ALBERT

Notes: The paper presents research and development at the Thematic Information Service of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) on the topic of integrated geographic information systems. The term integrated is used to describe the incorporation of vector digitised map data and raster scanned remotely sensed data within a single computational environment and with a single interface to the user. Point sampled and statistical data can also be handled by the system. The general structure and working of the Thematic Information Service (TIS) is described only to the extent that it is relevant to providing the background to the research or to highlighting why the specific approach described has been taken.

Notes: A procedure for digital image correlation is described which is based on least squares window matching. The immediate aim is high precision parallax assessment, point transfer, and point measurement. Experiments and theory have confirmed the high accuracy potential of the method. By implementation of charge coupled device (CCD) video cameras in an analytical plotter, an experimental hardware and software configuration has been established with which the operational on line application of digital image correlation for conventional photogrammetric measuring tasks can be tested. First results of calibration and performance of the system are presented. They allow optimistic conclusions as to the further development and practical application of digital image processing in photogrammetry.

Notes: Book review in this aticle:DESERTS AND ARID LANDS. Edited by F. El-Baz.IMAGES OF THE WORLD AN ATLAS OF SATELLITE IMAGERY AND MAPS. By C. Mueller-Wille with an interpretive supplement by R. M. Smith.ELEMENTS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY. By P. R. Wolf.

Notes: The essential features of equipment for mobile processing are outlined with reference to the development of small photographic laboratory vehicles for use in the Jield. The resulting air film processor, the Wainco Products Limited 392. is described and details are given of trials carried out to establish its performance for a range of tasks in both reconnaissance and survey. The tests cover the sensitometric and drying behaviour of several air films in current use and include an analysis of the dimensional stability o f j l m in the processor. Applications using direrent containers and eflectiveness in improvised situations are also described and possible future variants of the processor are suggested.

Notes: In 1987, the Scottish Office commissioned vertical aerial photography for the whole of Scotland at 1:24 000 scale. The paper describes the need for this national coverage, the physical and economic constraints and the acquisition of the photographs. The principal use of the photography, as a database for measuring land cover change in Scotland, is summarised and numerous other projects are also described. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Le Bureau des Affaires Écossaises a commandé en 1987 une couverture photographique aérienne verticale au 1:24000 sur ľensemble de ľÉcosse. On présente dans cet article les besoins qui ont motivé cette couverture, les contraintes économiques el physiques correspondantes et le déroulement de sa saisie. On donne un aperçu de la principale utilisation de ces photographies, destiniées à constituter une base de données pour la détermination des modifications intervenues en Écosse dans ľoccupation du sol; de nombreux autres projets sont également mentionées. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Im Jahre 1987 gab das Scottish Office Auftrag zur Luftbildaufnahme im Maβstab 1:24000 von ganz Schottland. Im Artikel werden die Notwendigkeit für diese vollständige nationale Bedeckung, für die physikalischen und ökonomischen Zwangsbedingungen und für die Beschaffung der Fotos beschrieben. Die prinzipielle Nutzung der Fotografie als Datenbasis zur Bestimmung der Landnutzungsänderung in Schottland wird hervorgehoben und zahlreiche andere Projekte werden ebenso beschrieben.

Notes: Maintaining the quality of aerial photographic products with time requires a simultaneous retention of both image and dimensional characteristics. These factors are prerequisites for maintaining aesthetic value and ensuring no distortion of information occurs. It is, however, the recent experience of archivists that many negatives and prints are suffering irreversible deterioration. Degradation is typified by image fading, the presence of surface crystalline deposits which obscure any image and significant dimensional distortion. This paper relates those factors which influence stability, principally temperature, relative humidity and oxygen, and correlates them to structural changes in the materials. In addition an overview is given of methods of monitoring and of inhibiting breakdown. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Pour maintenir la qualité des produits photographiques aériens dans le temps, il faut satisfaire auxproblèmes de conservation à la fois de ľimage et de ses qualités dimensionnelles. Ce sont des préalables nécessaires au maintien de la qualité esthétique du document et àľabsence de distorsion dans ses données. C'est que ľexpérience récente des archivistes a montré que nombre de négatifs et de tirages subissaient actuellement des détériorations irréversibles. Ces détériorations sont caractérisees par ľaffaiblissement de ľimage, ľapparition de dépôts cristallins en surface qui obscurcissent ľimage et ľexistence de variations dimensionelles importantes. On examine dans cet article les facteurs qui pertubent cette conservation, essentiellement la température, ľhumidité relative et ľoxydation et on les corrèle avec les changements structured des matériaux. On donne de plus un aperçu des méthodes permettant de suivre et de freiner ces altérations. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Das Gewährleisten der Qualität von Luftbilderzeugnissen in Abhängigkeit der Zeit erfordert die gleichzeitige Bewahrung sowohl der Bild- als auch der Dimensionscharakteristika. Diese Faktoren sind die Voraussetzungen zur Erhaltung des ästhetischen Wertes und gewährleisten, daβ keine Verzerrung der Informationen auftritt. Es ist jedoch neuste Erfahrung von Archivaren, daβ viele Negative und Kopien irreversible Wertminderungen erleiden. Das wird sichtbar durch das Verblassen von Bildern, das Auftreten von kristallinen Ablagerungen aufder Oberfläche, die Bilddetails verdecken und durch signifikante Dimensionsänderungen. Der Betrag bezieht sich auf solche Faktoren, die die Stabilitat beeinflussen, vor allem Temperatur, relative Luftfeuchte und Sauerstoff und korreliert diese mit strukturellen Veranderungen des Materials. Zusätzlich wird ein Überblick über Verfahren zur Materialbeobachtung und der Verminderung von dessen Verderb gegeben.

Notes: During both the First and Second World Wars, much effort was put into obtaining and interpreting aerial photographs for military reconnaissance purposes. Initially this material was classified; however, with the passing of time, much has now been declassified and is accessible to the general public. There is a large variety of information which can be of use to a number of disciplines. This material includes photographic prints, interpretation manuals, interpretation reports, plans of targets, and technical details of cameras, lenses and mountings. The use of this material will be demonstrated with examples from the United Kingdom, France and Italy, primarily for civil engineering site studies. The varied sources of this material will be discussed. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Au cours de la première et de la seconde Guerre Mondiale, on a déployé beaucoup ď efforts dans le receuil et ľ interprétation de photographies aériennes à des fins de reconnaissance militaire. Au début on classifia ces documents; mais maintenant, le temps ètant écoulé, on en a déclassifié une grande partie pour la rendre accessible au grand public. On peut ainsi y trouver toutes sortes ď informations qui peuvent être utiles à de nombreuses disciplines. Ces documents comprennent des tirages photographiques, des manuels ď interprétation, des rapports ď interprétation, des plans ď objectifs (militaires), et des détails techniques sur les chambres photographiques, leurs objectifs et leurs montures. Ľ intérêt du recours à ces documents est illustré par des examples provenant du Royaume-Uni, de France et ďItalie, essentiellement dans le domaine du génie civil pour des études de sites. On examine également les diverses origines de ces documents. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Während des 1. und 2. Weltkrieges wurde vielAufwand zur Gewinnung und Interpretation von Luftbildern für militärische Erkundungszwecke geleistet. Anfänglich wurde dieses Material unter Verschluβ gehalten, im Laufe der Zeitjedoch wurde vielesfreigegeben und ist nun der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich. Es gibt eine Vielzahl von Informationen, die für eine Anzahl von Disziplinen von Nutzen sein kann. Das Material umfaβt Fotokopien, Interpretationsmanuale, Interpretationsberichte, Pläne von Zielen und technische Details über Kameras, Objektive und Aufhängungen. Die Nutzung dieses Materials wirdan Hand von Beispielen aus dem Vereinigten Königreich, aus Frankreich und aus Italien gezeigt, und zwar vor allem für Analysen von Baustellen. Die vielfältigen Quellen für dieses Material werden diskutiert.

Notes: Low cost analytical plotters for use with 35 mm and 70 mm metric and non-metric photography are increasingly being considered as a means of introducing photogrammetry to non-photogrammetrists. One of these instruments, an Adam Technology MPS-2, recently formed the basis for a research project into the feasibility of such non-specialist use. During the project, an MPS-2 users' group was formed and many of the current users were asked to complete a questionnaire detailing their experiences with the instrument. Almost 40 users responded and their replies are given in this paper, which begins by outlining the project and goes on to discuss the comments received. The paper ends with an appraisal of the MPS-2 as seen through the eyes of its users and concludes that, considering its relatively low cost, it is definitely worthy of consideration by non-specialists. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On considère actuellement de plus en plus que les appareils de réstitution analytiques bon marché, permettant ľemploi des photographies 35 mm et 70 mm, métriques et non-métriques, constituent un bon moyen ďinitiation des non-photogrammètres à la photogrammétrie. Ľun de ces instruments, le MPS-2 de la Société Adam Technology, a servi de base à une action de recherche sur lafaisabilitéďun tel emploi par des non-spécialistes. On a formé, dans le cadre de cette action de recherche, un groupe ďutilisateurs du MPS-2, à la plupart desquels on a adressé un questionnaire leur demandant de détailler leur expérience de cet appareil. On a reçu près de 40 réponses ďutilisateurs et ľon reproduit ces réponses dans cet article. Après avoir esquisé les grandes lignes de cette action de recherche, on commente les réponses reçues. On termine sur une appréciation du MPS-2 vu par les utilisateurs et on en conclut que, étant donné son coût relativement faible, cet appareil mérite absolument ďêtre pris en compte par les non-spécialistes. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Preiswerte analytische Auswertegeräte für die Auswertung von 35 mm-und 70 mm-Fotos, die mit Meβkammern und Nichtmeβkammern aufge-nommen wurden, werden zunehmend als Mittel zur Einführung der Phologrammetrie bei Nichtphotogrammetem angesehen. Eines dieser Geräte, ein MPS-2 von Adam Technology, bildete kürzlich die Grundlage für ein Forschungsprojekt zum Nutzen solcher Anwendungen für Nicht-spezialisten. Während des Projektes wurde eine MPS-2-Nutzergruppe gebildet und viele der gegenwärtigen Nutzer wurden gebeten, einen Fragebogen zu vervollständigen und ihre Erfahrungen mit dem Gerät mitzuteilen. Zunächst wird das Projekt skizziert, und dann werden die erhaltenen Kommentare diskutiert. Der Artikel schlieβt mit einer Bewertung des MPS-2, wie er mit den Augen seiner Nutzer gesehen wird und schluβfolgert, daβ er unter Beachtung seiner relativ geringen Kosten deutlich die Aufmerksamkeit der Nichtspezialisten verdient.

Notes: The evolution of quality assurance at the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain (OS) is described. Quality control methods have been adopted to cope with the change from graphical to digital products and processes, but the human inspector remains indispensable. Following an agreement that the OS will archive large volumes of digital data captured by public utility contractors, quality assurance procedures for the acceptance of batches of digital maps have been based on an elaboration of standards BS 6001 (IS02859). A quality assurance certification scheme for land survey organisations based on BS 5750 (ISO9001) is under discussion. However, following recent government initiatives in quality management, the OS is now committed to the philosophy of total quality management and registration schemes for quality assurance could eventually become obsolete. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Cet article traite de ľévolution de ľassurance-qualitéàľOrdnance Survey (OS) de Grande-Bretagné. On a adopté a ľOS des méthodes de contrôle-qualité permettant de faire face aux changements résultant du passage de la forme graphique à la forme numérique pour les procédés el les produits, tout en conservant unepart ďintervention humaine indispensable dans les controles. Comme suite à une convention passée avec les services publics selon laquelle ľOS doit archiver ďimportantes quantités des donnees numiriques que ceux-ci auront receuillies, on se conformera à un système de normes BS 6001 (ISO 2859) pour les procédés ďassurance-qualité lors de la recette technique des lots de cartes numériques. La discussion porte actuellement sur un projet de certification ďassurance-qualité et de registre pour les organismes de levé foncier, en se basant sur la norme BS 5750 (ISO 9001). Toutefois, aprés les récentes initiatives gouvernementales en matière de gestion de la qualityé, ľOS se trouve maintenant confrontéà la philosophie ďune gestion de la qualityé-totale, ce qui pourrait finalement rendre périmés les projets ďassurance-qualité actuels. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Es wird die Entwicklung der Qualitätssicherung beim Ordnance Survey (OS) in Groβbritannien beschrieben. Dazu wurden Verfahren zur Qualitätskontrolle entwickelt, die dem Wechsel von graphischen zu digitalen Erzeugnissen und Prozessen genügen, aber der menschliche Faktor bleibt dabei unentbehrlich. Entsprechend einer Vereinbarung, wonach der OS groβe Mengen digitaler Daten archiviert, die durch öffentlich bestellte Vertragspartner erfaβt wurden, beruhen die Verfahren zur Qualitätssicherung für die Annahme von Datensätzen digitaler Karten auf der Ausarbeitung der Standards BS 6001 (ISO 2859). Diskutiert wird gegenwärtig ein auf dem Standard BS 5750 (ISO 9001) basierendes Nachweisschema zur Qualitätssicherung und ein Register für Organisationen, die sich mit Landvermessungen beschüftigen. Folgt man jedoch jüngsten Initiativen der Regierung in bezug auf die Behandlung der Qualität, so ist der OS der Philosophie zur totalen Qualitätsverwaltung und Registratur verpflichtet, denn die Qualitätsgewährleistung könnte möglicherweise unüblich werden.

Notes: Photogrammetric measurements within environmental test chambers which incorporate viewing ports constitute an application of multi-media photogrammetry. Perturbations to the incident bundles of rays due to refraction must therefore be taken into account. In this paper, refraction compensation for the case of antenna measurements within thermal vacuum chambers is discussed. Correction models applicable to the camera invariant refracting surfaces of a glass window and vacuum chamber are reviewed, especially error compensation using the approach of analytical selfcalibration. Results of a sequence of measurements of a satellite antenna are then analysed to illustrate the high measurement accuracies which are afforded by the selfcalibration approach. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Les déterminations photogrammétriques dans un environnement de caissons ď essais munis de hublots de visée, constituent une application de la photogrammetrie à trovers des milieux multiples. II y a lieu par conséquent de tenir compte des perturbations que subissent lesfaisceaux de rayons lumineux incidents par suite de la réfraction. On examine dans cet article la compensation de la réfraction dans le cas de mesures sur des antennes placées dans des enceintes thermiques sous vide. On analyse les modèles de correction applicables aux surfaces réfractantes invariantes de la chambre photographique et de ľ enceinte à vide, comprenant des fenêtres en verre, en s'attachant plus particulièrement à une compensation ď erreurs basée sur des méthodes ď auto-étalonnage analytique. On présente ensuite les résultats ď une série de mesures portant sur une antenne de satellite, qui illustrent le haut degré de précision atteint par cette méthode ďauto-étalonnage. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Photogrammetrische Messungen innerhalb von Umwelt-Testkammern, die auch Öffnungen zum Durchblick enthalten, stellen eine Anwendung der Multimedien-Photogrammetrie dar. Demzufolge müssen Störungen wegen Refraktion bei den Aufnahmestrahlenbündeln berücksichtigt werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Kompensation der Refraktion für Antennenmessungen in thermalen Vakuum-Kammern diskutiert. Korrekturmodelle, die auf die kamerainvarianten brechenden Oberflächen eines Fensterglases und die Vakuum-Kammer angewandt werden können, werden analysiert, besonders unter dem Gesichtspunkt, daß eine Fehlerkorrektur mittels Selbstkalibrierung erfolgt. Dann werden Ergebnisse einer Folge von Messungen an der Satellitenantenne analysiert, um die hohe Meßgenauigkeit darzustellen, die aus dem Ansatz zur Selbstkalibrierung resultiert.

Notes: This paper describes some experimental investigations into the variation of digital terrain model (DTM) accuracy with sampling interval, based on data acquired using stereophotogrammetric methods. The main factors affecting DTM accuracy are reviewed and various alternative schemes for carrying out experimental tests on DTM accuracy are outlined. Detailed information is given about the test areas, source data sets and check point data sets, followed by a discussion concerning the special design of this experiment. The experimental results are reported and, finally, a critical analysis of the test results is presented.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On presente dans eel article quelques études expérimentales sur la variation de ľ exactitude ďun modèle numerique du terrain (MNT) en fonction de ľintervalle ďéchantillonnage de données obtenues à partir de méthodes stéréophotogrammétriques. On examine les facteurs principaux qui interviennent sur ľ exactitude ď un MNT et ľ on esquisse divers projets permettant de mener au choix des essais expérimentaux sur ľ exactitude ďun MNT. On fournit des informations détaillées sur les polygones ď essai utilisés, lesjeux de données concernant les points de vérification et ceux de l'altimétrie initiale, suivies ďune présentation de la conception particulière de ces études. On décrit les résultats expérimentaux obtenus et ľ on termine cet article par une analyse critique des résultats de ľ essai. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Im Artikel werden einige experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Variation der Genauigkeit von Digitalen Geländemodellen (DTM) beschrieben, wobei ein Rasterintervall verwendet wurde, das auf stereophotogrammetrischer Datenerfassung basierte. Es werden die Haupteinfluβfaktoren auf die Genauigkeit der DTM betrachtet und verschiedene alternative Wege zur Testung der DTM-Genauigkeit skizziert. Detaillierte Angaben erfolgen zu den Testgebieten, den Quelldaten-Sätzen und den Datensätzen der Kontrollpunkte mit anschlieβenden Ausführungen zur speziellen Gestaltung dieses Versuchs. Die Versuchsergebnisse werden angegeben, und abschlieβend erfolgt ihre kritische Analyse.

Notes: This review of digital image processing refers to the pioneer work of Helava and Hobrough which has influenced the most recent trends in photogrammetry. The author goes on to discuss aspects of digital image acquisition, storage and display, as well as digital photogrammetric procedures and systems.

Notes: Site procedures, instrumentation, analytical methods and accuracies achieved are described for the measurement of the deformation of a military steel bridge under load in a test gantry. Some remarks concerning the advantages and disadvantages of photogrammetry as a method of industrial measurement are made.

Notes: An account is given of the importance of photogrammetric techniques in industrial three dimensional problems and the way in which obtaining data in this environment differs from the more common applications. Possible system arrangements are discussed. The particular choice at Imperial College and the resulting system speed and accuracy are presented.

Notes: Lasertrace is a high accuracy measurement system for the remote, non-contact determination of position, velocity, or acceleration in two or three dimensions. It uses advanced two axis laser steering technology to locate and measure the angular position, from itself, of an identified point on an object under investigation. If the object subsequently moves, the steerable laser beam actually tracks the point providing updated position coordinates as it does so. An operating window of 40° in both axes guarantees system versatility in a wide range of applications.

Notes: Optical triangulation is used in the human visual system and surveying tacheometers to estimate distance. This method is now used in systems with solid state sensors which enable fast measurement of distance with sufficiently high accuracy for many applications. City University has built on past experience to develop the optical triangulation technique to gather data appertaining to cross sections or profiles of structures in the range 0.2 m to 20 m radius from the measurement axis. Results obtained using three prototypes are given.

Notes: The author, a research and development manager at Ordnance Survey, reviews current developments in photogrammetry including the automatic correlation of image points for aerial triangulation, digital photogrammetric map revision, mapping from SPOT imagery and progress in aerial photography.

Notes: This study of coastal air survey draws together the main characteristics of the coastal zone, scientific sites of interest, statutory spheres of responsibility, existing coastal photography and survey, and evidence of survey practices by many with responsibilities in these environments. In contrast to the surveyor/photogrammetrist steeped in survey techniques and map use, the majority of people who commission and use air photographs and photogrammetric mapping have very different backgrounds and interests and have widely differing objectives. They come largely from the disciplines of economics, planning, engineering, geography, biological sciences and accountancy. They, too, have their own view of the value of air survey and the analysis here of the trends in demand and use for such material suggests that these sources of information play only a minor and occasional part in their everyday work.

Notes: This paper presents all the stages involved in the procedure for the determination of the shape of a fuel assembly, which is an essential part of a nuclear power plant and can only be handled underwater. Phototriangulation is used to obtain orientation elements, taking into account light refracting surfaces. Stereomodels are then set up for analytical restitution and the shape parameters for the object can be obtained. The project is a typical example of high precision underwater photogrammetry.

Notes: Book review in this Article:PHOTOGRAMMETRY APPLIED TO SURVEYS OF MONUMENTS AND HISTORIC CENTRES. By M. Carbonnell. English translation by R. W. A. Dallas and K. V. Parker.ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT. Third Edition. By J. M. Rüeger.RECONNAISSANCE, ASTRONOMY, REMOTE SENSING AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY. Edited b I Hirschberg.SATELLITE DATA: PROCESSING, ARCHIVING AND DISSEMINATION. Volume 1 Applications and Infrastructure. By D. R. Sloggett.SATELLITE DATA PROCESSING, ARCHIVING AND DISSEMINATION. Volume 2 Functions, Operational Principles and Design. By D. R. Sloggett.GPS: A GUIDE TO THE NEXT UTILITY. By J. Hurn.RADARGRAMMETRIC IMAGE PROCESSING. By F. W. Leberl.REMOTE SENSING OF SOILS AND VEGETATION IN THE USSR. By P. J. Curran, G. M. Foody, K. Ya. Kondratyev, V. V. Kozoderov and P. P. Fedchenko.ENGINEERING SURVEYING TECHNOLOGY. Edited by T. J. M. Kennie and G. Petrie.ACCURACY OF SPATIAL DATABASES. Edited b M. F. Goodchild and S. Gopal.CARTOGRAPHY PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE A Festschrift for F. J. Ormeling. Edited by D. W. Rhind and D. R. F. Taylor.HIGH PRECISION NAVIGATION. Edited by K. Linkwitz and U. Hangleiter.INVENTORY OF WORLD TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING. Volume 1 Western Europe, North America and Australasia. Compiled by R. Böhme.ADVANCED PHOTOGRAPHY. B M. Langford.PHOTOGRAMMÉTRIE ET SYSTÈMES D'INFORMATION DU TERRITOIRE. Directeur de la publication O. Kölbl.

Notes: The paper describes an experiment using three different methods for the production of control for topographic mapping from super-wide angle photography. The result showed that aerial triangulation by independent models observed on a Wild A9 would show economic advantages in cartographic effort required, control requirements, and accuracy attained in contouring. The experiment also indicated that great benefit in heighting accuracy is derived from the addition of tie strips flown at right angles to the main photographic cover at a suitable interval and that heights supplied by airborne profile recorder are not sufficiently accurate to be economically advantageous where close interval contours are a requirement.

Notes: The colour photograph requirements of the photogrammetrist and the photo-interpreter are not always compatible. The author puts forward suggestions for improving the quality and reducing the cost of photography for interpretation purposes, based on the use of 70 mm film cameras. He found supporting evidence for this point of view during his visit to the United States as the result of the award of a Winston Churchill Fellowship in 1969.

Notes: Book reviews in this article:INTRODUCTION TO THE ALGEBRA OF MATRICES WITH SOME APPLICATIONS. By E. H. Thompson.BIBLIOGRAPHIE DES SCHRIFTTUMS AUF DEM GEBIET DER FORSTLICHEN LUFTBILDAUSWERTUNG 1887–1968. By G. Hildebrandt.INFRARED SYSTEM ENGINEERING. By R. D. Hudson.ELEMENTARY SURVEYING. By R. C. Brinker.REFERENCE GUIDE OUTLINE: SPECIFICATIONS FOR AERIAL SURVEYS AND MAPPING BY PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS FOR HIGHWAYS.INTERNATIONAL YEARBOOK OF CARTOGRAPHY (VOL. VIII, 1968). Editor K. Frenzel.MODERN MAPS AND ATLASES. By C. B. M. LOCK.USE OF STRIPS CONNECTED TO BLOCKS FOR LARGE SCALE MAPPING. Results of Experimental Research Organized by Commission B of the O.E.E.P.E. from 1959 to 1966. By M. Cunietti.PRINCIPLES OF HOLOGRAPHY. By H. M. Smith.LA PHOTOGRAMMÉTRIE DES PLANS TOPOGRAPHIQUES ET PARCEL-LAIRES. By B. DUBUISSON.

Notes: Underwater photogrammetry is being used in the particularly hostile environment of the North Sea where it has been put into commercially viable operation. The authors discuss underwater photogrammetry related to other means of inspection of oil platforms. They also deal with operational experience of 35 mm and 70 mm cameras, camera calibration, the provision of control and photogrammetric observations and data analysis. The demand for underwater photogrammetry continues to grow.

Notes: The author reviews the historical background of the analytical orthoprojector and examines the design requirements for this instrument. The construction and performance of the Zeiss (Oberkochen)Z2 orthoprojector are described and an assessment is made of its practical advantages.

Notes: The new APY (Analytical Photogrammetry Yzerman) system is described and a detailed explanation is given of the principles involved. The APY depends on a unique modular design. A list of the straightforward operations required for its application in data compilation and revision is included.

Notes: The application of phorogrammetry to the measurement of deformation is discussed and four different approaches are identified and compared. References to and summaries of recent work are made.

Notes: The development and operation of an inexpensive retractable vertical camera rig is described. Unlike several commercially available camera packages, the cameras on this rig are accesible in flight thus permitting the changing of magazines and other operations. Since the camera carriage is only deployed when over the site to be photographed, the aircraft performance is not degraded during positioning flights.

Notes: This paper summarises the theoretical and practical development of’an analytical system for close range photogrammetry. The system uses the extended bundle method of phototriangulation and a sophisticated least squares algorithm. A description is given of computer software, and aspects of statistical testing and gross error detection are discussed in order to assess the accuracy potential. Applications of the system, for precise co-ordination of a target range and camera calibration are outlined.

Notes: A photogrammetric system that is suitable for shallow water detailed mapping at scales from 1:50 to 1:500 for coastal and harbour engineering projects is described. The results from tests using automatic 35 mm Canon cameras on an elevated platform to determine the accuracy of planimetric and depth co-ordinates are presented. The economic benefits of stereophotography through shallow water rather than underwater photography are discussed.

Notes: This paper reviews the growth in the use of photogrammetric techniques in architecture, principally in the United Kingdom, over the past ten years. The work of the various establishments involved in architectural photogrammetry is described and the results of a questionnaire, distributed within the architectural profession, are analysed. Some comparisons are made with developments elsewhere in Europe.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn examine dans cet article l'extension qu'a connue l'utilisation des méthodes photogrammétriques en architecture au cows des dix dernières années, principalement dans le Royaume-Uni. On y décrit les travaux des divers organismes impliqués dans la photogrammétrie architecturale et l'on y analyse les résultats d'un questionnaire diffusé au sein de la profession liée à l'architecture. On fournit enfin quelques comparaisons avec les développements constatés par ailleurs en Europe.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Artikel wird über die zunehmende Anwendung photogrammetrischer Verfahren während der letzten 10 Jahre in der Architektur, insbesondere im Vereinigten Königreich, berichtet. Die Arbeit verschiedener Institutionen, die sich mit Architekturphotogrammetrie befassen, wird beschrieben, und es werden die Ergebnisse eines unter Architekten verteilten Fragebogens analysiert. Weiterhin werden Vergleiche zu Entwicklungen in anderen europäischen Ländern gezogen.

Notes: An individual view is provided of the function of the art and science of photogrammetry, over the whole of the history of attempts to make measurements from optical observations. The predominating influence, in past years, of the need for mapping from air photographs is compared with the prospect that increasing demands for similar facilities in close range measurement, for application in fields such as mechanical engineering, medicine and architecture, may soon be seen to give further encouragement to the development of the subject. The author makes use of illustrations from his experience to point out simple cases where the potential of photogrammetric techniques, in the wider sense, has not been appreciated.

Notes: Hertfordshire County Council makes extensive use of aerial photography obtained from the ten yearly air survey of the entire county. This paper emphasises the value of the photography for specialist applications in the Planning and Estates Department, but also considers other uses. Details are given of photographic products and of a land use survey based on photo-interpretation. Finally, the future policy on the commissioning of aerial photography for Hertfordshire is considered, taking into account the potential of satellite imagery, the requirements of the existing GIS system for association with aerial photography and the possibility of additional revenue from more assertive marketing of photographic products. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Le Conseil du Comté de Hertfordshire se sert considérablement des photographies aériennes obtenues dans le cadre du levé aérien décennal de tout le comté. On souligne dans cet article ľintérét que trouvent, dans ces photographies, les spécialistes du Ministère de ľAménagement et ľon examine également ďautres utilisations. On fournit des détails sur les produits photographiques et sur un levéďusage du sol obtenu à partir ďune photo-interpretation. Enfin on examine la politique envisagée àľavenir pour ľexécution de la couverture aérienne de ľHertfordshire, qui prendre en compte les possibilityés de ľimagerie spatiale, les besoins ďintégration de la photographie aérienne dans les SIG actuels, et les revenus supplémentaires qui devraient provenir ďune démande commerciale plus soutenue sur les produits photographiques. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Der Hertfordshire County Council macht regen Gebrauch von Luft-bildern, die vor 10 Jarhen von der ganzen Grafschaft aufgenommen wurden. In dem Beitrag wird der Wert der Bilder für die Nutzung durch Spezialisten bei der Planning and Estates Department betont, aber est werden auch andere Anwendungen betrachtet. Es werden Details über fotografische Erzeugnisse und tiber eine auf der Photointerpretation basierende Land-nutzungserhebung angegeben. Schlieβlich wird die künftige Politik bei Aufträgen zur Luftbildaufnahme für Hertfordshire dargelegt, wobei das Potential von Satellitenbildern, die Anforderungen des bestehenden GISzur Verbindung mil Luftbildern und die Möglichkeit zusätzlicher Einnahmen dureh gröβere Vermarktung fotografischer Erzeugnisse in Betracht gezogen werden.

Notes: Woodland ecology necessarily involves a time dimension. It is seldom possible to understand the ecology of a wood without knowing its history. Although the history of many woods extends back far beyond the invention of photography, aerial photographs come at a period when the written record of woodland is often poor. They are also of great help in mapping woods as they are today. Some historic details can be learnt from recent photographs, others from historic aerial photographs. Photographs taken in the Second World War, such as those of England taken by the Germans and preserved in the United States, record an important and otherwise ill-documented period. This paper reviews the kinds of information that can be extracted from present and past aerial photographs and discusses the limitations of aerial survey and other forms of remote sensing as a means of measuring past and future changes. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Ľécologie sylvestre comprend la dimension du temps. Onne pent guère s'entendre àľéecologie ďun bois sans connaître son histoire. Bien que ľ histoire ďun grand nombre de bois s'étende longuement avant la découverte de la photographie, la photographie aérienne commence à une époque où il y à souvent des lacunes à la documentation écrite des bois. Elle est très utile, aussi, pour la cartographie des bois comme ils existent aujourd'hui. Des particulariés historiques s'apprennent ďaprès des photographies récentes, des autres ďaprès des photographies aériennes historiques. Parmi les photos les plus utiles sont celles de la IIe guerre mondiale, comme celles de la France prises par la Royal Air Force et conservées àľUniversité de Keele. Cette communication passe en revue les informations qu'on peut extraire des photographies aériennes du présent et du passé, et discute les bornes des levés aériens et spatiaux comme moyen de contrôler les changements du passé et du futur. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Die Waldökologie enthalt eine Zeitdimension. Selten ist es moglich, die Ökologie eines Waldes zu begreifen, ohne mit seiner Geschichte getraut zu sein. Obwohl die Geschichte mancher Wälder weit vor die Entdeckung der Photographie sich ausdehnt, die Luftphotographie kommt zu einer Zeit, wo schriftliche Urkunden der Wälder oft fehlen. Luftbilder sind auch sehr nutzvoll für die Kartographie von dem heutigen Zustandder Wälder. Einige historische Angaben werden von jungeren, andere von historischen Luftaufnahmen geschöpft. Unter den wertvollsten Luftbildern sind die von dem zweiten Weltkrieg, z. B. die britische Aufnahmen von Deutschland und Österreich, die jetzt in der Universität Keele aufbewahrt sind. Diese Abhandlung rezensiert die Auskünfte, die aus jüngere und historische Luftphotographie ausgeschöpft werden können, und diskutiert die Beschrankungen der Luft- und Weltraumvermessung als Zeugnis vergangener und zukünftiger Veranderungen.

Notes: In many photogrammetric applications, speed is often critical and high accuracy is only a secondary consideration. To use a metric camera in such situations would be quite uneconomical. Non-metric cameras are inexpensive to buy, use and maintain. A top quality 35mm amateur single lens reflex camera might cost £ 1000, an order of magnitude below that of a metric camera. In addition, they are robust, mobile and require a minimum of accessories. In short, they are ideal for rapid, medium to low accuracy work. However, in contrast with a metric camera, a non-metric camera lacks a stable inner orientation, fiducial reference system and standard method of calibration. This paper relates to a final year undergraduate project carried out at City University, London which dealt with such a calibration. The aim of the work was to determine (a) whether or not a 35mm SLR camera had a stable interior orientation and, if so, the best way of determining that orientation and (b) the accuracy of measurement that might be attained with such a camera. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Dans de nombreuses applications photogrammetriques la vitesse constitute souvent le paramètre critque, tandis que la haute précision ne vient seulement qu'en seconde position. Utiliser dans ces conditions une chambre métrique serait tout à fait anti-économique. Les chambres non métriques sont peu coûteuses àľ achat, en utilisation et pour leur entretien. Un appareil reflex, 35 mm, ď amateur, à lentille simple, de haute qualityé, peut coûter £1000, ce qui est inferieur ďun ordre de magnitude au coût ďune chambre métrique. De plus ces chambres non métriques sont robustes, faciles à transporter et n'ont besoin que d'un minimum ďaccessoires. En résumé elles sont idéales pour des travaux rapides et une précision de moyenne à faible. En revanche les chambres non métriques manquent de stabilityé dans leur orientation interne, sont dépourvues de systèmes de repères de fond de chambre et n‘ont pas de méthode ďétalonnage standard. Cet article, qui résulte ďun project effectuéà la City University de Londres par un étudiant, dans sa dernière année, trait ďun tel étalonnage. Son objectif est de déterminer (a) si un appareil 35 mm SLR a ou non une orientation intérieure stable, et si oui, quelle est la meilleure façon ď obtenir cette orientation et (b) la précision de mesure que ľ on peut atteindre avec un tel appareil. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Bei vielen photogrammetrischen Anwendungen ist die Geschwindigkeit oft kritisch, und hohe Genauigkeit ist erst von zweiter Bedeutung. In solchen Situationen eine Meβkammer zu benutzen, wäre sehr unökonomisch. Nichtmeβkammern sind bezüglich Anschaffung, Nutzung und Wartung billig. Eine Qualitäts-Spiegelreflexkamera mit 35 mm-Objektiv mag ca. £1000 kosten, was einen Bruchteil der Kosten für eine Meβkammer darstellt. Zusätzlich sind sie robust, mobil und erfordern ein Minimum an Zubehör. Kurzgefaβt, sie sind ideal für schnelle Arbeiten für mittlere und niedere Genauigkeit. Im Gegensatz zu Meβkammern fehlen bei Nichtmeβkammern jedoch eine stabile innere Orientierung, ein Rahmenmarken-Referenzsystem und ein Standardverfahren der Kalibrierung. Der Beitrag bezieht sich auf ein im Abschlufijahr an der City University in London durchgefuhrtes Projekt, das sich mit solch einer Kalibrierung beschäftigte. Zielstellung der Arbeit war es (a) zu bestimmen, ob eine 35 mm SLR-Kamera eine stabile innere Orientierung und (b) die mil solcher Kamera erhältliche Meβgenauigkeit herauszufinden.

Notes: Tests of Agfa-Gevaert A viphot Pan 200S air film were carried out by the authors, operationally and sensitometrically. Encouraging results are presented. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Les auteurs ont effectué des essais sur lefilm aérien Aviphot Pan 2005 ďAgfa-Gevaert, de façon à la fois pratique et sensitométrique. lis présentent les résultats encourageants obtenus. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Von den Autoren wurden operationelle und sensitometrische Tests mil dem Luftbildfilm Aviphot Pan 2005 von Agfa Gevaert durchgeführt. Dazu werden ermutigende Ergebnisse dargestellt.

Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:GEODÄTISCHE ASTRONOMIE. By R. Sigl.PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF REMOTE SENSING. By W. G. Rees.EUROPEAN SPACE DIRECTORY 1991. Sixth Edition. Sponsored by Eurospace. Edited by D. Shirvanian.COMPUTER VISION AND IMAGE PROCESSING. Edited by A. Barrett.FRENCH-ENGLISH GLOSSARY ON SPOT, REMOTE SENSING AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. By S. T. Dyson.COLONEL SIR GEORGE EVEREST CB FRS: PROCEEDINGS OF BICENTENARY CONFERENCE AT THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 8th NOVEMBER 1990. Edited by J. R. Smith.GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS: THE MICROCOMPUTER AND MODERN CARTOGRAPHY. Edited by D. R. F. Taylor.OUR SECRET LITTLE WAR. By L. N. Abrams.BRITAIN'S CHANGING ENVIRONMENT FROM THE AIR. Edited by T. Bayliss-Smith and S. Owens.THE SECOND BOOK OF BRITAIN'S RAILWAYS FROM THE AIR. Text by C. Leigh with photographs by Aerofilms Ltd.THE LAKE DISTRICT FROM THE AIR. Photographs by Aerofilms Ltd. Captions by S. Acland and E. Leeming.PLANETARY MAPPING. Edited by R. Greeley and R. M. Batson.ELECTROMAGNETIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT. By C. D. Burnside.INTERPRETABILITY OF SPOT DATA FOR GENERAL MAPPING. By E. Ahokas, J. Jaakkola and P. Sotkas.GEOMETRISCHE GRUNDLAGEN DER LUFTBILDINTERPRETATION. By B. Pfeiffer and G. Weimann.LOOKING AT PHOTOGRAPHS: A GUIDE TO TECHNICAL TERMS. By G. Baldwin.AERIAL ARCHAEOLOGY, VOLUME 12. Edited by D. A. Edwards.GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION 1991: THE YEARBOOK OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION. Edited by J. Cadoux-Hudson and D. I. Heywood.PHOTOGRAMMETRIE: ANWENDUNGEN IN WISSENSCHAFT UND TECHNIK. By K. Regensburger.

Notes: The ciliated protozoan Paramecium contains hemoglobin in heterogeneous monomeric forms. In particular, Paramecium caudatum is characterized by the presence of a major component called Hb10 and a basic component named bHb. We found that in P. caudatum both of these hemoglobin components show some variation according to stock. The types and distributions of these hemoglobin components were examined on 16 stocks in five different syngens and one stock in an unidentified syngen using high performance liquid chromatography. The results indicate that in a variety of stocks the major component, Hb10, was divided into three types, A, B or A + B, and that the basic hemoglobin component was composed of a combination of two or three variants out of four possible, i.e. bHb 1, bHb 2, bHb 3 and bHb 4. Neither the Hb10 types nor the bHb variants, however, could be used to distinguish syngen in P. caudatum, since all of the Hb10 types and bHb variants were widely distributed over syngens and identical profiles appeared to some stocks in different syngens.

Notes: A codon usage table for the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia was generated by analysis of the nucleotide sequences of eight genes comprising 3,135 codons. Codon usage revealed a biased use of synonomous codons with a preference for NNC codons (42.1%). The codon usage of G. lamblia more closely resembles that of the prokaryote Halobacterium halobium (correlation coefficient r= 0.73) rather than that of other eukaryotic protozoans, i.e. Trypanosoma brucei (r= 0.434) and Plasmodium falciparum (r=–0.31). These observations are consistent with the view that G. lamblia represents the first line of descent from the ancestral cells that first took on eukaryotic features.

Notes: Between May 1979 and August 1991, 48.7% (57/117) of the harvest mice (Reithrodontomys spp.) examined from 10 localities in Mexico, California and New Mexico had coccidian oocysts in their feces. A total of 46.7% (49/105) of the Reithrodontomys megalotis examined were positive for coccidian oocysts; this included samples from five states in Mexico (47.1%, 8/17), three counties in California (66.7%, 4/6) and two counties in New Mexico (45.1%, 37/82); 66.7% (8/12) of the Reithrodontomys montanus from one county in New Mexico also were infected. Only two coccidian species, Eimeria arizonensis and Eimeria langebarteli, were found in these hosts. Oocysts of E. langebarteli were found only in R. megalotis: in all three infected mice from Madera County, California, in the only mouse from San Bernardino County, California, and in 63% (5/8) of the infected mice from four states in Mexico. Oocysts of E. arizonensis were found in R. megalotis in Mexico, California, and New Mexico and in R. montanus from New Mexico. Sporulated oocysts of E. langebarteli differed slightly from those in previously published reports by having wider oocysts and larger sporocysts. Sporulated oocysts of E. arizonensis were variable in size, with those recovered from R. montanus significantly larger in length and width and sporocyst width than those from R. megalotis. The structure of the oocyst residuum was polymorphic, both within and between host species, and within the same mouse; it could appear as one large globule, two globules, several to many smaller globules, or as a compact mass of many small granules. Oocysts with a variable residuum were larger than those with one globule in all oocyst/sporocyst dimensions. Only 9% (5/57) of the infected mice were discharging oocysts of both eimerians when examined.

Notes: The disruption of vimentin and actin filaments of host BSC-1 fibroblast cells by Trypanosoma cruzi was investigated using a mouse monoclonal anti-vimentin antibody and rhodamine phalloidin, respectively. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that infection of BSC-1 cells by T. cruzi caused disruption of both cytoskeletal components. The disruption was greater as infection progressed. Mechanisms other than mechanical ones may play a role in the disruption since disrupted cytoskelelal elements were well removed from the parasites. In the determination of intracellular calcium concentrations using Fura-2 AM, infected and uninfected cells both showed an initial increase in intracellular calcium levels. At later times of infection (3 to 5 days), intracellular calcium levels of infected cells were significantly lower than those of control cells. There was no specific localization of intracellular calcium in the infected host cells as determined by image analysis.

Notes: Life cycle stages of Goussia pannonica from naturally-infected white bream Blicca bjoerkna were studied by light and electron microscopy. Fourteen of the sixteen fish examined were infected, with developmental stages found in all parts of the intestine. Merogonial, gamogonial, and sporogonial stages were localized intracellularly and extracytoplasmically in the microvillous region of enterocytes. They were separated from the gut lumen by closely apposed enterocyte and parasitophorous vacuole membranes. There were two types of extracytoplasmic attachment: 1) monopodial, with a single zone of attachment, and 2) spider-like, with several isolated zones of attachment to the host cell. First-generation merozoites were formed by ectomerogony. Second- or third-generation merozoites were formed by endodyogeny and endopolygeny. Thirty to 50 biflagellated microgametes developed at the periphery of a microgamont. Macrogamonts contained lipid inclusions, amylopectin and dense granules; however, granules comparable to wall-forming bodies type I and II were absent. At the beginning of sporogony, the sporont cytoplasm detached from two layers which subsequently became constituents of the oocyst wall. After the rupture of enterocyte and parasitophorous vacuole membranes, the sporont was released into the water where exogenous sporulation was completed within 48 h. The thin sporocyst wall contained a small longitudinal suture. Sporocyst and oocyts walls were of similar structure.

Notes: The cells of Blepharisma which possess red pigment (blepharismin) show step-up photophobic response (temporal ciliary reversal induced by a sudden increase in light intensity). Bleaching of the cells by cold shock raised a threshold light intensity for the response, Oxidation of red pigment that produced blue pigment did not raise the threshold for the response. The action spectrum for the step-up photophobic response of the cells which possess normal red pigment had peaks at about 580, 540 and 490 nm, a value which coincided with peaks of an absorption spectrum of the red pigment. The absorption spectrum of oxidized pigment (blue pigment) shifted 20 nm toward infrared light. The action spectrum for the response of the cells which possess blue pigment also shifted 20 nm toward infrared light. Results suggest that red pigment might be involved in the step-up photophobic response. Key words. Blepharismin, ciliary reversal, photoreceptors, photoresponse.

Notes: We studied 31 Phytomonas stocks isolated from various hosts and a broad geographical range by isoenzyme electrophoresis (14 loci) and population genetics analysis. The total variability is considerable since many stocks share no allele. Population genetic analysis strongly suggests that Phytomonas zymodemes behave as natural clones, as already proposed by us for several other protozoan species. These clones should be considered as actual taxa in all applied studies. Latex plants and phloemic plants (coconut and palm trees) harbor distinct sets of clones; hence, latex plants studied in this article are probably not a reservoir for parasites of the coconut and palm tree.

Notes: The schizogonic development of Leucocytozoon smithi in the liver of experimentally infected turkey poults was examined by electron microscopy. Following intraperitoneal injection, sporozoites migrated to the liver and entered hepatic cells to become intracellular trophozoites. Three to four days post inoculation (PI), trophozoites underwent asexual multiple fission known as merogony or schizogony. Two generations of schizonts were observed. The primary or first generation schizonts, abundant on day 4 PI, appeared as interconnected cytoplasmic masses (pseudocytomeres). Each pseudocytomere was enclosed by a membranous vacuole and contained varying numbers of nuclei. As nuclear division and growth of the schizonts continued, larger discrete cytoplasmic masses or cytomeres were formed with rhoptries and multiple nuclei in various stages of division. Synchronous multiple cytoplasmic cleavage of the schizont resulted in the formation of numerous uninucleate merozoites. Second generation schizonts, which developed from hepatic merozoites released from primary schizonts, were abundant in hepatocytes on day 6 PI. Although tissue samples from liver, lung, spleen, kidney, intestine, brain, blood vessels and lymph nodes were examined, schizogonous forms were observed in liver only. No megaloschizonts were detected in any host tissue examined. Schizogonic development was completed by day 7 PI as merozoites developed into gametocytes within mononuclear phagocytes.

Notes: . Centrin is a major protein of the contactile striated flagellar roots of the green alga Tetraselmis striata. We present a newly modified procedure for the preparation of centrin in sufficient quantity and purity to allow for detailed biochemical characterization. We establish that centrin purified by differential solubility, followed by phenyl-Sepharose and DEAE-Sephacel chromatography is identical with the protein extracted directly from striated flagellar roots with regard to molecular weight, isoelectric point, and calcium-dependent behavior in SDS-PAGE. We also compare the biochemical properties of purified centrin with calmodulin isolated from Tetraselmis and calmodulin isolated from mammalian brain. Centrin can be fully distinguished from either algal or mammalian calmodulin on the basis of molecular weight, isoelectric point, calcium-dependent behavior in SDS-PAGE, proteolytic peptide maps, amino acid composition, ability to activate bovine brain phosphodiesterase, and reactivity with specific antibodies.

Notes: . The capacity of the freshwater cryptomonad Chilomonas paramecium to develop a tolerance for seawater in the growth medium was investigated as part of a research program exploring potential microbial food sources for estuarine bivalve mollusks. By gradually increasing the percentage of estuarine seawater included in a freshwater culture medium over the course of 10 years, strains were obtained that tolerate from 16 to 32% seawater (highest salinity 10.5 ppt), achieving equivalent final densities with similar gross biochemical composition. However, after subculture in seawater-containing media for over 20 years, growth rates in more-saline media remained appreciably slower than in low-salinity media. Reduction of C. paramecium growth rate by seawater was found to be exacerbated in media with an initial pH of 3.5 as compared with pH 4.0–5.0, suggesting either a specific H+ effect upon metabolism of the medium carbon source (lactic acid) or a general cation effect upon nutrient uptake or cell metabolism. By contrast, depression of growth rates at high salinity was ameliorated by eliminating sodium-phosphate enrichments in growth media. This suggests that cations in the phosphate salt were contributing to cation-mediated growth inhibition. Results indicate a potential for C. paramecium, cultured in moderately saline media with no phosphate enrichments, to be used as a carbohydrate supplement for laboratory and hatchery feeding of estuarine bivalve mollusks.

Notes: . Phosphorylation of proteins at tyrosine is an important mechanism for regulating cell growth and proliferation in metazoan organisms. In this report, we have demonstrated that Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite, possesses a tyrosine kinase that plays a role in regulation of proliferation of this protozoan. Genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, prevented multiplication of the parasite. An in vitro kinase assay demonstrated the presence of a kinase capable of phosphorylating an exogenous substrate at tyrosine, and genistein was able to reduce trypanosome-mediated phosphorylation of this substrate. An alkali digestion of 32P-labeled trypanosome proteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated several proteins phosphorylated at tyrosine. These results indicate that T. brucei has a tyrosine kinase that is involved in proliferation or growth regulation of the parasite and provide further evidence for the possibility of growth factor regulation and signal transduction in trypanosomes.

Notes: . In the ciliate protist Tetrahymena thermophila the L, H, T, I, S, M and P cell surface proteins (immobilization antigens) are expressed under different conditions of temperature (L, H, T), culture media (I, S), and mutant genotype (M, P). Immunoblot and autoradiographic studies using antisera to purified protein show that the molecular weights of these proteins range from 25,000 to 59,000. The H, T, S, M and P antigens are recognized as single polypeptides, whereas L, I, and one allelic form of T each appear to consist of a family of polypeptides. Although antisera are specific in immobilization and immunofluorescence assays of surface protein in living cells, cross-reactivity is seen with denatured protein on immunoblots. It is hypothesized that the surface protein genes are organized into families of evolutionarily related isoloci.

Notes: . Two gametocyte-forming clones, HB-3 and 3D7, were used. Concentrates of late stage parasites were mixed with bloods containing different proportions of young erythrocytes, and the parasitemia and proportion of gametocytes determined after 2, 3 or 4 days of culture. Significantly more gametocytes were formed in light cells than in heavy cells separated from the same normal blood samples. Up to seven times more gametocytes were formed in reticulocyte-rich bloods from patients with sickle cell anemia than in normal control blood.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Grimes, G. W. & Aufderheide, K. J. 1991. Cellular Aspects of Pattern Formation: The Problem of Assembly Foissner, W., Blatterer, H., Berger, H. & Kohmann, F. 1991. Taxonomische und okologische Revision der Ciliaten des Saprobiensystems. Band I: Cyrtophorida, Oligotrichida, Hypotrichida, Colpodea. Bryant, C. (ed.) 1991. Metazoan Lde Without Oxygen.

Notes: . Pentrich ciliates attached to small stones from the beds of two streams, one large with hard water, the other small with soft water, were enumerated throughout an annual cycle. Throughout the year, Platycola was the dominant peritrich in both streams, except for a brief period during the spring when Vorticella and Carchesium predominated. Vorticella reached peak levels of 89 ciliates cm2 of stone surface, and up to 102 Platycola per cm2 of stone surface were found. Mean volumes of samples of the main species were calculated, and used to estimate the standing stock biomasses. using a standard value of dry weight per unit volume. Published values of the growth rates of representatives of the main genera were used to estimate production values, which totalled about 6.5 g dry weight of peritrich cytoplasm/m2 of stream bed per annum in the large stream (mean annual density = 8.3 peritrichs/cm2 of stone surface), and 33 g dry weight/m2 of stream bed per annum in the small stream (mean annual density = 47 peritrichs/cm2 of stone surface). Food supply, temperature and predation were the primary factors determining peritrich abundance

Notes: . A method is described for obtaining large numbers of telotrochs from mass cultures of Vorticella convallaria. These free-swimming cells contract slightly along the aboral-oral plane when extracted with Triton X-100, and thus appear more similar in shape to zooids than unextracted telotrochs. Cytoskeletal structures associated with feeding, such as the infudibulum and the cytopharynx, are visible in cytoskeletal preparations of these non-feeding telotrochs and thus appear not to be disassembled during telotroch formation. The telotroch to stalked-zooid transition proceeds rapidly through a set series of morphogenetic stages. After telotroch attachment, the aboral cilia cease beating and are resorbed. Within 7 min the cell is inverted bell-shaped and the zooid begins feeding. Stalk elongation begins about 15–20 min after attachment, lengthening at the rate of 0.5 μ/min for the first hour and more slowly (0.1 μm/min) after that. Interestingly, these developmental stages are essentially the same as those described for the telotroch to zooid transition in the colonial peritrich Zoothamnium. This evolutionary conservation suggests that the precise sequence and timing of these events are critical for their successful completion. Furthermore, the facts that the telotroch to zooid transition occurs very rapidly, that the feeding structures are maintained throughout the transformation, and that basic cytoskeletal architecture is relatively unchanged is consistent with the hypothesis that the transformation occurs through controlled cytoskeletal rearrangements rather than by changes in gene expression.

Notes: . A new foraminiferan species, Rotaliella elatiana n. sp., was isolated in the Gulf of Elat, where it lives in association with a macrophytic green alga, Enteromorpha. The agamont of this tiny new species has a transparent test composed of a bilocular embryonic chamber followed by six to seven trochospirally coiled inflated chambers. The spiral sutures are undulated. The umbilical side has numerous denticules and has radial grooves. The gamont has only one inflated chamber. Rotaliella elatiana has a classical, heterophasic life cycle, with a regular alternation of diploid agamontic phase and haploid gamontic phase. The gamontic phase of the life cycle is exceptionally reduced and the uninucleated gamonts pair immediately after they build their first chamber. A few cases of autogamic reproduction were observed. R. elatiana is a heterocaryotic species; agamonts have one somatic and two to three generative nuclei.

Notes: . In Plasmodium falciparum. the rhoptries involved in the invasion process are a pair of flask-shaped organelles located at the apical tip of invading stages. They, along with the more numerous micronemes and dense granules, constitute the apical complex in Plasmodium and other members of the phylum Apicomplexa. Several proteins of varying molecular weight have been identified in P. falciparum rhoptries. These include the 225-, 140/130/110-, 80/60/40-, RAP-1 80-, AMA-1 80-, QF3 80-, and 55-kDa proteins. Some of these proteins are lost during schizont rupture and release of merozoites. Others such as the 140/130/110-kDa complex are transferred to the erythrocyte membrane during invasion. The ring-infected surface antigen (RESA). a 155-kDa polypeptide located in dense granules also associates with the erythrocyte membrane during invasion. Erythrocyte-binding studies have demonstrated that both the 140/130/110-kDa rhoptry complex and RESA bind to inside-out-vesicles (IOVs) prepared from human erythrocytes. The 140/130/110-kDa complex also binds to erythrocyte membranes prepared by hypotonic lysis. These proteins, however, do not bind to intact human erythrocytes. In a heterologous erythrocyte model, both the 140/130/110-kDa complex and RESA are shown to bind directly to mouse erythrocytes. Other studies have shown that RESA associates with spectrin in the erythrocyte cytoskeleton. We have recently developed a liposome-binding assay to demonstrate the lipophilic binding properties of the P. falciparum rhoptry complex of 140/130/110 kDa. The rhoptry complex binds to liposomes containing neutrally, positively, and negatively charged phospholipids. However, liposomes containing phosphatidylethanolamine compete effectively for rhoptry protein binding to mouse erythrocytes. The rhoptry complex also binds to membrane and inside-out-vesicles prepared from human erythrocytes and erythrocytes from other species. The rhoptry complex associated with the erythrocyte membrane in ring-infected erythrocytes is accessible to cleavage by phospholipase A. Studies are in progress to identify the molecular epitopes on the individual proteins within the complex responsible for lipid interaction in the erythrocyte bilayer and to determine the specificity of the phospholipid interaction using erythrocyte phospholipids.

Notes: . Trypanosoma congolense bloodstream forms preincubated with a high titer of anti-variant surface antigen (VSG)-specific antibody, a low amount of anti-VSG plus complement-active mouse serum (MS), MS alone, and trypsin were cocultivated with mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Immunofluorescence as well as transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed that upon attachment to the macrophages' surface, trypanosomes opsonized with anti-VSG/MS formed opsonized filopodia, which were rapidly internalized by the phagocytes. Although these cells attached as frequently as anti-VSG or trypsin-pretreated parasites, the rate of phagocytosis of anti-VSG/MS pretreated trypanosomes was reduced significantly. Trypanosomes pretreated with high antibody titers alone were lysed on the surface of the macrophages before phagocytosis was completed. Parasites opsonized with complement alone adhered only occasionally and were rarely phagocytosed. Trypsin-treated trypanosomes, which served as positive control cells, rapidly attached and remained intact until ingulfment by the macrophages was completed. Untreated control parasites did not attach to the macrophages and were not phagocytosed. Cocultivation of macrophages with anti-VSG/MS-opsonized trypanosomes caused internalization of the flagellum by membrane fusion. Filopodia formation by T. congolense is thus correlated with a marked reduction in phagocytosis even in the presence of only a sublytic antibody titer.

Notes: . Species of Tetrahymena, including T. vorax, T. thermophila, T. pyriformis, and T. pigmentosa, were tested for cloning efficiency in proteose peptone and in synthetic nutrient media to which were added hemin, protoporphyrin IX, chlorophyllin, or asolectin, an impure mixture of phospholipids. All species could be cloned with high efficiency in the crude media. In unsupplemented synthetic medium the cloning efficiencies were 0–10%, around 50%, around 50%, and 90–100% for T. thermophila, T. vorax, T. pyriformis, and T. pigmentosa, respectively. The first three were all stimulated to 90–100% by addition of the porphyrin or phospholipid compounds mentioned above. Uroporphyrin III and coproporphyrin I and III had no effect. We suggest that cells unable to form clones suffer from a lack of cellular energy. This situation may be alleviated by our additions: certain porphyrin rings may be built into cytochromes and phospholipids may be used as fuel. Thus, the synthetic media used so far for these ciliates have not been optimal.

Notes: . The first ultrastructural study of the actinosporean genus Triactinomyxon was carried out on Triactinomyxon legeri from the intestinal epithelium of Tubifex tubifex. The developmental cycle starts with bi- and uninucleate cells. We propose that these cells may be an early proliferative phase of the cycle and may unite to give rise to the four-cell stage, initiating pansporoblast formation. Valvogenic cells transform in the long stylus and anchor-like projections of the spore. In the capsulogenic cells, the primordium of the polar capsules originates as a simple, dense, club-shaped structure not observed in other actinosporeans. In all other respects, actinosporean ultrastructure follows more or less similar patterns. Comparison of actinosporean and myxosporean species gives evidence of considerable structural similarity, exemplified in both classes by the occurrence of cell junctions in their multicellular spores, identical polar capsules and their morphogenesis, cell-in-cell condition, pansporoblast formation, and presence of dense bodies (sporoplasmosomes) primarily in the sporoplasm. This unity of patterns speaks in favor of the postulated actinosporean-myxosporean transformation, which warrants further study.

Notes: . Immunoblotting tests involving cytoskeletal protein arrays and fluorescence microscopical examinations of whole cells using monoclonal antibody 424A8 gave substantially different results in three evolutionary subgroups within the genus Tetrahymena. These responses are described and some implications of the evolutionary divergence indicated in this ciliated protozoan are discussed.

Notes: . The infraciliatures of three Chesapeake Bay species of Eutintinnus conforming in lorica morphology to E. angustatus, E. pectinis, and E. tenuis were compared following Protargol silver impregnation. The kinetome of these species had a number of shared attributes including: 1) a right and left field that were of similar length and kinetal spacing; 2) two, rarely three, long dorsal kineties composed of monokinetids; 3) a ventral kinety; and 4) the absence of a true posterior kinety. Nonetheless, the specific organization of infraciliary components varied considerably among species. For example, the organization of the ventral kinety and several kineties along the border of the left field was different in all three species. In addition, the dorsal kineties of E. angustatus differed positionally from those of E. pectinis and E. tenuis. Some divergence in oral infraciliature was also noted, with the arrangement of infundibular oral polykinetids in E. pectinis and E. tenuis being distinct from that of E. angustatus. The amount of variation in the infraciliature of Eutintinnus spp. was much greater than previously noted for congeneric species of tintinnines and supports the separation E. angustatus, E. pectinis, and E. tenuis at the generic or subgeneric level.

Notes: . The cilia of Didinium nasutum are restricted to two girdles encircling the cell. Each row of cilia in both girdles is made up of two to three anterior pairs of kinetosomes followed by several single kinetosomes. Each single kinetosome has two sets of transverse microtubules, an overlapping postciliary microtubular ribbon, and a laterally directed kinetodesmal fiber. The pairs of kinetosomes are homologous to the oral dikinetids of other haptorians: the nonciliated kinetosome of the pair has a transverse microtubular ribbon that extends to line the membrane of the proboscis, a single short postciliary microtubule, and a nematodesma; the ciliated kinetosome has a ribbon of postciliary microtubules and two sets of transverse microtubules. The presence of these characters in Didinium invalidates Leipe & Hausmann's conclusion that the Didiniidae should be removed from the subclass that contains the other haptorians (Leipe, D. D. & Hausumann, K. 1989. Somatic infraciliature of the haptorid ciliate Homalozoon vermiculare (Kinetofragminophora, Gymnostomata) Ditransversalia n. subcl. and phylogenetic implications. J. Protozool., 36:280–289). In light of this, the justification for a subclass Ditransversalia is challenged and shown to be unnecessary.

Notes: . The morphology and morphogenesis of some oligotrichs were investigated using protargol impregnation, silver carbonate impregnation and scanning electron microscopy. The somatic kineties of Strobilidium caudatum form a spiral at the posterior pole. Strobilidiids without such a spiral are transferred to the genus Rimostrombidium. Fourteen new combinations and a nomen novum, Strobilidium kahli, are necessary, Meseres corlissi n. sp. is characterized by eight somatic kineties composed of long cilia which are not fused to “bristles” as they are in Halteria. Strombidium oblongum shows similar characteristics and is thus combined with Meseres. Strombidium rehwaldi n. sp. has an anterior and an equatorial girdle of extrusomes. The morphogenesis of Meseres and Halteria is very similar, i.e. the entire somatic ciliature and the oral primordium originate apokinetally on the cell surface; the parental somatic ciliature is resorbed. In strobilidiids and tintinnids, the oral anlagen develop in a subsurface pouch and the parental somatic kineties, which are not resorbed, elongate by intrakinetal proliferation of basal bodies. In strombidiids, the oral primordium develops in an intracellular sac or tube. These morphogenetic peculiarities and distinct morphologic characters (e.g. arrangement of adoral membranelles) were applied in constructing a phylogenetic system for oligotrichs using hypotrichs as outgroup. This shows that halteriids are more closely related to hypotrichs than they are to other oligotrichs. The Halteriidae are thus raised to ordinal and subclass ranks, Halteriida n. ord., Halteriia n. subcl.