camera filter were examined for particle tracks by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The corrected density value is 1.7 million + or - 0.1 million tracks/sq cm, and the track density vs depth curve is determined. Comparisons with other estimated and calculated data are discussed, and lack of agreement between data sets is considered. It is felt that considerable erosion occurs, and that erosion also occurs by a flaking of small thicknesses of material, possibly caused by solar wind irradiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 209-212
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    Enhanced emission of iron nuclei in solar flares (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A silica glass window from Apollo 12 CM and a piece of flint glass from the Surveyor 3 camera filter were examined for Fe nuclei tracks. A large difference between observed and predicted track densitites was found. At low rigidity (or energy), the solar particle Fe/He ratio is much higher than the photospheric abundance ratio, but decreases with increasing rigidity until it approaches the photospheric value at a rigidity of about 500 MV. It is felt that the low-energy Fe tracks are of solar origin. The implications that heavy nuclei can be preferentially emitted from a source of energetic particles are discussed. Other conclusions are the following: Rocks exposed on the lunar surface for 10 million yr would accumulate about 6 x 10 to the 12th power tracks/sq cm, and the rate of radiation-induced erosion is about 10 to the -9 cm/yr. The lunar soil should contain heavily irradiated small grains, some with track densities of about 10 to the 12th power/sq cm that have flaked from radiation-damaged rock surfaces and some that were irradiated while at the top of the soil layer.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 217-220
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    Shutter mechanism for spacecraft spectrophotometer (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A shutter mechanism is described for the backscatter ultraviolet spectrophotometer experiment on the Nimbus D satellite. The purpose of the experiment is to determine spatial distribution of atmospheric ozone from measurements of ultraviolet radiation backscattered by the earth's atmosphere. The system consists of two independent, rotary cylinder shutters, controlled by a dual star Geneva mechanism, and driven by a single stepper motor. A single driver controls a combination of two independently driven Geneva stars. Design considerations involved the use of low friction, nonmetallic materials.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center 6th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 95-100
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  • 42
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    Near-terminator photography, part R (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The advantages resulting from the use of near-terminator photography in lunar surface investigations are discussed. It is pointed out that, under near-terminator conditions, small changes in slope produce greater contrast changes than at high sun elevation angles. This desirable phenomenon is confirmed by an examination of the near-terminator photography taken during the Apollo 15 mission. Many of the photographs obtained show lunar surface areas within a few degrees of the terminator and are therefore of significant geologic interest. In addition, many geologic features stand out in a distinct manner not normal in conventional lunar photography, thus providing additional data on the surface morphology and the configuration of a large number of lunar surface structures.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 6 p
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    Apollo 15 laser altimeter, part D (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The laser altimeter, consisting of a Q switched ruby laser, transmitting optics, counting timer, receiving optics, and a photomultiplier is described. Harmonic analysis of the mission data is also presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 2 p
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    Solar wind composition experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The Apollo 16 SWC experiment is a continuation of the earlier experiments; however, an essential change was introduced in the solar wind particle collection technique. Platinum surfaces were incorporated in the collector foil, and use was made of a layer technique for distinguishing particles of different energies and different directions of arrival. The improvements and the expanded scope of the Apollo 16 experiment, relative to the earlier SWC experiments, can be summarized as follows: elimination of possible residual dust contamination by treating the platinum foil sections with dilute hydrofluoric acid before analysis; increased accuracy of solar wind argon abundance; determination of solar wind albedo; and search for helium in the energy range above approximately 40 KeV/nucleon.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 10 p
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  • 45
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    The flare forecasting fiasco: Is everybody looking at the same sun? (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The passionate dream of the oppressed solar flare forecaster is the scientific discovery of the cause, the energy source, and the observable antecedent conditions for the solar flare. This tunnel vision has had a profound and deleterious effect on the state-of-the-art. It has diverted attention from many promising approaches and relegated them to limbo. More importantly, it has actually inhibited the scientific search for the underlying physical mechanisms. Examples of neglected aspects of the problem cover the entire range from observing techniques and equipment to the availability and accuracy of the archived scientific data. A cursory inspection of this data leads to an obvious conclusion: there are at least two suns up there.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Phys. of the Space Environment; p 157-171
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  • 46
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    Radar augmentation device (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The radar augmentation device (RAD) serves to increase the radar response of a target body and thus expedite radar acquisition. The design and development of the RAD are discussed with particular emphasis on technical problems that were encountered and solved. Discussions of the mode of operation of the RAD and the ground test history are also included.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center 6th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 65-72
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  • 47
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    Solar wind rare gas analysis: Trapped solar wind helium and neon in Surveyor 3 material (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The He-4 and Ne-20 contents in sections of the Surveyor 3 support strut samples were determined by optical and scanning electron microscopy and are compared to the results of the Apollo solar wind composition (SWC) experiments. The He-4/Ne-20 ratio in the samples from the sunlit side of the strut was approximately 300; the ratios determined in Apollo 12 lunar fines and SWC foil were below 100. The He-4/He-3 ratios were also determined, and the ratio obtained from Surveyor 3 material is higher than those found with Apollo 11 and 12 SWC experiments. The effects of spallation by cosmic rays or solar protons, stripping by cosmic ray or energetic solar alpha particles, recycling of solar wind He and radiogenic Ne, He from terrestrial atmosphere, mass discrimination near the moon, mass dependence of trapping probability, diffusion, and contamination by lunar dust are considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 201-208
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    Examination of returned Surveyor 3 camera visor for alpha radioactivity (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The TV camera visor was placed in a vacuum chamber and examined for alpha radioactivity using an alpha-scattering instrument, and plates covered with the same paint and made at the same time as the visor were used as a control. The spectra of visor and plates are very similar, and it is concluded that the gross activity on the visor is due entirely to the activity of the paint. The data were used to obtain the amount of Po-210 activity on the lunar surface. It is felt that the lack of detected alpha radioactivity does not indicate a lack of activity on the moon, since dust layers were knocked off the visor.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 177-180
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    Magnetospheric radio noise (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Observations, made by the RAE satellite, of earth magnetospheric noise are reported. The observations show radio noise exists at 700 kHz and below. The results are included in graphs.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 75-80
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    Quasi-seasonal variation in the sun (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The results of an investigation on the effects of earth seasonal changes on solar activity, particularly sunspots, are given. These results show corpuscular and electromagnetic activity increased during the equinoctial months. In addition the electromagnetic aspect tends to increase during the winter months. It was suggested that seasonal changes in sunspot numbers may be caused by the tidal forces and the processional torques exerted by the various planets in the solar atmosphere.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 164-170
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  • 51
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    Hydromagnetic heating in the solar wind (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Hydromagnetic heating in the solar wind was investigated using the heating model in which fast-mode hydromagnetic waves propagate outward from below the base and deposit energy by collisionless damping. Ray paths were found by solving Hamilton's equations. As the ray propagates along its path, it will damp, supplying thermal energy to the solar wind gas. The strong agreement of these results with observations is clear indication that the primary nonthermal heat source in the solar wind is the collisionless damping of hydromagnetic waves.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 140-143
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    Convective heating measurement by means of an infrared camera (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-18
    Description: The development of rapid and accurate wind tunnel techniques to measure convective heating distributions in complex reentry configurations is discussed. Major emphasis was put on the infrared camera technique. Its essence is the measurement of infrared emission from the surface of a wind tunnel model as a function of time. Prior calibration of the infrared camera relates the emission to the surface temperature of the model. The time history of the surface temperature can then be related to the heating rate by standard techniques. The output of the camera is an electrical signal that is tape-recorded in analog form, then digitized and processed by computer, so that automated and relatively rapid data reduction can be accomplished. In addition, the camera produces real-time visual displays of the infrared emission as pictures on an oscilloscope screen. These pictures give immediate indications of hot and cool spots on the model.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Shuttle Aerothermodyn. Technol. Conf., vol. 2; p 645-660
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  • 53
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    Error analysis of bent ray radio occultation measurments (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: There are two types of experimental measurement errors of the Doppler data associated with the radio occultation, random and systematic. Random errors are due to thermal noise in the transmission channel, and the phase lock loop, and quantization error in the digital circuitry. These are called noise type errors. The systematic errors are due to geometric uncertainty and equipment phase instability. Considered is the amount of uncertainty, due to random measurement errors, in the refractivity profiles reconstructed by this type of indirect sensing experiment. A class of refractivity profiles is defined which approximately fit the set of measured data. Bounds are placed on the extent of this class of solution profiles. To accomplish this, the sensivity of the reconstructed refractivity profiles to errors in the measured quantity and the statistics of the errors in the measurement are examined.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 5 p
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  • 54
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    Some special cases of the electromagnetic inverse problem (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: A review of exact techniques for determining the surface of a three-dimensional perfectly conducting body is given, followed by some new results on the uniqueness question concerning the number of measurements that may be required to explicitly determine the surface of the body. It is then shown that the inhomogeneous but spherically symmetric dielectric electromagnetic case is reducible to a scalar inverse problem that can be treated by known techniques.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 11 p
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    Spacecraft ion beam noise effects (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: An estimate of the antenna noise temperature and the uplink signal-to-noise ratio has been made for Bremsstrahlung radiation emitted by a spacecraft ion beam; a worst-case situation in which the spacecraft antenna is located in the exit plane of the ion beam and directed at varying angles into the ion beam is assumed. Numerical results of the antenna noise temperature versus antenna pointing angle are given for a typical set of ion beam and antenna pattern parameters. The uplink signal-to-noise ratio due to the ion beam noise alone is given in terms of a critical range in AU at which a typical ranging transmission is received with S/N = 0 db. The effects of the ion beam divergence angle and antenna distance on the ion beam are also presented. Results of the study show typical increases in the antenna noise temperature of about 0.2 K and critical ranges of the order of 3-5 AU. An ion engine thus generally introduces an undetectable level of noise into a spacecraft receiver.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: JPL Quart. Tech. Rev., Vol. 2, No. 2; p 61-71
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    Interplex: An analysis of optimized power allocations for two and three channel PSK/PM telecommunications systems (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: Optimal design concepts are presented for two- and three-channel telemetry modes in the context of the Mariner Venus-Mercury 1973 mission and the usefulness of interplex modulation techniques is discussed. These ideas are applied as an example to one Mariner Venus-Mercury 1973 telemetry mode to demonstrate that interplex can reduce the required total average power by more than 2 dB in some cases.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: JPL Quarterly Tech. Rev., Vol. 2, No. 1; p 143-151
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    Analysis of the failure of a polyester peripheral drive belt on the Mariner Mars 1971 flight tape recorder (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: A peripheral drive belt on the Mariner Mars 1971 tape recorder failed when a thin longitudinal strip separated off one edge. Analysis showed that the most probable cause of failure occurred from flexural fatigue initiating in mechanically weak locations which are introduced into the belt during fabrication. Methyl ethyl ketone, which is employed as a cleaning solvent during fabrication, was found to cause permanent reduction in engineering properties of polyester and could have contributed to the reduction of the fatigue resistance. Fatigue properties of the polyester drive belt are reviewed for the operating condition, as well as the sensitivity of polyester to cleaning solvents and the origin of mechanically weak locations.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: JPL Quarterly Tech. Rev., Vol. 2, No. 1; p 82-99
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  • 58
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    Studies on the frictional behavior of magnetic recording tapes (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: Methods were developed for measuring frictional forces acting on a magnetic tape in motion or at rest, as well as the extent of stick slip. The effects of factors such as temperature, humidity, kind of gaseous atmosphere, and tape speed on the frictional interaction between various tapes and heads were investigated. Results were instrumental in the selection of a tape for the Mariner Mars 1971 spacecraft. Studies are reported on the stick slip behavior of tapes and the performance of a metallic tape, compared with the usual plastic tapes.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: JPL Quarterly Tech. Rev., Vol. 2, No. 1.; p 100-106
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  • 59
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    Results from simultaneous radar-television observations (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-24
    Description: The results of the reduction of simultaneous observations of 29 meteors are presented in tabular form. Fragmentation of the observations is discussed along with the 50 meteors not yet reduced.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Meteor Res. Program; p 83-99
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  • 60
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    Analysis procedure for television observations and simultaneous observations (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-24
    Description: The procedures used in the analysis of television and simultaneous observations are described. Starting with the right ascension and declination of the meteor, the celestrial triangle formed by Sidell and the meteor is solved, and the epochs of the beginning and end of the meteor observation as recorded on the video tape are determined.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Meteor Res. Program; p 69-76
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    Simultaneous observations by television camera and radar (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-24
    Description: The original image-orthicon equipment used for simultaneous radar and optical observations is described. The adaptations made to enhance its usefulness for meteor observations, and the specialized calibration and photometric procedures developed for this purpose are also described. Some brief comments concerning the use of the secondary electron conduction vidicon are included.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Meteor Res. Program; p 29-36
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    Statistical accuracy of cosmic radiation neutron component recorders (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: A method is examined for calculating the error of experimental data from a standard neutron monitor with the multiplicity of neutron generation. It is shown that use of the Poisson distribution to estimate the real statistical error is inadequate. The method proposed is for analysis of low-amplitude periodicities in the cosmic-ray variations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 79-81
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    Results of measurement of radio wave absorption in the ionosphere by the AI method (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Median noon absorption values for each month from 1964 through 1967, the diurnal variations of absorption on the regular world days, and the seasonal variations of absorption are given. The dependence of the absorption coefficient on sunspot number is analyzed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 99-112
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    Cosmic ray variations during PCA type absorption (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: It is shown based on data on the cosmic-ray neutron component, ionospheric soundings, and measurements of cosmic radio-emission absorption at Vostok station (Antarctica) that the ionization of the lower ionosphere increases during low intensity of Forbush-type cosmic rays. This is manifested in increased absorption and the appearance of strong sporadic layers in the E-region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 74-77
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    Variations of cosmic rays associated with chromospheric flares on the sun (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Features of the cosmic-ray variations in the geomagnetic pole region and a smooth decrease in the cosmic rays intensity as a result of increased solar activity are reported. A 66-day variation of the cosmic rays was registered, in agreement with the maximum frequency and power of solar chromospheric flares.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 113-116
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    Analysis procedure for radar observations (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-24
    Description: Based on the assumption that the ionized column left behind a moving meteroroid is underdense, it is shown that radar observations of the column yield resonable aproximations to the meteoriod's speed and trajectory. The principles and procedures for finding a meteor's position and vector velocity from the observed data are also presented.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Meteor Res. Program; p 51-68
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    Antenna calibration at Havana (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-24
    Description: The procedures for calibrating the antenna patterns of the Havana radar system are described along with the reduction of the measurements made using a dipole towed behind an airplane. The power-gain pattern for the north, south, and joint troughs of sites 3 and 4 are plotted.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Meteor Res. Program; p 37-50
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    Description of eight station radar near Havana, Illinois (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-24
    Description: A general description is given of the eight-station system at Havana which incorporated high-gain antennas and a powerful transmitter to reach faint meteors on the order of magnitude of plus 12. The station location, principle of system design, systems connections, transmitter, receivers, logics, range measurement, and recording are described.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Meteor Res. Program; p 19-27
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  • 69
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    Head-up displays for STOL visual approaches (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: A simulation study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a simple head-up display in improving glide-slope tracking performance during steep visual approaches in a STOL aircraft. The head-up display featured an attitude-stabilized horizon bar and glide-slope reference bar parallel to and 7.5 deg below the horizon bar. On some approaches a flight-path marker symbol showing the projected ground impact point was also displayed. Half of the approaches were flown in a conventional mode in which the pilot changed pitch attitude to correct for height errors. The remaining approaches were flown in a direct-lift mode in which the pilot modulated thrust to change the flight-path angle without pitching the aircraft.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 227-243
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  • 70
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    Precision signal power measurement (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: Accurate estimation of signal power is an important Deep Space Network (DSN) consideration. Ultimately, spacecraft power and weight is saved if no reserve transmitter power is needed to compensate for inaccurate measurements. Spectral measurement of the received signal has proved to be an effective method of estimating signal power over a wide dynamic range. Furthermore, on-line spectral measurements provide an important diagnostic tool for examining spacecraft anomalies. Prototype equipment installed at a 64-m-diameter antenna site has been successfully used to make measurements of carrier power and sideband symmetry of telemetry signals received from the Mariner Mars 1971 spacecraft.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: JPL Quart. Tech. Rev., Vol. 2, No. 2; p 18-24
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  • 71
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    The response of covered silicon detectors to monoenergetic gamma rays. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements have been made of the efficiency in detecting gamma rays of a 0.3-mm-, 3-mm-, and 5-mm-thick silicon detector covered with different absorbers. Calibrated sources over the range from 279 keV to 2.75 MeV were used. The need for the absorbers to obtain meaningful results and their contribution to the response of the detectors at electron biases from 50 to 200 keV are discussed in detail. It is shown that the results are virtually independent of the atomic number of the absorber. In addition, the role of the absorber in increasing the efficiency with increasing photon energy for low bias settings is demonstrated for the 0.3-mm crystal. Qualitative explanations are given for the shapes of all curves of efficiency versus energy at each bias.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Science and Engineering; 47; Apr. 197
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  • 72
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    Extreme ultraviolet solar images televised in-flight with a rocket-borne SEC vidicon system. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A TV image of the entire sun while an importance 2N solar flare was in progress was recorded in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation band 171-630 A and was transmitted to ground from an Aerobee-150 rocket on Nov. 4, 1969 using S-band telemetry. The camera tube was a SEC vidicon, with its fiber optic faceplate coated with an XUV-to-visible conversion layer of p-quaterphenyl. The XUV passband was produced by three 1000-A thick aluminum filters in series together with the platinized reflecting surface of the off-axis paraboloid that imaged the sun. A number of images were recorded with integration times between 1/30 sec and 2 sec. Reconstruction of pictures was enhanced by combining several to reduce the noise.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; May 1972
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  • 73
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    The effect of secondary autoionization on dielectronic recombination. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Demonstration that, during the process of dielectronic recombination, the energy of a recombined ion after a resonance capture and subsequent stabilization may still be higher than the first ionization limit. If that happens, a secondary autoionization can take place and reduce the recombination coefficient. The importance of this effect is considered for iron ions Fe(9+) to Fe(13+).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Letters; 10; Apr. 197
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  • 74
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    Metagalactic gamma rays from relativistic-electron bremsstrahlung interactions. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Evaluation of gamma-ray spectra calculated for relativistic-electron bremsstrahlung interactions at cosmological distances under the assumption of a single power-law source spectrum for the electrons. It is concluded that such spectra cannot match the form of the observed cosmic gamma-ray spectrum above 1 MeV, as has previously been suggested.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 171; Jan. 15
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  • 75
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    Radiometer for remote sounding of the upper atmosphere. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The pressure-modulated carbon dioxide radiometer is a new kind of instrument capable of making temperature soundings in the 40-80-km region of the earth's atmosphere. It is intended to be mounted on a polar-orbiting satellite, where it will give global coverage of the upper atmosphere in a region that is not well understood at present but that is, as rocket soundings show, clearly the seat of many interesting and vigorous phenomena. The new technique employs a cell containing carbon dioxide as a filter. The pressure and hence transmission of this cell is periodically modulated, resulting in the selection of thermal radiation from the strong lines in the spectrum of atmospheric carbon dioxide. This radiation originates at levels in the atmosphere where the pressure is low. The energy grasp of the device is large enough to give high sensitivity.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Jan. 197
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  • 76
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    Thermospheric temperature measurement technique. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A method for measurement of temperature in the earth's lower thermosphere from a high-velocity probes is described. An undisturbed atmospheric sample is admitted to the instrument by means of a free molecular flow inlet system of skimmers which avoids surface collisions of the molecules prior to detection. Measurement of the time-of-flight distribution of an initially well-localized group of nitrogen metastable molecular states produced in an open, crossed electron-molecular beam source, yields information on the atmospheric temperature. It is shown that for high vehicle velocities, the time-of-flight distribution of the metastable flux is a sensitive indicator of atmospheric temperature. The temperature measurement precision should be greater than 94% at the 99% confidence level over the range of altitudes from 120-170 km. These precision and altitude range estimates are based on the statistical consideration of the counting rates achieved with a multichannel analyzer using realistic values for system parameters.
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  • 77
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    Piston manometer as an absolute standard for vacuum-gauge calibration. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Determination of the total pressure in a calibration volume by measuring the force on a thin circular disk, of accurately known area, that is freely suspended in a hole in the container wall, so that the disk is substantially flush with the wall. The disk almost fills the hole, so that there is a narrow annular gap. A continuous flow of calibrating gas, injected into the container in order to maintain a desired pressure, passes through the annular gap to a diffusion pump. The ratio of pressures on the two faces of the disk is of the order of 100:1, so that downstream pressure need be known only nominally in order to deduce the upstream surface. Force on the disk is measured by a balance that is calibrated in situ with dead weights. In one arrangement, pressures in the range from 10 to 500 microtorr were measured with an estimated probable error of (1 microtorr + 1%).
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  • 78
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    Mode coupling in partial reflections from the ionosphere at vertical incidence. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effect of mode coupling has been calculated for radio waves partially reflected from the lower ionosphere at vertical incidence. Calculations were made for parameters appropriate to the partial reflection experiments (Belrose, 1970). The four reflection coefficients (two direct and two coupled) are calculated for a plane discontinuity using a matrix perturbation analysis. The ratios of coupled to direct reflection coefficients are calculated for a general one-dimensional reflecting layer using the coupled equations of Clemmow and Heading (1954). At the highest electron density considered, 10,000 per cu cm, about 10% of the reflected extraordinary wave amplitude might be due to coupling from the incident ordinary wave. The effect is smaller at lower electron density.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Radio Science; 7; Apr. 197
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  • 79
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    Neutral-particle wake method for measuring the atmospheric temperature from a satellite. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of a method that would permit a satellite-borne neutral mass spectrometer to measure the atmospheric temperature. The spectrometer examines the partial pressure variations that occur as the wake of a small rectangular baffle is swept across the entrance orifice of the spectrometer. For a given baffle size and for a mounting distance from the orifice, the depth of the resulting pressure minimum depends only on the thermal velocity or temperature of the observed species. The validity of the method can be checked by measuring the wake characteristics of more than one species and/or by employing each of several baffle sizes. The theory includes the effect of a finite orifice size, finite baffle length, and the backscattering of particles from the baffle into the orifice. It is found that a suitable baffle arrangement can be achieved that will permit the temperature to be measured over at least the range normally encountered in the thermosphere (200 to 2000 K) and, depending on the sensitivity and background pressure of the spectrometer, over an altitude range of about 140 to 600 km.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Apr. 1
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  • 80
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    Heavy ions from interplanetary dust. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Most atoms that are evaporated from interplanetary dust near the sun are quickly ionized and are probably carried away by the interplanetary magnetic field and the solar wind. The contribution of these heavy ions to the solar-wind flux has been estimated by using estimates of the mass required to maintain the zodiacal cloud. This contribution appears to be small compared with the heavy-ion flux of coronal origin. Many ions from dust remain singly ionized; some of these, such as Ca(+), can resonantly scatter solar radiation. The contribution of this interplanetary glow to the background of twilight glow has been estimated. Interplanetary glow may be detectable. Some atoms from dust may be accelerated by radiation pressure before being ionized. Estimates of velocities and fluxes for Fe indicate that this acceleration is not very effective.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Apr. 1
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  • 81
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    Explorer 35 observations of solar-wind electron density, temperature, and anisotropy. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurement of the solar wind electron integral spectrum yielding electron temperatures ranging from 100,000 to 400,000 K and having an average value of 182,000 K, electron densities having an average value of 4.6 per cu cm, and electron-temperature anisotropies ranging from 1 to 1.4. The electron temperature is found to be independent of solar-wind speed over the range from 290 to 675 km/sec. Comparison of the simultaneous alignment of the local magnetic-field vector with the direction of the electron-temperature anisotropy reveals a high correlation. Necessary conditions for the fire-hose instabilities were satisfied in the electron and proton components of the solar-wind plasma immediately behind an interplanetary shock.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Apr. 1
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  • 82
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    Selected-zone dark-field electron microscopy. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of a new method which makes it possible to reduce drastically the resolution-limiting influence of chromatic aberration, and thus to obtain high-quality images, by selecting the image-forming electrons that have passed through a small annular zone of an objective lens. In addition, the manufacture of special objective-lens aperture diaphragms that are needed for this method is also described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Physics Letters; 20; Feb. 1
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  • 83
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    A high-sensitivity search for X-rays from supernova remnants in Aquila. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A high-sensitivity scan of the galactic plane from 70 to 30 deg was performed to search for 2-20-keV X rays from supernova remnants. The spectra of five X-ray sources detected between 44 and 31 deg longitude are presented, of which only two might be associated with suggested supernova remnants. Upper limits are given for the 19 possible supernova remnants scanned.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 173; Apr. 15
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  • 84
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    Convergence of oscillator spectral estimators for counted-frequency measurements. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A common intermediary connecting frequency-noise calibration or testing of an oscillator to useful applications is the spectral density of the frequency-deviating process. In attempting to turn test data into predicts of performance characteristics, one is naturally led to estimation of statistical values by sample-mean and sample-variance techniques. However, sample means and sample variances themselves are statistical quantities that do not necessarily converge (in the mean-square sense) to actual ensemble-average means and variances, except perhaps for excessively large sample sizes. This is especially true for the flicker noise component of oscillators. This article shows, for the various types of noises found in oscillators, how sample averages converge (or do not converge) to their statistical counterparts. The convergence rate is shown to be the same for all oscillators of a given spectral type.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Communications; COM-20; Apr. 197
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  • 85
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    Cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra above 50 GeV. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Differential energy spectra of cosmic-ray protons and He nuclei have been measured for the first time by an ionization spectrometer flown at balloon altitudes. The energy range extended from 50 to more than 1000 GeV. The observed differential intensities can be represented with power-law spectra with a slope of -2.75 (plus or minus 0.03) for protons and of -2.77 (plus or minus 0.05) for He nuclei. The proton-to-He ratio is 26 (plus or minus 3) at 40 GeV/nucleon and is constant within errors up to 400 GeV/nucleon.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 28; Apr. 10
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  • 86
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    Electronic systems for the new multichannel spectrometer at Sacramento Peak. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of the design features and operation of a new multichannel solar spectrometer to be used for ground-based observations of active regions whose X-ray and EUV emissions are studied by the OSO-H and other satellites. The electronic systems associated with the instrument include (1) an electrooptical guider controlled by a punched paper tape capable of making raster scans of selected portions of the solar disk, (2) a programmer unit that applies paper-tape commands to various portions of the instrument, (3) a closed-loop servosystem for the vacuum heliostat, (4) stepping motor controls for spectral scans, (5) a 40-channel photomultiplier readout, and (6) a magnetometer. Preliminary solar observations indicate satisfactory performance of the system.
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  • 87
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    The large space telescope instrumentation. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Aspects of the Large Space Telescope project (LST) as it is developing at the Goddard Space Flight Center are presented and a brief discussion is given of the types of observing program that might be handled. The special characteristics of an LST are large light-gathering power, good spectral efficiency from 900 A to 5 microns, near diffraction limited performance, launch by the space shuttle into a low orbit like that of the Orbiting Astronomical Observatories, and a lifetime of at least 10 years. A basic set of instruments to be used with the telescope might include on-axis cameras with broad-band filter response, an imaging spectrograph, a low-resolution spectrograph, a high-resolution spectrograph, spectrum scanners, narrow-band photometers, interferometers for use in the near infrared, polarimeters for use in the ultraviolet, and provision for measuring the time variations of the light from astronomical objects on a scale of milli-seconds as well as on a scale of minutes, hours, days, and weeks.
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  • 88
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    Photographing flow fields and heat-transfer patterns in color simultaneously. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A color-schlieren technique is described that combines the flow-field shock shapes and the phase-change coating to give a very descriptive account of aerodynamic heating. This technique employs, in addition to the conventional schlieren system, a temperature-sensitive material as a thin surface coating that undergoes a visible phase change from opaque solid to clear liquid at a known temperature. The resulting pictures can lead to a better understanding of shock/boundary layer interactions, as shown with the aid of a specific example.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 10; Apr. 197
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  • 89
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    The use of magnetometers on balloon-borne X-ray astronomy experiments. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of magnetometers for azimuth determination of balloon-borne X-ray astronomy payloads is examined, with special emphasis placed on the experiments of the University of Adelaide Cosmic Ray Group. A critical evaluation is made of the effectiveness of the magnetometers, including discussion of effects due to geomagnetic field variations, magnetometer misorientation and spurious contaminant magnetic fields. Calibration techniques and details of in-flight performance are also presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 20; Mar. 197
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  • 90
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    Remarks about X-rays from Eta Carinae. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two current models for Eta Carinae are discussed. It is shown that the recently observed soft X-ray flux seems to indicate a surprisingly high density for the ambient gas around Eta Carinae, and that some useful constraints on models of this object may result from X-ray observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 236; Mar. 20
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  • 91
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    Fabry lens. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of the properties, operation, and applications of the Fabry lens. As used in stellar photometry, a Fabry lens is nothing more than a simple converging lens inserted into the optical train of a photometer to construct an image of the objective on the photomultiplier cathode. The thereby derived advantages are reviewed, and some techniques designed to maximize these advantages are outlined.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Feb. 197
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  • 92
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    High-sensitivity receiver for infrared laser communications. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of a high-sensitivity wide-bandwidth 10.6-micron heterodyne receiver for space and ground operational use. The receiver includes a cooled HgCdTe infrared mixer diode, a conical scanner for spatial tracking, an acquisition channel for spatial search and station alignment, and an automatic frequency-control channel to maintain a fixed laser frequency offset. The infrared mixer is designed to provide nearly quantum-noise-limited operation over an extended range of mixer temperature, bias voltage, and intermediate frequency. The resultant experimental receiver has a measured noise equivalent power of less than 10 to the minus 19th W/Hz over the 15- to 40-MHz i.f. band for mixer temperatures from 85 to 115 K, and less than 2 x 10 to the minus 19th W/Hz up to 140 K. Mixer 3-dB cutoff frequencies as high as 420 MHz were measured at a mixer temperature of 125 K. An analysis and engineering equations are given for receiver noise components, noise equivalent power, available mixer conversion gain, mixer transducer gain, and quantum-noise factor in terms of such factors as mixer parameters, quantum efficiency, mixer temperature, dynamic conductance, bias voltage, local oscillator power, and i.f. amplifier characteristics.
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  • 93
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    Lunar fossil magnetism and perturbations of the solar wind. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Perturbations of the solar wind downstream of the moon and lying outside of the rarefaction wave that defines the diamagnetic cavity are used to define possible source regions comprised of intrinsically magnetized areas of the moon. A map of the moon is constructed showing that a model in which the sources are exposed to the grazing solar wind during the lunation yields a selenographically invariant set of regions strongly favoring the lunar highlands over the maria. An alternative model with the source due to electromagnetic induction is explored. The ages of the field sources should be consistent with those based on the basalt ages and possibly far older if the sources are connected with the formation of the highland rocks themselves. The perturbations are tentatively identified as weak shock waves, and a Mach angle in accord with nominal values for the solar wind is found.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Feb. 1
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  • 94
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    Analog simulation of a gas pressure regulator. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The behavior characteristics of direct-acting gas pressure regulators are discussed in terms of spring force, flow force, and friction force. The dynamics of the metering valve and bellows assembly are described by equating all forces on the valve to zero. Continuity equations for the regulator are derived. Simulations are carried out to determine effects of sensing orifice diameter, poppet stem friction, output volume, and supply pressure on regulator behavior. Several regulator configurations are studied.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Instruments and Control Systems; 45; Apr. 197
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  • 95
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    Search for antimatter in primary cosmic rays. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data from two flights of a new superconducting magnetic spectrometer are reported. This instrument was capable of a direct matter-antimatter separation in the cosmic rays. Antimatter events would appear in the spectrometer as trajectories which curve in the opposite direction to common matter, because of their negative charge. A brief description of the equipment and of the characteristics of the instrument is presented, along with the data processing techniques used. A new upper limit on the amount of antimatter in primary cosmic rays has been established. The limits are considerably lower than those for any previous experiment.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 236; Apr. 14
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  • 96
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    Requirements for laser radar detection of a barium ion cloud at five earth radii. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The requirements for a tuned laser radar capable of detecting and ranging a high altitude barium ion cloud release are discussed. A high energy pulsed dye laser tuned to the 455.4 nm Ba II resonance line is considered as the transmitter. Photon counting detection is employed and the resultant signal is integrated over a number of successive laser firings. The solar induced radiance of the cloud is the major background noise source. Detection and ranging may be achieved with signal-to-noise ratios of the order of unity using currently available equipment. This technique has the potential of improved resolution as compared to photographic measurements previously made.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 20; Mar. 197
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  • 97
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    Calibration of small gauge thermocouples. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A technique has been developed to dynamically calibrate fine wire thermocouples of 0.025 mm diam and smaller to 1625 K in less than 10 sec. In this method, the varying physical parameters present under typical dynamic heating conditions are simulated, and therefore, wire deterioration can be related to time, temperature, pressure, and atmosphere. A description of the equipment and procedures is given along with the preliminary results that correlate well with thermoelectric theory.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Jan. 197
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  • 98
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    Binary single-sideband phase-modulated communication systems. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Single-sideband phase modulation (SSBPM), in which a signal is simultaneously phase- and amplitude-modulated by a signal and its Hilbert transform, is shown to be suboptimum for binary signaling in white Gaussian noise. An alternative single-sideband technique based on the properties of binary suppressed-carrier phase modulation is proposed and shown to give performance equivalent to the double-sideband version.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Information Theory; IT-18; Jan. 197
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  • 99
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    Mechanism for the X-ray pulsations in Cyg X-1. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The mechanism proposed involves the occurrence of a flare in a region of high magnetic field on the surface of a star. The flare produces oscillations in the magnetic field structure. The oscillations lead to heating of the plasma in a flux tube which emits thermal radiation. The heating may be caused by magnetic pumping or particles accelerated in periodic bursts by the flare. Synchrotron radiation from high energy particles accounts for the hard X-ray emission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 235; Jan. 14
    Format: text
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  • 100
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Computations of the aperture admittance of an axial slot on a dielectric coated cylinder. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An extensive set of curves for the aperture admittance of a waveguide-fed axial slot on a coated metal cylinder is presented for both an underdense plasma and a Teflon coating. Examination of these curves shows that a slot on a cylinder with a Ka of 2 to 3 has about the same aperture admittance as the identical slot opening onto a flat ground plane.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-20; Jan. 197
    Format: text
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