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  • 1
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    Genome‐Wide Association Study Using Historical Breeding Populations Discovers Genomic Regions Involved in High‐Quality Rice (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-11-01
    Digitale ISSN: 1940-3372
    Thema: Biologie
    Publiziert von Wiley
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  • 2
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    Selection in Early Generations to Shift Allele Frequency for Seminal Root Angle in Wheat (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-07-01
    Digitale ISSN: 1940-3372
    Thema: Biologie
    Publiziert von Wiley
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  • 3
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    Extensive Genetic Diversity is Present within North American Switchgrass Germplasm (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-03-01
    Digitale ISSN: 1940-3372
    Thema: Biologie
    Publiziert von Wiley
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  • 4
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    Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers Associated with Seed Quality Characteristics of Cultivated Lentil (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-03-01
    Digitale ISSN: 1940-3372
    Thema: Biologie
    Publiziert von Wiley
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  • 5
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    Tripsacum De novo Transcriptome Assemblies Reveal Parallel Gene Evolution with Maize after Ancient Polyploidy (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-11-01
    Digitale ISSN: 1940-3372
    Thema: Biologie
    Publiziert von Wiley
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  • 6
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    RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-11-01
    Digitale ISSN: 1940-3372
    Thema: Biologie
    Publiziert von Wiley
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  • 7
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    Sequence-Based Introgression Mapping Identifies Candidate White Mold Tolerance Genes in Common Bean (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-01
    Digitale ISSN: 1940-3372
    Thema: Biologie
    Publiziert von Wiley
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  • 8
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    Identification and Mapping of Late Blight Resistance Quantitative Trait Loci in Tomato Accession PI 163245 (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-11-01
    Digitale ISSN: 1940-3372
    Thema: Biologie
    Publiziert von Wiley
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  • 9
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    CRISPR off-targets: a reassessment (2018)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-03-30
    Print ISSN: 1548-7091
    Digitale ISSN: 1548-7105
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 10
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    Modelling Cryptosporidium infection in human small intestinal and lung organoids (2018)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-25
    Digitale ISSN: 2058-5276
    Thema: Biologie
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 11
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    The nature of ice-forming nuclei in the atmosphere (1950)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 1950-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Digitale ISSN: 1477-870X
    Thema: Geographie , Physik
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von Royal Meteorological Society.
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  • 12
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    Recent work of the Thunderstorm Census Organisation (1950)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 1950-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Digitale ISSN: 1477-870X
    Thema: Geographie , Physik
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von Royal Meteorological Society.
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  • 13
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    Discussion (1950)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 1950-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Digitale ISSN: 1477-870X
    Thema: Geographie , Physik
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von Royal Meteorological Society.
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  • 14
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    Emissions mitigation opportunities for savanna countries from early dry season fire management (2018)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: Savanna fires produce significant emissions globally, but if managed effectively could provide an important mitigation opportunity, particularly in African least developed countries. Here we show global opportunities for emissions reductions through early dry season burning for 37 countries including: 29 countries in Africa (69.1 MtCO2-e yr−1), six countries in South America (13.3 MtCO2-e yr−1), and Australia and Papua New Guinea (6.9 MtCO2-e yr−1). Emissions reduction estimates are based on the successful approach developed in Australia to reduce emissions from savanna fires using global-scale, remotely sensed estimates of monthly emissions. Importantly, 20 least developed countries in Africa account for 74% of the mitigation potential (60.2 MtCO2-e yr−1). More than 1.02 million km2 of savanna dominated protected areas within these countries could be used as pilot sites to test and advance a regional approach to mitigation efforts for savanna fires in Africa. Potential versus actual abatement opportunities are discussed.
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 15
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    Intensifying the response of distributed optical fibre sensors using 2D and 3D image restoration (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-01
    Beschreibung: Distributed optical fibre sensors possess the unique capability of measuring the spatial and temporal map of environmental quantities that can be of great interest for several field applications. Although existing methods for performance enhancement have enabled important progresses in the field, they do not take full advantage of all information present in the measured data, still giving room for substantial improvement over the state-of-the-art. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate an approach for performance enhancement that exploits the high level of similitude and redundancy contained on the multidimensional information measured by distributed fibre sensors. Exploiting conventional image and video processing, an unprecedented boost in signal-to-noise ratio and measurement contrast is experimentally demonstrated. The method can be applied to any white-noise-limited distributed fibre sensor and can remarkably provide a 100-fold improvement in the sensor performance with no hardware modification.
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 16
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    CRISPR knockout screening identifies combinatorial drug targets in pancreatic cancer and models cellular drug response (2018)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-10-15
    Beschreibung: Predicting the response and identifying additional targets that will improve the efficacy of chemotherapy is a major goal in cancer research. Through large-scale in vivo and in vitro CRISPR knockout screens in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells, we identified genes whose genetic deletion or pharmacologic inhibition synergistically increase the cytotoxicity of MEK signaling inhibitors. Furthermore, we show that CRISPR viability scores combined with basal gene expression levels could model global cellular responses to the drug treatment. We develop drug response evaluation by in vivo CRISPR screening (DREBIC) method and validated its efficacy using large-scale experimental data from independent experiments. Comparative analyses demonstrate that DREBIC predicts drug response in cancer cells from a wide range of tissues with high accuracy and identifies therapeutic vulnerabilities of cancer-causing mutations to MEK inhibitors in various cancer types.
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 17
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    The climatic fluctuation since A.D. 1850 in Europe and the Atlantic (1950)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 1950-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Digitale ISSN: 1477-870X
    Thema: Geographie , Physik
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von Royal Meteorological Society.
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  • 18
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    Why do ovigerous females approach courting males? Female preferences and sensory biases in a fiddler crab (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-12
    Beschreibung: Perceptual biases explain the origin and evolution of female preference in many species. Some responses that mediate mate choice, however, may have never been used in nonmating contexts. In the fiddler crab, Uca mjoebergi , mate-searching females prefer faster wave rates and leading wave; however, it remains unclear whether such responses evolved in a mating context (i.e., the preference has effect on the fitness of the female and her offspring that arise from mating with a particular male) or a nonmating contexts (i.e., a female obtains direct benefits through selecting the male with a more detectable trait). Here, we compared the preferences of mate-searching with those of ovigerous females that are searching for a burrow and do not concern about male “quality.” Results showed that as both mate-searching and ovigerous females preferentially approached robotic males with faster wave rates. This suggests that wave rate increases detectability/locatability of males, but the mating preference for this trait is unlikely to evolve in the mating context (although it may currently function in mate choice), as it does not provide fitness-related benefit to females or her offspring. Wave leadership, in contract, was attractive to mate-searching females, but not ovigerous females, suggesting that female preference for leadership evolves because wave leadership conveys information about male quality. We provide not only an empirical evidence of sensory biases (in terms of the preference for faster wave), but the first experimental evidence that mating context can be the only selection force that mediates the evolution of male sexual traits and female preference (in terms of the preference for leading wave). We experimentally investigated the origin of female preference of banana fiddler crabs. We showed that ovigerous females, who are unable to mate and should not concern about male quality, preferred males with fast wave rate, suggesting the preference for wave rate originated from perceptual bias, while these females had no preference for leading waves, suggesting leading wave evolves under mating context, conveying information about male quality.
    Digitale ISSN: 2045-7758
    Thema: Biologie
    Publiziert von Wiley
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  • 19
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    Nematode endoparasites do not codiversify with their stick insect hosts (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-12
    Beschreibung: Host–parasite coevolution stems from reciprocal selection on host resistance and parasite infectivity, and can generate some of the strongest selective pressures known in nature. It is widely seen as a major driver of diversification, the most extreme case being parallel speciation in hosts and their associated parasites. Here, we report on endoparasitic nematodes, most likely members of the mermithid family, infecting different Timema stick insect species throughout California. The nematodes develop in the hemolymph of their insect host and kill it upon emergence, completely impeding host reproduction. Given the direct exposure of the endoparasites to the host's immune system in the hemolymph, and the consequences of infection on host fitness, we predicted that divergence among hosts may drive parallel divergence in the endoparasites. Our phylogenetic analyses suggested the presence of two differentiated endoparasite lineages. However, independently of whether the two lineages were considered separately or jointly, we found a complete lack of codivergence between the endoparasitic nematodes and their hosts in spite of extensive genetic variation among hosts and among parasites. Instead, there was strong isolation by distance among the endoparasitic nematodes, indicating that geography plays a more important role than host-related adaptations in driving parasite diversification in this system. The accumulating evidence for lack of codiversification between parasites and their hosts at macroevolutionary scales contrasts with the overwhelming evidence for coevolution within populations, and calls for studies linking micro- versus macroevolutionary dynamics in host–parasite interactions. We report on endoparasitic nematodes infecting different Timema stick insect species throughout California, and tested whether divergence among hosts may drive parallel divergence in the endoparasites. We found a complete lack of codivergence between the endoparasitic nematodes and their hosts. The accumulating evidence for lack of codiversification between parasites and their hosts at macroevolutionary scales contrasts with the overwhelming evidence for coevolution within populations and calls for studies linking micro- versus macroevolutionary dynamics in host–parasite interactions.
    Digitale ISSN: 2045-7758
    Thema: Biologie
    Publiziert von Wiley
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  • 20
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    Habitat degradation disrupts neophobia in juvenile coral reef fish (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-10
    Beschreibung: Habitat degradation not only disrupts habitat-forming species, but alters the sensory landscape within which most species must balance behavioural activities against predation risk. Rapidly developing a cautious behavioural phenotype, a condition known as neophobia, is advantageous when entering a novel risky habitat. Many aquatic organisms rely on damage-released conspecific cues (i.e. alarm cues) as an indicator of impending danger and use them to assess general risk and develop neophobia. This study tested whether settlement-stage damselfish associated with degraded coral reef habitats were able to use alarm cues as an indicator of risk and, in turn, develop a neophobic response at the end of their larval phase. Our results indicate that fish in live coral habitats that were exposed to alarm cues developed neophobia, and, in situ , were found to be more cautious, more closely associated with their coral shelters and survived four-times better than non-neophobic control fish. In contrast, fish that settled onto degraded coral habitats did not exhibit neophobia and consequently suffered much greater mortality on the reef, regardless of their history of exposure to alarm cues. Our results show that habitat degradation alters the efficacy of alarm cues with phenotypic and survival consequences for newly settled recruits.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Digitale ISSN: 1365-2486
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Geographie
    Publiziert von Wiley
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  • 21
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    Recent developments in detection and enumeration of waterborne bacteria: a retrospective minireview (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-12
    Beschreibung: Waterborne diseases have emerged as global health problems and their rapid and sensitive detection in environmental water samples is of great importance. Bacterial identification and enumeration in water samples is significant as it helps to maintain safe drinking water for public consumption. Culture-based methods are laborious, time-consuming, and yield false-positive results, whereas viable but nonculturable (VBNCs) microorganisms cannot be recovered. Hence, numerous methods have been developed for rapid detection and quantification of waterborne pathogenic bacteria in water. These rapid methods can be classified into nucleic acid-based, immunology-based, and biosensor-based detection methods. This review summarizes the principle and current state of rapid methods for the monitoring and detection of waterborne bacterial pathogens. Rapid methods outlined are polymerase chain reaction (PCR), digital droplet PCR, real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, DNA microarray, Next-generation sequencing (pyrosequencing, Illumina technology and genomics), and fluorescence in situ hybridization that are categorized as nucleic acid-based methods. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence are classified into immunology-based methods. Optical, electrochemical, and mass-based biosensors are grouped into biosensor-based methods. Overall, these methods are sensitive, specific, time-effective, and important in prevention and diagnosis of waterborne bacterial diseases. Waterborne diseases pose constant threats to public health. Therefore, public healthcare needs rapid, sensitive, and accurate detection of pathogens for the diagnosis and treatment.
    Digitale ISSN: 2045-8827
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Publiziert von Wiley
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  • 22
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    Message from the Executive Director: Interview with Emily Tyner, ASLO 2016 Science Communication Intern (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-10
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von The Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO).
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  • 23
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    Total synthesis of atropurpuran (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-10
    Beschreibung: Article Polycyclic and caged molecules are common in nature but present challenging targets for synthesis. Here, the authors report a route to caged diterpene cores and apply to the total synthesis of atropurpuran, with oxidative dearomatization/intramolecular Diels-Alder cascade, aldol and ketyl-olefin cyclizations as key steps. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12183 Authors: Jing Gong, Huan Chen, Xiao-Yu Liu, Zhi-Xiu Wang, Wei Nie, Yong Qin
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 24
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    A heavy metal P-type ATPase OsHMA4 prevents copper accumulation in rice grain (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-10
    Beschreibung: Article Copper (Cu) is an essential mineral nutrient but high concentrations in rice grain can cause toxicity. Here the authors provide evidence that natural variation in rice grain Cu concentration is caused by altered sequestration of Cu into root vacuoles due to a single amino acid substitution in the OsHMA4 transporter. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12138 Authors: Xin-Yuan Huang, Fenglin Deng, Naoki Yamaji, Shannon R.M. Pinson, Miho Fujii-Kashino, John Danku, Alex Douglas, Mary Lou Guerinot, David E. Salt, Jian Feng Ma
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 25
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    Rational design of carbon nitride photocatalysts by identification of cyanamide defects as catalytically relevant sites (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-10
    Beschreibung: Article Graphitic carbon nitride is a promising hydrogen evolution photocatalyst, although there is limited understanding of its mechanistic operation. Here, the authors employ molecular heptazine-based model catalysts to identify catalytically relevant defects and to rationally design a highly active carbon nitride photocatalyst. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12165 Authors: Vincent Wing-hei Lau, Igor Moudrakovski, Tiago Botari, Simon Weinberger, Maria B. Mesch, Viola Duppel, Jürgen Senker, Volker Blum, Bettina V. Lotsch
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 26
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    Essential role of autoactivation circuitry on Aurora B-mediated H2AX-pS121 in mitosis (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-10
    Beschreibung: Article Aurora B activation at the centromere is critical for faithful chromosome segregation in mammals. Here the authors show that Aurora B-mediated phosphorylation of histone H2AX at serine 121 is essential for Aurora B auto-activation circuitry at centromeres, ensuring proper chromosome segregation. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12059 Authors: Midori Shimada, Takahiro Goshima, Hiromi Matsuo, Yoshikazu Johmura, Mayumi Haruta, Kazuhiro Murata, Hiromitsu Tanaka, Masahito Ikawa, Keiko Nakanishi, Makoto Nakanishi
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 27
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    Laser capture microscopy coupled with Smart-seq2 for precise spatial transcriptomic profiling (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-10
    Beschreibung: Article Laser capture microscopy (LCM) coupled with global transcriptome profiling requires relatively large numbers of cells. Here, the authors show that LCM coupled with full-length mRNA-sequencing (LCM-seq) can sequence single cells, and that LCM-seq can provide biological insight on highly similar neuronal populations. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12139 Authors: Susanne Nichterwitz, Geng Chen, Julio Aguila Benitez, Marlene Yilmaz, Helena Storvall, Ming Cao, Rickard Sandberg, Qiaolin Deng, Eva Hedlund
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 28
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    Frizzled 7 and PIP2 binding by syntenin PDZ2 domain supports Frizzled 7 trafficking and signalling (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-10
    Beschreibung: Article PDZ domain-containing proteins are known to function as intracellular scaffolds. Here, Egea-Jimenez et al . report the structure of the tandem PDZ domains of syntenin in complex with a Frizzled 7 peptide and PIP2, show that the ligands bind to syntenin cooperatively and illustrate the role of the complex for Frizzled 7 function. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12101 Authors: Antonio Luis Egea-Jimenez, Rodrigo Gallardo, Abel Garcia-Pino, Ylva Ivarsson, Anna Maria Wawrzyniak, Rudra Kashyap, Remy Loris, Joost Schymkowitz, Frederic Rousseau, Pascale Zimmermann
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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  • 29
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    Bioinformatics Approach for Prediction of Functional Coding/Noncoding Simple Polymorphisms (SNPs/Indels) in Human BRAF Gene (2016)
    Hindawi
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-11
    Beschreibung: This study was carried out for Homo sapiens single variation (SNPs/Indels) in BRAF gene through coding/non-coding regions. Variants data was obtained from database of SNP even last update of November, 2015. Many bioinformatics tools were used to identify functional SNPs and indels in proteins functions, structures and expressions. Results shown, for coding polymorphisms, 111 SNPs predicted as highly damaging and six other were less. For UTRs, showed five SNPs and one indel were altered in micro RNAs binding sites (3′ UTR), furthermore nil SNP or indel have functional altered in transcription factor binding sites (5′ UTR). In addition for 5′/3′ splice sites, analysis showed that one SNP within 5′ splice site and one Indel in 3′ splice site showed potential alteration of splicing. In conclude these previous functional identified SNPs and indels could lead to gene alteration, which may be directly or indirectly contribute to the occurrence of many diseases.
    Print ISSN: 1687-8027
    Digitale ISSN: 1687-8035
    Thema: Biologie , Informatik
    Publiziert von Hindawi
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  • 30
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    A Method of Effective Text Extraction for Complex Video Scene (2016)
    Hindawi
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-11
    Beschreibung: Text information contains important information for video analysis, indexing, and retrieval. Effective and efficient text extraction has been a challenging topic in recent years. Focusing on this issue, a text extraction method for complex video scene is proposed in this paper. Multiframe corner matching and heuristic rules are combined together to detect the text region candidates, which solves the issue of Harris corner filtration for complex video scene and also improves the detection accuracy using multiframe fusion. Local texture description is then used for similarity evaluation judged by SVM. Experimental results for 4 different types of 395-frame video images show the effectiveness of the proposed method compared with 5 existing text extraction methods.
    Print ISSN: 1024-123X
    Digitale ISSN: 1563-5147
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Publiziert von Hindawi
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    Reliability Evaluation for the Running State of the Manufacturing System Based on Poor Information (2016)
    Hindawi
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-11
    Beschreibung: The output performance of the manufacturing system has a direct impact on the mechanical product quality. For guaranteeing product quality and production cost, many firms try to research the crucial issues on reliability of the manufacturing system with small sample data, to evaluate whether the manufacturing system is capable or not. The existing reliability methods depend on a known probability distribution or vast test data. However, the population performances of complex systems become uncertain as processing time; namely, their probability distributions are unknown, if the existing methods are still taken into account; it is ineffective. This paper proposes a novel evaluation method based on poor information to settle the problems of reliability of the running state of a manufacturing system under the condition of small sample sizes with a known or unknown probability distribution. Via grey bootstrap method, maximum entropy principle, and Poisson process, the experimental investigation on reliability evaluation for the running state of the manufacturing system shows that, under the best confidence level , if the reliability degree of achieving running quality is , the intersection area between the inspection data and the intrinsic data is and the variation probability of the inspection data is , and the running state of the manufacturing system is reliable; otherwise, it is not reliable. And the sensitivity analysis regarding the size of the samples can show that the size of the samples has no effect on the evaluation results obtained by the evaluation method. The evaluation method proposed provides the scientific decision and suggestion for judging the running state of the manufacturing system reasonably, which is efficient, profitable, and organized.
    Print ISSN: 1024-123X
    Digitale ISSN: 1563-5147
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
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    A Clustering Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (2016)
    Hindawi
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-11
    Beschreibung: The dynamic topology of a mobile ad hoc network poses a real challenge in the design of hierarchical routing protocol, which combines proactive with reactive routing protocols and takes advantages of both. And as an essential technique of hierarchical routing protocol, clustering of nodes provides an efficient method of establishing a hierarchical structure in mobile ad hoc networks. In this paper, we designed a novel clustering algorithm and a corresponding hierarchical routing protocol for large-scale mobile ad hoc networks. Each cluster is composed of a cluster head, several cluster gateway nodes, several cluster guest nodes, and other cluster members. The proposed routing protocol uses proactive protocol between nodes within individual clusters and reactive protocol between clusters. Simulation results show that the proposed clustering algorithm and hierarchical routing protocol provide superior performance with several advantages over existing clustering algorithm and routing protocol, respectively.
    Print ISSN: 1024-123X
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    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
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    An Enhanced Discrete Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm to Minimize the Total Flow Time in Permutation Flow Shop Scheduling with Limited Buffers (2016)
    Hindawi
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-11
    Beschreibung: This paper presents an enhanced discrete artificial bee colony algorithm for minimizing the total flow time in the flow shop scheduling problem with buffer capacity. First, the solution in the algorithm is represented as discrete job permutation to directly convert to active schedule. Then, we present a simple and effective scheme called best insertion for the employed bee and onlooker bee and introduce a combined local search exploring both insertion and swap neighborhood. To validate the performance of the presented algorithm, a computational campaign is carried out on the Taillard benchmark instances, and computations and comparisons show that the proposed algorithm is not only capable of solving the benchmark set better than the existing discrete differential evolution algorithm and iterated greedy algorithm, but also capable of performing better than two recently proposed discrete artificial bee colony algorithms.
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    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
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    A Model for Selecting a Strategic Information System Using the FITradeoff (2016)
    Hindawi
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-11
    Beschreibung: This paper arose from the perceived need to make a contribution towards assessing a strategic information system by using a new method for eliciting the weights of criteria. This is considered one of the most complex and important stages in multicriteria models. Multicriteria models have been proposed to support decisions in the context of information systems given that problems in this field deal with many conflicting criteria. The new procedure for eliciting the weights of the criteria has the advantage of requiring less effort from the decision-maker and, thus, the risk of inconsistent answers is minimized. Therefore, a model based on this new procedure is proposed and applied using data from a glass packaging factory that needs to select a single information system from a set of systems previously identified as relevant. The results obtained are consistent both with the performance of alternatives and with the additive model used to evaluate the alternatives.
    Print ISSN: 1024-123X
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    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
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  • 35
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    Anthropogenic Threats and Conservation Needs of Blue Whales, Balaenoptera musculus indica, around Sri Lanka (2016)
    Hindawi
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-11
    Beschreibung: Blue whales in the Northern Indian Ocean are a morphologically and acoustically distinct population restricted to these waters. Off Sri Lanka a portion of the population concentrates near shore where they are exposed to a range of anthropogenic threats. We review available data to determine anthropogenic threats/stressors faced by this population and assign subjective rankings for the population-level severity of each threat/stressor based on severity, scope, and immediacy. With the cessation of direct illegal catches on this population in the late 1960s, we ranked ship strike as the most important population-level threat. Incidental catch, which includes entanglement and bycatch, is also important as it can result in death. Other less important stressors that may negatively impact this population include threats resulting from oil and gas development and pollution. However, some stressors can have a long-term cumulative impact that is difficult to assess. The most important research needed for the conservation of these whales is to obtain an estimate of the size of the population using photo-identification methods.
    Print ISSN: 1687-9481
    Digitale ISSN: 1687-949X
    Thema: Biologie
    Publiziert von Hindawi
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    EXPRESSION AND EFFECTS OF MUTANT Bombyx mori ACETYLCHOLINESTRASE1 IN BmN CELLS (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-13
    Beschreibung: The main mechanism of toxicity of organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CB) insecticides is their irreversible binding and inhibition of acetylcholinestrase (AChE), encoded by ace 1 (acetylcholinestrase gene 1), leading to eventual death of insects. Mutations in AChE may significantly reduce insects susceptibility to these pesticides. Bombyx mori is an important beneficial insect, and no OP- or CB-resistant strains have been generated. In this study, wild-type ace 1 ( wace 1) and mutant ace 1 ( mace 1) were introduced into Bm N cells, confirmed by screening and identification. The expression of wace 1 and mace 1 in the cells was confirmed by Western blot and their expression levels were about 21-fold higher than the endogenous ace 1 level. The activities of AChE in wace 1 and mace 1 transgenic cells were 10.6 and 20.2% higher compared to control cells, respectively. mace 1 transgenic cells had higher remaining activity than wace 1 transgenic cells under the treatment of physostigmine (a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor) and phoxim (an OP acaricide). The results showed that ace 1 transgene can significantly improve ace 1 expression, and ace 1 mutation at a specific site can reduce the sensitivity to AChE inhibitors. Our study provides a new direction for the exploration of the relationship between AChE mutations and drug resistance.
    Print ISSN: 0739-4462
    Digitale ISSN: 1520-6327
    Thema: Biologie
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    An Overview on Predictive Biomarkers of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-13
    Beschreibung: Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are frequent solid malignant tumors and cause of death in men between 20–40 years of age. Genetic and environmental factors play an important role in the origin and development of TGCTs. Although the majority of TGCTs are responsive to chemotherapy, about 20% of patient presents incomplete response or tumors relapse. In addition, the current treatments cause acute toxicity and several chronic collateral effects, including sterility. The present mini-review collectively summarize the most recent findings on the new discovered molecular biomarkers such as tyrosine kinases, HMGAs, Aurora B kinase, and GPR30 receptor predictive of TGCTs and as emerging new possible molecular targets for therapeutic strategies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
    Digitale ISSN: 1097-4652
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
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    Atrogin-1 Increases Smooth Muscle Contractility through Myocardin Degradation (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-13
    Beschreibung: ABSTRACT Atrogin-1, an E3 ligase present in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle, down-regulates myocardin protein during skeletal muscle differentiation. Myocardin, the master regulator of smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation, induces expression of smooth muscle marker genes through its association with serum response factor (SRF), which binds to the CArG box in the promoter. Myocardin undergoes ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. Evidence suggests that proteasomal degradation of myocardin is critical for myocardin to exert its transcriptional activity, but there is no report about the E3 ligase responsible for myocardin ubiquitylation and subsequent transactivation. Here, we showed that overexpression of atrogin-1 increased contractility of cultured SMCs and mouse aortic tissues in organ culture. Overexpression of dominant-negative myocardin attenuated the increase in SMC contractility induced by atrogin-1. Atrogin-1 overexpression increased expression of the SM contractile markers while downregulated expression of myocardin protein but not mRNA. Atrogin-1 also ubiquitylated myocardin for proteasomal degradation in vascular SMCs. Deletion studies showed that atrogin-1 directly interacted with myocardin through its amino acids 284-345. Immunostaining studies showed nuclear localization of atrogin-1, myocardin and the Rpt6 subunit of the 26S proteasome. Atrogin-1 overexpression not only resulted in degradation of myocardin but also increased recruitment of RNA Polymerase II onto the promoters of myocardin target genes. In summary, our results have revealed the roles for atrogin-1 in the regulation of smooth muscle contractility through enhancement of myocardin ubiquitylation/degradation and its transcriptional activity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
    Digitale ISSN: 1097-4652
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
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    Issue Information (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-13
    Beschreibung: No abstract is available for this article.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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    A Multiperiod Supply Chain Network Design Considering Carbon Emissions (2016)
    Hindawi
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-13
    Beschreibung: This paper introduces a mixed integer linear programming formulation for modeling and solving a multiperiod one-stage supply chain distribution network design problem. The model is aimed to minimize two objectives, the total supply chain cost and the greenhouse gas emissions generated mainly by transportation and warehousing operations. The demand forecast is known for the planning horizon and shortage of demand is allowed at a penalty cost. This scenario must satisfy a minimum service level. Two carbon emission regulatory policies are investigated, the tax or carbon credit and the carbon emission cap. Computational experiments are performed to analyze the trade-offs between the total cost of the supply chain, the carbon emission quantity, and both carbon emission regulatory policies. Results demonstrate that for a certain range the carbon credit price incentivizes the reduction of carbon emissions to the environment. On the other hand, modifying the carbon emission cap inside a certain range could lead to significant reductions of carbon emission while not significantly compromising the total cost of the supply chain.
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    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
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  • 41
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    Development and verification of two convection-resolving multi-model ensembles over Western Europe (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-13
    Beschreibung: Three storm-scale ensemble prediction models (AROME-EPS, COSMO-DE-EPS, and MOGREPS-UK) were combined over Western Europe to create two convection-allowing, multi-model ensemble prediction systems (EPSs) with the goal of improving ensemble spread-skill relationships and probabilistic forecasting ability. A shared, uniform grid of _2.2 km resolution was used, containing two regions where model domains overlapped (AROME-EPS/COSMODE-EPS and AROME-EPS/MOGREPS-UK).Verification was conducted over a fivemonth period spanning two years using near-surface observations of wind, temperature, relative humidity and precipitation. Bias correction was also applied to each model in order to remove systematic error and to better assess the added value of the multi-model ensembles. Analyses of EPS errors and ensemble scores are presented, including comparisons between individual EPS and multi-model scores. Verification results show that the multi-model ensembles exhibit generally lower RMSE, increased spread, and improved ROC, ROCA, and Brier scores than the individual EPSs. In addition, a case study was selected to highlight discrepancies in precipitation frequency bias between the AROME-EPS and COSMODE-EPS models, attributable to differences in distribution and intensity of precipitation. When combined as a multi-model EPS, the sixhour precipitation accumulation forecast for this case study matched the observations better than the individual EPS forecasts. Together, these results highlight the potential advantage of using multiple models with differing dynamics and physics parameterizations when developing a convection-allowing EPS.
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Digitale ISSN: 1477-870X
    Thema: Geographie , Physik
    Publiziert von Wiley
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    First Assimilation of Temperature Lidar Data into an NWP Model: Impact on the Simulation of the Temperature Field, Inversion Strength, and PBL Depth (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-13
    Beschreibung: The impact of assimilating lower–tropospheric lidar temperature profiles into a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model was investigated. The profiles were measured with the Temperature Rotational Raman Lidar (TRRL) of the University of Hohenheim on 24 April 2013. The day showed the development of a typical daytime planetary boundary layer (PBL) with no optically thick clouds. The Weather Research and Forecasting model was operated with 57 vertical levels covering Central Europe with 3 km horizontal resolution. Three different experiments were carried out with a rapid update cycle with hourly three–dimensional variational data assimilation. The impact run (ALL_DA) was performed with the assimilation of conventional data and the additional assimilation of TRRL profiles between 0900 and 1800 UTC in a height range from about 500 m to 3000 m above ground level with a vertical resolution of about 100 m. In CONV_DA and NO_DA, only conventional data and no data were assimilated, respectively. To consider the representativeness of the TRRL profiles, an observation error of 0.7 K was used for all heights. The assimilation was performed using the radiosonde operator. The TRRL data assimilation corrected the temperature profiles towards the lidar data. In the mean, the boundary layer height was improved by 60 m in ALL_DA compared to the TRRL data and the temperature gradient in the entrainment layer by 0.19 K (100 m) − 1 . While ALL_DA showed a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.6 K compared to the TRRL data, the RMSE of CONV_DA was twice as large. Compared to data from radiosondes launched at the TRRL site, ALL_DA showed a significantly smaller RMSE than CONV_DA in two out of four times radiosonde data were available. We conclude that the assimilation of TRRL data has great potential to close the critical gap of missing temperature observations in the lower troposphere.
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Digitale ISSN: 1477-870X
    Thema: Geographie , Physik
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    SUPPRESSING A PEROXIDASE GENE REDUCES SURVIVAL IN THE WHEAT APHID Sitobion avenae (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-14
    Beschreibung: Peroxidases (POXs) make up a large superfamily of enzymes that act in a wide range of biological mechanisms, including maintaining appropriate redox balances within cells, among other actions. In this study, we cloned a sequence that encodes a POX protein, SaPOX, from wheat aphids, Sitobion avenae . Amino acid sequence alignment showed the SaPOX sequence was conserved with POXs from other insect species. SaPOX mRNA accumulations were present in all nymphal and adult stages, at higher levels during the first and second instar, and lower during later stages in the life cycle. Ingestion of dsRNA specific to POX led to reduced SaPOX mRNA accumulation. Sitobion avenae nymphs continuously exposed to dietary dsPOX via an artificial diet led to reduced survival rate and ecdysis index. We infer that POX is important to maintain the growth and development of S. avenae .
    Print ISSN: 0739-4462
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    Thema: Biologie
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  • 44
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    GENDER INFLUENCES DIFFERENTIATION OF CHITIN AMONG BODY PARTS (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-14
    Beschreibung: Earlier reports have established that chitin isolates from each body part of an insect cuticle can exhibit diverse physicochemical properties. But it is still unknown if the gender of the insect can influence characteristics of chitin isolates from different body parts. The present study addresses this question. As a result, important physicochemical differences in the chitin samples from different body parts of Melolontha sp. were recorded on the basis of sex. The chitin samples were extracted from eight different body parts (antennae, head, eyes, thorax, abdomen, elytra, hindwings, and legs) of female and male. The most remarkable variations in the chitin isolates from female and male body parts were recorded in chitin content, crystallinity, thermal stability, and surface morphology. And also it was wondered these chitin isolates from different body parts of female and male could find different applications. To check this hypothesis, the chitin samples from female and male were interacted with bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein and important variations were observed.
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    Thema: Biologie
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  • 45
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    Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Chitosan Extracted from Waste Shrimp Shells (2016)
    Hindawi
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-14
    Beschreibung: This research aims to study the production of chitosan from shrimp shell (Litopenaeus vannamei) of waste origin using two chemical methodologies involving demineralization, deproteinization, and the degree of deacetylation. The evaluation of the quality of chitosan from waste shrimp shells includes parameters for the yield, physical chemistry characteristics by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), the degree of deacetylation, and antibacterial activity. The results showed (by Method 1) extraction yields for chitin of 33% and for chitosan of 49% and a 76% degree of deacetylation. Chitosan obtained by Method 2 was more efficient: chitin (36%) and chitosan (63%), with a high degree of deacetylation (81.7%). The antibacterial activity was tested against Gram-negative bacteria (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Enterobacter cloacae) and Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined. Method 2 showed that extracted chitosan has good antimicrobial potential against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and that the process is viable.
    Print ISSN: 1687-918X
    Digitale ISSN: 1687-9198
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
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    Decreased NK-cell tumour immunosurveillance consequent to JAK inhibition enhances metastasis in breast cancer models (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-15
    Beschreibung: Article JAK inhibitors are currently undergoing evaluation in clinical trials for advanced breast cancer. Here, the authors show that JAK pathway inhibition increases metastasis in mouse models of breast cancer by impairing NK anti-tumour activity and that these side effects can be overcome by addition of IL-15. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12258 Authors: Alessia Bottos, Dagmar Gotthardt, Jason W. Gill, Albana Gattelli, Anna Frei, Alexandar Tzankov, Veronika Sexl, Aleksandra Wodnar-Filipowicz, Nancy E. Hynes
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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    Can Cholesterol Metabolism Modulation Affect Brain Function and Behavior? (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-15
    Beschreibung: Cholesterol is an important component for cell physiology. It regulates the fluidity of cell membranes and determines the physical and biochemical properties of proteins. In the central nervous system, cholesterol controls synapse formation and function and supports the saltatory conduction of action potential. In recent years, the role of cholesterol in the brain has caught the attention of several research groups since a breakdown of cholesterol metabolism has been associated with different neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases, and interestingly also with psychiatric conditions. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the connection between cholesterol dysregulation and various neurologic and psychiatric disorders based on clinical and preclinical studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
    Digitale ISSN: 1097-4652
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
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    The role of sediment structure in gas bubble storage and release (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-15
    Beschreibung: Ebullition is an important pathway for methane emission from inland waters. However, the mechanisms controlling methane bubble formation and release in aquatic sediments remain unclear. A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the dynamics of methane bubble formation, storage and release in response to hydrostatic head drops in three different types of natural sediment. Homogenized clayey, silty and sandy sediments (initially quasi-uniform through the depth of the columns) were incubated in chambers for three weeks. We observed three distinct stages of methane bubble formation and release: Stage I – formation of micro bubbles, displacing mobile water from sediment pores with negligible ebullition; Stage II – formation of large bubbles, displacing the surrounding sediment with concurrent increasing in ebullition; Stage III – formation of conduits, with relatively steady ebullition. The maximum depth-averaged volumetric gas content at steady state varied from 18.8% in clayey to 12.0% in silty and 13.2% in sandy sediment. Gas storage in the sediment columns showed a strong vertical stratification: most of the free gas was stored in an upper layer, whose thickness varied with sediment grain size. The magnitude of individual ebullition episodes was linearly correlated to hydrostatic head drop and decreased from clayey to sandy to silty sediment, and was in excess of that estimated from expansion alone indicating the release of porewater methane. These findings combined with a hydrodynamic model capable of determining dominant sediment type and depositional zones could help resolve spatial heterogeneities in methane ebullition at medium to larger scales in inland waters.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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    Winds induce CO2 exchange with the atmosphere and vadose zone transport in a karstic ecosystem (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-15
    Beschreibung: Research on the subterranean CO 2 dynamics has focused individually on either surface soils or bedrock cavities, neglecting the interaction of both systems as a whole. In this regard, the vadose-zone contains CO 2 -enriched air ( ca. 5% by volume) in the first meters, and its exchange with the atmosphere can represent from 10 to 90% of total ecosystem CO 2 emissions. Despite its importance, to date still lacking are reliable and robust databases of vadose-zone CO 2 contents that would improve knowledge of seasonal-annual above-belowground CO 2 balances. Here we study two and a half years of vadose-zone CO 2 dynamics in a semi-arid ecosystem. The experimental design includes an integrative approach to continuously measure CO 2 in: vertical and horizontal soil profiles, following gradients from surface to deep horizons and from areas of net biological CO 2 production (under plants) to areas of lowest CO 2 production (bare soil), as well as a bedrock borehole representing karst cavities and ecosystem-scale exchanges. We found that CO 2 followed similar seasonal patterns for the different layers, with the maximum seasonal values of CO 2 delayed with depth (deeper more delayed). However, the behavior of CO 2 transport differed markedly among layers. Advective transport driven by wind induced CO 2 emission both in surface soil and bedrock, but with negligible effect on subsurface soil, which appear to act as a buffer impeding rapid CO 2 exchanges. Our study provides the first evidence of enrichment of CO 2 under plant, hypothesizing that CO 2 -rich air could come from root zone or by transport from deepest layers through cracks and fissures.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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    A whole-genome sequence and transcriptome perspective on HER2-positive breast cancers (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-15
    Beschreibung: Article Breast cancer is separated into multiple subtypes based on the expression of HER2 and hormone receptors. Here, the authors report the whole genome sequence of 64 HER2 positive tumours and show that these can be further separated into four groups with different gene expression profiles and genomic features. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12222 Authors: Anthony Ferrari, Anne Vincent-Salomon, Xavier Pivot, Anne-Sophie Sertier, Emilie Thomas, Laurie Tonon, Sandrine Boyault, Eskeatnaf Mulugeta, Isabelle Treilleux, Gaëtan MacGrogan, Laurent Arnould, Janice Kielbassa, Vincent Le Texier, Hélène Blanché, Jean-François Deleuze, Jocelyne Jacquemier, Marie-Christine Mathieu, Frédérique Penault-Llorca, Frédéric Bibeau, Odette Mariani, Cécile Mannina, Jean-Yves Pierga, Olivier Trédan, Thomas Bachelot, Hervé Bonnefoi, Gilles Romieu, Pierre Fumoleau, Suzette Delaloge, Maria Rios, Jean-Marc Ferrero, Carole Tarpin, Catherine Bouteille, Fabien Calvo, Ivo Glynne Gut, Marta Gut, Sancha Martin, Serena Nik-Zainal, Michael R. Stratton, Iris Pauporté, Pierre Saintigny, Daniel Birnbaum, Alain Viari, Gilles Thomas
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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    Holocene delta evolution and sediment flux of the Pearl River, southern China (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-15
    Beschreibung: ABSTRACT Delta progradation and sediment flux of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), southern China, during the Holocene are presented based on analyses of borehole data on the delta plain. Results indicate that the delta prograded into the drowned valley because of early Holocene inundation from 9 to 6 cal ka BP, as sea-level rise decelerated. The sea level reached its present level at about 6 cal ka BP and, as a consequence, a large portion of the drowned valley was covered by the estuary, with more than 160 rock islands and platforms. The scattered landmasses promoted active deposition and acted as deposition nuclei during deltaic evolution. Consequently, apart from exhibiting a general tendency towards progression, PRD development occurred less regularly over time and space because of deposition around island boundaries. During the last 2 ka, mainly because of significantly increased human activities, which have trapped sediments in the encircled tidal flats along the front of delta plains, the shoreline has advanced rapidly. Estimated sediment fluxes for the three periods (9–6, 6–2 and 2–0 cal ka BP), based on the sediment volume analysis, were 17–25, 22–30 and 44–58 million t a −1 , respectively.
    Print ISSN: 0267-8179
    Digitale ISSN: 1099-1417
    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie
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    Spatial statistical network models for stream and river temperature in New England, USA (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-15
    Beschreibung: Watershed managers are challenged by the need for predictive temperature models with sufficient accuracy and geographic breadth for practical use. We described thermal regimes of New England rivers and streams based on a reduced set of metrics for the May to September growing season (July or August median temperature, diurnal rate of change, and magnitude and timing of growing season maximum) chosen through principal component analysis of 78 candidate metrics. We then developed and assessed spatial statistical models for each of these metrics, incorporating spatial autocorrelation based on both distance along the flow network and Euclidean distance between points. Calculation of spatial autocorrelation based on travel or retention time in place of network distance yielded tighter-fitting Torgegrams with less scatter but did not improve overall model prediction accuracy. We predicted monthly median July or August stream temperatures as a function of median air temperature, estimated urban heat island effect, shaded solar radiation, main channel slope, watershed storage (percent lake and wetland area), percent coarse-grained surficial deposits, and presence or maximum depth of a lake immediately upstream, with an overall root-mean-square prediction error of 1.4 and 1.5 ○ C, respectively. Growing season maximum water temperature varied as a function of air temperature, local channel slope, shaded August solar radiation, imperviousness, and watershed storage. Predictive models for July or August daily range, maximum daily rate of change, and timing of growing season maximum were statistically significant but explained a much lower proportion of variance than the above models (5-14% of total) . This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Digitale ISSN: 1944-7973
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Geographie
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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    Accurate early and late time modelling of countercurrent spontaneous imbibition (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-15
    Beschreibung: Spontaneous counter-current imbibition into a finite porous medium is an important physical mechanism for many applications, included but not limited to irrigation, CO 2 storage and oil recovery. Symmetry considerations that are often valid in fractured porous media allow us to study the process in a one-dimensional domain. In 1D, the onset of imbibition can be captured by self-similar solutions and the imbibed volume scales with . At later times, the imbibition rate decreases and the finite size of the medium has to be taken into account. This requires numerical solutions. Here, we present a new approach to approximate the whole imbibition process semi-analytically. While the onset is captured by a semi-analytical solution. We also provide an a priori estimate of the time until which the imbibed volume scales with . This time is significantly longer than the time it takes until the imbibition front reaches the model boundary. The remainder of the imbibition process is obtained from a self-similarity solution. We test our approach against numerical solutions that employ parametrizations relevant for oil recovery and CO 2 sequestration. We show that this concept improves common first order approaches that heavily underestimate early-time behaviour and note that it can be readily included into dual porosity models. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Digitale ISSN: 1944-7973
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Geographie
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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    Tap water isotope ratios reflect urban water system structure and dynamics across a semiarid metropolitan area (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-15
    Beschreibung: Water extraction for anthropogenic use has become a major flux in the hydrological cycle. With increasing demand for water and challenges supplying it in the face of climate change, there is a pressing need to better understand connections between human populations, climate, water extraction, water use, and its impacts. To understand these connections, we collected and analyzed stable isotopic ratios of more than 800 urban tap water samples in a series of semiannual water surveys (spring and fall, 2013 to 2015) across the Salt Lake Valley (SLV) of northern Utah. Consistent with previous work, we found that mean tap water had a lower 2 H and 18 O concentration than local precipitation, highlighting the importance of nearby montane winter precipitation as source water for the region. However, we observed strong and structured spatiotemporal variation in tap water isotopic compositions across the region which we attribute to complex distribution systems, varying water management practices and multiple sources used across the valley. Water from different sources was not used uniformly throughout the area and we identified significant correlation between water source and demographic parameters including population and income. Isotopic mass balance indicated significant inter- and intra-annual variability in water losses within the distribution network due to evaporation from surface water resources supplying the SLV. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of isotopes as an indicator of water management strategies and climate impacts within regional urban water systems, with potential utility for monitoring, regulation, forensic and a range of water resource research. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Digitale ISSN: 1944-7973
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Geographie
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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    Cellular characteristics and growth behavior of iron-limited Microcystis aeruginosa in nutrient-depleted and nutrient-replete chemostat systems (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-15
    Beschreibung: Cellular responses of Fe-limited Microcystis aeruginosa were investigated under nutrient-depleted and -replete conditions. Cellular growth, Fe quota and Fe uptake kinetics were examined in chemostat systems using nutrient-replete Fraquil * (where all nutrients except for Fe are present at sufficient level to achieve optimal growth) and nutrient-deplete Fraquil * (where some nutrients in addition to Fe are potentially growth-limiting factors). For both nutrient conditions, cellular Fe quota increased with increasing dilution rate in a manner consistent with Droop theory. However, the Fe quota in nutrient-deplete Fraquil * was determined to be lower, indicating lower cellular Fe requirement in the nutrient-depleted condition. Short-term Fe uptake assays indicated that cells acclimated in nutrient-replete conditions adjust to various degrees of Fe stress by solely increasing maximum Fe uptake rate, consistent with expected negative feedback regulation. In contrast, the maximum Fe uptake rate decreased with increasing degree of Fe limitation in the nutrient-depleted chemostat (particularly nitrate and molybdenum in this study). This non-negative feedback regulation is likely associated with lower Fe requirement for specific functions (e.g., intracellular nitrate reduction). Cellular affinity for Fe uptake and cellular size were independent of degree of Fe stress for both nutrient conditions.
    Print ISSN: 0024-3590
    Digitale ISSN: 1939-5590
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von The Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO).
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  • 56
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    Carbon-to-chlorophyll ratio for phytoplankton in temperate coastal waters: Seasonal patterns and relationship to nutrients (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-15
    Beschreibung: Carbon-to-chlorophyll a ratios (C:Chl a ; weight : weight) were analyzed for 7578 coastal seawater samples collected from Danish waters from 1990 to 2014. The aim was to identify the seasonal and spatial dynamics relative to nutrient richness and to study the effect of reduced nitrogen loadings over time. C:Chl a values were lowest during winter, about 15 across all stations. During the spring, C:Chl a increased to summer values between 20 and 96, depending on the annual mean of total nitrogen concentration. An inter-annual sinusoidal model with monthly time steps described the seasonal C:Chl a pattern well. The amplitudes of the model varied inversely with the annual mean of total nitrogen. Data also showed that a reduction in nitrogen loadings to the area by ∼ 40% over the past 24 yr, resulted in a statistically significant increase in mean annual C:Chl a values of 0.8 ± 0.2 yr −1 . The patterns derived from this large data set can be used to predict C:Chl a values for temperate coastal phytoplankton. Use of the empirical relationships derived from the data set improves predictions of C:Chl a values and thereby, e.g., carbon based food-web calculations and carbon-based ecosystem models, which often are validated using chlorophyll measurements.
    Print ISSN: 0024-3590
    Digitale ISSN: 1939-5590
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von The Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO).
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    Cellular lifespan and senescence: a complex balance between multiple cellular pathways (2016)
    Wiley
    In: BioEssays
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-16
    Beschreibung: The study of cellular senescence and proliferative lifespan is becoming increasingly important because of the promises of autologous cell therapy, the need for model systems for tissue disease and the implication of senescent cell phenotypes in organismal disease states such as sarcopenia, diabetes and various cancers, among others. Here, we explain the concepts of proliferative cellular lifespan and cellular senescence, and we present factors that have been shown to mediate cellular lifespan positively or negatively. We review much recent literature and present potential molecular mechanisms by which lifespan mediation occurs, drawing from the fields of telomere biology, metabolism, NAD + and sirtuin biology, growth factor signaling and oxygen and antioxidants. We conclude that cellular lifespan and senescence are complex concepts that are governed by multiple independent and interdependent pathways, and that greater understanding of these pathways, their interactions and their convergence upon specific cellular phenotypes may lead to viable therapies for tissue regeneration and treatment of age-related pathologies, which are caused by or exacerbated by senescent cells in vivo. Replicative cellular lifespan is regulated by myriad cellular factors and processes, including telomeres, oxygen, DNA damage signaling, growth factors and metabolism. In this review, we will explain some of the molecular means by which these and other factors mediate cellular lifespan.
    Print ISSN: 0265-9247
    Digitale ISSN: 1521-1878
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
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    Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins regulate angiotensin-converting enzyme expression: crosstalk between cellular and endocrine metabolic regulators suggested by RNA interference and genetic studies (2016)
    Wiley
    In: BioEssays
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-16
    Beschreibung: Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) regulate mitochondrial function, and thus cellular metabolism. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is the central component of endocrine and local tissue renin–angiotensin systems (RAS), which also regulate diverse aspects of whole-body metabolism and mitochondrial function (partly through altering mitochondrial UCP expression). We show that ACE expression also appears to be regulated by mitochondrial UCPs. In genetic analysis of two unrelated populations ( healthy young UK men and Scandinavian diabetic patients ) serum ACE (sACE) activity was significantly higher amongst UCP3-55C (rather than T) and UCP2 I (rather than D) allele carriers. RNA interference against UCP2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells reduced UCP2 mRNA sixfold ( P  〈 0·01) whilst increasing ACE expression within a physiological range (〈1·8-fold at 48 h; P  〈 0·01). Our findings suggest novel hypotheses. Firstly, cellular feedback regulation may occur between UCPs and ACE. Secondly, cellular UCP regulation of sACE suggests a novel means of crosstalk between (and mutual regulation of) cellular and endocrine metabolism. This might partly explain the reduced risk of developing diabetes and metabolic syndrome with RAS antagonists and offer insight into the origins of cardiovascular disease in which UCPs and ACE both play a role. Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) regulate mitochondrial function, and thus cellular metabolism. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is the central component of endocrine and local tissue renin–angiotensin systems, which also regulate diverse aspects of whole-body metabolism and mitochondrial function. We demonstrate that ACE expression appears to be regulated by mitochondrial UCPs.
    Print ISSN: 0265-9247
    Digitale ISSN: 1521-1878
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
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    BioEssays S1/2016 (2016)
    Wiley
    In: BioEssays
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-16
    Beschreibung: Positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb) plays an important role in host cell and viral gene expression. Many viruses, including Herpes Simplex Virus 1, have evolved strategies to hijack this key factor via their own regulatory proteins. The central role of P-TEFb in viral life cycles raises the possibility that Cdk9 inhibitors might be useful antiviral agents. See article “P-TEFb goes viral” by Justyna Zaborowska, Nur F. Isa and Shona Murphy in this issue.
    Print ISSN: 0265-9247
    Digitale ISSN: 1521-1878
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
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    The hypoxic microenvironment: A determinant of cancer stem cell evolution (2016)
    Wiley
    In: BioEssays
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-16
    Beschreibung: Tumors are often viewed as unique entities with specific behaviors. However, tumors are a mixture of differentially evolved subpopulations of cells in constant Darwinian evolution, selecting the fittest clone and allowing it to outgrow the rest. As in the natural environment, the niche defines the properties the fittest clones must possess. Therefore, there can be multiple fit clones because of the various microenvironments inside a single tumor. Hypoxia is considered to be a major feature of the tumor microenvironment and is a potential contributor to the cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype and its enhanced tumorigenicity. The acidic microenvironment around hypoxic cells is accompanied by the activation of a subset of proteases that contribute to metastasis. Because of aberrant angiogenesis and the inaccessibility of their locations, hypoxic cells are less likely to accumulate therapeutic concentrations of chemotherapeutics that can lead to therapeutic resistance. Therefore, the targeting of the hypoxic CSC niche in combination with chemotherapy may provide a promising strategy for eradicating CSCs. In this review, we examine the cancer stem cell hypothesis and its relationship to the microenvironment, specifically to hypoxia and the subsequent metabolic switch and how they shape tumor behavior. Tumors are a mixture of differentially evolved subpopulations of cells in constant evolution. As in the natural environment, the niche defines the properties the fittest clones must possess. Therefore, there can be multiple fit clones because of the various microenvironments inside a single tumor. Hypoxia is considered to be a major feature of the tumor microenvironment and is a potential contributor to the cancer stem cell phenotype and its enhanced tumorigenicity.
    Print ISSN: 0265-9247
    Digitale ISSN: 1521-1878
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
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    Inter- and intraspecific variation in body- and genome size in calanoid copepods from temperate and arctic waters (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-16
    Beschreibung: The tendency of ectotherms to get larger in the cold (Bergmann clines) has potentially great implications for individual performance and food web dynamics. The mechanistic drivers of this trend are not well understood, however. One fundamental question is to which extent variation in body size is attributed to variation in cell size, which again is related to genome size. In this study, we analyzed body and genome size in four species of marine calanoid copepods, Calanus finmarchicus , C. glacialis , C. hyperboreus and Paraeuchaeta norvegica , with populations from both south Norwegian fjords and the High Arctic. The Calanus species showed typical interspecific Bergmann clines, and we assessed whether they also displayed similar intraspecific variations—and if correlation between genome size and body size differed between species. There were considerable inter- as well as intraspecific variations in body size and genome size, with the northernmost populations having the largest values of both variables within each species. Positive intraspecific relationships suggest a functional link between body and genome size, although its adaptiveness has not been settled. Impact of additional drivers like phylogeny or specific adaptations, however, was suggested by striking divergences in body size – genome size ratios among species. Thus, C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus , had fairly similar genome size despite very different body size, while P. norvegica, of similar body size as C. hyperboreus, had the largest genome sizes ever recorded from copepods. The inter- and intraspecific latitudinal body size clines suggest that climate change may have major impact on body size composition of keystone species in marine planktonic food webs. Four calanoid copepods with populations from arctic and temperate waters, followed Bergmann clines in body size and with correspondingly larger genomes in northern populations, suggesting that body size at least partly is determined by cell size. Interspecific differences were more complex, pointing to phylogeny and life history traits as additional determinant of body size variation among species.
    Digitale ISSN: 2045-7758
    Thema: Biologie
    Publiziert von Wiley
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  • 62
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    Bed material transport estimate in large gravel-bed rivers using the virtual velocity approach (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-16
    Beschreibung: This paper reports on a first attempt of using the virtual velocity approach to assess sediment mobility and transport in two wide and complex gravel-bed rivers of northern Italy. Displacement length and virtual velocity of spray-painted tracers were measured in the field. Also, the thickness of the sediment active layer during floods was measured using scour chains and post-flood morphological changes as documented by repeated survey of channel cross-sections. The effects of 8 and 7 floods were studied on the Tagliamento and Brenta rivers, where 259 and 277 spray-painted areas were surveyed, respectively. In the Tagliamento Rivers 36 % of the spray-painted areas experienced partial transport, whereas in the Brenta this accounted for 20%. Full removal/gravel deposition was whereas observed on 37 % and 26 % of these areas on the Tagliamento and Brenta rivers, respectively. The mean displacement length of particles, the thickness of the active layer and the extent of partial transport are well correlated with the dimensionless shear stress. The virtual velocity approach allowed calculation of bed material transport over a wide range of flood magnitudes. Annual coarse sediment transport was calculated up to 150 for the Tagliamento, and 30 × 10 3  m 3  yr -1 for the Brenta. The outcomes of this work highlight the relevance of partial transport condition, as it could represent more than 70% of the total bed material transported during low-magnitude floods, and up to 40% for near-bankfull events. Results confirm that bed material load tends to be overestimated by traditional formulas. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0197-9337
    Digitale ISSN: 1096-9837
    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie
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    Effects of multiple dimensions of bacterial diversity on functioning, stability and multifunctionality (2016)
    Wiley
    In: Ecology
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-17
    Beschreibung: Bacteria are essential for many ecosystem services but our understanding of factors controlling their functioning is incomplete. While biodiversity has been identified as an important driver of ecosystem processes in macrobiotic communities, we know much less about bacterial communities. Due to the high diversity of bacterial communities, high functional redundancy is commonly proposed as explanation for a lack of clear effects of diversity. The generality of this claim has, however, been questioned. We present the results of an outdoor dilution-to-extinction experiment with four lake bacterial communities. The consequences of changes in bacterial diversity in terms of effective number of species, phylogenetic diversity and functional diversity were studied for (i) bacterial abundance, (ii) temporal stability of abundance, (iii) nitrogen concentration, and (iv) multifunctionality. We observed a richness gradient ranging from 15 to 280 operational taxonomic units. Individual relationships between diversity and functioning ranged from negative to positive depending on lake, diversity dimension and aspect of functioning. Only between phylogenetic diversity and abundance did we find a statistically consistent positive relationship across lakes. A literature review of 24 peer-reviewed studies that used dilution-to-extinction to manipulate bacterial diversity corroborated our findings: about 25% found positive relationships. Combined, these results suggest that bacteria-driven community functioning is relatively resistant to reductions in diversity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0012-9658
    Digitale ISSN: 1939-9170
    Thema: Biologie
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
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    Using practical and social information to influence flood adaptation behavior (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-16
    Beschreibung: As the prospect for more frequent and severe extreme weather events gains scientific support, many nations are evaluating mitigation and adaptation options. Insurance and home retrofits could reduce household welfare losses due to flood events. Yet, even after disasters, households often fail to take risk mitigation actions. This paper presents the first randomized field experiment that tests the effect of information provision on household uptake of flood insurance and home retrofits. A sample of 364 flood-prone households in Bangkok was randomly split into treatment and control groups. The treatment group received practical details on home retrofits and flood insurance as well as social information regarding the insurance purchase decisions of peers. Results indicate that the information intervention increased insurance purchases by about five percentage points, while no effect was detected for home retrofits. This effect is nearly equal to the increase in uptake that the national insurance program in Thailand has achieved through all other means since its establishment in 2012. If scaled up to include all uninsured, flood-prone households in Bangkok, nearly 70,000 additional households could be insured. The results suggest that well-designed information interventions could increase uptake of flood insurance, without additional premium subsidies or mandates. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Digitale ISSN: 1944-7973
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Geographie
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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    Integrated surface/subsurface permafrost thermal hydrology: Model formulation and proof-of-concept simulations (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-16
    Beschreibung: The need to understand potential climate impacts and feedbacks in Arctic regions has prompted recent interest in modeling of permafrost dynamics in a warming climate. A new fine-scale integrated surface/subsurface thermal hydrology modeling capability is described and demonstrated in proof-of-concept simulations. The new modeling capability combines a surface energy balance model with recently developed three-dimensional subsurface thermal hydrology models and new models for nonisothermal surface water flows and snow distribution in the microtopography. Surface water flows are modeled using the diffusion wave equation extended to include energy transport and phase change of ponded water. Variation of snow depth in the microtopography, physically the result of wind scour, is modeled phenomenologically with a diffusion wave equation. The multiple surface and subsurface processes are implemented by leveraging highly parallel community software. Fully integrated thermal hydrology simulations on the tilted open book catchment, an important test case for integrated surface/subsurface flow modeling, are presented. Fine-scale 100-year projections of the integrated permafrost thermal hydrological system on an ice wedge polygon at Barrow Alaska in a warming climate are also presented. These simulations demonstrate the feasibility of microtopography-resolving, process-rich simulations as a tool to help understand possible future evolution of the carbon-rich Arctic tundra in a warming climate. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Digitale ISSN: 1944-7973
    Thema: Architektur, Bauingenieurwesen, Vermessung , Geographie
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    The F-BAR protein pacsin2 inhibits asymmetric VE-cadherin internalization from tensile adherens junctions (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-17
    Beschreibung: Article Cell-cell adhesion of endothelial tissue, mediated by the adhesion molecule VE-cadherin, is tightly regulated. Here the authors show that the F-BAR domain protein pacsin2 is recruited to the trailing end of mechanically unbalanced Focal Adherens Junctions, where it inhibits internalization of VE-cadherin and protects cell-cell adhesion. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12210 Authors: Yvonne L. Dorland, Tsveta S. Malinova, Anne-Marieke D. van Stalborch, Adam G. Grieve, Daphne van Geemen, Nicolette S. Jansen, Bart-Jan de Kreuk, Kalim Nawaz, Jeroen Kole, Dirk Geerts, René J. P. Musters, Johan de Rooij, Peter L. Hordijk, Stephan Huveneers
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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    Atomically resolved three-dimensional structures of electrolyte aqueous solutions near a solid surface (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-17
    Beschreibung: Article Liquids near a solid surface form an interfacial layer where the molecular structure is different from the bulk. Here the authors report atomic resolution three-dimensional images of electrolyte solutions that demonstrate the existence of three types of interfacial structures as a function of concentration. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12164 Authors: Daniel Martin-Jimenez, Enrique Chacon, Pedro Tarazona, Ricardo Garcia
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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    Structure of the initiation-competent RNA polymerase I and its implication for transcription (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-17
    Beschreibung: Article Eukaryotic RNA polymerase I (Pol I) is responsible for the transcription of rRNA genes. Here the authors determine the cryo-EM structure of the Pol I-Rrn3 complex, providing insight into how Rrn3 stabilizes the monomeric initiation competent Pol I to drive pre-initiation complex formation. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12126 Authors: Michael Pilsl, Corinne Crucifix, Gabor Papai, Ferdinand Krupp, Robert Steinbauer, Joachim Griesenbeck, Philipp Milkereit, Herbert Tschochner, Patrick Schultz
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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    Septin 9 induces lipid droplets growth by a phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate and microtubule-dependent mechanism hijacked by HCV (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-17
    Beschreibung: Article The accumulation of lipid droplets is often observed in hepatitis C virus infection, but the mechanism of their formation is not known. Here the authors show that septin 9 expression is increased in infected livers, and a septin 9/phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate signalling pathway regulates the growth of lipid droplets. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12203 Authors: Abdellah Akil, Juan Peng, Mohyeddine Omrane, Claire Gondeau, Christophe Desterke, Mickaël Marin, Hélène Tronchère, Cyntia Taveneau, Sokhavuth Sar, Philippe Briolotti, Soumaya Benjelloun, Abdelaziz Benjouad, Patrick Maurel, Valérie Thiers, Stéphane Bressanelli, Didier Samuel, Christian Bréchot, Ama Gassama-Diagne
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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    RNA polymerase I–Rrn3 complex at 4.8 Å resolution (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-17
    Beschreibung: Article RNA polymerase I is the central enzyme that synthesizes ribosomal RNA in eukaryotic cells, and its regulation underlies cell growth. Here the authors present a high-resolution cryo-EM structure of the Pol I-Rrn3 complex that explains how Rrn3 specifically recognizes Pol I to form an initiation competent complex. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12129 Authors: Christoph Engel, Jürgen Plitzko, Patrick Cramer
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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    Determining solar effects in Neptune’s atmosphere (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-17
    Beschreibung: Article The causes behind fluctuations in Neptune's brightness as observed from Earth have proved enigmatic. Here, Aplin and Harrison use photometric observations to show that solar ultraviolet radiation and galactic cosmic rays combined are responsible for the fluctuations originating in Neptune’s atmosphere. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms11976 Authors: K. L. Aplin, R. G. Harrison
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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    Challenges in identifying cancer genes by analysis of exome sequencing data (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-17
    Beschreibung: Article Next generation sequencing has been pivotal in identifying somatic mutations in cancer samples. In this study, the authors analyse whole exome sequencing data using a variety of bioinformatic methods to identify mutations in known cancer genes and find that many cancer genes are not detected by these methods. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12096 Authors: Matan Hofree, Hannah Carter, Jason F. Kreisberg, Sourav Bandyopadhyay, Paul S. Mischel, Stephen Friend, Trey Ideker
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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    Structural and functional insights into IZUMO1 recognition by JUNO in mammalian fertilization (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-17
    Beschreibung: Article Sperm-egg fusion requires the interaction between IZUMO1 on the sperm and JUNO on the egg. Here, the authors report the crystal structure of mouse JUNO, and use it to explain its lack of binding to folate, along with in vivo functional analyses. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12198 Authors: Kazuki Kato, Yuhkoh Satouh, Hiroshi Nishimasu, Arisa Kurabayashi, Junko Morita, Yoshitaka Fujihara, Asami Oji, Ryuichiro Ishitani, Masahito Ikawa, Osamu Nureki
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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    Genetically distinct populations of a diatom co-exist during the North Atlantic spring bloom (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-20
    Beschreibung: The annual North Atlantic spring bloom influences the ecology and biogeochemistry of the Atlantic Ocean. Diatoms dominate the peak of the bloom and significantly impact productivity and export of organic carbon from the bloom. Despite their key role in a yearly event with global impacts, the genetic diversity and population structure of diatoms that comprise the bloom are unknown. Here, we investigated the population genetics of the diatom Thalassiosira gravida sampled during the 2008 North Atlantic Bloom Experiment using newly developed microsatellite markers. High levels of genetic diversity (clonal diversity: 0.970; expected heterozygosity: 0.884) were observed across all water samples and did not change during the bloom. Four genetically distinct populations were identified ( F ST : 0.036–0.093) but were not associated with different water masses, depths, or time points during the bloom. Instead, all four populations co-existed within individual water samples, spanning different water masses, stages of the bloom, and depths of over 300 m. The co-existence of multiple, genetically distinct populations during the bloom event suggested large-scale admixture, with populations originating via transport from disparate locations combined with potential overwintering capacity in the water column or sediments. The pattern of co-existence suggests that the open ocean may serve as a gene pool that harbors different populations that are then available for selection to act upon, which may contribute to the ecological and biogeochemical success of diatoms and influence their long-term evolutionary survival.
    Print ISSN: 0024-3590
    Digitale ISSN: 1939-5590
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von The Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO).
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    A Joint Modeling Analysis of Passengers’ Intercity Travel Destination and Mode Choices in Yangtze River Delta Megaregion of China (2016)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-20
    Beschreibung: Joint destination-mode travel choice models are developed for intercity long-distance travel among sixteen cities in Yangtze River Delta Megaregion of China. The model is developed for all the trips in the sample and also by two different trip purposes, work-related business and personal business trips, to accommodate different time values and attraction factors. A nested logit modeling framework is applied to model trip destination and mode choices in two different levels, where the lower level is a mode choice model and the upper level is a destination choice model. The utility values from various travel modes in the lower level are summarized into a composite utility, which is then specified into the destination choice model as an intercity impedance factor. The model is then applied to predict the change in passenger number from Shanghai to Yangzhou between scenarios with and without high-speed rail service to demonstrate the applicability. It is helpful for understanding and modeling megaregional travel destination and mode choice behaviors in the context of developing country.
    Print ISSN: 1024-123X
    Digitale ISSN: 1563-5147
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Publiziert von Hindawi
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    Determination of Critical Load in a Nonuniform Circular Steel Column under the Eccentric Axial Load (2016)
    Hindawi
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-20
    Beschreibung: The purpose of this paper is to determine a critical load for a nonuniform circular steel tube under eccentrically axial load. The circular tube has variable cross section at flattened ends with existing holes used for connection between members. Three different cases of eccentricities are studied with the drilled holes either on the same side or on the opposite side of column axis. The critical load is calculated from the differential equation of deflection curve which is solved by the power series and Runge-Kutta method. In addition, the loading tests were performed on a total of 180 specimens with different diameters, slenderness, and connection. The calculated results are compared and shown in a good agreement with those obtained from the experimental results. The results also show that the critical load decreases rapidly even at a small value of eccentricity and thus may have a significant effect on the load-carrying capacity.
    Print ISSN: 1024-123X
    Digitale ISSN: 1563-5147
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Publiziert von Hindawi
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    An Efficient Algorithm for Overcomplete Sparsifying Transform Learning with Signal Denoising (2016)
    Hindawi
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-20
    Beschreibung: This paper deals with the problem of overcomplete transform learning. An alternating minimization based procedure is proposed for solving the formulated sparsifying transform learning problem. A closed-form solution is derived for the minimization involved in transform update stage. Compared with existing ones, our proposed algorithm significantly reduces the computation complexity. Experiments and simulations are carried out with synthetic data and real images to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach in terms of the averaged representation and denoising errors, the percentage of successful and meaningful recovery of the analysis dictionary, and, more significantly, the computation efficiency.
    Print ISSN: 1024-123X
    Digitale ISSN: 1563-5147
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Publiziert von Hindawi
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    Exaptive origins of regulated mRNA decay in eukaryotes (2016)
    Wiley
    In: BioEssays
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-21
    Beschreibung: Eukaryotic gene expression is extensively controlled at the level of mRNA stability and the mechanisms underlying this regulation are markedly different from their archaeal and bacterial counterparts. We propose that two such mechanisms, nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) and motif-specific transcript destabilization by CCCH-type zinc finger RNA-binding proteins, originated as a part of cellular defense against RNA pathogens. These branches of the mRNA turnover pathway might have been used by primeval eukaryotes alongside RNA interference to distinguish their own messages from those of RNA viruses and retrotransposable elements. We further hypothesize that the subsequent advent of “professional” innate and adaptive immunity systems allowed NMD and the motif-triggered mechanisms to be efficiently repurposed for regulation of endogenous cellular transcripts. This scenario explains the rapid emergence of archetypical mRNA destabilization pathways in eukaryotes and argues that other aspects of post-transcriptional gene regulation in this lineage might have been derived through a similar exaptation route. mRNA turnover in eukaryotes is remarkably different from its prokaryotic counterparts and possible reasons underlying this divergence remain unclear. Here we propose that eukaryotic mRNA destabilization pathways evolved as a part of host defense against RNA pathogens and were subsequently repurposed for post-transcriptional regulation of cell-encoded genes.
    Print ISSN: 0265-9247
    Digitale ISSN: 1521-1878
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Publiziert von Wiley
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    High-resolution imaging and computational analysis of haematopoietic cell dynamics in vivo (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-20
    Beschreibung: Article It is difficult to image haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in their niche. Here, the authors present a new high-throughput computational approach to visualise HSCs in vivo at a high spatial and temporal resolution and also use a Msi2-reporter to label endogenous HSCs and progenitors, enabling cell tracking Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12169 Authors: Claire S. Koechlein, Jeffrey R. Harris, Timothy K. Lee, Joi Weeks, Raymond G. Fox, Bryan Zimdahl, Takahiro Ito, Allen Blevins, Seung-Hye Jung, John P. Chute, Amit Chourasia, Markus W. Covert, Tannishtha Reya
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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    Shape-shifting colloids via stimulated dewetting (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-20
    Beschreibung: Article Mimicking the intrinsic adaptability of biological systems in synthetic materials has been a challenge. Here, Sacanna and co-workers have used dewetting forces between an oil phase and solid colloidal substrate to facilitate shape shifting particles that can change geometry by chemical and optical signals. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12216 Authors: Mena Youssef, Theodore Hueckel, Gi-Ra Yi, Stefano Sacanna
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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    The methyltransferase Suv39h1 links the SUMO pathway to HP1α marking at pericentric heterochromatin (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-20
    Beschreibung: Article The Suv39h histone methyltransferases promote trimethylation of histone H3 on lysine 9 (H3K9me3). Here, in the Suv39h1 paralog, the authors identify an enhancer of HP1a sumoylation activity that impacts heterochromatin. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12224 Authors: Christèle Maison, Delphine Bailly, Jean-Pierre Quivy, Geneviève Almouzni
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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    A transgenic approach for controlling Lygus in cotton (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-20
    Beschreibung: Article Plant-feeding insects of the Lygus genus have emerged as a major pest effecting cotton crops in the USA. Here the authors optimize the insecticidal activity of a Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein and produce transgenic plants that are resistant to feeding damage by Lygus species. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12213 Authors: Anilkumar Gowda, Timothy J. Rydel, Andrew M. Wollacott, Robert S. Brown, Waseem Akbar, Thomas L. Clark, Stanislaw Flasinski, Jeffrey R. Nageotte, Andrew C. Read, Xiaohong Shi, Brent J. Werner, Michael J. Pleau, James A. Baum
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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    Molecular signatures of neural connectivity in the olfactory cortex (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-20
    Beschreibung: Article The piriform cortex projects to multiple brain regions involved in diverse aspects of olfactory behavior but information about the organization of these outputs is lacking. Here the authors show that piriform neurons exhibit layer specific gene expression patterns that also define distinct projection targets. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12238 Authors: Assunta Diodato, Marion Ruinart de Brimont, Yeong Shin Yim, Nicolas Derian, Sandrine Perrin, Juliette Pouch, David Klatzmann, Sonia Garel, Gloria B Choi, Alexander Fleischmann
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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    Reversible switching between pressure-induced amorphization and thermal-driven recrystallization in VO2(B) nanosheets (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-20
    Beschreibung: Article Pressure can either make materials more disordered, like amorphization, or more thermodynamic stable, yet the switching between the two metastable phases has not been described. Wang et al . study it in vanadium oxide nanosheets and highlight the role played by spin and charge during the transition. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12214 Authors: Yonggang Wang, Jinlong Zhu, Wenge Yang, Ting Wen, Michael Pravica, Zhenxian Liu, Mingqiang Hou, Yingwei Fei, Lei Kang, Zheshuai Lin, Changqing Jin, Yusheng Zhao
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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    Room temperature manipulation of long lifetime spins in metallic-like carbon nanospheres (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-20
    Beschreibung: Article Electronic decoherence due to spin-orbit and magnetic interactions limits the application of spintronic nanosystems in quantum information processing. Here, the authors report notably long spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times of 175 ns at room temperature in carbon nanospheres. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms12232 Authors: Bálint Náfrádi, Mohammad Choucair, Klaus-Peter Dinse, László Forró
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-1723
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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    The morphological response of foredunes at a breached barrier system to winter 2013/2014 storms on the southwest coast of Ireland (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-21
    Beschreibung: ABSTRACT Abstract: The level of storminess in Ireland during the winter of 2013/2014 was exceptional, the effects of which cost the Irish state in excess of €260 Million in infrastructure repair and insurance claims. In Ireland, a lack of coastal process data from monitoring programmes means that the response of protective barrier coasts to such events remains largely un-investigated. This study addresses this issue through an examination of the geomorphic impacts of recent storms, including those that occurred during the winter 2013/2014, on a breached barrier on the southwest coast of Ireland. Data from a two-year terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) monitoring campaign shows that the W2013/2014 events caused a major (〉50 m) dune recession at Rossbehy, Co. Kerry. Results from a simple linear regression analysis indicate storm duration plays an important role in the removal of foredunes at the study site. Given the fact that the frequency of intense storms in the vicinity of Ireland is forecast increase within the next century, a scientific understanding of barrier response to such events is critical to inform sound management practices. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0197-9337
    Digitale ISSN: 1096-9837
    Thema: Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Wiley
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    Evaluating, predicting and mapping belowground carbon stores in Kenyan mangroves (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-21
    Beschreibung: Despite covering only approximately 138,000 km 2 , mangroves are globally important carbon sinks with carbon density values 3-4 times that of terrestrial forests. A key challenge in evaluating the carbon benefits from mangrove forest conservation is the lack of rigorous spatially resolved estimates of mangrove sediment carbon stocks; most mangrove carbon is stored belowground. Previous work has focused on detailed estimations of carbon stores over relatively small areas, which has obvious limitations in terms of generality and scope of application. Most studies have focused only on quantifying the top 1m of belowground carbon (BGC). Carbon stored at depths beyond 1m, and the effects of mangrove species, location and environmental context on these stores, is poorly studied. This study investigated these variables at two sites (Gazi and Vanga in the south of Kenya) and used the data to produce a country-specific BGC predictive model for Kenya and map BGC store estimates throughout Kenya at spatial scales relevant for climate change research, forest management and REDD+ (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation). The results revealed that mangrove species was the most reliable predictor of BGC; Rhizophora muronata had the highest mean BGC with 1485.5t C ha −1 . Applying the species-based predictive model to a base map of species distribution in Kenya for the year 2010 with a 2.5m 2 resolution, produced an estimate of 69.41 Mt C (± 9.15 95% C.I.) for BGC in Kenyan mangroves. When applied to a 1992 mangrove distribution map, the BGC estimate was 75.65 Mt C (± 12.21 95% C.I.); an 8.3% loss in BGC stores between 1992 and 2010 in Kenya. The country level mangrove map provides a valuable tool for assessing carbon stocks and visualising the distribution of BGC. Estimates at the 2.5m 2 resolution provide sufficient detail for highlighting and prioritising areas for mangrove conservation and restoration. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Digitale ISSN: 1365-2486
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Geographie
    Publiziert von Wiley
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    Reversal of the Migratory and Invasive Phenotype of Ras-Transfected Mammary Cells by Photodynamic Therapy Treatment (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-21
    Beschreibung: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-thermal technique for inducing tumour damage following administration of a light-activated photosensitizing drug (PS). In a previous work we found that PDT induces cytoskeleton changes in HB4a-Ras cells (human mammary breast carcinoma HB4a cells transfected with the RAS oncogene). In the present work we have studied the migratory and invasive features and the expression of proteins related to these processes on HB4a-Ras cells after 3 successive cycles of PDT using different PSs: 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), Verteporfin (Verte), m -tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin ( m -THPC) and Merocyanine 540 (MC). A slight (1.25- to -2 fold) degree of resistance was acquired in cell populations subjected to the three successive PDT treatments. However, complete cell killing was achieved after a light dose increase. Regardless of the PS employed, all the PDT-treated populations had shorter stress fibres than the untreated control HB4a-Ras cells, and the number of dorsal stress fibres was decreased in the PDT-treated populations. E-Cadherin distribution, which was already aberrant in HB4a-Ras cells, became even more diffuse in the PDT-treated populations, though its expression was increased in some of them. The strong migratory and invasive ability of HB4a-Ras cells in vitro was impaired in all the PDT-treated populations, with a behaviour that was similar to the parental non-tumoral HB4a cells. MMP-2 and MMP-9 metalloproteinase activities were also impaired in the PDT-treated populations. The evidence presented herein suggests that the cells surviving PDT would be less metastatic than the initial population. These findings encourage the use of PDT in combination with other treatments such as intraoperative or post-surgery therapeutic procedures. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
    Digitale ISSN: 0091-7419
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Publiziert von Wiley
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    Nestin Expressed by Pre-Existing Cardiomyocytes Recapitulated in Part an Embryonic Phenotype; Suppressive Role of p38 MAPK (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-21
    Beschreibung: ABSTRACT Nestin (+) -cardiomyocytes were identified in the ischemically damaged human/rodent heart, albeit the cellular source and signaling events implicated in the appearance of the intermediate filament protein remained undefined. Expression of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) driven by the second intron of the nestin gene identified a subpopulation of EGFP/nestin (+) cells that differentiated to a vascular phenotype in the peri-infarct/infarct region of post-MI mice albeit the transgene was not detected in nestin (+) -cardiomyocytes. α-MHC-driven expression of the reporter mCherry was detected in troponin-T (+) - and nestin (+) -cardiomyocytes in the peri-infarct/infarct region of post-MI mice. However, the cell cycle re-entry of nestin/mCherry (+) -cardiomyocytes was not observed. Nestin staining was identified in a paucity of neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NNVM). Exposure to phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBu) induced NNVM hypertrophy but did not promote nestin expression or Brdu incorporation. PDBu treatment of NNVMs phosphorylated p38 MAPK and HSP27 and HSP27 phosphorylation was abrogated by the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. PDBu/SB203580 co-treatment significantly increased the percentage of NNVMs that expressed nestin and incorporated Brdu. In the heart of embryonic 10.5 day mice, nestin was detected in cycling troponin-T (+) -cardiomyocytes. Nestin was also detected in embryonic rat ventricular cardiomyocytes and depletion of the intermediate filament protein attenuated cell cycle re-entry. Thus, nestin expressed by pre-existing cardiomyocytes following ischemic damage recapitulated in part an embryonic phenotype and may provide the requisite phenotype to initiate cell cycle re-entry. However, the overt activation of the p38 MAPK pathway post-MI may in part limit the appearance and inhibit the cell cycle re-entry of nestin (+) -cardiomyocytes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
    Digitale ISSN: 1097-4652
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Publiziert von Wiley
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    Energy Efficiency Oriented Design Method of Power Management Strategy for Range-Extended Electric Vehicles (2016)
    Hindawi
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-21
    Beschreibung: The energy efficiency of the range-extended electric bus (REEB) developed by Tsinghua University must be improved; currently, the energy management strategy is a charge-deplete-charge-sustain (CDCS) strategy, which exhibits low energy efficiency on the demonstration model. To improve the energy efficiency and reduce the operating cost, a rule-based control strategy derived from the dynamic programming (DP) strategy is obtained for the Chinese urban bus driving cycle (CUBDC). This rule is extracted by the power-split-ratio (PSR) from the simulation results of the dynamic powertrain model using the DP strategy. By establishing the REEB dynamic models in Matlab/Simulink, the control rule can be achieved, and the power characteristic of powertrain, energy efficiency, operating cost, and computing time are analyzed. The simulation results show that the performance of the rule-based strategy presented in this paper is similar to that of the DP strategy. The energy efficiency can be improved greatly compared with that of the CDCS strategy, and the operating cost can also be reduced.
    Print ISSN: 1024-123X
    Digitale ISSN: 1563-5147
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Publiziert von Hindawi
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    Multidimensional and Interactive Assessment Model of Large-Scale Infrastructure Project and Its Demonstration Based on Double Utility (2016)
    Hindawi
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-21
    Beschreibung: This paper evaluates the project risks with a multidimensional and interactive model from multiagent and utility combination, which takes subjective psychological negative utility into account rather than only focusing on the thinking pattern of objective value loss. Firstly, it analyzes the bodies’ heterogeneous preference and their game behavior using game theory application methods. Secondly, it builds multidimensional and interactive evaluation model of large-scale infrastructure project from many dimensions, such as risk rate, objective utility, and subjective utility. It reflects different values and behavior strategy interdynamic factor in the design of risk utility function. Lastly, it deduces process and approaches of multidimensional and interactive evaluation by typical project. In addition, it tests model parameter with regression analysis. The research of this paper broadens the dimension of project risk evaluation and provides comprehensive and balanced reference for the measure of project risk utility and a better basis for project risk control.
    Print ISSN: 1024-123X
    Digitale ISSN: 1563-5147
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Publiziert von Hindawi
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    Science’s status shifts in new Brexit government (2016)
    Springer Nature
    In: Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-21
    Beschreibung: Science’s status shifts in new Brexit government Nature 535, 7612 (2016). http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature.2016.20264 Author: Davide Castelvecchi Reshuffled UK administration signals change for research and science policy.
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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    Behavioural ecology: Bees like their pollen sweet (2016)
    Springer Nature
    In: Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-21
    Beschreibung: Behavioural ecology: Bees like their pollen sweet Nature 535, 7612 (2016). doi:10.1038/535327d Bees can taste the pollen they collect, and favour the sweet kind.Felicity Muth and her colleagues at the University of Nevada in Reno offered bumblebees (Bombus impatiens) an artificial flower containing one of three types of pollen — sweet, bitter or unflavoured.
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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    South China Sea ruling sparks conservation fears (2016)
    Springer Nature
    In: Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-21
    Beschreibung: South China Sea ruling sparks conservation fears Nature 535, 7612 (2016). http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/535334a Author: David Cyranoski Court decision escalates tensions in ecologically sensitive region, but may also push nations to cooperate.
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Springer Nature
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    Estimation of the functional form of subgrid-scale parameterizations using ensemble-based data assimilation: a simple model experiment (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-21
    Beschreibung: Oceanic and atmospheric global numerical models represent explicitly the large-scale dynamics while the smaller-scale processes are not resolved so that their effects in the large-scale dynamics are included through subgrid-scale parameterizations. These parameterizations represent small-scale effects as a function of the resolved variables. In this work, data assimilation principles are used not only to estimate the parameters of subgrid-scale parameterizations but also to uncover the functional dependencies of subgrid-scale processes as a function of large-scale variables. Two data assimilation methods based on the ensemble transform Kalman filter (ETKF) are evaluated in the two-scale Lorenz ’96 system scenario. The first method is an online estimation that uses the ETKF with an augmented space state composed of the model large-scale variables and a set of unknown global parameters from the parameterization. The second method is an offline estimation that uses the ETKF to estimate an augmented space state composed of the large-scale variables and by a space dependent model error term. Then a polynomial regression is used to fit the estimated model error as a function of the large-scale model variables in order to develop a parameterization of small-scale dynamics. The online estimation shows a good performance when the parameter-state relationship is assumed to be quadratic polynomial function. The offline estimation captures better some of the highly nonlinear functional dependencies found in the subgrid-scale processes. The nonlinear and nonlocal dependence found in an experiment with shear-generated small-scale dynamics is also recovered by the offline estimation method. Therefore, the combination of these two methods could be a useful tool for the estimation of the functional form of subgrid-scale parameterizations.
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Digitale ISSN: 1477-870X
    Thema: Geographie , Physik
    Publiziert von Wiley
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    Sensitivity of a continental nighttime stratocumulus-topped boundary layer to varying environmental conditions (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-21
    Beschreibung: Large-eddy simulation of a nocturnal stratocumulus-topped boundary layer in a continental mid-latitude environment has been performed to examine the sensitivity of the cloud to a number of different environmental parameters. The simulations showed that the stratocumulus cloud was strongly affected by the presence of an overlying free tropospheric cirrus cloud (FTC), in agreement with previous studies of marine nighttime stratocumulus. When introducing an FTC with an optical thickness of 2, stratocumulus liquid water path decreased by 30%. Enhancing the optical thickness of the FTC to 8 further decreased the liquid water path by almost 10%. The presence of an FTC decreased the cloud-top radiative cooling which decreased the turbulent mixing in the boundary layer so that the liquid water content and cloud depth were reduced. The sensitivity of the stratocumulus cloud to an overlying FTC was found to be affected by the moisture content in the free troposphere. When a clear positive or negative moisture gradient above the inversion was imposed, and an overlying FTC with an optical thickness of 8 was introduced, the stratocumulus cloud LWP decreased by more than 40%. Furthermore, the effect of changes in free tropospheric moisture content and an overlying FTC on the stratocumulus cloud properties was found to be non-linear, the combined response was in general weaker than the two responses added together. The modeled response to changes in cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations was found to be non-significant, unless the CCN concentrations were so low that drizzle was induced (r 50 cm −3 ).
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Digitale ISSN: 1477-870X
    Thema: Geographie , Physik
    Publiziert von Wiley
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    An Evaluation of Parametric Sensitivities of Different Meteorological Variables Simulated by the WRF Model (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-21
    Beschreibung: ABSTRACT The specification of model parameters in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models has great influence on model performance. However, how to specify model parameters properly is not a trivial task because a typical NWP model like the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model contains many model parameters and many model outputs. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the sensitivities of different WRF model outputs to the specification of its model parameters. Using a global sensitivity analysis method, the sensitivities are evaluated for surface meteorological variables such as precipitation, surface air temperature, humidity and wind speed, as well as for atmospheric variables such as total precipitable water, cloud cover, boundary layer height and outgoing longwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere, all simulated by the WRF model using different model parameters. The goal of this study is to identify the parameters that exert most influence on the skill of short-range meteorological forecasts. The study was performed over the Greater Beijing Region of China. A total of 23 adjustable parameters from seven different physical parameterization schemes were considered. The results indicate that parameter sensitivities vary with different model outputs. However, some of the 23 model parameters considered are shown to be sensitive to all model outputs evaluated, while other parameters may be sensitive to a particular output. The sensitivity results from this research are a basis for further optimizations of the WRF model parameters.
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Digitale ISSN: 1477-870X
    Thema: Geographie , Physik
    Publiziert von Wiley
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  • 98
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    BioEssays – Next Issue (2016)
    Wiley
    In: BioEssays
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-22
    Print ISSN: 0265-9247
    Digitale ISSN: 1521-1878
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Publiziert von Wiley
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
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    Altmetrics: Just measuring the “buzz”? (2016)
    Wiley
    In: BioEssays
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-22
    Print ISSN: 0265-9247
    Digitale ISSN: 1521-1878
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Publiziert von Wiley
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    BioEssays 8∕2016 (2016)
    Wiley
    In: BioEssays
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-22
    Beschreibung: Soma to germline inheritance of extrachromosomal genetic information. Non-Mendelian transgenerational inheritance is a growingly recognized phenomenon, yet still elusive in its molecular nature . On pages 726–733 of this issue, Corrado Spadafora proposes a model, whereby extrachromosomal genetic information released form somatic cells can cross the Weismann barrier and become internalized in epididymal spermatozoa, which thereafter mediate the acquisition of new traits in the offspring at fertilization. The sperm endogenous reverse transcriptase (RT) plays a key role in developmental control. Sperm cells therefore act as recipients, and at the same time transgenerational vectors, of somatically derived genetic information, which they pass to the next generation in a non chromosomally-integrated form, yet with the potential to modify the fate of the developing embryos.
    Print ISSN: 0265-9247
    Digitale ISSN: 1521-1878
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Publiziert von Wiley
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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