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  • Letters, Sustainability Science  (14)
  • Cosmochemistry Special Feature  (8)
  • Inaugural Articles, Sustainability Science  (2)
  • National Academy of Sciences  (24)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Institute of Physics
  • 2010-2014  (24)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1950-1954
  • 2011  (24)
  • 1950
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  • National Academy of Sciences  (24)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Institute of Physics
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  • 2010-2014  (24)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
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    Reply to Romero and Agrawal: Unpacking the specific links between biodiversity, ecosystem services, and social diversity is an essential first step [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-08
    Description: Romero and Agrawal (1) question the usefulness of our framework to link functional diversity with social actor strategies (2), arguing that it oversimplifies the complexity of the social dimensions of socioecological systems. We agree on the crucial importance of such dimensions, and we repeatedly highlighted this in our article, as is obvious from figure 1, the text, and the examples. While focusing on functional diversity, ecosystem services, and their role in different social actor strategies, we situated these in a broader setting that can be analyzed with the tools and concepts of social sciences, including institutional analyses.Rather than replacing major...
    Keywords: Letters, Sustainability Science
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
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  • 2
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    Long-term correlations in European socioeconomic conditions create a bias to conclusion that an invasion debt occurs [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-22
    Description: Essl et al. (1) tested whether historical socioeconomic conditions have created an invasion debt in Europe (i.e., a suite of nonnative species that have not yet been discovered but whose establishment has been determined by previous socioeconomic conditions). Essl et al. (1) tested this theory by asking whether the cumulative numbers of nonnative species presently established in 28 European countries were more closely correlated to socioeconomic conditions in the year 1900 or 2000. In this letter, we describe a flaw in their logic that biases the analysis to concluding that an invasion debt does occur.Essl et al. (1) modeled the...
    Keywords: Letters, Sustainability Science
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  • 3
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    Policy perils of ignoring uncertainty in oil palm research [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-22
    Description: Success of the emerging Low Emissions Development paradigm in Southeast Asia depends on mitigating impacts of oil palm (OP) expansion on carbon-dense ecosystems, especially tropical peatlands. To this end, Koh et al. (1) mapped OP planted before 2002 across Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo to estimate emissions and biodiversity losses from peatland conversion (≈880,000 ha). Unfortunately, emissions scenarios are oversimplified, remote-sensing (RS) methods are unsuitable for OP monitoring, and recommendations for peatland restoration are overstated.The article risks misinforming national and international climate change policies under development.Koh et al. overestimated emissions from aboveground biomass (AGB) conversion to OP (136 million MgC)...
    Keywords: Letters, Sustainability Science
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  • 4
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    Building interdisciplinary frameworks: The importance of institutions, scale, and politics [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-08
    Description: Díaz et al. (1) proposed an “interdisciplinary framework for the analysis of relationships between functional diversity, ecosystem services, and human actions.” Their framework addresses the linkages between land uses and ecosystem service (ES) provision to inform decisions by relevant parties. We welcome the development and practical application of tools for analyzing the complexity of social-ecological systems (SESs), but there are fundamental gaps in the oversimplified framework of Díaz et al. (1). These flaws obscure critical aspects of the functioning of SESs, preclude their improved understanding, and thereby undermine the goal of fruitful scientific analysis.In particular, the proposed local-level framework does...
    Keywords: Letters, Sustainability Science
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  • 5
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    Reply to Paoli et al.: Explicit consideration of model uncertainties [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-22
    Description: Paoli et al. (1) raise some interesting criticisms of our article (2), but we think that they misinterpret important elements of our study, ignore our consideration of model uncertainties, and fail to recognize the wider significance of our work.We presented a framework for quantifying the impacts of oil-palm expansion on biodiversity and carbon stocks. We did so by combining a unique remote-sensing methodology with a unique species-area model and recently published carbon flux estimates. We also explicitly accounted for and presented uncertainties in all model projections. We estimated that the conversion of peatswamp forests to large-scale, closed canopy oil-palm plantations...
    Keywords: Letters, Sustainability Science
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  • 6
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    Reply to Keller and Springborn: No doubt about invasion debt [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-22
    Description: We recently showed (1) that, for a wide range of taxa, the current numbers of established alien species in 28 European countries were generally more closely related to socioeconomic indicators from the year 1900 than 2000. Thus, the establishment of alien species seemed to lag considerably behind one of the main drivers of alien species introductions (2). We concluded that current high socioeconomic activity could result in considerable additional accumulation of alien species in the future, a phenomenon that we have called invasion debt.Keller and Springborn (3) suggest that cumulative numbers of established alien species would be better explained by...
    Keywords: Letters, Sustainability Science
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  • 7
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    Reply to Grinsted et al.: Estimating land subsidence in North Carolina [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-05
    Description: Reconstructions and observations of relative sea level (RSL) must be corrected for vertical land movements from glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) to facilitate comparisons among regions and identify deviations from background rates. Late Holocene (past 2 ka) GIA rates are estimated from geological data and permanent global positioning system (GPS) stations or predicted from GIA models. We used a linear trend fitted to the regional, compaction-free, RSL reconstructions compiled by Engelhart et al. (1) for the past 2 ka (excluding data since AD 1900) as a GIA estimate. Similarly, GIA models also attribute all RSL changes during the past 2 ka...
    Keywords: Letters, Sustainability Science
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  • 8
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    Comment on the subsidence adjustment applied to the Kemp et al. proxy of North Carolina relative sea level [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-05
    Description: Kemp et al. (1) presented a new salt-marsh proxy record of relative sea level (RSL) from North Carolina (NCRSL). The salt marsh is slowly subsiding as a result of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), and the NCRSL record needs to be adjusted to remove this vertical land movement from the sea level record. Kemp et al. (1) corrected for a constant subsidence rate of approximately 1 mm/y. This is a “geologic” estimate based on sea level index points, which are determined from linear fits to data from other North American RSL proxy records. Thus, the geologic method implicitly assumes that the...
    Keywords: Letters, Sustainability Science
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  • 9
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    Establishing a molecular relationship between chondritic and cometary organic solids [Astronomy] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-30
    Description: Multidimensional solid-state NMR spectroscopy is used to refine the identification and abundance determination of functional groups in insoluble organic matter (IOM) isolated from a carbonaceous chondrite (Murchison, CM2). It is shown that IOM is composed primarily of highly substituted single ring aromatics, substituted furan/pyran moieties, highly branched oxygenated aliphatics, and carbonyl groups. A pathway for producing an IOM-like molecular structure through formaldehyde polymerization is proposed and tested experimentally. Solid-state 13C NMR analysis of aqueously altered formaldehyde polymer reveals considerable similarity with chondritic IOM. Carbon X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy of formaldehyde polymer reveals the presence of similar functional groups across certain Comet 81P/Wild 2 organic solids, interplanetary dust particles, and primitive IOM. Variation in functional group concentration amongst these extraterrestrial materials is understood to be a result of various degrees of processing in the parent bodies, in space, during atmospheric entry, etc. These results support the hypothesis that chondritic IOM and cometary refractory organic solids are related chemically and likely were derived from formaldehyde polymer. The fine-scale morphology of formaldehyde polymer produced in the experiment reveals abundant nanospherules that are similar in size and shape to organic nanoglobules that are ubiquitous in primitive chondrites.
    Keywords: Cosmochemistry Special Feature
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  • 10
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    Terrestrial planet formation [Astronomy] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-30
    Description: Advances in our understanding of terrestrial planet formation have come from a multidisciplinary approach. Studies of the ages and compositions of primitive meteorites with compositions similar to the Sun have helped to constrain the nature of the building blocks of planets. This information helps to guide numerical models for the three stages of planet formation from dust to planetesimals (∼106 y), followed by planetesimals to embryos (lunar to Mars-sized objects; few × 106 y), and finally embryos to planets (107–108 y). Defining the role of turbulence in the early nebula is a key to understanding the growth of solids larger than meter size. The initiation of runaway growth of embryos from planetesimals ultimately leads to the growth of large terrestrial planets via large impacts. Dynamical models can produce inner Solar System configurations that closely resemble our Solar System, especially when the orbital effects of large planets (Jupiter and Saturn) and damping mechanisms, such as gas drag, are included. Experimental studies of terrestrial planet interiors provide additional constraints on the conditions of differentiation and, therefore, origin. A more complete understanding of terrestrial planet formation might be possible via a combination of chemical and physical modeling, as well as obtaining samples and new geophysical data from other planets (Venus, Mars, or Mercury) and asteroids.
    Keywords: Cosmochemistry Special Feature
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  • 11
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    Laboratory technology and cosmochemistry [Reviews] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-30
    Description: Recent developments in analytical instrumentation have led to revolutionary discoveries in cosmochemistry. Instrumental advances have been made along two lines: (i) increase in spatial resolution and sensitivity of detection, allowing for the study of increasingly smaller samples, and (ii) increase in the precision of isotopic analysis that allows more precise dating, the study of isotopic heterogeneity in the Solar System, and other studies. A variety of instrumental techniques are discussed, and important examples of discoveries are listed. Instrumental techniques and instruments include the ion microprobe, laser ablation gas MS, Auger EM, resonance ionization MS, accelerator MS, transmission EM, focused ion-beam microscopy, atom probe tomography, X-ray absorption near-edge structure/electron loss near-edge spectroscopy, Raman microprobe, NMR spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma MS.
    Keywords: Cosmochemistry Special Feature
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  • 12
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    Spacecraft instrument technology and cosmochemistry [Chemistry] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-30
    Description: Measurements by instruments on spacecraft have significantly advanced cosmochemistry. Spacecraft missions impose serious limitations on instrument volume, mass, and power, so adaptation of laboratory instruments drives technology. We describe three examples of flight instruments that collected cosmochemical data. Element analyses by Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometers on the Mars Exploration Rovers have revealed the nature of volcanic rocks and sedimentary deposits on Mars. The Gamma Ray Spectrometer on the Lunar Prospector orbiter provided a global database of element abundances that resulted in a new understanding of the Moon’s crust. The Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer on Cassini has analyzed the chemical compositions of the atmosphere of Titan and active plumes on Enceladus.
    Keywords: Cosmochemistry Special Feature
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  • 13
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    Solar composition from the Genesis Discovery Mission [Geophysics] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-30
    Description: Science results from the Genesis Mission illustrate the major advantages of sample return missions. (i) Important results not otherwise obtainable except by analysis in terrestrial laboratories: the isotopic compositions of O, N, and noble gases differ in the Sun from other inner solar system objects. The N isotopic composition is the same as that of Jupiter. Genesis has resolved discrepancies in the noble gas data from solar wind implanted in lunar soils. (ii) The most advanced analytical instruments have been applied to Genesis samples, including some developed specifically for the mission. (iii) The N isotope result has been replicated with four different instruments.
    Keywords: Cosmochemistry Special Feature
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  • 14
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    Combining meteorites and missions to explore Mars [Geology] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-30
    Description: Laboratory studies of meteorites and robotic exploration of Mars reveal scant atmosphere, no evidence of plate tectonics, past evidence for abundant water, and a protracted igneous evolution. Despite indirect hints, direct evidence of a martian origin came with the discovery of trapped atmospheric gases in one meteorite. Since then, the study of martian meteorites and findings from missions have been linked. Although the meteorite source locations are unknown, impact ejection modeling and spectral mapping of Mars suggest derivation from small craters in terrains of Amazonian to Hesperian age. Whereas most martian meteorites are young (  4.5 Ga and formation of enriched and depleted reservoirs. However, the history inferred from martian meteorites conflicts with results from recent Mars missions, calling into doubt whether the igneous histor y inferred from the meteorites is applicable to Mars as a whole. Allan Hills 84001 dates to 4.09 Ga and contains fluid-deposited carbonates. Accompanying debate about the mechanism and temperature of origin of the carbonates came several features suggestive of past microbial life in the carbonates. Although highly disputed, the suggestion spurred interest in habitable extreme environments on Earth and throughout the Solar System. A flotilla of subsequent spacecraft has redefined Mars from a volcanic planet to a hydrologically active planet that may have harbored life. Understanding the history and habitability of Mars depends on understanding the coupling of the atmosphere, surface, and subsurface. Sample return that brings back direct evidence from these diverse reservoirs is essential.
    Keywords: Cosmochemistry Special Feature
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  • 15
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    Cosmochemistry: Understanding the Solar System through analysis of extraterrestrial materials [Introductions] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-30
    Description: Cosmochemistry is the chemical analysis of extraterrestrial materials. This term generally is taken to mean laboratory analysis, which is the cosmochemistry gold standard because of the ability for repeated analysis under highly controlled conditions using the most advanced instrumentation unhindered by limitations in power, space, or environment. Over the past 40 y, advances in technology have enabled telescopic and spacecraft instruments to provide important data that significantly complement the laboratory data. In this special edition, recent advances in the state of the art of cosmochemistry are presented, which range from instrumental analysis of meteorites to theoretical–computational and astronomical observations.
    Keywords: Cosmochemistry Special Feature
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  • 16
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    Stardust in meteorites [Astronomy] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-30
    Description: Primitive meteorites, interplanetary dust particles, and comets contain dust grains that formed around stars that lived their lives before the solar system formed. These remarkable objects have been intensively studied since their discovery a little over twenty years ago and they provide samples of other stars that can be studied in the laboratory in exquisite detail with modern analytical tools. The properties of stardust grains are used to constrain models of nucleosynthesis in red giant stars and supernovae, the dominant sources of dust grains that are recycled into the interstellar medium by stars.
    Keywords: Cosmochemistry Special Feature
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  • 17
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    Benefits of tropical crops for food security [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-02
    Description: West et al.’s recent paper (1) compared tradeoffs of carbon and crop production in temperate and tropical zones. We welcome the empirical evidence in support of agricultural intensification rather than extensification. We strongly caution against the implicit conclusion that food production might need to be concentrated in the temperate zone, however. First, this has implications for food security. People vulnerable to food insecurity live largely in low-income tropical countries and depend predominantly on local agriculture both for food supplies and to provide the livelihoods that underpin food security (2). Second, as the maps of West et al. (1) show, there...
    Keywords: Letters, Sustainability Science
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  • 18
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    Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity [Sustainability Science] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-02
    Description: A central challenge for sustainability is how to preserve forest ecosystems and the services that they provide us while enhancing food production. This challenge for developing countries confronts the force of economic globalization, which seeks cropland that is shrinking in availability and triggers deforestation. Four mechanisms—the displacement, rebound, cascade, and remittance effects—that are amplified by economic globalization accelerate land conversion. A few developing countries have managed a land use transition over the recent decades that simultaneously increased their forest cover and agricultural production. These countries have relied on various mixes of agricultural intensification, land use zoning, forest protection, increased reliance on imported food and wood products, the creation of off-farm jobs, foreign capital investments, and remittances. Sound policies and innovations can therefore reconcile forest preservation with food production. Globalization can be harnessed to increase land use efficiency rather than leading to uncontrolled land use expansion. To do so, land systems should be understood and modeled as open systems with large flows of goods, people, and capital that connect local land use with global-scale factors.
    Keywords: Inaugural Articles, Sustainability Science
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  • 19
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    Reply to Vermeulen and Wollenberg: Distinguishing food security and crop yields [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-02
    Description: Vermeulen and Wollenberg (1) caution against interpreting our recent paper (2) as a call to concentrate food production in temperate areas. We did not intend our research to be interpreted as such. As Vermeulen and Wollenberg state, even very low yields can play an extremely important role in providing food security, particularly in low-income tropical countries. We agree that it is important to make the distinction between yields and food security.As noted in our paper, the tradeoff between carbon and crop yields that results from expanding croplands is particularly strong in the tropics, where natural ecosystems generally store a lot...
    Keywords: Letters, Sustainability Science
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  • 20
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    Reply to Frederick et al.: Anchoring effects on energy perceptions [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-02-23
    Description: Both our study (1) and the follow-up described by Frederick et al. (2) indicate that people know relatively little about how much energy is used by different devices and appliances. In our view, the additional data strengthen rather than weaken our original conclusions.It is well known that numerical judgments are subject to anchoring effects, with initial values having substantial influence on final answers (3). In our article, we noted that the compressed range of respondents’ energy estimates “almost certainly resulted from an anchoring bias in which the reference point provided in the task served as an anchor for participants’ estimates,...
    Keywords: Letters, Sustainability Science
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  • 21
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    Characterizing perceptions of energy consumption [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-02-23
    Description: The adoption of energy-saving technologies is presumably deterred by underestimates of energy use and by corresponding underestimates of the difference between more- and less-efficient appliances. Thus, it is easy to grasp the potential policy significance of a recent study (1) concluding that Americans underestimate energy use by a factor of 2.8.However, the apparent precision of that statistic belies its arbitrary origins. By manipulating just two experimental details (the provided numeric referent and the units in which judgments were rendered), we show that one can readily reach qualitatively different conclusions.For the study in question (1), respondents were first told that a...
    Keywords: Letters, Sustainability Science
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  • 22
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    Linking functional diversity and social actor strategies in a framework for interdisciplinary analysis of nature's benefits to society [Environmental Sciences] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-01-19
    Description: The crucial role of biodiversity in the links between ecosystems and societies has been repeatedly highlighted both as source of wellbeing and as a target of human actions, but not all aspects of biodiversity are equally important to different ecosystem services. Similarly, different social actors have different perceptions of and access to ecosystem services, and therefore, they have different wants and capacities to select directly or indirectly for particular biodiversity and ecosystem characteristics. Their choices feed back onto the ecosystem services provided to all parties involved and in turn, affect future decisions. Despite this recognition, the research communities addressing biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human outcomes have yet to develop frameworks that adequately treat the multiple dimensions and interactions in the relationship. Here, we present an interdisciplinary framework for the analysis of relationships between functional diversity, ecosystem services, and human actions that is applicable to specific social environmental systems at local scales. We connect the mechanistic understanding of the ecological role of diversity with its social relevance: ecosystem services. The framework permits connections between functional diversity components and priorities of social actors using land use decisions and ecosystem services as the main links between these ecological and social components. We propose a matrix-based method that provides a transparent and flexible platform for quantifying and integrating social and ecological information and negotiating potentially conflicting land uses among multiple social actors. We illustrate the applicability of our framework by way of land use examples from temperate to subtropical South America, an area of rapid social and ecological change.
    Keywords: Inaugural Articles, Sustainability Science
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  • 23
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    Enhanced silicate weathering is not limited by silicic acid saturation [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-23
    Description: Enhanced weathering of olivine as a means of sequestering carbon is investigated by Köhler et al. (1). Specifically, the study discusses the potential distribution of fine olivine powder, obtained from dunite mines, in the humid tropic regions of the Amazon and Congo River catchments. Olivine (forsterite) dissolution (Eq. 1) implies the sequestration of 4 moles of CO2 for each mole of olivine (2).Köhler et al. (1) suggested that the saturation of silicic acid (H4SiO4) in river runoff would crucially limit olivine dissolution. As an example of the weathering of pulverized ultramafic rock, Wilson et al. (3) present evidence that the...
    Keywords: Letters, Sustainability Science
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  • 24
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    Reply to Schuiling et al.: Different processes at work [Letters (Online Only)] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-23
    Description: Schuiling et al. (1) question our conclusion (2) that the annual dissolution rate of olivine is limited by the saturation of waters with silicic acid (H4SiO4), which is one product of the dissolution reaction of olivine. In support of this point they discuss findings of CO2 sequestration in a mine in Yukon, Canada, claiming that a minimum of 1,700 g C m−2 y−1 was sequestered between 1978 and 2004 by silicate weathering and precipitation of (mainly) magnesium carbonates (3). This value is approximately 20 times larger than the 85 g C m−2 y−1 calculated in our study for the Amazon...
    Keywords: Letters, Sustainability Science
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