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  • Articles  (17,667)
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  • 1995-1999  (11,348)
  • 1990-1994  (4,323)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of an Airborne Positioning System (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A joint research project between the University of Newcastle upon Tyne and City University is developing a prototype system for using kinematic GPS techniques to derive the exterior orientation of an oblique sensor without the use of co-ordinated ground control. This paper presents an overview of the techniques employed in deriving GPS antenna co-ordinates and their subsequent use in finding the required orientations. The latest results and future plans are presented and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00001
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project: a Fourth Extract (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The paper entitled The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project was published in The Photogrammetric Record, 14(82): 565-582 (October 1993) and contained, as Appendix A, an extract from the Archive concerned with the history of the Zeiss Stereoplanigraph in Great Britain. A further two extracts have since been published to provide details of direct optical projection instruments used in this country. This fourth extract now goes on to begin to provide some details of analogue plotters that employed a purely mechanical solution. The first instrument of this type to be described is the Vivian Thompson Stereo-plotter of 1907. It was in fact the very first instrument of this important category ever to be produced but unfortunately it was also the only one produced in Great Britain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00009
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Expert System for Site Evaluation Using Aerial and Space Imagery (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Civil engineering projects start with intensive site investigations to evaluate the appropriateness of the geographic location to the intended construction. This process is lengthy and crucial to the success or failure of the project. Personnel with multiple skills are required at the evaluation stage, including experts in soil mechanics, geology, surveying, management, structures and meteorology. However, many less fortunate parts of the world lack such expertise and cannot afford it. The main objective of the research described in this paper is to develop an expert system that will use images from different sources to assess sites for civil engineering works. Five engineering applications have been selected for this research. Certainty factors for uncertain or incomplete information are presented. A frame-based expert system is developed and tested in this research. Three different tests have indicated that the system is accurate and promising for site investigations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00010
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three Dimensional Computer Graphic Models by Analytical Photogrammetry (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper indicates the advantages afforded when an analytical plotter is interfaced with a three dimensional CAD system. Problems associated with combining various data sources (ground survey, aerial and close range photography) of differing quality will be discussed, together with compromises required to idealize the geometry of the real world enforced by a CAD system.The paper is illustrated by some of the commercial projects undertaken by the Engineering Photogrammetry Unit at City University. Applications of particular financial significance include modelling of petro-chemical plant for different purposes and to various levels of detail and accuracy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00007
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary Investigations into Developments in Using Helicopter Photography for Highway Surveying (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Over the past ten years, Photarc Surveys Limited has been taking aerial photography from a low flying helicopter to determine road surface spot heights. Developments in technology over this period have resulted in investigations into improvements in this technique and, in particular, in the provision of control for the photography. This paper represents the preliminary investigations into the problem of providing control for the photography including some experiences of using an inflight control system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00008
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Notes (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00021
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Obituary (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00022
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    List of Members of the Photogrammetric Society (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00023
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tariffs as Signals of Uncompetitiveness (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper, a domestic and a foreign firm compete as Cournot duopolists in the domestic market. The foreign firm has incomplete information about the costs of the domestic firm, but the domestic government and the domestic firm are completely informed. It is shown that the domestic government can use its tariff to signal about the costs of the domestic firm. In the separating equilibrium, the domestic government signals the uncompetitiveness of the domestic firm by setting a lower tariff than is optimal under complete information.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00182
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Universal Dumping of Homogeneous Products (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Contrary to predictions from traditional comparative advantage analysis, a class of models with imperfect competition predicts intra-industry trade in homogeneous goods. Brander and Krugman offer a model with two countries and one firm in each country which generates the outcome that both firms dump into the export market (reciprocal dumping). The present paper determines the extent to which higher dimensionality alters this outcome by introducing a model with several firms in each of several countries. It is shown that dumping is universal. Thus, whenever trade occurs dumping occurs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00183
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Nonequivalence of Tariffs and Quotas in a Dynamic Trade Model (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper provides a novel (and old) argument for the nonequivalence of tariffs and quotas, based on the famous paper by Hotelling published in 1931. Unlike tariffs, quantitative restrictions are inherently dynamic. As long as the foreign exporter earns positive marginal profits, he raises their present value by frontloading sales. As a result, unlike a tariff, equilibrium with a quota exhibits quantity and price dispersion over time. The dispersion may be significant even with small discount rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00184
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inflationary Finance, Capital Controls, and Currency Substitution (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper studies currency substitution in an environment where agents’ inflation tax-evasive demand for foreign money is balanced by the concern for the possibility that the government may impose economy-wide capital controls under which foreign currency transactions are costly. Under the assumption of endogenous beliefs, the results show a persistent demand for foreign money despite efforts by the government to reduce inflation. In addition, the economy can exhibit multiple, Pareto-ranked steady states with different levels of currency substitution. The stability analysis suggests that the economy converges to the inferior steady state, on the “wrong side” of the Laffer curve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00185
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Economic Integration and Economic Growth with Science-Pushed Industrial Innovation (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Because the returns to successful industrial research generally enjoy a larger scale economy than that to successful scientific research, this paper shows that while economic integration increases R&D employment, it may not raise the rate of long-run economic growth owing to the shift of resources from basic scientific research to applied industrial research. In the long run, the pool of opportunity created by the former ultimately regulates the efficiency of the latter. The model also suggests a reduced incentive to subsidize basic research as a second factor that may contribute to slower technological progress after economic integration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00186
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resolving the Credibility Problem of an Honest Government: A Case for Foreign Investment Subsidy (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We develop a simple model of direct foreign investment where the host country government cannot credibly signal its honest intention such as to stick to the contracted tax rate. The foreign firm has some prior belief regarding the ex post discretionary policies of the local government. Since the investment is completely irreversible, such a belief pattern might not induce the firm to invest in a country which badly needs it. It is shown that the host government can design a subsidy scheme which might attract foreign investment by removing the credibility problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00187
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Saving, Investment, and Capital Mobility in LDCs (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The Coakley, Kulasi, and Smith current-account solvency model (Economic Journal, 1996, pp. 620–7) is used to investigate saving and investment in LDCs. This model implies that saving and investment cointegrate with a unit coefficient irrespective of the degree of capital mobility. Panel and conventional unit-root tests indicate that LDC current accounts are stationary. The Feldstein–Horioka cross-section regression coefficient for LDCs is lower than the corresponding OECD coefficient, indicating different policy responses in these countries rather than higher capital mobility. Finally, adjustment toward solvency is slower in LDCs, reflecting their vulnerability to external shocks and the impact of financial repression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00188
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Do National Borders Really Matter? Canada–US Regional Trade Reconsidered (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper reconsiders the Canada–US border’s effect on trade. The authors first test whether the findings of McCallum (1995) and Helliwell (1996)—that the border substantially decreases trade—change when better data are used. It is found that the “border effect” may be substantially less than previously measured—up to 50% smaller—but remains surprisingly large. An explanation of the border’s effect is sought. Transportation equipment offers a natural experiment, as North American trade has been completely liberalized for several decades. A higher border effect is found for these freely traded goods, which rules out standard protection as the border effect’s cause.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00158
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On Terms of Trade and Capital Accumulation (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper studies, within an OLG general equilibrium framework, the role of relative factor intensities in determining the relationship between the terms of trade and the capital stock. It shows that a diversified production equilibrium can be characterized by a positive association between these two variables if the investment sector is more labor-intensive and sector technologies are relatively dissimilar. Therefore, capital accumulation and terms-of-trade improvements do not require an import sector growing faster than the export sector when the latter is more capital-intensive. Large Stolper–Samuelson effects on factor incomes drive the results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00159
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional Economic Integration and Article XXIV of the GATT (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper studies the economic impact of regionalism under the realistic assumptions of constant tariffs and asymmetric bloc formation. As an extension of the Krugman framework, the impact is decomposed into several components, each of which has a clear economic implication. Economic integration definitely worsens outsiders’ welfare even if the external tariffs of the bloc are unraised. Bloc members’ welfare first increases with the expansion of the bloc; but when about half of the world is united into the bloc, welfare begins to decrease. Simulation results shed some light on the incentive structure of major participants, who face various configurations of regional integration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00181
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Labor Market Integration, Unemployment, and Transfers (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Integration of the labor markets between a rich country (North) and a poor country (South) often leads to high unemployment in the South and transfers from North to South; for instance: United States versus Puerto Rico, West versus East Germany, Northern versus Southern Italy. This paper presents a general equilibrium model in which workers finance a transfer to the unemployed in the South in order to limit migration. In addition, it extends the framework to consider: the difference in efficiency between natives and immigrants, taxes on fixed factors in the North with internal transfers, and subsidies to the employed in the South.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00189
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foreign Capital, Urban Unemployment, and Economic Growth (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A three-sector endogenous growth model, is used to study the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the dynamics of urban unemployment, labour income, and capital income as well as national welfare in a Harris–Todaro economy. It is shown that more FDI can affect the economy’s dynamics and national welfare positively or negatively. The paper derives conditions as to how the growth rate and welfare effects of FDI relate to the intersectoral mobility of capital, the destination of FDI, the elasticities of substitution, and the factor intensities of the final good production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00190
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Customs Union or Free Trade Area? The Role of Political Asymmetries (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: When trade policy is determined endogenously by lobbying, it matters whether countries are arranged into a customs union or a free trade area. This paper compares the two regimes when the member governments are asymmetric in their susceptibilities to lobbying and in their bargaining power within a customs union. In the model, a customs union never leads to lower tariffs for both countries, whereas it can lead to higher tariffs for both.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00191
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    International Business Cycles and Exchange Rates (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Models of international real business cycles are not able to account for the high volatility of exports, imports, the trade balance, and the terms of trade. By introducing exogenous exchange rate movements in addition to standard technological shocks, the model presented here comes much closer to replicating the relatively high volatility observed in the data while also improving other moments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00193
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Optimal Penal Code vs. Infinite Nash Reversion in Trade Liberalization (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper derives Abreu’s stick-and-carrot strategy optimal penal codes (Journal of Economic Theory, 1986, 191–225 in a partial equilibrium model that has been widely used to examine trade liberalization. Unless the asymmetry between countries is significant, the optimal penal codes take a simple form. It is also shown that the difference between the most-cooperative pairs of tariffs supported by two schemes, the optimal penal code and infinite Nash reversion, depends crucially on the size of the surplus from exports that a deviating country forgoes when the other country places an embargo, rather than the (punitive) optimum tariff, on imports in the punishment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00192
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foreign Direct Investment, Licensing, and Incentives for Innovation (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In a two-period duopoly model, this paper considers a foreign firm’s choice between licensing and FDI and studies the relative impact of these modes of technology transfer on the incentives for innovation of that firm and its domestic rival. Relative to licensing, FDI limits technology spillovers to the domestic firm but dissipates more rents in the product market. Internalization allows the foreign firm to build on an existing technological advantage. While the local firm develops its best technology if initial licensing is followed by FDI, the foreign firm transfers the most efficient technology under FDI in both periods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00194
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Entry Policy and Entry Subsidies (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Optimal entry policy is considered in markets served by both domestic and foreign firms. Compared with the prior entry literature, introducing foreign producers as market participants reduces incentives for entry deterrence and enhances incentives for entry subsidization. Incentives are changed because entry produces “terms-of-trade” gains. The optimal entry subsidy is analyzed under complete and incomplete information regarding the entrant’s costs. Incomplete cost information creates differences in the optimal subsidy for domestic and foreign entrants, with foreign entrants relatively less subsidized. Domestic entrants with low marginal costs are oversubsidized and those with high marginal costs are undersubsidized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00195
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  • 26
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    Electronic Resource
    The Impact of Exchange Rate Risk on Intercountry Trade and Production (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Analysing various arrangements of intercountry trade, this paper investigates the impact of exchange rate risk on production and expected trade. It addresses the question how a mean-preserving spread of the exchange rate distribution effects strategic aspects of different trading arrangements. It is shown that in an uncertain environment the efficiency loss induced by double marginalization can in general not be overcome by negotiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00164
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  • 27
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    The Scope for Exchange Rate Passthrough in a Duopolistic Supergame (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper represents one of the first analyses of exchange rate passthrough in a dynamic context. It explores the impact of exchange rate fluctuations in a duopoly where the firms interact over an indefinite period. In these circumstances there exists an incentive for the duopolists to tacitly collude. The paper investigates the manner in which exchange rate changes influence the inherent tension that exists between the incentives to collude and compete. It is shown that the sign and degree of exchange rate passthrough depends critically upon the expected duration of a change in the exchange rate and the relative competitive strengths of the firms. The predictions of the model closely accord with the empirical evidence on exchange rate passthrough.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00165
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grace Periods in Sovereign Debt (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper presents a theoretical analysis of grace periods in the context of an overhang of external debt creating a tax on domestic investment. The grace period arises as a Nash equilibrium strategy of the creditor in a dynamic, noncooperative game. Its length is shown to depend on the planning horizon of the parties, the discount factor and the growth prospect of the debtor country.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00166
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  • 29
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    Exchange Rate Uncertainty and the Law of One Price (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper develops a framework for analyzing the impact of exchange rate uncertainty on the Law of One Price. Using the prices of very disaggregated, homogeneous products in a very open economy, Chile, where no institutions exist for hedging exchange risk, it then tests the model in a bivariate GARCH in mean context. Little evidence is found that short-run exchange rate uncertainty consititutes a barrier to goods arbitrage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00167
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    Environmental Policy and Industrial Competitiveness: The Pollution-Haven Hypothesis Reconsidered (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The pollution-haven hypothesis suggests that strict environmental standards reduce domestic producers’ competitiveness and result in relocation to countries with more lenient standards. This paper examines the question of whether relocation is always caused by reduced competitiveness at home. By using a signaling approach, it is shown that relocation can be undertaken for purely strategic reasons. Relocation is the producer’s tool of indirect rent-seeking to convince the policymaker to refrain from a further tightening of environmental control. It is also shown that trade liberalization increases the probability of strategic relocation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00168
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    Expectations and the Black Market Premium (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to gain a better understanding of the black market premium—the percentage differential between the black market and the official exchange rate. Tests are used to see whether the black market premium responds to variations in expectations about the official exchange rate in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico. Expectations of devaluation do cause movements in the black market premium for Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico but this behavior is not observed for Colombia. Colombian economic agents seem less sensitive to expected returns. This perhaps explains the relatively flat black market premium series observed for Colombia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00160
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    Estimating Income and Price Elasticities of Trade in a Cointegration Framework (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper presents further evidence on the empirical regularity known as the “45-degree rule.” Income and price elasticities of trade are estimated for 21 countries in a cointegration framework. More specifically, the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modeling approach and the DOLS procedure are adopted to estimate the long-run structure. The empirical results confirm the existence of a systematic relationship between growth rates and income elasticity estimates: faster growing economies have high income elasticities of demand for their exports but lower import elasticities, which implies that faster growth can be observed without any marked secular trend in real exchange rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00161
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    Modeling the Australian Dollar–US Dollar Exchange Rate Using Cointegration Techniques (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the link between the Australian dollar’s exchange rate and Australia’s terms of trade. The US$/A$ rate is found to be cointegrated with the terms of trade, and the relationship between the two variables appears to be robust. An estimated error-correction model for changes in the nominal US$/A$ is shown to have reasonable out-of-sample predictive powers. Weak exogeneity tests within the Johansen framework indicate highly significant causality running from the terms of trade to the exchange rate but less significant causality running from the exchange rate to the terms of trade.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00162
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    Excess Volatility of Realized Excess Profit from Currency Speculation in a Two-Country General Equilibrium Model (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines whether the Lucas model can explain stylized facts in foreign exchange markets, by employing Monte Carlo studies. It is assumed that changes in the logarithms of endowments and of money supplies follow a multivariate Markov switching process. From the results of the Monte Carlo studies, with plausible values of the preference parameters, the excess volatility of the realized excess profit from currency speculation, the strong autocorrelation of the forward premium in the sample can be found in the model for four exchange rates. However, the implied covariance between the forward premium and depreciation rates is positive.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00163
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    An Investigation Into The Use Of Kodak Photo CD For Digital Photogrammetry (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper outlines a series of tests undertaken to determine the repeatability of, and the distortions introduced in, the process of converting conventional images into digital form using Kodak Photo Compact Disk (Photo CD). Photo CD was introduced by Kodak in the early 1990s and, if proved to give stable, high quality images, could be a low cost, convenient alternative to other scanning systems. The images could then be used in photogrammetry for a variety of applications from simple cataloguing of images to data for digital systems to produce sub-pixel measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00033
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    Integrating Photogrammetric Techniques With Machine Vision and Scene Analysis II (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Integrating Photogrammetric Techniques With Machine Vision And Scene Analysis II by I. J. Dowman, p.323Kodak Digital Cameras For Small Format Aerial Photography by R. W. Graham, p.325From Pixels To Sequences by S. Robson, p.327
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00035
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    Conceptual Model Of The Convergent Multistation Network Configuration Task (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Despite the potential of close range photogrammetry for high accuracy measurement, it has rarely been used by other than experienced photogrammetrists. One major contributing factor is the expertise needed to design multistation sensor configurations. This paper presents a conceptual model for the most fundamental task in this design problem, configuring a first approximation to a strong imaging geometry. This task entails making decisions on the number of camera stations needed and where they should be placed (positioned and oriented). The conceptual model is based on the theory of generic networks. A generic network constitutes compiled expertise, describing an ideal configuration of camera stations that can be employed to provide a strong imaging geometry for a class of network design problems. In addition to improving our understanding of cognition in network design, this model performs an important role in the development of an expert system for automated network design for dimensional inspection tasks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00032
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    A Frame Grabber Related Error In Subpixel Target Location (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The accuracy of subpixel target image location is an important factor that contributes to the overall precision of three dimensional measurement when using CCD cameras. This shorter contribution reports the effect of an electrical adjustment of a frame grabber that results in a significant and systematic error in the accuracy of target image location using some target location methods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00034
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    Photogrammetry Round the World (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00036
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    Notes (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00038
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    Book Reviews (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Books reviewed:R. Florek and C. Martin, Proceedings Of The Second Workshop On Surveying Education In Southern AfricaH. Burman and K. Torlegårc, Empirical Results Of GPS-Supported Block TriangulationA. Andreyevskiy, Directory Of Russian Space Industry 1994-1995M. Ware, Mechanisms Of Image Deterioration In Early Photographs: The Sensitivity To Light Of W. H. F. Talbot's Halide-Fixed Images 1834-1844.G. Lindig, Deutsches Fachwö Rterbuch. Photogrammetrie Und Fernerkundung (German Technical Dictionary. Photogrammetry And Remote Sensing)
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    Analogue, Analytical and Digital Photogrammetric Workstations: Practical Investigations of Peformance (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Prospective customers often request information on the accuracy of digital photogrammetry. Suitable data have been scarce, so Leica has begun a programme of internal tests. These are neither comprehensive nor necessarily representative of other suppliers' equipment, but several experienced operators and sets of imagery are being used and the results do provide general guidelines. A selection of analogue, analytical and digital workstations is being tested, together with scanners giving different pixel sizes.The early stages of the work are reported here. The tests include interior and exterior orientation of individual stereomodels followed by measurement of check points. Subsequent stages, covering DTMs, orthophotographs, mosaics and aerial triangulation, are planned.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00002
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    A Cheap, Quick and Safe Way of Surveying Glaciers (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The use of a 35 mm or similar camera set up over a theodolite is described for surveying mountain and polar glaciers where conditions do not allow for extensive detailed surveying or the use of heavy phototheodolites. Though used initially by Spender and Wright in the 1930s on Mount Everest and in Greenland and Arctic Canada, but apparently not by others since then, it was again tried out by Wright in Iceland in 1992. Modern analytical techniques have shown that heights accurate to within 2 m can be obtained from these photographs at distances up to 5 km. In addition, five times as many points can be identified and intersected in the laboratory from the photographs as was possible using sketches in difficult field conditions. Some reasons are suggested for the lack of use of this technique by others. The potential of existing survey photographs taken in Arctic Canada for large scale surveys of high polar glaciers in 1938 is described, with the hope that glaciologists and photogrammetrists might undertake their analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00004
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    Automated Three Dimensional Measurement Using Multiple CCD Camera Views (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The goal of automated three dimensional measurement of arbitrary objects using photogrammetric methods is a long way from being achieved, but significant progress is being made. However, automated measurement of small objects using inexpensive CCD cameras and frame grabbers is becoming increasingly common. A number of such systems have been developed both for commercial use and for academic research. It is within this latter context that a system to measure objects within a controlled environment has been developed at City University. The objective of the research is not only to produce a flexible measuring system for use in online inspection, but also to address many of the fundamental problems that hinder three dimensional measurement outside a controlled environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00003
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    The Geocoding of Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery and an Application to Nautical Charting (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: An ERS-1 SAR image of Frankfurt was geocoded using a variety of DEM spatial resolutions to examine the influence on positional accuracy compared with control points derived from a 1:50 000 scale map of the same area. It was demonstrated that mapping to 1:50 000 scale was possible in flat areas with a DEM resolution finer than 200 m.The case for SAR imagery in nautical charting is discussed in the light of these results, drawing on recent experiences at the Hydrographic Office in charting the South Orkney Islands.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00006
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    Urban and Suburban Mapping With the AP190 Analytical Plotter (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The AP190 analytical stereoplotter has been employed for two research projects concerned with the urban and suburban environment. In the first project, the suitability of the AP190 was assessed for comparing height readings between stereomodels of colour diapositives and colour paper prints, for collecting height data for a digital terrain model and for producing a land use map using a stereopair of part of Edinburgh under well controlled conditions. The second project dealt with the densification of minor control points by means of the BLOKK aerial triangulation package, followed by the digital mapping of a suburban area planned for land readjustment in Bangkok.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00005
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    Book Reviews (1995)
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book Reviewed:D. Shirvanian, European Space Directory 1994J. P. Snyder, Flattening The Earth. Two Thousand Years Of Map ProjectionsP. A. Henkel, T. W. Augustyn and W. G. Fishell, Airborne Reconnaissance xvii
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00020
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    Deville and Photographic Surveying (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Photographic surveying by Deville was published in 1895. This article marks the centenary of the publication of one of the earliest English language books on photogrammetry. Deville and his surveyors were responsible for the mapping of large areas in western Canada by photographic means. The techniques were explained in his book, originally written for his own staff when he was Surveyor General of Canada.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00024
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    A Structured Light System For Measuring Wounds (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The lack of an accepted method of accurate and objective measurement of wound dimensions is a major obstacle to the assessment of effective wound management regimes. This paper addresses the problems associated with wound measurements and introduces a new instrument based on the principle of coded structured light. The instrument projects a sequence of parallel stripes of light onto the surface of the lesion. These patterns are observed by a video camera which is linked to a computer system where the images can be stored and processed. Using the positions of the focal points of the camera and the stripe projector, the computer calculates a three dimensional map of the observed scene by triangulation. This map is then used to reconstruct the original, healthy skin surface by cubic spline interpolation. The area of the reconstructed surface is the area of the wound. Its volume is sandwiched between the measured and the reconstructed surface. The system also calculates the depth and the circumference of the wound. The instrument measures the volume of the wound with a precision of about 5 per cent provided that the ratio of volume to area is greater than 4 mm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00025
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    CCD Image System Design And Exploitation: Experiences And Lessons Learned (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The use of digital imagery, acquired through charge-coupled devices (CCDs) either by the scanning of hard copy film or direct capture through the use of a CCD camera, has fundamentally changed the photogrammetric environment. In order to fully exploit these digital image data, the photogrammetrist must employ system design, implementation philosophies and processing methodologies different from those of traditional film based photogrammetry. It is now possible for these new photogrammetric systems to be operated from low cost, high performance PC and Macintosh class commercial hardware, using vendor supplied software for user developed applications.This paper explores lessons learned and experiences gained from low cost, digital photogrammetric system development and CCD image exploitation. Examples and discussion presented in this paper include: (1) integration of user developed applications with commercial hardware and software; (2) user interface design; (3) validation of processing algorithms within the digital image domain; (4) system calibration; (5) digital image data handling, management and storage; and (6) image data compression. The film based photogrammetric system provides the point of departure to digital photogrammetry. Technical knowledge, system design and implementation and CCD image exploitation provide the experience.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00026
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    Bundle Adjustment For 35 mm Oblique Aerial Photography (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The full provision of ground control points for oblique, small format photography used for mapping purposes is uneconomic because each photograph covers a small area of ground. This paper describes the implementation of a bundle adjustment program for 35 mm oblique aerial photography. Image co-ordinates are measured on enlarged prints, with a digitizing tablet driven by Carto MDSD software, and are then processed with the NLHBUNT program. The measurement system was proved by using vertical standard format photographs of a test block saturated with high quality ground control. Measurements taken with the MDSD system gave acceptable accuracy when compared with a set taken with a Zeiss P3 analytical workstation. A bundle adjustment was then carried out with the MDSD data; the results obtained compared satisfactorily with known ground values. A hand-held 35 mm Pentax LX camera was flown over the test site and three strips of 1:30 000 scale oblique photography were obtained. Following bundle adjustment, the empirical accuracy of derived co-ordinates was about 1.5 m in X, 3 m in Y and 2 m in Z. Factors affecting this accuracy are discussed and further developments of the system are proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00027
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    Surveying In Switzerland (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The author traces the development of the Swiss official surveying system from its origins according to the federal law in 1912 until the system of the renewed cadastre 93, standards for which were recently issued. He summarizes the techniques applied today in the official surveying system and describes the commercial situation of the private surveyors and surveying companies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00029
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    Observational Weighting Considerations In GPS Aerial Triangulation (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper addresses aspects of relative observational weighting for GPS camera station positions, ground control and image co-ordinate data in GPS aerial triangulation. Weighting implications for different control point and drift parameter scenarios are discussed, a two stage adjustment/transformation procedure is proposed and the implications of observational weighting on triangulation precision are reviewed. Bundle block adjustment results from a 626 photograph, 1650 point GPS aerial triangulation project are presented to illustrate the outcomes of different weighting and ground control strategies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00031
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    Windsor Castle: Photogrammetric And Archaeological Recording After The Fire (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Following the disastrous fire in the State Apartments at Windsor Castle in 1992, a programme of photogrammetric surveying followed by archaeological recording was carried out by English Heritage. This paper details the background to this work, the provision of the photogrammetric surveys and the use and analysis of the data by the archaeology team.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00028
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    The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project: A Fifth Extract (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The paper entitled The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project was published in The Photogrammetric Record, 14(82): 565-582 and contained, as Appendix A, an extract from the Archive concerned with the history of the Zeiss Stereoplanigraph in Great Britain. A further three extracts have since been published to provide details of direct optical projection instruments used in this country and of the Vivian Thompson Stereo-plotter.This fifth extract deals with the Wild A5 and A6 instruments. Their introduction into the United Kingdom during and just prior to the Second World War, together with their important contributions to the war effort, make interesting reading. With a grand total of just five such instruments, they were well used throughout the period of hostilities.This extract also includes a note on the Wild A4 instrument, designed for close range photogrammetry. This was the last instrument in which Wild made use of projector lenses but it has been included at this point so that all of the Wild instruments which are listed in the Catalogue (and therefore included in the Archive) are dealt with in numerical order.
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    Metric Exploitation of still Video Imagery (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The development of still video CCD cameras with digital image storage has made feasible the concept of offline, single sensor vision metrology. This paper reports on practical evaluations of such a system for dimensional inspection of aircraft tooling and for structural monitoring for large scale engineering. A further application of still video technology for low altitude aerial mapping is also reported. In each case a Kodak DCS200 camera has been employed for the photography in order to take advantage of the relatively high sensor resolution and adequate on-board image storage capacity. Aspects of the measurement operations, which yielded object space accuracies to 1:80 000 in the industrial measurement projects, are discussed and the results analysed.
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    Development and Application of the Highway Mapping System of Ohio State University (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Since 1990, the Center for Mapping at Ohio State University has been developing mobile mapping systems to automate and accelerate the collection of digital map data. These systems integrate the global positioning system (GPS) with inertial navigation units and imaging sensors to produce digital geographic data. They are modular and can be installed on various platforms, such as vans, trains and aeroplanes. New developments with the imaging system and the fully integrated data-processing environment are discussed in this article. The stereovision system enables the user to obtain three dimensional co-ordinates of any object in the field of view of the camera. Digital and video images, together with GPS positions, are stored in an object-oriented database, which merges data collected by airborne and terrestrial mapping platforms. Exploiting the enormous amount of information contained in the digital stereoscopic imagery is a challenging topic of current and future research.
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    High Resolution Still Video Camera for Industrial Photogrammetry (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Still video cameras are easy to handle, portable, digital image acquisition devices for close range photogrammetry. They allow fast object recording without being connected to a computer. As an example of the new camera type, the high resolution Kodak DCS200 is presented in this paper, combined with the DPA digital photogrammetric station used for image measurement and object reconstruction. The performance of this three dimensional measurement system is illustrated by calibration results as well as applications to high precision dimensional inspection in industry.
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    The Photography of Model Cattle as a Guide to Minimum Photoscales for Interpretation and Identification (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A description is given of the method used to assess the smallest practical photoscale that could be employed in a project to count and identify cattle, using small format aerial photography.
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    International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Symposia, 1994 (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: I. J. Dowman, Systems For Data Processing, Analysis And Representation, p. 145A. M. Morgado, Spatial Information From Digital Photogrammetry And Computer Vision, p. 147P. R. T. Newby, Mapping And Geographic Information Systems, p. 148D. A. Tait, Facing The Chance And The Challenge, p.154P. J. Curran, Eco Rio '94, p.155
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    Videometrics III (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    44th Photogrammetric Week (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Annual General Meeting, 1994 (1995)
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    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    Photogrammetry Round the world (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    Inefficiency in the Spanish Cooperative Banking Sector (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper researches X-inefficiency and scale economies in Spanish cooperative banking between 1988 and 1996, using the stochastic cost frontier methodology. The Translog cost function, with three outputs and three inputs, is used to measure X-inefficiencies across time and size. During this period of time there is no important reduction in inefficiency levels, so deregulation and internationalization has little effect on the Spanish cooperative banking market. We can see that large cooperative banks are less inefficient than small ones, indicating that it would be convenient to increase the size of these kinds of banks in order to reduce inefficiencies in this sector. We also find scale economies during this period.
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    UK utilities: Past reform and current proposals (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Utilities in the UK have undergone dramatic reform in the past fifteen years. This paper assesses the outcome by reviewing previously published work and introducing some new evidence, and assesses the UK Government's 1998 proposed reforms. We outline the impact of change of ownership, re-regulation and introducing competition on efficiency, investment, quality of service, prices and equity. We conclude that these reforms can yield benefits if they are undertaken within a clear framework of wider social and environmental benefits. Initial regulation in the UK has not always satisfied these criteria, and we welcome the government's proposed reforms, with some caveats
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    Bibliography (1999)
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    The provision of public services by regulation in the general interest or by public ownership? A consideration of recent developments in the public economy under aspects of institutional competition (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
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    Property rights and dynamics of the institutional learning process under regulation (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
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    Liberalization problems and prospects in European railways (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
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    Efficiency, Bond of Association and Exit Patterns in Credit Unions: Australian Evidence (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Data envelopment analysis is used in this study to provide measures of the efficiency of individual credit unions in the Australian state of Victoria in the period 1992–5. The resulting measures are consistent with those reported in comparable studies. There is no evidence that over the period of the study, the ‘average’ credit union moved closer to the efficient frontier. Efficiency measures are analysed according to the bond of association and the results are consistent with the proposition that a tighter bond will tend to reduce operating costs. In the period of the study there were a large number of exits by merger, including exits by small credit unions with high efficiency measures. Possible explanations in terms of the expected benefits to the members of acquiring and exiting credit unions are suggested and evaluated.
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    Competition and Public Service Obligations: Regulatory Rules and Industries Games (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The introduction of competition in regulated industries may have positive or negative side-effects on the provision of collective goods or services. The paper shows that these effects are closely related to two associated elements: the industrial strategies developed by utilities and the regulatory environment within which they operate. Regulatory rules and corporate strategies influence the treatment of public service obligations. This raises a major issue regarding the regulation of public utilities. To reduce the drawbacks of the introduction of competition, it is necessary to set regulatory rules that allow the implementation of market configurations enabling public utilities to follow a public service orientation rather than a pure market-based approach.
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    Privatization and Utility Regulation in Developing Countries: the Lessons So Far (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8292
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The privatization of utilities has grown in developing countries in recent years. Privatization transactions for the utilities sector have accounted for over a third of all sales in developing countries since 1988. The introduction of privatization has not necessarily meant more competition. Consequently, utility privatization has led in many cases to the creation of regulatory structures that aim to protect consumers from monopoly abuse and to provide incentives to firms to maintain efficiency. Case studies drawing on examples from the telecommunications, electricity and water sectors indicate that creating effective regulation and a competitive environment is a difficult and slow process. The cases have shown that regulation rather than privatization achieved the largest gains. Similarly, although the variety of regulatory measures that have been introduced have made a difference, the most tangible benefits, particularly to consumers, result from the establishment of competition. The case studies have shown that privatization has preceded the development of effective regulation and competition. The development of regulatory structures is constrained by the capacity of governments to enforce regulatory rules and monitor contracts. Fostering conditions that encourage competition and lessen anti-competitive behaviour by incumbents is a beneficial but slow process.
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    Index to Volume 70, 1999 (1999)
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    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
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    Estimation des Économies D'échelle et de gamme dans de petites coopératives de services financiers: le cas des caisses populaires acadiennes (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study uses accounting data stemming from 80 credit unions affiliated to the “Fédération des caisses populaires acadiennes” to estimate a multi-product translog cost function with the aim to test for the presence of scale and scope economies. The cost model relies on the production approach and the financial services are gathered in four categories of products. The model is completed by three inputs and one control variable, the latter being used to capture the heterogeneity of costs arising from the average wealth of membership. Since the estimated output elasticity of the total cost, 0.89, is statistically less than one, the models detect quite important scale economies. As to scope economies, they are present but the coefficients are weakly significant.
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    Public enterprises after privatization as quoted companies: Is there a contradiction between shareholder or stakeholder value and services in the public interest? (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
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    Sector-specific regulation from a public choice perspective with regard to the supply of services of public interest (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
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    Regulation in the Japanese economy (1999)
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    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
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    The privatization and regulation of telecommunications in Spain (1999)
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    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
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    Un siècle d'histoire coopérative à travers les statistiques de L'A.C.I. (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8292
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Many authors have studied the quantitative evolution of the cooperative movement but their analysis was generally limited to a sector, a region or a specific period of time. Thanks to a collection by A. Leclerc (Moncton University, Canada) of all statistical information in possession of the International Cooperative Alliance, this study can rely on an exceptional database relating to the number of members affiliated to ICA since 1896. On the basis of this inventory, the authors try to determine the main orientations of the cooperative membership evolution over a period of nearly a century. In this article most of the results are presented by splitting the studied period into four development phases of the worldwide cooperative movement.
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    Is Fiscal Progressivity Enhanced by Redistribution in Kind? (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper considers the redistributive effects of four mixed fiscal systems in which redistribution in cash is combined with redistribution in kind. A private good is offered by both the public and the private sector, at a non-zero price in both cases, so that the market is vertically segmented and the quality differences are used to select recipients on the basis of their income. This paper shows how an appropriate selection of recipients can add redistributive power to an already redistributive taxation system, while universal public provision never does. A numerical simulation gives some policy insights.
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    Performance des activités d'éducation et de recherche des systèmes d'enseignement supérieur de l'OCDE (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Most of the studies in the literature on performance in higher education focus on international comparisons of education expenditure, mainly the expenditure per student, and do not take into account the multi-dimensional outcome of higher education activities, i.e. research and education. To go thoroughly into the analysis of higher education systems performance, we develop a complementary approach based on the notion of efficiency (“Data Envelopment Analysis” method). Moreover, we evaluate the internal and external efficiency of education and research activities performed by higher education systems, by taking into consideration the labour market integration of the graduates and the publications weighted by the number of researchers. Taking into account the two-dimensional activity of higher education and introducing qualitative measures of education and research outputs strongly modify the level of efficiency of OECD countries compared with a quantitative one-dimensional assessment of higher education performance.Les éudes de comparaison internationale en matière d'évaluation de l'enseignement supérieur se limitent à une analyse budgétaire bivariée. Dans cet article, nous analysons la performance de l'enseignement supérieur en tenant compte de l'éducation et de la recherche. Cette approche se concentre sur la notion d'efficacité(méthode “Data Envelopment Analysis”). Nous mesurons l'efficacité interne et externe de l'enseignement et de la recherche en tenant compte de l'insertion des diplômés sur le marché du travail et des publications pondérées par le nombre de chercheurs. L'introduction du caractère multi-outputs de l'enseignement supérieur et/ou des mesures qualitatives modifie considérablement le niveau d'efficacitédes pays de l'OCDE.
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    Nonprofit Organisations and Social Economy: Two Ways of Understanding the Third Sector (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The term third sector refers to a set of organizations which are neither capitalist, nor governmental. First of all, this paper aims to extent B. Gui's unitary approach to the third-sector [1991] by focusing on the distinction between third sector and state-owned bodies. Next I propose to translate the non capitalist and the non governmental conditions into operational criteria. I show that these criteria vary according to the nature of the organisations (general interest versus mutual interest). This statement allows me to justify the emergence of two different ways of understanding the third-sector in anglo-saxon and french-speaking traditions.
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    General interest and types of regulation: Permanence and changeability of economic liberalism (1999)
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    Privatization, deregulation and the labour market: a review of the literature (1999)
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    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
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    The legal consequences of the transformation from a public to a private undertaking on management and employees (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
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    General-interest-orientated accounting in public sector enterprises and regulated industries (1999)
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    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
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    Regulation in the Transport Sector (1999)
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    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
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    Forthcoming Articles (1999)
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    Falling Water: The Origins of Direct Federal Participation in the US Electric Utility Industry, 1902–1933 (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The federal government's role as a direct producer in a non-defense, non-distressed American industry is unique to electric power. This participation arose during the first three decades of the twentieth century; it was politically controversial then and remains so today. We seek to explain how and why the federal government got into the electric utility business. The convergence of technological, economic, and political forces paved the way for federal participation. The growth of long-distance transmission networks and the success of the Progressive movement were important factors. Because so many dam sites with hydroelectric potential were on public lands in western states, and because hydroelectricity could help pay for those dams, even conservative Republicans like Herbert Hoover came to accept the involvement of the federal government. After the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932, the federal government accepted the task with enthusiasm as part of a plan for the economic development of entire river basins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8292.00099
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    Privatization and Performance in Eastern Europe: Alternative Scenarios (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper focuses on the possible outcomes of privatization and considers how different scenarios of privatization lead to varied macroeconomic performance. Alternative scenarios involve changes in efficiency, taxation, wages, income distribution and interactions with the world economy. The consequences of pursuing different scenarios of privatization are simulated using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. Illustrative simulations with the model are carried out for a representative economy, intended to depict a country at the outset of transition. The simulation results suggest that privatization can exert a favourable or adverse impact on the whole economy, depending on the way in which the performance of the newly privatized sector changes. The simulation analysis for Poland shows that some developments accompanying privatization processes might have contributed to recession and budget deficit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8292.00101
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    Bibliography (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8292.00102
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    Announcement (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8292.00104
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    Innovation in Nonprofit Organizations (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Innovation as the driving force behind the economic growth of high-income countries has almost exclusively been researched for the private enterprise sector. Nonproft organizations as a growing sector also have to be assessed for their contribution. They are first grouped by their different outputs (proximity to public versus private good provision). Next, for each output group fields of activities are identified, which exhibit differences in management regimes and incentive structure. This leads to hypotheses (and some empirical evidence) on innovative behavior and on barriers to innovation. The result: Their potential for contributing is far from being fully used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8292.00125
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    Bibliography (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8292.00129
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    La construction sociale du produit financier postal (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article deals with the financial function of the Postal Service. On the basis of the clientele management modules of financial centres and the post offices as units for the analysis, the authors make a census of the various financial “products” being supported by the analytical pattern of “worlds” (of production).This census voluntarily focusing on the civic world is followed by an attempt to identify the different corresponding overcosts. The authors also examine the contradictions and conflicts opposing the protagonists of service provision when they explicitly or implicitly belong to different worlds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8292.00119
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    Globalisation—New Demands on Public Enterprises (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The globalisation of the economy and society reduces the economic policy capabilities of the state with its public enterprises considerably, but at the same time it triggers fundamental pressure on the government to compensate for the negative economic, political and social effects of the globalisation process. Using a system-theoretic framework, requirements for the public economy can be developed reaching from a social coordination function to an evolutionary-based industrial policy function of public enterprises. These functions and instrumental targets have to be implemented in a system of an internationalised public economy based on an appropriate institutional foundation. This in turn means focusing on a mixed system of public and non-profit organisations combined with market type institutions. By no means is an erosion of the public sector in the sense of radical privatisation strategies as propagated by the IMF and other prominent institutions implied. Rather a social need for public action must be considered mainly due to the public interest (Gemeinwohl). In this context, the socio-political competence of the public and nonprofit economy can be revitalised in an innovative way.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8292.00121
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    Foreword (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Annals of public and cooperative economics 70 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8292
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8292.00105
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  • 99
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    Market-Share Import Restraints in Oligopoly (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper contributes to the theoretical analysis of proportional import restraints; that is, restraints that are defined in terms of percentage market share rather than in terms of volume of imports. It is shown that an increase in the market share of foreign firms from zero has a negative effect locally on domestic welfare. In the case of a domestic oligopoly, domestic firms may prefer a proportional restraint over an equivalent volume restraint.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00196
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    Profit-Sharing and International Capital Mobility in Developing Countries (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper uses a general equilibrium model incorporating rural–urban migration to analyze and contrast the short- and long-run effects of profit-sharing. Specifically examined are the effects of profit-sharing on rural–urban migration, the degree of competition among urban firms, and international mobility of capital. It is found that although profit-sharing may raise urban employment in the short run, the scheme reduces urban employment and lowers the inflow of foreign capital in the long run.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00197
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