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  • Articles  (199)
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  • Articles  (199)
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  • Springer  (199)
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  • 1995-1999  (199)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction to the Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 191-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02093620
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of an algorithmic approach for the assessment of research quality (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 3-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Recent years have seen a growing interest in the use of quantitative parameters for assessing the quality of research carried out at universities. In the UK, university departments are now subject to regular investigations of their research standing. As part of these investigations, a considerable amount of quantitative (as well as qualitative) information is collected from each department. This is made available to the panels appointed to assess research quality in each subject area. One question that has been raised is whether the data can be combined in some way to provide an index which can help guide the panels' deliberations. This question is looked at here via a detailed examination of the returns from four universities for the most recent (1992) research assessment exercise. The results suggest that attempts to derive an algorithm are only likely to be helpful for a limited range of subjects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018229
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The networking university (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 15-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This article examines the subject of research collaboration, and elaborates on this subject on an institutional rather than an individual level. An empirical case-study is presented; the research collaboration of Umeå University in Sweden, during the period 1991–1993 is investigated. Institutional co-authorships based on the addresses of the departments are used as an indicator of this collaboration. The results are separated into three levels: the local level, the national level, and the international level. It is obvious that the research collaboration is most extensive. Finally the university's collaboration is discussed and a scheme is proposed with the purpose to understand research collaboration in a social as well as a cognitive context. The guiding terms here are access, visibility and attractiveness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018230
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A profile of science in Brazil (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 33-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The Brazilian contribution to publications in science and humanities increased from 0.29% of the worldwide total in 1981 to 0.46% in 1993. In science, but not in humanities, Brazilian publications tend to follow the world publication trend; thus, during the period 1981–1993, 57.9% of Brazilian publications were in life sciences, 35.4% in exact sciences, 3.9% in earth sciences and 2.9% in humanities. The ten institutions with the largest number of publications are universities, which account for half of the all Brazilian publications. The total number of authors on the Brazilian 1981–1993 publications was 52,808. Among these 57.8% appear in only one publication and 17.5% have their publications cited more than 10 times.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018231
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of Australian university output using journal impact factors (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 45-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract We weighted the output of SCI items from Australian universities using journal impact factors. This provides us with an accessible quality indicator of science journal publishing, and allow us to scale for institutional size in terms of output and research staff. Use of this indicator for the 20 pre-1987 Australian universities demonstrates that although some universities rank highly on output, when scaled for institutional size they are overtaken by some of the smaller, more recently established universities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018232
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The growth and development of research in the field of ecology (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 59-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This study assesses the growth, the patterns of development and the complexity of research in the field of ecology from 1976 to 1993 in Spain and the five Spanish speaking countries of the Caribbean. Using as a yardstick of research and development in that field, the dissertation titles were counted for each region. The total length, the key words per title were recorded and analysed statistically. Results show that the growth of research in ecology is greater in Spain and peaked earlier than in the Caribbean countries. However, the titles in the latter region were more complex than those in Spain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018233
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative measurement of public opinions on new technologies (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 71-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The article presents the methodology of structural equation modeling (SEM) to study social perceptions of new technologies. It argues that the SEM-methodology offers a better statistical approach for the analysis of technology-related attitudes than the techniques most often applied in the field of public opinion research. SEM eliminates, compensates for, or at least reduces many problems raised by common surveying practices researching attitudes on new technologies. In particular, SEM-methodology reduces difficulties of testing the validity and reliability of measuring instruments when those are applied to vague and weakly established opinions on new technologies. To demonstrate these advantages of SEM the research presented here concentrates on the cognitive formation of public attitudes toward the particular gene technologies of prenatal genetic testing (pGT) and prenatal genetic engineering (pGE). The study explores whether a statistical analysis of various opinions on these technologies can reveal a set of underlying, structured attitudes, and if so, whether these attitudes form an entire syndrome or are differentiated into several distinct, coherent complexes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018234
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A systemic view of British science (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 133-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Systemic analyses of national research systems are now within the reach of bibliometricians. By systemic we mean comprehensive, time series, institutionally based, sectoral level analyses of national research output. This paper describes such an analysis for the UK, a system comprising 8% of world scientific output. The paper analyses publishing size and the number of publishing institutions for each sector. Then each sector's intra-sectoral, inter-sectoral and international collaboration is assessed. The paper then examines the data by field, looking at sector publishing profiles across fields, and at how the collaborative patterns vary between fields. It concludes with a summary profile of each institutional sector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018237
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The SCI Journal Citation Reports: A potential tool for studying journals? (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 93-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we analysed six indicators of the SCI Journal Citation Reports (JCR) over a 19-year period: number of total citations, number of citations to the two previous years, number of source items, impact factor, immediacy index and cited half-life. The JCR seems to have become more or less an authority for evaluating scientific and technical journals, essentially through its impact factor. However it is difficult to find one's way about in the impressive mass of quantitative data that JCR provides each year. We proposed the box plot method to aggregate the values of each indicator so as to obtain, at a glance, portrayals of the JCR population from 1974 to 1993. These images reflected the distribution of the journals into 4 groups designated low, central, high and extreme. The limits of the groups became a reference system with which, for example, it was rapidly possible to situate visually a given journal within the overall JCR population. Moreover, the box plot method, which gives a zoom effect, made it possible to visualize a large sub-population of the JCR usually overshadowed by the journals at the top of the rankings. These top level journals implicitly play the role of reference in evaluation processes. This often incites categorical judgements when the journals to be evaluated are not part of the top level. Our «rereading» of the JCR, which presented the JCR product differently, made it possible to qualify these judgements and bring a new light on journals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018235
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring the impact of scientific publications. The case of the biomedical sciences (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 119-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The bibliometric indicators currently used to assess scientific production have a serious flaw: a notable bias is produced when different subfields are compared. In this paper we demonstrate the existence of this bias using the impact factor (IF) indicator. The impact factor is related to the quality of a published article, but only when each specific subfield is taken separately: only 15.6% of the subfields we studied were found to have homogeneous means. The bias involved can be very misleading when bibliometric estimators are used as a basis for assigning research funds. To improve this situation, we propose a new estimator, the RPU, based on a normalization of the impact factor that minimizes bias and permits comparison among subfields. The RPU of a journal is calculated with the formula: RPU=10(1-exp (-IF/x)), where IF is the impact factor of the journal and x the mean IF for the subfield in which the journal belongs. The RPU retains the advantages of the impact factor: simplicity of calculation, immediacy and objectivity, and increases homogeneous subfields from 15.6% to 93.7%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018236
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scientometrics: A citation based bibliography, 1990 (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 155-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018238
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preface (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 165-166 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018474
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The need for standards in bibliometric research and technology (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 167-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The need for standardisation in bibliometric research and technology is discussed in the context of failing communication within the scientific community, the unsatisfactory impact of bibliometric research outside the community and the observed incompatibility of bibliometric indicators produced by different institutes. The development of bibliometric standards is necessary to improve the reliability of bibliometric results, to guarantee the validity of bibliometric methods and to make bibliometric data compatible. Both conceptual and technical questions are raised. Consequences of lacking standards are illustrated by typical examples. Finally, particular topics of standardisation are proposed based on experiences made at ISSRU.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018475
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bibliometric standards: Personal experience and lessons learned (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 193-197 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Bibliometric standards are essential for comparative research. However, these standards can not be set by committee but must evolve through an on-going debate. Perhaps, the Scientometric community needs a refereed forum more dedicated to methodological issues than policy matters in which the standards debate can proceed in a focused and professional manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018477
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences in the construction of sci based bibliometric indicators among various producers: A first over view (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 177-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This contribution discusses basic technical-methodological issues with respect to data collection and the construction of bibliometric indicators, particularly at the macro or meso level. It focusses on the use of the Science Citation Index. Its aim is to highlight important decisions that have to be made in the process of data collection and the construction of bibliometric indicators. It illustrates differences in the methodologies applied by several important producers of bibliometric indicators: the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI); CHI Research, Inc.; the Information Science and Scientometrics Research Unit (ISSRU) at Budapest; and the Centre for Science and Technology Studies at Leiden University (CWTS). The observations made in this paper illustrate the complexity of the process of ‘standardisation’ of bibliometric indicators. Moreover, they provide possible explanations for divergence of results obtained in different studies. The paper concludes with a few general comments related to the need of ‘standardisation’ in the field of bibliometrics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018476
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Standards issues in a national bibliometric database: The Australian case (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 199-207 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In recent years researchers in the Performance Indicators Project at the Australian National University have undertaken a number of projects involving collaboration with colleagues in England or attempts to replicate results obtained by others. All projects have necessitated close scrutiny of the methodologies previously used or to be used and have made clear the urgent need for comparable standards. In this paper we have focused on two projects: one, an analysis of Australia's shares of publications and citations, where we sought to learn from the debate on methodology that surrounded the question of decline in British science; the second, an analysis of astronomy publications in Australia where we sought to replicate methodology used in a previous European study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018478
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Science macro-indicators: some aspects of ost experience (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 209-222 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract We report OST experience on macro-indicators producing, especially on academic science and ISI sources. This task requires a combination of organizational choices for data handling and processing, and of bibliometric choices for a selection of indicators appropriate to the missions. Both aspects are briefly studied: the OST database, which also contains nonbibliometric datasets, is organized on the relational principle (RDBMS). Bibliometric indicators selected are classical ones, with a stress on overall coherence. In conclusion, standardization issue is briefly discussed. Standardization may not be desirable at the same extent for different targets (data, nomenclatures, indicators, procedures, etc.) and must not hinder further research. Natural process of communication and explication may also lead to fruitful convergences, without freezing supposed “best ways”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018479
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coping with the problem of subject classification diversity (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 223-235 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The delimitation of a research field in bibliometric studies presents the problem of the diversity of subject classifications used in the sources of input and output data. Classification of documents according to thematic codes or keywords is the most accurate method, mainly used in specialised bibliographic or patent databases. Classification of journals in disciplines presents lower specificity, and some shortcomings as the change over time of both journals and disciplines and the increasing interdisciplinarity of research. Differences in the criteria in which input and output data classifications are based obliges to aggregate data in order to match them. Standardization of subject classifications emerges as an important point in bibliometric studies in order to allow international comparisons, although flexibility is needed to meet the needs of local studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018480
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some practical aspects of the standardization of scientometric indicators (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 237-245 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In the present stage of Scientometricsindicators published are mostlyincomparable, which fact impedes the development of the field and makes the users of scientometric results mistrustful. Consequently, standardization of data, methods, indicators and their presentation is urgently needed. For instance, the time periods applied should be standardized across fields and subfields in calculating citation and publication indicators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018481
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experiences with the national citation reports database for measuring national performance: The case of Mexico (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 247-255 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The National Citation Report (NCR) is an integrated citation file supplied by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), of an individual country's articles in science and social sciences. Our experience with the NCR database for Mexico suggests that this is an important addition to the tools available for carrying out bibliometric analysis of research performance. However, in order to generate reliable and accurate indicators using these datafiles we recommend that these be handled by specialists well acquainted with the ISI information products and with the scientific setup of the country concerned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018482
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  • 21
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    The unit of analysis (objects of study) in bibliometrics and scientometrics (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 257-264 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Slow development of bibliometric theory may be due in part to neglect of the unit of analysis — the objects described by variables and about which inferences are made. Problems include: inferences are often made on units other than those sampled, leading to inappropriate conclusions; units in literature reviews and meta-analysis are often not comparable, thus hindering cumulation of knowledge; confusion when names of sampling units in one study might also be the names of variables in other studies — e.g., no. of citations (variable) topapers (sampling unit) and no. ofpapers (varible) in journals (sampling unit); loss of information about the unit of analysis, means and variances when data are aggregated. If theory is to advance, scientometrics needs a generic definition of the unit of analysis, a complete list of all known units — classified and structured, meta-analyses, reporting standards — especially when data are aggregated, clear indications of data level (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio), conventions for including units in titles, abstracts and keyword or subject indexes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018483
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  • 22
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    On chaos in bibliometric terminology (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 271-277 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract On behalf of a case study of articles on bibliometric selection and ranking the variance in terminology of the properties of journals is shown: the same properties are called in various manners, while one and the same terms have different meanings. Similar inconsistencies are found in the terms denoting readers' activities which are studied in bibliometrics for the assessment of the use of periodicals. The author concludes that there are actually only two properties of periodicals that are quantitatively assessed, viz. “productivity”, and “value”. Their definitions are suggested for terminology standardization of general properties of journals and of readers' activities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018485
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  • 23
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    Methodological and conceptual questions of bibliometric standards (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 265-270 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Bibliometric studies are mostly empirical nature and they are mostly centred arround presentation of facts and data. There are very few studies which are centred arround theoretical foundation. The facts are gathered either through surveys or from published bibliographies, indexes, data bases. Based on these facts, empirical models and principles are being developed. The normative principles and standards have to evolve from the logical analyses of the empirical models. The stage is set to integrate empirical models of bibliometrics into standards. Future, bibliometrics studies have to address this issue and reach the stage of normative principles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018484
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  • 24
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    Increasing the between-year stability of the impact factor in the Science Citation Index (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 279-282 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The critical evaluation of scientific productivity during, last years has been done with the help of the Journal Citation Reports ranks of journals. The relative performance of each journal was derived from a simple calculation called Impact Factor. Such measure has been widely criticized by scientometricians, but alternative proposals were nerver adopted due perhaps to their complexity, but also to economic limitations. For the informetric purposes this situation has led to a worrying lack of standardization and, worst of all, makes useless many studies for comparative purposes. In order to enhance the comparative value of the impact factor we develop a new easy method that increases the time period used for its calculation. Such new index has advantages over the old one.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018486
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  • 25
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    A bibliometric approach to social sciences. National research performances in 6 selected social science areas, 1990–1992 (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 291-307 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02016902
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  • 26
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    The standard impact factor as an evaluation tool of science fields and scientific journals (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 283-290 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The standard impact factor for particular fields of science (Ig) and the relative impact factor K for scientific journals are introduced. The technique of calculation of standard impact factor (Ig) for a field is an inherent part of a method which allows a cross-field evaluation of scientific journals. This method for evaluating scientific journals elaborated in 1988 was aimed at the analysis of Russian journals covered by the SCI database, it was also used for chemical journals (more that 300) and for journals in the Life sciences (more than 1000). The results are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02018487
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  • 27
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    Type of empirical research reports as an explanatory factor in citation performance of psychiatric research (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 309-320 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In all fields of human sciences there has long been a debate whether research of these fields should closely follow the traditional method with accurate measurements and statistical inference. More qualitative approaches have been proposed, by which is ment that the research aim is to use the data in their qualitative form. The purpose of this study was to describe the differences in citations between qualitative and quantitative empirical reports. A total of 262 published reports of research pertaining to the therapeutic community and psychiatric wards in a variety of treatment settings from 1987 to 1992 were analyzed. The main finding of this study was that quantitative reports were more frequently cited than qualitative ones — also when some confounding factors were controlled.
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    A multidimensional analysis of scientific dynamics. Part I. Case studies of mathematical logic in the 20th century (1996)
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    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 321-346 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Sequences of empirical Lotka-like distributions of the publications of scientific areas are mapped into a multidimensional parameter space. On this basis a new definition of the notion of an epidemic phase of a discipline is introduced. A graphic representation of the parameter space along with results of an exponential regression analysis of the Lotka exponent yield an image of the inner state of a discipline and renders possible a prognosis. Examples, primarily from mathematical logic, are described in detail. The notion of a scientific elite is discussed and the hypotheses of Ortega, Merton, and Price are critically assessed.
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    The CED—le DEC: Common European doctorate, or doctorate Europeen commune or dissertations on the internet (1996)
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    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 347-353 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract An international electronic thesis system is proposed to provide ready access to doctoral dissertations and ensure uniform standards. To establish common criteria, the publication-based Dutch doctoral degree system was assessed and compared with studies of other national systems. Current Dutch doctoral theses in biomedical fields were of a high standard. 93% of theses were based on published work. The median number of papers per thesis was four, with five authors per paper. The candidate was the key author on 84%. Representative journals of publication ranked in the top quartile of theScience Citation Index with a median rank of 241.
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    The key role of collaborative work in the growth of Brazilian science in the last ten years (1996)
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    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 367-373 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The Brazilian scientific production and its international impact increased considerably in the last 10 years. This increase occurred in spite of a reduction in the resources for science in the same period. The data show that the explanation for this apparent paradox lies in the active process of international and national collaboration which increased in this same period. Collaborative work was supported by several programs of the Brazilian agencies. Advantages and possible drawbacks of the intensification of scientific collaboration for the Brazilian science are discussed.
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    Relationships between the rate of scientific development and citations. The chance for citedness model (1996)
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    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 375-386 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Chances for information to be cited (CC) depend on disciplines and topics because of different publication and referencing practices. However, the developmental rate of knowledge strongly influences CC as well. By a simple model it has been concluded that CC are the greater the faster the publication rate.
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    Quantification of scientific article contents (1996)
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    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 355-366 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The information contents of 143 biomedical journal articles were quantified by standardized criteria, emphasizing quantitative measurements and estimated labour investments. A hundredfold variability in article information contents was uncovered, producing a Poisson distribution with a median (peak) value at about one-half of the sample mean. Two-thirds of the articles thus had information contents below the average scientific article, testifying to the somewhat excessive fragmentation of the primary scientific literature. The information contents of an article depended on three different factors: (1) the number of pages, which rarely exceeded an upper limit corresponding to the standard article format (7–8 pages); (2) the number of figures plus tables per page, which similarly reached saturation at the standard format value (one per page); (3) the density of information packaging within each figure and table, for which no upper limit was observed. The latter factor could, therefore, account for virtually all information contents in excess of the standard article format. Differences in the information density of figures and tables were apparently not perceived by a peer reviewer, who tended to overestimate low-contents articles and underestimate high-contents articles. Furthermore, a model evaluation of the article authors indicated that evaluation by contents quantification and by straight article counting might give different results. Since neither peer review nor publication counts could satisfactorily detect differences in the information contents of scientific articles, objective contents quantification would seem to be required for an exact and fair evaluation of scientific productivity.
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    Polish Sociology Citation Index (principles for creation and the first results) (1996)
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    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 387-391 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The author discusses inefficiencies of Garfield'sSocial Sciences Citation Index to measure quality of a discipline in a national context. She proposes an alternative measurement tool to the Garfield's index. The example of sociology was selected; an index of Polish sociology was created and data from it was compared with data retrieved from the SSCI. The two sets were compared to show greater “sensitivity” of the locally created index.
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    Scientometrics: A citation based bibliography, 1991 (1996)
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    Scientometrics 35 (1996), S. 393-399 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Distribution of major scientific and technological achievements in terms of age group — Welbull distribution (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 3-18 
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    Notes: Abstract A statistical analysis is made of two data sets and it is found that the distribution of major scientific and technological achievements in terms of the age of those achievement makers is Weibull distribution. Pearson'sx 2 test results are satisfactory. This finding holds for different centuries, different nations and different disciplines.
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    Author productivity patterns in theoretical population genetics (1900–1980) (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 19-41 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Focuses on the validity of Lotka's law and the negative binomial distribution model to author productivity data in different time periods in theoretical population genetics speciality. Finds out if there is any relation between applicability of a statistical distribution and the development of speciality. Looks at the linkages between inequality/concentration measures and the development of speciality. Explores the relevance and applicability of the two generalisations, namely Price Square, Root Law and 80/20 Rule to the author productivity data and their relation with development of theoretical population genetics. Finally, a study of the growth of practitioners in the field with different productivity levels is conducted, and the emergence of core authors in the speciality is explored.
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    Scientific collaboration at the regional level: The case of a small country (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 59-68 
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    Notes: Abstract Despite the various studies on international collaboration, we still know very little about other forms of scientific collaboration. The present paper looks at collaboration at a national levle, more particularly between regions in a country. It is found that regional collaboration is very limited. In fact, international collaboration is three times more important than regional collaboration. This can be explained by the fact that the competition center in science is international rather than national.
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    The level of research in advanced composite materials in the countries of the former Soviet Union (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 43-57 
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    Notes: Abstract The advanced materials studied were those composites based on ceramic, boron, carbon and aramid fibres. Research level was quantified by a bibliometric analysis of publications including a study of citations, an analysis of patents, a professional assessment of Soviet work by reviewing the open literature and by discussing with scientists and engineers in the former Soviet Union. The conclusion drawn was that the level of research in the former USSR did not match that in the West. There were, however, several niche areas were the level of research was comparable or in advance of the West, notably aramid fibres.
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    Investigation of collaborative research trends in Indian medical sciences: 1900–1945 (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 69-80 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The decade beginning 1925 is important in the history of medical science in modern India. This is evident from the bibliometric study of the publications in theIndian Medical Gazette, from 1900 to 1945. The paper studies the evolution of collaboration in the field of medical sciences during this period. In order to do so the study determines the: (i) pattern of collaboration in basic and applied research in medical science; (ii) trends in the multiplicity of authors; and (iii) the type of collaboration for the period 1900–1945. The collaborative and authorship trends discussed in the paper suggests that medical science was still in the developing stage in India in the period 1900–1945, and there was a possibility of its expansion in the near future.
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    Indian patent statistics—An analysis (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 109-130 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Average and global impact of a set of journals (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 97-107 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In this note we clarify some notions concerning citations, publications, and their quotients: impact and indifference (a measure of invisibility, introduced in this article). In particular, we show that the slope of the regression line of the impact as a function of the number of publications is positive if and only if the global impact, i.e. the impact of the set of all journals under consideration, is larger than the average impact of all journals.
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    Scientometrics: A citation based bibliography, 1992 (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 131-140 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Publishing abroad: Fair trade or short sell for non-English-speaking authors? A Spanish study (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 81-95 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the integration into the international scientific literature of articles published by researchers at the University of Granada (Spain) between 1976 and 1987, in journals published outside of Spain. The Science Citation Index was used to measure integration, and the articles were classified for comparison into eight fields (clinical medicine, experimental medicine, geology, chemistry, physics, biology, pharmaceutical science and mathematics). The minimum criterion for integration was considered fulfilled when the size of the two communities of citing authors considered (Spanish and non-Spanish) was equal, i.e., when the absolute number of citations in both communities was equal. On the basis of this criterion, articles in clinical medicine and experimental medicine were found to be integrated into the international literature. The regression lines for the number of citations per year in each field in the two communities of citing authors were parallel, indicating that integration of Spanish publications in these two fields was stationary. Of the fields found not to be integrated, the lines for pharmaceutical science citations in the two communities indicated little sign of future change in the proportion of Spanish to non-Spanish citations. Citations in the remaining five fields indicated a steady decrease in integration. We introduce the concept of the “drag effect” of national citations on citation indices in the international literature: a sharp increase in the number of Spanish articles published in non-Spanish journals may exceed the capacity of the international community to “absorb”, understand and cite these new publications.
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    News (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 141-142 
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    Erratum (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 143-143 
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    Characteristics and determinants of eminent scientists' productivity (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 185-206 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The empirical research on the sample of 385 eminent Croatian scientists was carried out in order to explore the patterns and factors of their scientific productivity. The study design made it possible to compare the results with those obtained in the 1990 survey on a sample of the research population. The average scientific productivity of eminent researchers is not only several times larger but also shows a more intensive scientific collaboration and orientation towards the international scientific arena. The most important predictors of the elite's productivity are also qualificational and organizational variables but of a more selective nature. By including the eminent scientists' gatekeeping roles, the explanation of their total, co-authored and foreign publications can be improved.
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    R&D evaluation at the Italian National Research Council: The agricultural sector (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 207-222 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The principles and methodology of intra-mural and extra-mural research assessment developed at the Italian National Research Council are critically described. Information is given about the organisation of agricultural research system.
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    Indicators of research output in the sciences from 5 Central European countries, 1990–1994 (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 145-165 
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    Notes: Conclusions As usual, more questions are raised by the facts and figures presented in this report than answered. Some general features appear, nevertheless, unquestionable. Austria shows a rather stable, balanced picture either the distribution of research activities by major fields, or the main publication channels, or the extent of international cooperation, or the major cooperating partners are concerned. In the four ex-socialist countries great efforts are made not just to maintain the level of research activities of the previous years but also to conform to the European/world standards. Scientific communities of these countries have had to find some “compensations mechanisms” to counterbalance the detrimental effects of the countries economic problems. One possible with more developed countries increasing extent of international cooperation with more developed countries (predominantly with Germany and USA). Signs of exhaustion of this source of compensation can be observed in Hungary, and this can be a warning signal for other countries of the area, too. One of the most intriguing questions raised by the results of this study is about the demographic and migrational processes within the scientific community underlying the observed publication trends and patterns. Learning more about these factors may take us closer to find the proper policy implications of the observed phenomena.
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    Determining the core of journals of a research centre: The example of researchers from the Department of Rural Economy and Sociology of the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, France (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 167-183 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyses the determination of visibility of journals in which researchers of INRA (National Institute for Agricultural Research) publish. The corpus is comprised of 671 articles published over a period of four years in 258 journals. The advantage of the method applied for determining the visibility of journals is that it combines two approaches: a) bibliometric indicators (coverage by the ISI-publications and by two specific French databases) and b) experts' opinions (10 economists and sociologists). The main results are: a) There is a convergence between the opinion of the experts and «visibility» in the databases, b) The impact factor confirms the main opinions of the experts. The first journals ranked by the experts and JCR Social Sciences are the same but represent only 40 per cent of the total journals analysed. The other journals were revealed by the experts and French databases. «Whoever seeks to pass a balanced but lucid judgement on the general trends of the activity carried out by the profession to which he belongs, is liable to say either banalities or to hurt his colleagues»
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    Model for quantitative selection of relative scientometric impact indicators (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 223-236 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A model experiment is presented for thequantitative selection of relative scientometric impact indicators used in evaluating the scientific impact of papers. The Relative Subfield Citedness (Rw) indicator proved to be the most appropriate according to the criteria chosen. RW increases with the number of citations to the papers and, in contrast to other relative impact indicators, does not decrease if an author chooses to publish most of his papers in journals with large impact factors or if most of the citations to his papers are to the ones in journals with the largest impact factors.
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    Productivity and impact of large optical telescopes (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 237-246 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract An attempt is made to provide quantitative measures of the amount of data gathered at large optical telescopes throughout the world and the impact these data have on astronomical research. The data base comprises 1163 papers reporting data from 39 telescopes, published between January 1990 and June 1991, and 4052 citations to them in 1993. Productivity measured in papers per square meter of telescope mirror varies by a factor of six, and impact measured in citations per paper varies by a factor of more than 10. Predictably, high productivity and high impact are associated with telescopes located at good sites and fully supported for many years by organizations with large budgets. Low productivity and low impact are associated with less favorable locations, short periods of operation, and financial stringency. In addition, the most productive telescopes seem to be ones whose users include astronomers from a wide range of geographical locations.
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    Authorship on and usage of published papers in current Swedish biomedical theses (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 255-258 
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    Notes: Abstract Swedish publication-based biomedical doctoral dissertations examined since 1992 were compared with a sample from 1968–92. Theses in either group had an average of four published papers and one submitted manuscript. The average number of authors per paper was four in the 1992+ sample, an increase of one author on the 1968–92. The candidate was first or sole author on 77% of papers indicating that the same paper is not used for several theses. It is proposed that three papers should form the basis of a common European PhD if this is to be completed, including examined, within three years, and four papers if four years.
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    International collaboration: Will it be keeping alive East European research? (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 247-254 
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    Notes: Abstract International scientific collaboration is very sensitive to political and economic changes in a country or a geopolitical region. Collaboration in research is reflected by the corresponding coauthorship of the published results which can be analysed with the help of bibliometric methods. Based on data from theScience Citation Index (SCI), the change of annual international coauthorship patterns ofBulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland andRomania have been analysed for the periods 1981–1985 and 1984–1993, respectively. It is shown that international collaboration was not developing similarly in the countries under study. Whilst scientific communities of Hungary and Poland have already been opening in the early 80s, the international collaboration of the other East-European countries was still dominated by COMECON relations till 1989. As expected, since 1990 an increasing scientific collaboration with highly developed countries can be observed in all five countries. At the same time, scientific collaboration with the former communist countries shows a clear decline. The great share of international co-authorship links is some countries reflect various tendencies part of which are interpreted with the help of a cardiologic model.
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    The challenge of scientometrics: The development, measurement and self-organization of scientific communications (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 271-272 
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    Scientometrics: A citation based bibliography, 1993 (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 273-280 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Performance measures for government-sponsored research: Overview and background (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 281-292 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02129595
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    A bibliometric analysis of physics publications from Middle Eastern countries (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 259-269 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract I studied the publication efforts in physics in Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Turkey in terms of a total number of 2368 papers from these countries in international journals for 1990–1994. I looked for the national contributions, main subjects of activity, journal preferences of authors, and co-authorship patterns. Comparisons show that physicists from Egypt and Turkey combined, produced 75% of the total publication output. Half of the Egyptian papers went only to 16% of a set of 115 journals that publish papers from this country. Such a high concentration of papers in a few journals was not the case for the rest of the countries. Condensed matter physics was found to be among the three most active subjects for the countries except Iran. Iranian authors tended to be more active in astrosciences, and nuclear science and technology. I found a change in the publication patterns of the Middle Eastern physicists in the direction of decreasing isolation and increasing collaboration.
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    Cross-field normalization of scientometric indicators (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 311-324 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Comparative assessment of scientometric indicators is greatly hindered by the different standards valid in different science fields and subfields. Indicators concerning to different fields can be compared only after first gauging them against a properly chosen reference standard, and their relative standing can then be compared. Methods of selecting reference standards and scaling procedures are surveyed in this study, and examples are given to their practical application.
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    Economic performance measures for evaluating government-sponsored research (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 325-342 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss, in general terms, evaluation issues related to government-sponsored research and to describe and critique the usefulness of economic performance measures for evaluating such activity. Herein is presented an overview of the economic justification for government-sponsored research and the rationale for its evaluation. Also, fundamental evaluation methods are described. The paper ends with a recommendation that benefit-cost analysis may be the most appropriate economic performance measure when evaluating government-sponsored research if used cautiously and with an understanding of its inherent subjectivity.
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    The use of multiple indicators in the assessment of basic research (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 343-362 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper argues that evaluations of basic research are best carried out using a range of indicators. After setting out the reasons why assessments of government-funded basic research are increasingly needed, we examine the multi-dimensional nature of basic research. This is followed by a conceptual analysis of what the different indicators of basic research actually measure. Having discussed the limitations of various indicators, we describe the method of converging partial indicators used in several SPRU evaluations. Yet although most of those who now use science indicators would agree that a combination of indicators is desirable, analysis of a sample ofScientometrics articles suggests that in practice many continue to use just one or two indicators. The paper also reports the results of a survey of academic researchers. They, too, are strongly in favour of research evaluations being based on multiple indicators combined with peer review. The paper ends with a discussion as to why multiple indicators are not used more frequently.
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    Bibliometric performance measures (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 293-310 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Three different types of bibliometrics — literature bibliometrics, patent bibliometrics, and linkage bibliometric can all be used to address various government performance and results questions. Applications of these three bibliometric types will be described within the framework of Weinberg's internal and external criteria, whether the work being done is good science, efficiently and effectively done, and whether it is important science from a technological viewpoint. Within all bibliometrics the fundamental assumption is that the frequency with which a set of papers or patents is cited is a measure of the impact or influence of the set of papers. The literature bibliometric indicators are counts of publications and citations received in the scientific literature and various derived indicators including such phenomena as cross-sectoral citation, coauthorship and concentration within influential journals. One basic observation of literature bibliometrics, which carries over to patent bibliometrics, is that of highly skewed distributions — with a relatively small number of high-impact patents and papers, and large numbers of patents and papers of minimal impact. The key measure is whether an agency is producing or supporting highly cited papers and patents. The final set of data are in the area of linkage bibliometrics, looking at citations from patents to scientific papers. These are particularly relevant to the external criteria, in that it is quite obvious that institutions and supporting agencies whose papers are highly cited in patents are making measurable contributions to a nation's technological progress.
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    Studying research collaboration using co-authorships (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 363-377 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Scientific collaboration has become a major issue in science policy. The tremendous growth of collaboration among nations and research institutions witnessed during the last twenty years is a function of the internal dynamics of science as well as science policy initiatives. The need to survey and follow up the collaboration issue calls for statistical indicators sensitive enough to reveal the structure and change of collaborative networks. In this context, bibliometric analysis of co-authored scientific articles is one promising approach. This paper discusses the relationship between collaboration and co-authorship, the nature of bibliometric data, and exemplifies how they can be refined and used to analyse various aspects of collaboration.
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    Integrated figure of merit of public sector research evaluation (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 379-395 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract An approach for evaluation of research is described that integrates output indicators of four stages downstream the innovation process: immediate, intermediate, pre- ultimate and ultimate outputs. Indexes of leading output indicators are constructed. The indexes are integrated cumulatively to form an overall index of key output indicators, which is the integrated figure of merit (IFM). Data for the indicators are obtained from records and key informants, and the indicators are grouped by normalized weights. The paper also discusses the limitations and the methodological, conceptual and political/organizational issues of such an approach to research evaluation.
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    Problems of citation analysis (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 435-444 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02129604
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    Bibliometric indicators and the competitive environment of R&D laboratories (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 421-433 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The R&D laboratory organization attempts to shape and is influenced by complex and changing environments. New contexts affect the types of evaluation required. Traditional approaches to the R&D laboratory evaluation are thus to be questioned. The changing competitive contexts of R&D organization suggest four worlds of innovation: (i) technology races, (ii) efficiency in technological systems, (iii) technical parity and (iv) market contests. In the emerging competitive arena, the R&D laboratory is evolving toward a network type of organization linked to many different partners and acting as a semi-autonomous business unit. New roles are expected from these kinds of laboratories. They have to develop core strategic competencies, offer competitive outputs, meet clients specifications, create new technology standards and maintain or increase their leadership positions. Bibliometric analysis need to be used in complement with many other methods.
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    Advanced bibliometric methods as quantitative core of peer review based evaluation and foresight exercises (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 397-420 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper gives an overview of the potentials and limitations of bibliometric methods for the assessment of strengths and weaknesses in research performance, and for monitoring scientific developments. We distinguish two different methods. In the first application, research performance assessment, the bibliometric method is based on advanced analysis of publication and citation data. We show that the resulting indicators are very useful, and in fact an indispensable element next to peer review in research evaluation procedures. Indicators based on advanced bibliometric methods offer much more than ‘only numbers’. They provide insight into the position of actors at the research front in terms of influence and specializations, as well as into patterns of scientific communication and processes of knowledge dissemination. After a discussion of technical and methodological problems, we present practical examples of the use of research performance indicators. In the second application, monitoring scientific developments, bibliometric methods based on advanced mapping techniques are essential. We discuss these techniques briefly and indicate their most important potentials, particularly their role in foresight exercises. Finally, we give a first outline of how both bibliometric approaches can be combined to a broader and powerful methodology to observe scientific advancement and the role of actors.
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    Call for Papers (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 471-471 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02129606
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    Conforming the government R&D function with the requirements of the government performance and results act (1996)
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    Scientometrics 36 (1996), S. 445-470 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) was designated a Pilot Project for Performance Planning under the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993. Of the more than 80 such pilot projects government-wide. ARL was the only organization to represent the R&D community. As such, it was required to break new ground in both the planning and the evaluation of basic and applied research. This paper discusses the efforts made by ARL in both these areas, the insights drawn from these efforts, and the lessons learned.
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    Bibliometric analysis of publications in experimental particle physics on cosmic rays and with accelerators (1996)
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    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 25-37 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In the first part, the present paper presents a quantitative analysis of physics publications in the domain of experimental particle physics, before the Second World War in the field of cosmic rays physics and for the modern times in the field of accelerator and collision rings experiments. In the second part, a more general study is made on publications in the various fields of physics separating contributions from experiment, theory and techniques. Three aspects of physics are enlightened: physics of exploration, physics of applications, and forefront physics.
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    UsingCitation Classics to study the incidence of serendipity in scientific discovery (1996)
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    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 3-24 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The main sociological, philosophical and historical approaches only ascribe a relative importance to the role of chance, error, or accident in scientific progress. The literature on this topic tends to be anecdotal, sometimes hagiographic and rarely systematic. The main goal of this paper is to introduce a new approach to the study of serendipity in scientific discovery. This new approach is based in the study of highly cited papers obtained from theCitation Classics feature ofCurrent Contents. This paper re-examines 205Citation Classics commentaries from the 400 most-cited papers in the recent history of science. Authors of 17Citation Classics commentaries (8.3%) mention some kind of serendipity in performing the research reported in the highly cited paper. Commentaries are classified and discussed in detail. In addition, I have examinated the original papers identified above. In 5 from the original highly cited papers authors explained or gave enough hints on the way the serendipitous discovery was done.
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    Online citation analysis (1996)
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    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 39-62 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The paper investigates the online citation analysis possibilities and limitations. The following online processing tools: RANK, MAP, and TARGET, provided by Dialog, are incorporated in order to perform analyses of citations to and from isolated sets of documents as well as to carry out diachrone journal analyses. These, analyses imply further to determine journal impact factors of ISI journals. Measures of the scope of internationalisation of journals are proposed and demonstrated. By the combined application of the RANK and TARGET commands we demonstrate a hitherto overlooked possibility of working with bibliographic coupling online and mapping of scientific fields.
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    Indicators of disciplinary differentiation: Interdisciplinary linkages and adoption rate of biological innovations (1996)
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    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 63-86 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Two indicators regarded to reflect the status of disciplinary differentiation were assessed through citation analysis. Adoption of scientific innovations (publications utilizing new scientific information) and interdisciplinary linkages (percentage of total publications of single disciplines which are cross-referenced by other disciplines) were investigated in selected biological professions. Findings indicated: 1) a significant delay in the use of innovations and a significant difference in the emphasis of interdisciplinary linkages in several professions and disciplines; 2) faster adoption of innovations and greater interdisciplinary linkages in areas with broader disciplinary contents; 3) an inter-personal communication pattern; and 4) slower adoption in applied than in basic fields.
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    Publications, cost and a proposition (1996)
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    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 87-103 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The cause and effect that led to the enormous growth of research journals during the past few decades are analyzed. These factors seem to have contributed to the financial pressure on the academic library system and the ‘publishing pressure’ on the researchers. Overall, the higher educational system in chemistry, as well as all sciences and humanities, seem to have been affected. Printing practices of a few research journals, mostly in chemistry and chemical engineering, are compared in terms of price per standardized page which indicate that savings of several million dollars should be possible worldwide through a coherent effort of the various members of the research community. Certain simple propositions to cut down the volume of publications have been discussed. More propositions are likely to be put forward by those who start to think about journal proliferation and the underlying issues.
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    Scientific relations between Spain and central-Eastern European countries for the period 1982–1992 (1996)
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    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 131-142 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes the scientific relationships between Spain and the Eastern European countries (EEc), including the former USSR, from 1982 to 1992. The study considers the number of co-authored papers as well as the number of stays which reflect to the exchange of scientists among them. The total number of co-authored papers of Spanish scientists with their colleagues of those countries is 664 as recorded in theScience Citation Index. During the last three years, a significative increase in the number of co-signed papers has been observed. From the sample considered, the percentage of bilateral and multilateral co-authored papers is 43.8 and 56.2 respectively. In absolute figures, USSR and Poland are the countries with highest number of collaborative papers with Spain. However, in relation to their scientific output, Poland and Hungary show a higher percentage of co-authored papers than the rest of EEc. On the other hand, previous data, provided by the Spanish Secretary of State for Research and Universities (SEUI), related to the flow of scientists on sabbatical year to and from Spain,1 showed that from 1984 to 1994, a total of 213 researches come from the EEc to Spain, while the number of Spanish scientists going to those countries was extremely scarce.
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    Equalization, growth and integration of science (1996)
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    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 153-157 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A study of the production of scientific papers, co-authorships, and R&D-expenditures shows that science is becoming more equally distributed among the OECD-countries. Papers in the journalScience are more unequally distributed than papers inScience Citation Index as a whole or the distribution of R&D-investments. Scientific collaboration, is a major factor affecting the distribution of scientific papers.
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    Age, sex and standards of current doctoral theses by Swedish medical graduates (1996)
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    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 171-176 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Recent Swedish publication-based doctoral dissertations by medical practitioners contained an average of four published papers and one manuscript per theses. The average number of authors per paper was four. The candidate was the first author on 83% of papers indicating that the same paper was not used to support several theses. 82% of the candidates had completed their specialist training: 24% of these were women; surgeons were the biggest single group. The average age in years was: surgeons 40 (34–48); non-surgeons 41 (34–49); and 35 (32–36) for those who had just completed their basic post-qualification registration. These findings are in keeping with the Swedish tradition of scientific and evidence based medicine.
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    Research performance in key medical universities in China observed from the scientific productivity (1996)
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    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 177-190 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Research activities in the life sciences during the past few years, have increased appreciably in China, both in regard to relative output of publications and in their impact on the international research community. The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate quantitatively the scientific productivity of key medical universities in China by using CBMdisc, MEDLINE and SCI databases. The results showed that Tongji Medical University ranks first in terms of paper output in Chinese and in English languages, while Beijing Medical University is placed second in output but is first in citation impact. Shanghai Medical University had the top annual paper output per scientist, with 2.53 papers in Chinese and 0.13 papers in English. The results also showed that the coverage of Chinese biomedical publications by western indexing services is very poor.
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    A trial of general indicator of science and technology: Methodological study of overall estimation of national S&T activity (1996)
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    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 245-265 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents methods using a large number of quantitative indicators of the overall estimation of national S&T activity. The methods collected here apply multivariate analysis techniques to a set of S&T indicators to investigate its structure and extract a single or a small number of indicators of S&T activity. We perform structural analysis and integration of 14 main S&T indicators in 5 countries, the U.S., Japan, Germany, France and the U.K. Latent variables underlying this set of indicators naturally emerge from this analysis, and from these we were able to extract valuable information concerning the nature of S&T activity in each country. This method was also useful for investigating the nature and interpretation, as well as the reliability, of previous S&T indicators.
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    Comparative indicators of interdisciplinarity in modern science (1996)
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    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 267-278 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A set of scientometric indicators of interdisciplinary links between advancing fields of biomedicine is suggested. Twenty jounals listed in theJCR of theSCI for 1988 are analyzed. An index of interdisciplinarity for a given journal is calculated as the sum of ratios between the numbers of journals from all other disciplines (except for general-scientific and miscellaneous journals) and from the same discipline cited by that journal or citing it, and of ratios between the numbers of citations to and by these journals. Some interdisciplinary patterns of 20 andrology journal articles are scientometrically assessed, too. The combined usage of this method with co-classification and co-citation methodology can optimize interdisciplinarity evaluation and promotion.
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    Local, Domestic and International Scientific Collaboration in Biomedical Research (1996)
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    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 279-295 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Collaboration practices and partners vary greatly per scientific area and discipline and influence the scientific performance. Bibliometric indicators are used to analyse international, domestic and local collaboration in publications of Spanish authors in three Biomedical subfields: Neurosciences, Gastroenterology and Cardiovascular System as covered by theSCI database. Team size, visibility and basic-applied level of research were analysed according to collaboration scope. International collaboration was linked to higher visibility documents. Cluster analysis of the most productive authors and centres provides a description, of collaboration habits and actors in the three subfields. A positive correlation was found between productivity and international and domestic collaboration at the author level.
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    Information behavior of Russian scientists in the “Perestroika” period (1996)
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    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 361-380 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Authorship on and usage of published papers in current Swedish biomedical theses (1996)
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    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 383-383 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 83
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    Research production in the arts and humanities (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 417-432 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This study explored the main factors influencing the research production in the arts and humanities. A questionnaire was constructed to identify and assess the effects of various factors important for the productivity of the individual researcher as reflected in the number of papers and Ph.D.'s produced. First, respondents were given the opportunity to list in their own words a number of important factors influencing research productivity. Secondly, they evaluated on rating scales the importance of a number of pre-selected factors (e.g. individual characteristics, organisational features, external factors) assumed to be important for research productivity. 50% of a sample of 256 researchers in the humanities responded. Ratings were grouped to produce a number of indices and these were subject to multiple regression analyses. The main results showed that the production of papers was predicted by the number of Ph.D.'s produced and inversely related to the importance of organisational factors. The production of Ph.D.'s was dependent on the year of the Ph.D. and the position of the respondent as well as on the number of papers s/he produced. A number of conclusions were drawn: a) there was support for the academic social position effect also in the humanities; b) organisational factors apparently played a minor role in comparison to individual characteristics in the humanities than in the sciences and; c) the differences in productivity of papers were also related to gender, but not to size, area or language of publications. Implications for further studies were suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019256
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  • 84
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    Publication types, citation rates and evaluation (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 473-494 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In order to resolve questions frequently raised in the context of research evaluation about the citation rates of journal publications in relation to other types of publications, the total research output of substantial institutions or systems has to be brought under bibliographic control. That precondition has rarely been met: there are few published studies of the total range of publications of major research institutions, including books, book chapters, technical reports and published conference proceedings. The Research Evaluation and Policy Project (REPP) at the Australian National University (ANU) has established a database covering all the publications from the Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS), a fulltime research institution at the ANU, and has examined in detail citations in the journal literature accruing to all types of publications. The database contains a significant number of publications, nearly 30 000 items, and covers the sciences and the social sciences and humanities. This data enables us to examine whether the citation record of research publications appearing in journals indexed by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) is a useable surrogate for the citation record within ISI journals of all model of publication. We contend that, if certain preconditions are met, the choice of citation rate is not critical.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019259
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  • 85
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    Validation of bibliometric indicators in the field of mathematics (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 117-130 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Bibliometric analyses of scientific publications provide quantitative information that enables evaluators to obtain a useful picture of a team's research visibility. In combination with peer judgements and other qualitative background knowledge, these analyses can serve as a basis for discussions about research performance quality. However, many mathematicians are not convinced that citation counts do in fact provide useful information in the field of mathematics. According to these mathematicians, citation and publication habits differ completely from scholarly fields such as chemistry or physics. Therefore, it is impossible to derive valid information regarding research performance from citation counts. The aim of this study is to obtain more insight into the significance of citation-based indicators in the field of mathematics. To which extent do citation-scores mirror to the opinions of experts concerning the quality of a paper or a journal? A survey was conducted to answer this question.Top journals, as qualified by experts, receive significantly higher citation rates thangood journals. Thesegood journals, in turn, have significantly higher scores than journals with the qualificationless good. Top publications, recorded in the ISI database, receive on the average 15 times more citations than the mean score within the field of mathematics as a whole. In conclusion, the experts' views on top publications or top journals correspond very well to bibliometric indicators based on citation counts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02093488
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  • 86
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    Reassessment of co-citation methods for science indicators: Effect of methods improving recall rates (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 223-244 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Although co-citation techniques are very powerful structuring tools, the use of science policy indicators based on co-citation has often been criticized, especially on ISI research fronts. A major issue is the small fraction of literature retrieved, i.e. the “recall rate” problem. Our investigations indicate that at the level of micro/meso studies high recall rates can be achieved by (a) the use of appropriate clustering techniques limiting singletons and (b) the enrichment of cocited cores by medium-cited items. This combination of appropriate clustering and extension of recall proves to be efficient, provided that careful trade-offs are sought between the extension and relevance of recall. It leads to a reassessment of the performance of the co-citation approach for structuring scientific fields and providing related indicators not limited to the ‘leading edge’. It also opens new opportunities for comparison/combination with other relational methods such as co-word analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02093622
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  • 87
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    Science indicators derived from databases (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 297-311 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative data or indicators derived from databases are usually treated like any other empirical data. In this article, the social character of the different processes leading to them is outlined. As a social process taking place in systemic organizational structures the genesis of such data cannot be reconstructed as sort of mechanical application of formal rules but only as human (and as such: arbitrary) action. As a consequence the discussion of such data or indicators can no longer be subject to methodology alone but requires support by sociology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02093626
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  • 88
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    Between policy categories and research activities: Reviews and journals to describe “environment” networks (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 337-348 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This article presents a scientometric procedure which assists in the production of bibliometric indicators for conducting international comparisons about transdisciplinary research field. The procedure aims at the analysis of how a nomenclature in the field of the environment, established by public research administrators, translates into subsets of scientific journals. Relations between the nomenclature and scientific disciplines were obtained through analysis of reviews. The environmental field's structure has been analysed by using journal cross-citation data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02093628
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  • 89
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    Scientometrics as a tool for analysis of the industrial relationships of two departments in a major French applied research institute, 1988–1992 (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 349-360 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Résumé To study the nature of interactions between the laboratories' industrial relationships and their scientific policies we posit that by drawing on enhanced knowledge of such interaction, recommendations concerning the management of industrial relationships can be formulated. The tools used are: - extraction of documentary references from PUBINRA (in-house database of publications by INRA researchers) followed by counts per laboratory; - characterization of applied and fundamental research publications based on a classification of periodicals1 in theScience Citation Index, updated and completed with the help of researchers from the INRA Departments; - mobilization of bibliometric variables in a body of synthesized variables, to account for the role of partnerships in a laboratory's production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02093629
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  • 90
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    Evaluation of industrial research (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 143-151 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02093490
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  • 91
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    A critical analysis of the journal impact factors ofAngewandte Chemie and the journal of the American Chemical Society inaccuracies in published impact factors based on overall citations only (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 105-116 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the Journal Impact Factor as published by ISI — an indicator increasingly used as an measure for the quality of scientific journals — is misleading when two leading journals in chemistry,Angew. Chem., andJ. Am. Chem. Soc., are compared. A detailed analysis of the various kinds publications in both journals over the period 1982–1994 shows that the overall impact factors based on publications and citations in two consecutive years forJACS communications (5.27 for 1993) are significantly higher than those ofAngew. Chem. (3.26 for 1993). Even when all types of articles, i.e. including reviews, are included in the impact factors,JACS has a higher score thanAngew. Chem. (5.07 vs. 4.03 in 1993). Critical and accurate analyses of citation figures is required when such data are used in science policy decisions, such as library subscriptions. It is proposed that when IF values for several journals are compared, only similar publication types are considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02093487
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  • 92
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    Publication patterns of Turkish astronomers (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 159-169 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract We studied 187 papers published in the journals on astronomy and astrophysics indexed in theScience Citation Index (SCI) for the decade period 1985–1994. These have been the papers that included at least one author listing an address from an institution in Turkey. We found that a great majority of the papers, whether theoretical or observational, went to only very small number (three) of a total set of 34 journals in the area. The distribution of papers by institutions revealed that about three fourths of the papers came from two universities: the Aegean University, and the Middle East Technical University (METU). We also found that the fraction of multiple authored papers has increased appreciably and the number of citations an “average” paper received has decreased gradually during the period considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02093492
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  • 93
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    A new methodological approach to bibliographic coupling and its application to the national, regional and institutional level (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 195-221 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In an earlier study the authors have shown that bibliographic coupling techniques can be used to identify ‘hot’ research topics. The methodology is based on appropriate thresholds for both number of related documentsand the strength of bibliographic links. Those papers are calledcore documents that have more than 9 links of at least the strength 0.25 according toSalton's measure, provided they are articles, notes or reviews. This choice resulted in a selection of nearly one per cent of all papers of the above types recorded in the 1992 annual cumulation of the SCI.Core documents proved important nodes in the network of documented science communication. In the present study, the set ofcore documents is analysed by journals, subfields and corporate addresses. The latter analysis is conducted on both national and regional-institutional level. First all countries which have published at least 20 core documents in 1992 are investigated in terms of their research profiles, their international collaboration patterns and their citation impact. Finally, those eight members of the European Union which have published at least 20 core documents in 1992 are analysed in respect of regional and institutional distribution of core documents.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02093621
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  • 94
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    Mapping of R&D structures in transdisciplinary areas: New biotechnology in food sciences (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 313-335 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This study analyses activities in new biotechnology in food science and technology using bibliometric methods. Multidimensional scaling is used to visualise the structure of the field as represented by scientific literature and patent applications. For the science as well for the technology side increasing activities in the field were found. The specialisation analysis shows above average specialisation at the science and the technology side of the EU member countries (except for Germany) as well as for the USA. Within the EU also less developed countries intensified their R&D activities. At the science side aspects of food safety and quality are highly relevant. These topics are also tackled at the technology side but, compared to the science side these sub-fields seem to be still more isolated within the structure of the field. Structural differences between the science and the technology side partly may be explained by special features of the patent law in biotechnology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02093627
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  • 95
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    News (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 381-382 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02093631
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  • 96
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    Empirical studies of negative political advertising: A quantitative review using a method of combined citation and content analysis (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 385-399 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This study quantitatively reviews the empirical studies of negative political advertising. A method of the combination of citation analysis and content analysis is used. The citation analysis examines each cited work in 20 selected studies with respect to its citation information; and the content analysis investigates these 20 selected studies (citing sources) in terms of their hypotheses, research questions, and methodologies. The aggregated information from the individual cited works and the citing works show that scholars from communication and other disciplines have strong influence on the development of the empirical studies on negative political ads, but communication scholars remain as the driving force. Facing continuously increased literatures in the area, communication scholars need to develop a theory or theories to guide the research. The direction of the research has been moving toward focusing on the boarder and more general effects of negative political ads.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019254
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    The frequencies of occurrence of scientific papers with authors of each initial letter and their variation with nationality (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 401-416 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces “alphabet spectra” which are the 26 frequencies of occurrence of scientific papers in a given sample with at least one author of each initial, A, B,...Z. The sum of these frequencies exceeds unity because of multiple authorships. Formulae are given relating this sum to the mean number of authors per paper in the sample. The method is applied to show the increase in this number over the last 15 years in different fields of science and for different countries. The “alphabet spectra” vary greatly depending on the nationality of the scientists concerned and can be compared to frequency absorption spectra for chemical elements or molecules. The spectra can be used to determine the national composition of a country's scientific authors and how this has changed with time.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019255
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    Scientific fields and eminent scientists' productivity patterns and factors (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 445-471 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A questionnaire study of 385 eminent Croatian scientists has examined the quantity, patterns and factors of their scientific production in four different scientific fields. The findings confirm the thesis that the contextual influences will be even more expressed within this elite group than within the whole research population. Thus the respondents' scientific productivity much clearly shows the patterns typical for their scientific fields. The initial thesis is also supported by a very differentiated composition and the explanatory power of the productivity predictors in the observed fields. Yet, the scientific and linguistic qualifications, within a narrower predictors' block, and the involvement in the international scientific activity, in a broader one, were the most important productivity factors in most fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019258
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    Quantifying the utilization of research: The difficulties and two models to evaluate the utilization of research results (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 433-444 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Although there are several methods for determining the quality of scientific research, there is no satisfactory method known that can measure the utilization of it. Earlier proposed methods measure a particular kind of utilization, but are — in practice — a poor indication for the utilization on the whole, a concept for which a definition is hard to make. These methods do not comply with the construct validity. The main problem in this case is the great diversity of what we mean by use of results of scientific research, resulting in a lack of consensus on the criteria for assessing the utilization. Here, we propose and discuss two methods. To evaluate utilization in a broad sense the four-dimensional model describes the degree of utilization with three, mostly independent, aspects: the involvement of the user, the availability of a transferable research product, and the commercial benefits resulting from the research results. In the other method the utilization of the research results is described first, and subsequently the utilization is quantified by a jury, who group the different projects in five classes, based on a Guttman scale.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019257
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  • 100
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    How should citations to articles in high- and low-impact journals be evaluated, or what is a citation worth? (1996)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 495-498 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract After a brief discussion on the normalization factors allowing the quantitative comparison between various disciplines, a formula is proposed for taking into account the value of citations to papers published in journals with different impact factors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019260
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