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Reply to Romero and Agrawal: Unpacking the specific links between biodiversity, ecosystem services, and social diversity is an essential first step [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)

Diaz, S., Quetier, F., Trainor, S. F., Caceres, D. M.

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Publikationsdatum: 2011-06-08

Beschreibung: Romero and Agrawal (1) question the usefulness of our framework to link functional diversity with social actor strategies (2), arguing that it oversimplifies the complexity of the social dimensions of socioecological systems. We agree on the crucial importance of such dimensions, and we repeatedly highlighted this in our article, as is obvious from figure 1, the text, and the examples. While focusing on functional diversity, ecosystem services, and their role in different social actor strategies, we situated these in a broader setting that can be analyzed with the tools and concepts of social sciences, including institutional analyses.Rather than replacing major...

Schlagwort(e): Letters, Sustainability Science

Print ISSN: 0027-8424

Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490

Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences

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Long-term correlations in European socioeconomic conditions create a bias to conclusion that an invasion debt occurs [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)

Keller, R. P., Springborn, M.

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Publikationsdatum: 2011-06-22

Beschreibung: Essl et al. (1) tested whether historical socioeconomic conditions have created an invasion debt in Europe (i.e., a suite of nonnative species that have not yet been discovered but whose establishment has been determined by previous socioeconomic conditions). Essl et al. (1) tested this theory by asking whether the cumulative numbers of nonnative species presently established in 28 European countries were more closely correlated to socioeconomic conditions in the year 1900 or 2000. In this letter, we describe a flaw in their logic that biases the analysis to concluding that an invasion debt does occur.Essl et al. (1) modeled the...

Schlagwort(e): Letters, Sustainability Science

Print ISSN: 0027-8424

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences

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3

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Policy perils of ignoring uncertainty in oil palm research [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)

Paoli, G. D., Carlson, K. M., Hooijer, A., Page, S. E., Curran, L. M., Wells, P. L., Morrison, R., Jauhiainen, J., Pittman, A. M., Gilbert, D., Lawrence, D.

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Publikationsdatum: 2011-06-22

Beschreibung: Success of the emerging Low Emissions Development paradigm in Southeast Asia depends on mitigating impacts of oil palm (OP) expansion on carbon-dense ecosystems, especially tropical peatlands. To this end, Koh et al. (1) mapped OP planted before 2002 across Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo to estimate emissions and biodiversity losses from peatland conversion (≈880,000 ha). Unfortunately, emissions scenarios are oversimplified, remote-sensing (RS) methods are unsuitable for OP monitoring, and recommendations for peatland restoration are overstated.The article risks misinforming national and international climate change policies under development.Koh et al. overestimated emissions from aboveground biomass (AGB) conversion to OP (136 million MgC)...

Schlagwort(e): Letters, Sustainability Science

Print ISSN: 0027-8424

Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490

Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences

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Building interdisciplinary frameworks: The importance of institutions, scale, and politics [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)

Romero, C., Agrawal, A.

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Publikationsdatum: 2011-06-08

Beschreibung: Díaz et al. (1) proposed an “interdisciplinary framework for the analysis of relationships between functional diversity, ecosystem services, and human actions.” Their framework addresses the linkages between land uses and ecosystem service (ES) provision to inform decisions by relevant parties. We welcome the development and practical application of tools for analyzing the complexity of social-ecological systems (SESs), but there are fundamental gaps in the oversimplified framework of Díaz et al. (1). These flaws obscure critical aspects of the functioning of SESs, preclude their improved understanding, and thereby undermine the goal of fruitful scientific analysis.In particular, the proposed local-level framework does...

Schlagwort(e): Letters, Sustainability Science

Print ISSN: 0027-8424

Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490

Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences

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5

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Reply to Paoli et al.: Explicit consideration of model uncertainties [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)

Koh, L. P., Miettinen, J., Liew, S. C., Ghazoul, J.

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Publikationsdatum: 2011-06-22

Beschreibung: Paoli et al. (1) raise some interesting criticisms of our article (2), but we think that they misinterpret important elements of our study, ignore our consideration of model uncertainties, and fail to recognize the wider significance of our work.We presented a framework for quantifying the impacts of oil-palm expansion on biodiversity and carbon stocks. We did so by combining a unique remote-sensing methodology with a unique species-area model and recently published carbon flux estimates. We also explicitly accounted for and presented uncertainties in all model projections. We estimated that the conversion of peatswamp forests to large-scale, closed canopy oil-palm plantations...

Schlagwort(e): Letters, Sustainability Science

Print ISSN: 0027-8424

Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490

Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences

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Reply to Keller and Springborn: No doubt about invasion debt [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)

Essl, F., Dullinger, S., Rabitsch, W., Hulme, P. E., Hulber, K., Jarosik, V., Kleinbauer, I., Krausmann, F., Kuhn, I., Nentwig, W., Vila, M., Genovesi, P., Gherardi, F., Desprez-Loustau, M.-L., Roques, A., Pysek, P.

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Publikationsdatum: 2011-06-22

Beschreibung: We recently showed (1) that, for a wide range of taxa, the current numbers of established alien species in 28 European countries were generally more closely related to socioeconomic indicators from the year 1900 than 2000. Thus, the establishment of alien species seemed to lag considerably behind one of the main drivers of alien species introductions (2). We concluded that current high socioeconomic activity could result in considerable additional accumulation of alien species in the future, a phenomenon that we have called invasion debt.Keller and Springborn (3) suggest that cumulative numbers of established alien species would be better explained by...

Schlagwort(e): Letters, Sustainability Science

Print ISSN: 0027-8424

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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7

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Reply to Grinsted et al.: Estimating land subsidence in North Carolina [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)

Kemp, A. C., Horton, B. P., Donnelly, J. P., Mann, M. E., Vermeer, M., Rahmstorf, S.

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Publikationsdatum: 2011-10-05

Beschreibung: Reconstructions and observations of relative sea level (RSL) must be corrected for vertical land movements from glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) to facilitate comparisons among regions and identify deviations from background rates. Late Holocene (past 2 ka) GIA rates are estimated from geological data and permanent global positioning system (GPS) stations or predicted from GIA models. We used a linear trend fitted to the regional, compaction-free, RSL reconstructions compiled by Engelhart et al. (1) for the past 2 ka (excluding data since AD 1900) as a GIA estimate. Similarly, GIA models also attribute all RSL changes during the past 2 ka...

Schlagwort(e): Letters, Sustainability Science

Print ISSN: 0027-8424

Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490

Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences

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8

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Comment on the subsidence adjustment applied to the Kemp et al. proxy of North Carolina relative sea level [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)

Grinsted, A., Jevrejeva, S., Moore, J. C.

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Publikationsdatum: 2011-10-05

Beschreibung: Kemp et al. (1) presented a new salt-marsh proxy record of relative sea level (RSL) from North Carolina (NCRSL). The salt marsh is slowly subsiding as a result of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), and the NCRSL record needs to be adjusted to remove this vertical land movement from the sea level record. Kemp et al. (1) corrected for a constant subsidence rate of approximately 1 mm/y. This is a “geologic” estimate based on sea level index points, which are determined from linear fits to data from other North American RSL proxy records. Thus, the geologic method implicitly assumes that the...

Schlagwort(e): Letters, Sustainability Science

Print ISSN: 0027-8424

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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9

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Addiction: Beyond dopamine reward circuitry [Perspectives] (2011)

Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Fowler, J. S., Tomasi, D., Telang, F.

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Publikationsdatum: 2011-09-14

Beschreibung: Dopamine (DA) is considered crucial for the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse, but its role in addiction is much less clear. This review focuses on studies that used PET to characterize the brain DA system in addicted subjects. These studies have corroborated in humans the relevance of drug-induced fast DA increases in striatum [including nucleus accumbens (NAc)] in their rewarding effects but have unexpectedly shown that in addicted subjects, drug-induced DA increases (as well as their subjective reinforcing effects) are markedly blunted compared with controls. In contrast, addicted subjects show significant DA increases in striatum in response to drug-conditioned cues that are associated with self-reports of drug craving and appear to be of a greater magnitude than the DA responses to the drug. We postulate that the discrepancy between the expectation for the drug effects (conditioned responses) and the blunted pharmacological effects maintains drug taking in an attempt to achieve the expected reward. Also, whether tested during early or protracted withdrawal, addicted subjects show lower levels of D2 receptors in striatum (including NAc), which are associated with decreases in baseline activity in frontal brain regions implicated in salience attribution (orbitofrontal cortex) and inhibitory control (anterior cingulate gyrus), whose disruption results in compulsivity and impulsivity. These results point to an imbalance between dopaminergic circuits that underlie reward and conditioning and those that underlie executive function (emotional control and decision making), which we postulate contributes to the compulsive drug use and loss of control in addiction.

Schlagwort(e): Quantification of Behavior Sackler Colloquium

Print ISSN: 0027-8424

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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10

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Benefits of tropical crops for food security [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)

Vermeulen, S. J., Wollenberg, E. K.

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Publikationsdatum: 2011-03-02

Beschreibung: West et al.’s recent paper (1) compared tradeoffs of carbon and crop production in temperate and tropical zones. We welcome the empirical evidence in support of agricultural intensification rather than extensification. We strongly caution against the implicit conclusion that food production might need to be concentrated in the temperate zone, however. First, this has implications for food security. People vulnerable to food insecurity live largely in low-income tropical countries and depend predominantly on local agriculture both for food supplies and to provide the livelihoods that underpin food security (2). Second, as the maps of West et al. (1) show, there...

Schlagwort(e): Letters, Sustainability Science

Print ISSN: 0027-8424

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences

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Reply to Vermeulen and Wollenberg: Distinguishing food security and crop yields [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)

West, P. C., Gibbs, H. K., Monfreda, C., Wagner, J., Barford, C., Carpenter, S. R., Foley, J.

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Publikationsdatum: 2011-03-02

Beschreibung: Vermeulen and Wollenberg (1) caution against interpreting our recent paper (2) as a call to concentrate food production in temperate areas. We did not intend our research to be interpreted as such. As Vermeulen and Wollenberg state, even very low yields can play an extremely important role in providing food security, particularly in low-income tropical countries. We agree that it is important to make the distinction between yields and food security.As noted in our paper, the tradeoff between carbon and crop yields that results from expanding croplands is particularly strong in the tropics, where natural ecosystems generally store a lot...

Schlagwort(e): Letters, Sustainability Science

Print ISSN: 0027-8424

Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490

Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences

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12

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Reply to Frederick et al.: Anchoring effects on energy perceptions [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)

Attari, S. Z., De; Kay, M. L., Davidson, C. I., de Bruin, W. B.

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Publikationsdatum: 2011-02-23

Beschreibung: Both our study (1) and the follow-up described by Frederick et al. (2) indicate that people know relatively little about how much energy is used by different devices and appliances. In our view, the additional data strengthen rather than weaken our original conclusions.It is well known that numerical judgments are subject to anchoring effects, with initial values having substantial influence on final answers (3). In our article, we noted that the compressed range of respondents’ energy estimates “almost certainly resulted from an anchoring bias in which the reference point provided in the task served as an anchor for participants’ estimates,...

Schlagwort(e): Letters, Sustainability Science

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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Characterizing perceptions of energy consumption [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)

Frederick, S. W., Meyer, A. B., Mochon, D.

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Publikationsdatum: 2011-02-23

Beschreibung: The adoption of energy-saving technologies is presumably deterred by underestimates of energy use and by corresponding underestimates of the difference between more- and less-efficient appliances. Thus, it is easy to grasp the potential policy significance of a recent study (1) concluding that Americans underestimate energy use by a factor of 2.8.However, the apparent precision of that statistic belies its arbitrary origins. By manipulating just two experimental details (the provided numeric referent and the units in which judgments were rendered), we show that one can readily reach qualitatively different conclusions.For the study in question (1), respondents were first told that a...

Schlagwort(e): Letters, Sustainability Science

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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Enhanced silicate weathering is not limited by silicic acid saturation [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)

Schuiling, R. D., Wilson, S. A., Power, l. M.

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Publikationsdatum: 2011-03-23

Beschreibung: Enhanced weathering of olivine as a means of sequestering carbon is investigated by Köhler et al. (1). Specifically, the study discusses the potential distribution of fine olivine powder, obtained from dunite mines, in the humid tropic regions of the Amazon and Congo River catchments. Olivine (forsterite) dissolution (Eq. 1) implies the sequestration of 4 moles of CO2 for each mole of olivine (2).Köhler et al. (1) suggested that the saturation of silicic acid (H4SiO4) in river runoff would crucially limit olivine dissolution. As an example of the weathering of pulverized ultramafic rock, Wilson et al. (3) present evidence that the...

Schlagwort(e): Letters, Sustainability Science

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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15

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Reply to Schuiling et al.: Different processes at work [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)

Kohler, P., Hartmann, J., Wolf-Gladrow, D. A.

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Publikationsdatum: 2011-03-23

Beschreibung: Schuiling et al. (1) question our conclusion (2) that the annual dissolution rate of olivine is limited by the saturation of waters with silicic acid (H4SiO4), which is one product of the dissolution reaction of olivine. In support of this point they discuss findings of CO2 sequestration in a mine in Yukon, Canada, claiming that a minimum of 1,700 g C m−2 y−1 was sequestered between 1978 and 2004 by silicate weathering and precipitation of (mainly) magnesium carbonates (3). This value is approximately 20 times larger than the 85 g C m−2 y−1 calculated in our study for the Amazon...

Schlagwort(e): Letters, Sustainability Science

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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