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  • 1
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    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 11-15 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Lifetime of the propagating species and initiation rate constants (ki) were evaluated for the cationic polymerization of p-methoxystyrene initiated by I2, CH3SO3H, BF3O(C2H5)2, and SnCl4. The lifetime was found to be fairly long, ranging from 0.2 to several seconds in 1,2-dichloroethane at 30°C; that for the intermediate generated by iodine (2–6 s) much exceeded the others. The ki value increased in the order: I2 〈 CH3SO3H ≪ BF3O(C2H5)2 ∼ SnCl4.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The spontaneous aquation reaction of Co(NH3)5Br2+ was enhanced by addition of sodium polyethylenesulfonate, an anionic polyelectrolyte. The volume of activation was negative in the absence of the macroions and positive in their presence. This suggests that the macroions dehydrate the activated complex more strongly than the reactants, if it may be attributed solely to the solute-solvent interaction term.
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  • 3
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 35-39 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The morphological influence of water-soluble polymers on the aqueous bilayer aggregate (vesicle and/or lamella) of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide was investigated by electron microscopy. Positively charged polymers and uncharged polymers either destroyed the aggregate or was ineffective. On the other hand, the negatively-charged copolymer of acrylamide and acrylate separated the bilayer and produced smaller vesicles.
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  • 4
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 47-53 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 6
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 73-77 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Both asparagine and isoasparagine were converted into polyaspartic acids by refluxing the corresponding aqueous solutions at neutral pH in the presence of a salt. The properties of the resulting polyaspartic acids were studied. The dissociation behavior of the carboxyl groups in the polypeptides were studied by the potentiometric titration. The analysis of the titrational data was performed by a modified Speakman's method. The analysis show that both polyaspartic acids prepared from asparagine and isoasparagine have α- and β-aspartyl residues and the ratio of α- and β-aspartyl residues is 75 ∶ 25∼85 ∶ 15. A possible mechanism for the formation of α- and β-aspartyl residues in the polymer was discussed.
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  • 8
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 181-189 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Conclusions The 13C NMR spectra of H-H PS and H-H PVCH show the influence of the long range order on the chemical shift of several carbons. There is some hope to improve the resolution by the choice of appropriate solvents. The attribution of the lines to specific stereosequences would require the preparation and separation of optically pure dimers and trimers. It is, however, already possible to compare the microstructure of H-H polymers prepared by different chemical ways.
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  • 9
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 215-220 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly-l-lysines containing nucleic acid bases, that is, adenine, thymine, uracil and theophylline were synthesized. The nucleic acid base substituted l-lysine derivatives were prepared from α,N-Cbz-l-lysine and the p-nitrophenyl esters of the carboxyethyl derivatives of the nucleic acid bases. The polymers were obtained from these l-lysine derivatives by the NCA method.
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  • 10
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Treatment of wood meal with aqueous alkali in the presence of anthraquinone at 80°C leads to a conversion of reducing hexose end groups in the polysaccharides to mannonic and gluconic acid end groups. Xylose end groups are oxidized to xylonic and lyxonic acid groups. This leads to a stabilization of the polysaccharides against endwise alkaline degradation.
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  • 11
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 61-66 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Polarized Raman spectra of doubly oriented samples of atactic poly(vinyl alcohol) have been measured. The great usefulness of such polarized spectra has been clarified for the vibrational analysis. The normal coordinate treatments of syndiotactic and isotactic poly(vinyl alcohol) chain models gave good agreement between the observed and calculated frequencies.
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  • 12
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 67-72 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Concentrated solutions (〉20 wt%) of poly (γ -benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG) were investigated using small angle light scattering (SALS). The gels and cholesteric liquid crystals formed in PBLG concentrated solutions, were analyzed in terms of theories previously developed for SALS from crystalline polymers. It was found that there are two types of the fibrillar aggregation of α-helices in gels and furthermore, two types of the orientation correlation of α-helices in cholesteric liquid crystals.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Spontaneous alternating copolymerizations of 2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane (MN) with p- and with o-formylbenzoic acids (ME) were examined. The copolymerizations took place without catalysts affording the copolymer 3 via zwitterion 6. The copolymerizations involve the oxidation of the phosphorus monomer and the reduction of formylbenzoic acid. The scheme of the copolymerizations was presented. The yields of copolymers were quite different between these two copolymerizations. With ortho acid, the copolymer yield was low due to producing phthalide 4.
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  • 14
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 167-170 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new reversible photochromic copolymer of maleic anhydride with styrene containing azo side groups was prepared. The system reacts to irradiation by a reversible trans-cis photoisomerization of light-sensitive azo groups. Irradiation also causes a change in the refractive index, so that the polymer may be employed in recording optical information in the form of phase hologram. The resolution of the material is higher than 2000 lines/mm. In spite of the large variability of organic compounds, according to available information only two groups of compounds have been utilized in the reversible recording of volume phase holograms. These are dimers of aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons (Tomlinson et al. 1972) and stilbene derivatives (Anonym 1974). In this paper we describe a new reversible material for recording volume phase holograms (Matějka et al. 1978).
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Alternating copolymerization of 2-acryloxypropionic acid (APA) as a new MN with two MN monomers of phosphorus containing ethylene phenyl phosphonite (EPO) and ethylene phenyl phosphite (EPI) have been disclosed. Copolymerizations took place without added catalyst to produce 1∶1 alternating copolymers of APA-EPO and of APA-EPI. The structures of the copolymers were determined by IR and NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, as well as the identification of the alkaline hydrolysis products. The copolymerizations were explained in terms of a mechanism of zwitterion intermediates involving a hydrogen transfer process.
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  • 16
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 191-198 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 17
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 199-204 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Synopsis Poly (ester)s are degraded by the attack of classical carbenium ions. In a representative study it is demonstrated that the carbenium ions are by far more reactive to cleave ester linkages than are protons. The change of molecular weight distribution of the poly-(ester) during reaction with carbenium ions is reported In an example on low molecular weight compounds the reaction path has been clarified.
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  • 18
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 221-225 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Various attempts to induce the anionic polymerisation of 2-vinylfuran and some of its homologues were carried out. Negative results were obtained, except with sodium biphenyl in hexamethylphosphotriamide, a system which gave limited yields and not a living polymerisation. The results are interptreted on the basis of side reactions of the furan ring marring the normal vinyl propagation, A critical discussion of previous conflicting reports is also given.
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  • 19
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 233-237 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Investigation of the photochemistry of benzoin derivatives in a polymer medium leads to the suggestion that oxygen play an important part in the first processes which occur under U.V. irradiation. This is of interest for the understanding of the photocrosslinking process.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A brief kinetic study is reported of the polymerisation of ethylene catalysed by four aluminium-titanium chloro-organic complexes, three of which are new. These systems proved efficient both in terms of polymerisation rate and of the linearity of the high polymers obtained. A comparison is made with previous work in this field.
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  • 21
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    Rheologica acta 17 (1978), S. 377-382 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Untersuchung wird die Ausmessung des Strömungsfeldes um eine rotierende Kugel dazu verwendet, um die Stoffparameter einer Rivlin-Ericksen-Flüssigkeit zweiter Ordnung zu erhalten. Die Experimente zur Bestimmung der Geschwindigkeitsverteilung werden mit einem Laser-Doppler-Anemometer durchgeführt, und zur Auswertung der Parameter der Flüssigkeit zweiter Ordnung wird eine Analyse vonGiesekus benutzt.
    Notes: Summary In this work, measurement of the flow field around a rotating sphere has been used to obtain the material parameters of a second-order Rivlin-Ericksen fluid. Experiments were carried out with a Laser-Doppler anemometer to obtain the velocity distribution and usingGiesekus' analysis, the material parameters for the second-order fluid were obtained.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Drag-flow pumps, as used for the continuous extrusion of non-Newtonian fluids, can be operated with minimum drive powerP at a given volume throughput $$\dot V$$ and pressurep, if the radial dimensionh of the drag channel and working speedn are optimized. The key number of this optimization is the efficiency $$\eta = \dot V \cdot p/P$$ . — Appropriate (h, n, η)-values are calculated on the basis of the rheological equation proposed byRabinowitsch. The optimum range ofη-values is found to be between 20% and 33%, whilst former calculations with an average apparent viscosity resulted inη opt = 33% generally. Obviously, here is one of the causes of discrepancy between theoretical and actual efficiencies of such pumps.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die zum kontinuierlichen Austragen und Ausformen von strukturviskosen und anderen nicht-newtonschen Medien dienenden Schleppströmungspumpen lassen sich bei vorgegebenem Volumendurchsatz $$\dot V$$ und Betriebsdruckp durch Anpassung des Arbeitsspaltesh und der Arbeitsdrehzahln energetisch optimal auslegen und betreiben. Die entsprechende Kennzahl ist der als Quotient aus Austriebs-Leistung $$\dot V \cdot p$$ ⋅p und AntriebsleistungP definierte Pumpwirkungsgrad $$\eta = \dot V \cdot p/P$$ . — Die optimalen (h, n, η)-Werte werden unter der Voraussetzung berechnet, daß sich das Fließverhalten des geförderten Mediums durch einen Polynomansatz nachRabinowitsch beschreiben läßt. Dabei ergibt sich für die optimalenη-Werte ein Bereich zwischen etwa 20% und 33%. Rheologische Ansätze mit einer auf eine mittlere Schergeschwindigkeit bezogenen konstanten scheinbaren Viskosität, welche in jedem Fall auf den für newtonsche Medien charakteristischen Idealwertη=33% führen, sind hiernach für strukturviskose und andere nicht-newtonsche Medien unzulässig.
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  • 23
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    Rheologica acta 17 (1978), S. 406-414 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this paper it is attempted to develop a comprehensive model theory for polymer single-screw machines proceeding from the analytical similarity principle. The essential points of the presented theory are: a) the energy principle, i.e. the dimensionless parameters are derived from energy balances, b) that the flow-characteristical similarity is described using a constant value of the throttle quotient, c) that a power-law approximation is taken as a basis for the shearrate dependent viscosity, d) a procedure using a constantL/D-ratio except for two special cases. It appeared that the until now empirically determined exponents of the channel depth ratiosψ may be determined theoretically and that this exponent is a meaningful dimensionless rheological parameter. With this material-dependent parameter which may be modified on the basis of definite assumptions, and the related speed of rotation model law, model laws may be derived in some range of validity of the remaining machine and process parameters. Here it is distinguished between a universal and two special modellaw types including their modifications owing to different geometrical conditions.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird der Versuch unternommen, eine umfassende Modelltheorie für Kunststoff-Einschneckenmaschinen zu entwickeln. Ausgegangen wird vom analytischen Ähnlichkeitsprinzip. Wesentliche Merkmale der vorgestellten Theorie sind: a) das Energieprinzip, d. h. die dimensionslosen Kennzahlen werden aus Energiebilanzen hergeleitet, b) die strömungstechnische Ähnlichkeit wird durch die Konstanz des Drosselquotienten beschrieben, c) für die schergeschwindigkeitsabhängige Viskosität wird ein Potenzgesetz zugrunde gelegt, d) abgesehen von zwei Ausnahmen wird von einem konstantenL/D-Verhältnis ausgegangen. Es stellte sich heraus, daß man den bisher empirisch ermittelten Exponenten des Gangtiefenverhältnissesψ theoretisch ermitteln kann und daß dieser Exponent als dimensionslose rheologische Kennzahl deutbar ist. Mit dieser stoffabhängigen Kennzahl, die aufgrund bestimmter Voraussetzungen modifiziert werden kann, und dem dazugehörigen Drehzahlmodellgesetz lassen sich innerhalb bestimmter Grenzen für die übrigen Maschinen- und Verfahrensparameter Modellgesetze herleiten. Hier kann man zwischen einem universellen und zwei speziellen Modellgesetztypen, sowie deren Modifikationen aufgrund unterschiedlicher geometrischer Bedingungen unterscheiden.
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  • 24
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    Rheologica acta 17 (1978), S. 454-457 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 25
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    Rheologica acta 17 (1978), S. 446-453 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Überblick über den gegenwärtigen Kenntnisstand in der Rheologie von Feststoff-Flüssigkeits-Mischungen mit sehr hohen Feststoff-Konzentrationen einschließlich ungesättigter Systeme gegeben. Ihr Verhalten wird sowohl zum viskosen Verhalten von Flüssigkeiten als auch zum Granulat-Verhalten körniger Feststoffe in Beziehung gesetzt und als „granulo-viskos“ bezeichnet. Verschiedene Merkmale des granulo-viskosen Verhaltens werden beschrieben: Haft-Gleit-Phänomene, Veränderungen der Fließkurve, Variation der Packungsdichte, Wandeffekte, Verhalten von hochgradig ausgeflockten Stoffen, Verflüssigung und Einfluß der Normalspannungen. In der Literatur vorgefundene theoretische Untersuchungen werden ebenfalls erwähnt, doch es scheint, daß das granuloviskose Verhalten noch auf eine grundlegende Erforschung wartet.
    Notes: Summary A review is given of current knowledge of the rheology of solid-liquid mixtures of very high solids concentrations, including unsaturated systems. Their behaviour is traced to viscous behaviour of fluids and granular behaviour of particulate solids, and termed “granuloviscous”. Various features of granulo-viscous behaviour are described: stick-slip, changes in flow curve, packing density variation, wall effects, behaviour of highly flocculated materials, liquefaction, and influence of normal stress. Theoretical work that exists in the literature is referred to, but it would seem that granuloviscous behaviour is open for fundamental research.
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  • 26
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    Rheologica acta 17 (1978), S. 426-432 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Widerstandsverminderung in verdünnten toluolischen Lösungen einer Mischung von zwei verschiedenen Polymeren wird untersucht. Verwendet werden Polyisobutylene (mit drei verschiedenen Molekulargewichten) und 1,4-cis-Isopren-Kautschuk, und es wird im turbulenten Bereich bei Reynolds-Zahlen bis zu 5000 gemessen. Die Versuche werden bei Konzentrationen, die der Optimalkonzentration von Polyisobutylen entsprechen, oder höheren Konzentrationen durchgeführt. Die Widerstandsverminderung der Polymermischungen zeigt bei allen untersuchten Konzentrationen eine positive Abweichung von der additiven Geraden, deren Größe vom Mischungsverhältnis abhängt. Zur Beschreibung der Abweichung vom additiven Verhalten wird die „überschüssige Widerstandsverminderung“ (excess drag reduction) eingeführt, welche die Differenz zwischen dem wirklich gemessenen Wert und dem zugeordneten Wert auf der additiven Geraden beschreibt. Diese Größe zeigt nur eine geringe Abhängigkeit vom Molekulargewicht der eingesetzten Polyisobutylene. Die Abweichung vom additiven Verhalten als Funktion des Mischungsverhältnisses beider Polymeren wächst mit zunehmendem Volumenstrom. Die größte überschüssige Widerstandsverminderung wird in Lösungen beobachtet, die einen größeren Anteil des weniger hochmolekularen Isopren-Kautschuks enthalten. Der Einfluß der Polymerverknäuelung auf die Widerstandsverminderung wird betrachtet. Es wird angenommen, daß die überschüssige Widerstandsverminderung auf eine Änderung der Knäuelgröße infolge der Anwesenheit des jeweils anderen Polymeren in der Lösung zurückzuführen ist. Weiter wird vermutet, daß die relativ niedrigen Schubspannungen, bei denen die Versuche ausgeführt wurden, doch schon eine hinreichend starke Orientierung und Deformation der aufgeweiteten Isopren-Kautschuk-Moleküle bewirken, so daß deren Beitrag zur Erhöhung der Widerstandsverminderung überwiegt.
    Notes: Summary Drag reduction was studied in dilute toluene solutions of a mixture of two polymers: polyisobutylene (of three different molecular weights) and 1,4-cis-isoprene rubber in the turbulent region at low (up to 5000) Reynolds numbers. Experiments were carried out with mixed solutions at a concentration equal to optimum concentration of polyisobutylene or higher than it. Drag reduction of the polymer mixtures depending on the ratio of the two polymers showed a positive deviation from the additive straight line at all concentrations investigated. To evaluate the degree of deviation from additivity, the excess drag reduction, was introduced which represents the difference between the actually measured drag reduction and that read from the additive straight line. The excess drag reduction showed almost no dependence on the molecular weight of polyisobutylene in the investigated range of this magnitude. Deviation from additivity depending on the ratio of the two polymers in the mixture growed higher with increasing the flow rate at a given molecular weight of polyisobutylene. The highest excess drag reduction was observed in solutions containing a larger amount of the lower molecular isoprene rubber polymer. The effect of polymer coils on drag reduction in binary polymer solutions was studied. An assumption was made that higher drag reduction in the polymer mixtures as compared to the additive was due to the change of polymer coil dimensions caused by the copresence of the macromolecules of both polymers in the solution. It was further supposed that low shear stresses at which the experiments were carried out caused sufficient orientation and deformation of isoprene rubber enlarged molecules and the contribution of the latter in increasing drag reduction of the mixture was higher.
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  • 27
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    Rheologica acta 17 (1978), S. 463-470 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The exact similarity solution of the problem of the unsteady flow of a hypothetic power-law liquid near a suddenly started plate (Rayleigh's problem) is employed for the construction of an approximative solution of the same problem for arbitrary purely viscous non-Newtonian liquids. The testing of accuracy of this approximative “pseudosimilarity” solution is based on calculation of residua in the macroscopic balances of momentum and mechanical energy. Numerical results are reported for the Powell-Eyring model of the viscosity function.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die exakte Ähnlichkeitslösung des Problems der nichtstationären Strömung einer hypothetischen Potenzflüssigkeit in der Umgebung einer ruckartig beschleunigten Platte (Rayleighsches Problem) wird zur Konstruktion einer Näherungslösung des analogen rheodynamischen Problems für reinviskose nicht-newtonsche Flüssigkeiten benutzt. Die Überprüfung der Genauigkeit der genäherten Pseudoähnlichkeitslösung basiert auf Berechnungen der Residuen der integralen Bilanzen des Impulses und der mechanischen Energie. Numerische Ergebnisse dieses Problems werden für das Powell-Eyringsche Modell der Viskositätsfunktion angegeben.
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  • 28
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    Rheologica acta 17 (1978), S. 471-491 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Instabilität der freien Oberfläche eines einem rotierenden Kreiszylinder anhaftenden Flüssigkeitsfilms einer inkompressiblen Flüssigkeit zweiter Ordnung wird gegenüber rotationssymmetrischen infinitesimalen Störungen untersucht. Dabei werden Oberflächenwellen eingehend, Scherwellen dagegen nur qualitativ behandelt. Für jede ReynoldszahlR und für jede OberflächenspannungT gibt es einen Bereich von Wellenzahlenm, für welche die Strömung instabil ist. Für kleine und für endlicheR wird die Abhängigkeit der Zuwachsrate und der kritischen Wellenzahlm cr vom Normalspannungskoeffizienten der Flüssigkeit quantitativ untersucht. Während der erste Normalspannungskoeffizient keinen Einfluß auf die Stabilität der Strömung zeigt, hat der zweite Normalspannungskoeffizient die Tendenz, die Strömung weniger stabil zu machen (z. B. größere Zuwachsraten zu liefern). Die kritische Wellenlänge (die der maximalen Instabilität entspricht und infolgedessen die Trennung der sich auf dem Zylinder bildenden Ringe verursacht) ist für die Flüssigkeit zweiter Ordnung größer als für die newtonsche Flüssigkeit. Diese Erscheinungen (größere Zuwachsrate und größere kritische Wellenlänge) sind für konstanten OberflächenspannungsparameterS mit zunehmendemR und/oder zunehmendemb (Dickenparameter des Flüssigkeitsfilms) stärker ausgeprägt. Die Oberflächenspannung wirkt immer stabilisierend. Eine Abnahme in der Oberflächenspannung erhöht die Zuwachsrate, dieser Effekt ist für große Werte des zweiten Normalspannungskoeffizienten stärker ausgeprägt.
    Notes: Summary The free surface instability of a liquid film of an incompressible second-order fluid attached to a rotating circular cylinder is studied with respect to rotationally symmetric infinitesimal disturbances. The surface mode is examined in detail; the shear wave mode is qualitatively discussed. The results show that for any Reynolds numberR and any surface tensionT, there is always a range of wave numberm for which the flow is unstable. The dependence of the growth rate as well as the critical wave numberm, on the normal stress coefficients of the fluid is studied quantitatively for small as well as for finiteR. It is found that while the first normal stress coefficient has no effect on the stability of the flow, the presence of the second normal stress coefficient always tend to make the flow less stable (i.e., larger growth rate). The critical wave length (which corresponds to the mode of maximum instability and thereby determines the wave length of the breaking apart of the rings formed on the cylinder) is longer for a second-order fluid than for a Newtonian one. These effects (larger growth rate and longer critical wave length) are more pronounced asR increases and/orb (the thickness parameter) increases for a fixed surface tension parameterS. Surface tension is always stabilizing. Decreasing surface tension increases the growth rate, more so for larger magnitude of the second normal stress coefficient.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this paper the importance of the phenomena of separation of suspended particles from flowing viscoelastic fluids has been demonstrated. A contribution to the explanation of these phenomena is made by experimental studies of the separation by diaphragms in the flow of high polymer solutions. The existence of a so-called “particle separation size” as a measure of the quality of the migration effect is confirmed. In principle, the same type of dependency of the “particle separation size” on volume flow, geometry of the diaphragm, and rheological properties of the fluid was obtained in the separation of bubbles as well as solid particles.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der Arbeit wird auf die Bedeutung von Phänomenen der Austragung suspendierter Partikel aus strömenden viskoelastischen Flüssigkeiten hingewiesen. Durch experimentelle Untersuchungen der Abscheidevorgänge in Strömungen hochpolymerer Lösungen durch Lochblenden soll zur Deutung dieser Phänomene beigetragen werden. Die Existenz einer sogenannten „Trennpartikelgröße“ als Maß für die Güte des Auswanderungseffektes wird bestätigt. Sowohl für die Blasen- als auch für die Feststoffabscheidung werden prinzipiell gleiche Abhängigkeiten der Trennpartikelgröße von Volumendurchsatz, Blendengeometrie und rheologischen Flüssigkeitseigenschaften erhalten.
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    Rheologica acta 17 (1978), S. 531-537 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine einfache Modell-Druckfarbe, bestehend aus 80% Polybuten und 20% Pigment, wurde bezüglich der Zeit-Temperatur-Verschiebung untersucht. Es ergibt sich, daß diese Methode hierfür anwendbar ist. Dagegen läßt sich die Zeit-Temperatur-Verschiebung bei dem reinen Polybuten nur unvollkommen durchführen. Nähere Einzelheiten findet man beiBayford (8).
    Notes: Summary A simple model ink consisting of 80% polybutene and 20% pigment was tested for time-temperature superposition. The principle appeared to work but when the polybutene without pigment was tested, time-temperature superposition did not work completely. Further details of this work may be found inBayford (8).
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    Rheologica acta 17 (1978), S. 552-553 
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  • 32
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  • 33
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    Rheologica acta 17 (1978), S. 557-567 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Strömung einer viskoelastischen Flüssigkeit vom Rivlin-Ericksen-Typ zwischen zwei rotierenden koaxialen Kreisscheiben wird numerisch untersucht. Die das Problem beschreibenden nichtlinearen Differentialgleichungen werden in analogen Gleichungen für finite Differenzen umgeschrieben und unter angepaßten Randbedingungen mit einem punktweisen Über-Relaxations-Verfahren (SOR) gelöst. Es werden zwei interessierende Fälle behandelt, zuerst der Fall, bei dem eine Platte ruht und die andere mit konstanter Winkelgeschwindigkeit rotiert, als zweiter derjenige, bei dem beide Platten mit gleichen konstanten Winkelgeschwindigkeiten, jedoch entgegengesetztem Drehsinn rotieren. Typische Beispiele für Reynoldszahlen zwischen 10 und 1000 werden für verschiedene Werte der nicht-newtonschen Parameter beschrieben und die Ergebnisse mit denen für newtonsche Flüssigkeiten verglichen.
    Notes: Summary A numerical investigation is made of the problem of flow of a viscoelastic fluid of the Rivlin-Ericksen type between rotating coaxial disks. The finite-difference analogues of the governing nonlinear ordinary differential equations are written and the resulting equations are solved using point successive overrelaxation method (SOR) under the appropriate boundary conditions. Two cases of interest are treated, namely, when one of the disk is at rest while the other rotates with a constant angular velocity and when both the disks rotate with constant angular velocities but in the opposite directions. Typical examples of Reynolds numberR in the range 10 ≤R ≤ 1000 are described for various values of the non-Newtonian parameters and results are compared with those for a classical viscous fluid.
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  • 34
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    Rheologica acta 17 (1978), S. 314-314 
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  • 35
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    Rheologica acta 17 (1978), S. 303-311 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Untersucht wurde die Verminderung des Reibungswiderstandes (VRW) verdünnter Lösungen von neun linearen Polystyrolen mit verschiedenem Molekulargewicht in Toluol im turbulenten Bereich bei Reynoldsschen Zahlen zwischen 5000 und 40000. Die vonVirk und Mitarbeitern festgestellte universelle Kurve wird nur für sehr verdünnte Lösungen, abhängig von der Reynoldsschen Zahl und dem Molekulargewicht, bestätigt. Wie schon in früheren Untersuchungen gefunden wurde, nimmt der „Maximale VRW-Effekt“ mit dem Molekulargewicht zu, und die “intrinsic”-Konzentration zeigt eine Abhängigkeit mit der dritten Potenz des Molekulargewichts. Diese Abhängigkeit erklärt die beobachteten Effekte der Polydispersität und der Degradation. Weiterhin wird kein kritisches Molekulargewicht, unterhalb dessen kein VRW-Effekt auftritt, beobachtet. Die Untersuchung von nichtlinearen Polystyrolen beweist die völlige Unwirksamkeit dieser Strukturen, was den Schluß nahelegt, daß die Verlängerung des Polymers in der turbulenten Strömung für die Verringerung des Reibungswiderstandes verantwortlich ist. Durch einen Vergleich der Eigenschaften von Polyäthylenoxid und Polystyrol wird gefunden, daß beide Polymere eine vergleichbare Wirksamkeit und Degradation zeigen, wenn man Proben von gleichem Polymerisationsgrad oder gleichem Staudinger-Index [η] in Beziehung setzt.
    Notes: Summary An investigation was carried out on drag reduction of diluted solutions on nine linear polystyrenes of different molecular weight in toluene in the turbulent region (from 5,000 to 40,000 Reynolds numbers). The universal curve established byVirk et al. is only confirmed for very low concentration depending on the molecular weight and on the Reynolds number. If the “maximum drag reduction” varies with the molecular weight according to previous results, the “intrinsic concentration” shows a dependence with the cube of the molecular weight. This type of dependence explains the observed effects of the polydispersity and degradation. Moreover, no critical molecular weight below which no drag reduction occurs is observed. The study of PS samples with non-linear structure shows the total ineffectiveness of these structures giving support to the suggestion that an elongation of the polymer in the turbulent flow is responsible for the drag reduction. From the comparison between Polyox and PS properties it is concluded that both polymers have a comparable effectiveness and degradability when compared to the same DP or to the same [η].
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird die mögliche Existenz von Ähnlichkeitslösungen für instationäre drei-dimensionale Grenzschichtströmungen rein-viskoser nicht-newtonscher Flüssigkeiten mit Wärme- und Stoffübertragung um voll eingetauchte stationäre achsensymmetrische Körper in allgemeiner Weise untersucht. Hierbei werden Transformationen verwendet, die einen einzigen linearen Parameter enthalten. Als Spezialfälle der allgemeinen Analyse werden Rotationsströmungen um ruhende und rotierende Körper diskutiert. Die Hauptanalyse ergibt, daß Ähnlichkeitslösungen nur existieren für Körper mit $$\bar r \propto \bar x^n $$ , wo $$\bar r$$ den Abstand von der Achse und $$\bar x$$ den longitudinalen Abstand auf der Oberfläche von der Nase des Körpers aus bedeuten. Im Falle rotierender Körper existieren solche Lösungen nur für Kegel und Kreisscheiben. Die Analyse läßt sich erfolgreich auf das Beispiel einer Powell-Eyring-Flüssigkeit anwenden. Man findet, daß bei gleicher Schergeschwindigkeit der Energieverbrauch zur Aufrechterhaltung der Körperrotation mit wachsender Eyring-Zahl Ey= 1/µBE ansteigt, wobeiµ, B undE Materialfunktionen der Powell-Eyring-Flüssigkeit bedeuten.
    Notes: Summary The possible existence of similarity solutions for the unsteady three-dimensional boundary layer flows with heat and mass transfer around stationary axisymmetric bodies which are fully immersed in purely viscous moving non-Newtonian fluids has been searched in general by the application of transformations, involving a single linear parameter. In particular, the cases involving rotational flows around stationary bodies and rotating bodies have been discussed as corollaries of the main analysis. The main analysis shows that the similarity solutions are possible only for the bodies for which $$\bar r \propto \bar x^n $$ where $$\bar r$$ is a cross-sectional radius; and $$\bar x$$ is the longitudinal distance from the nose point to the cross section. In case of rotating bodies, similarity solutions exist only for cones and disks. The analysis, as an example, has successfully been applied to the Powell-Eyring model. It is seen that for the same rate of shear, expenditure of energy for maintaining the rotation of the solid body is comparatively higher for a flow with a higher Eyring number where the Eyring numberEy=1/µBE. µ, B, andE are the material functions of the Powell-Eyring fluid.
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    Rheologica acta 17 (1978), S. 353-376 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Orientation effects of slender particles are investigated in shear flow of viscoelastic fluids. As a model for such particles rigid dumbbells are used without freedom of rotation of the dumbbell spheres. For slow flow at first the force and torque contributions are calculated, which are exerted from a second-order fluid on a rigid sphere at rest. In addition the required second-order parts of the pressure and velocity field are evaluated to consider later the interaction between the dumbbell spheres. From these results the stable and unstable orientation angles of a dumbbell in the shear plane are determined. This is done with and without taking into account the interaction effects. Furthermore it is discussed, which information about the material behaviour is available from observations of spheres or dumbbells in shear flow of a viscoelastic liquid. In conclusion the theoretical predictions are tested by experiments with spheres and dumbbells in a 0.1% aqueous solution of polyacrylamide. Even though this liquid cannot be described by the model of a second-order fluid in the range of shear rate applied, the predicted orientation effects are qualitatively confirmed. Moreover some other properties of highly viscoelastic fluids are observed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung behandelt die Orientierung von länglichen Teilchen in Scherströmungen viskoelastischer Flüssigkeiten. Als Modell hierfür werden starre Hanteln ohne rotatorischen Freiheitsgrad der Hantelkugeln benutzt. Bei Beschränkung auf schleichende Strömungen werden für eine Flüssigkeit zweiter Ordnung zunächst die Kraft- und Drehmomentbeiträge berechnet, die von der Flüssigkeit auf eine ruhende Kugel ausgeübt werden, sowie die für die spätere Berücksichtigung der Wechselwirkung der Hantelkugeln benötigten Anteile des Druck- und Geschwindigkeitsfeldes zweiter Ordnung. Mit Hilfe dieser Ergebnisse werden anschließend die stabilen und labilen Gleichgewichtslagen einer an die Scherebene gebundenen Hantel ohne und mit Berücksichtigung der Wechselwirkung der Hantelkugeln bestimmt. Weiter wird diskutiert, welche Aussagen man aus Beobachtungen an Kugeln oder Hanteln in der Scherströmung einer viskoelastischen Flüssigkeit über deren Stoffverhalten gewinnen kann. In einem abschließenden experimentellen Teil werden dann die theoretischen Ergebnisse an einer 0,1%-igen wäßrigen Polyacrylamid-Lösung durch Versuche an Kugeln und Hanteln überprüft. Obgleich diese Flüssigkeit im untersuchten Schergeschwindigkeitsbereich nicht mehr durch das Modell einer Flüssigkeit zweiter Ordnung beschrieben werden kann, findet man eine qualitative Bestätigung der vorausgesagten Orientierungseffekte. Außerdem werden einige weitere Verhaltensweisen ausgeprägt viskoelastischer Flüssigkeiten beobachtet.
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    Rheologica acta 17 (1978), S. 383-386 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The results of a theoretical analysis on pressure drop in a pipe with constant wall temperature, taking into account effects of dissipation, and of temperaturedependent non-Newtonian viscosity, are presented. A simple critical equation answers whether these effects are negligible, and enables to evaluate a viscosity from capillary viscometry data even in the case when the dissipation is important.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dieser Untersuchung werden die Ergebnisse der theoretischen Lösung des Problems der Strömung einer Flüssigkeit mit temperaturabhängiger nichtnewtonscher Viskosität durch ein Rohr mit kreisförmigem Querschnitt unter laminaren Strömungsbedingungen und bei sich bemerkbar machender Dissipation zusammengestellt. Die Resultate werden derart bearbeitet, daß sie die Abschätzung des Einflusses der Dissipation bei Daten ermöglichen, die mit einem Kapillarviskosimeter gewonnen werden. Gleichzeitig wird angegeben, wie dieser Einfluß zumindest teilweise bei den Berechnungen der Parameter einer dem Potenzgesetz gehorchenden nicht-newtonschen Flüssigkeit eliminiert werden kann.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper gives an analysis of hot-melt extrusion with drag-flow pumps, especially referring to the efficiency $$\eta = \dot Vp/P$$ ( $$\dot V$$ volume throughput,p extrusion pressure,P drive power requirement) calculated on the basis of the rheological equation proposed byPrandtl. It is shown thatη is a unique function of two dimensionless variables,ε andψ. Theη(ε, ψ)-relief is used to introduce another dimensionsless figure,σ=1/|gradη|, describing the operational stability of the pump at the selected design and working conditions. — Generally it is found that, with respect to operational stability at a given volume throughput, so-called single-roller extruders with a comparatively small length may offer advantages over conventional single-screw pumps.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Basierend auf dem Fließgesetz $$\dot \gamma = C\sinh (\tau /A)$$ nachL. Prandtl werden Einschneckenpressen und Einwalzen-Extruder als Austragsmaschinen für schmelzflüssige Kunststoffe hinsichtlich ihres Pumpwirkungsgrades und dessen Stabilität als Funktionen von zwei dimensionslosen Kennzahlen untersucht. Dabei ergeben sich grundsätzliche Vorteile für (einfache und multiple) Einwalzen-Extruder: Reduzierte Baulänge, größere Stabilität des energetischen Verhaltens, niedrigere Antriebsdrehmomente und entsprechend kleinere Getriebe, günstigere Kühlungsmöglichkeiten sowie größere Flexibilität der modellmäßigen Ansätze (relative Schleppspaltbreiteb/D als freie Variable)
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    Rheologica acta 17 (1978), S. 415-425 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Schmelzen des verzweigten Polyäthylens IUPAC A wurden die Dehnviskositätenµ s im stationären Bereich über sechs Dekaden der Dehngeschwindigkeit gemessen. Bei niedrigen Dehngeschwindigkeiten verhält sich die Schmelze linear-viskoelastisch. Es gilt dieTrouton-Beziehungµ 0 = 3η0. Die Dehnnachgiebigkeit beträgt ein Drittel der Schernachgiebigkeit. Mit wachsender Dehngeschwindigkeit durchläuft die Dehnviskosität ein ausgeprägtes Maximum der Höheµ s ≈ 7 µ0. Im stationären Bereich wurden reversible Dehnungen bis zuε r,s = 2,16 gemessen. Die Meßergebnisse von Dehnkriechversuchen und Messungen mit konstanten Dehngeschwindigkeiten stimmen quantitativ überein. Es wird gezeigt, wie der Einfluß der Grenzflächenspannung zwischen der Polyäthylenprobe und dem umgebenden Silikonöl, der insbesondere bei niedrigen Dehngeschwindigkeiten nicht zu vernachlässigen ist, experimentell berücksichtigt werden kann.
    Notes: Summary The steady-state elongational viscosityµ s of melts of the low density polyethylene IUPAC A was investigated over six decades of strain rate. At low elongation rates the melt behaves as a linear viscoelastic liquid. TheTrouton relationµ 0=3η0 is valid. The tensile compliance is one third of the shear compliance. With increasing strain rate the elongational viscosity goes through a pronounced maximum of the heightµ s≈7µ0. Steadystate recoverable strains up toε r,s=2.16 have been measured. The results from tensile creep tests and constant stretching rate tests are in quantitative agreement. It is shown how the influence of the interfacial tension between the polyethylene sample and the surrounding silicon oil which is not negligible at small strain rates can be taken into account experimentally.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Serie pathologischer Synovialflüssigkeiten bezüglich ihrer viskoelastischen Eigenschaften in einer oszillatorischen Scherströmung mit physiologisch signifikanten Frequenzen untersucht. Bei einer Frequenz von 2 Hz zeigen die Flüssigkeiten eine ausgeprägte Nichtlinearität, wenn ein rms-Wert von 10 s−1 überschritten wird: Die elastische Komponente der Schubspannung flacht im Bereich von 1–10 dyn/cm2 ab. Bei niedrigen Schergeschwindigkeiten verhalten sich die Flüssigkeiten dagegen linear-viskoelastisch, und ihre Frequenzabhängigkeit läßt sich durch die Theorie der Gaußschen Netzwerk-Lösungen beschreiben. Enzymatischer Abbau des Hyaluronats zerstört die Viskoelastizität, so daß eine newtonsche Flüssigkeit mit relativ niedriger Viskosität übrig bleibt. Infolge seiner Konzentration und seines Molekulargewichts unterliegt das Hyaluronat einer erheblichen intermolekularen Wechselwirkung. Relaxationszeiten, Viskosität und Elastizität zeigen erheblich größere Werte, als sie für nicht in Wechselwirkung stehende Hyaluronsäure-Moleküle in Lösung zu erwarten wären. Obgleich bei den verschiedenen pathologischen Flüssigkeiten sowohl die Viskosität als auch die Elastizität stark schwanken, stellt sich doch die Elastizität als der von den viskoelastischen Eigenschaften empfindlichere Indikator heraus.
    Notes: Summary A series of pathological synovial fluids are examined for viscoelastic properties in oscillatory shear flow at frequencies of physiological significance. When tested at varying amplitudes of shear at a frequency of 2 Hertz, the fluids show marked nonlinearity for shear rates above 10 sec−1, the elastic component of the shear stress truncating in the range from 1 to 10 dynes/cm2. At low shear rates, the fluids are linear and viscoelastic and have frequency dispersions matching the character of Gaussian chain theory for polymer solutions. Enzymatic degradation of the hyaluronate destroys the viscoelasticity, leaving a Newtonian fluid of relatively low viscosity. The concentration and molecular weight of the hyaluronate produce substantial intermolecular interaction. The relaxation times, viscosity, and elasticity of the synovial fluids are greatly increased over values expected for noninteracting molecules of hyaluronic acid in solution. While both the viscosity and elasticity vary greatly among the pathological fluids, the elasticity is the more sensitive indicator of viscoelastic properties.
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    Rheologica acta 17 (1978), S. 458-459 
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    Rheologica acta 17 (1978), S. 460-460 
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    Rheologica acta 17 (1978), S. 461-461 
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    Rheologica acta 17 (1978), S. 492-499 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Veröffentlichung wird die Stabilität von langen Wellen mit endlicher Amplitude in der Schicht einer Flüssigkeit zweiter Ordnung diskutiert, die längs einer geneigten Ebene abfließt. Es wird ein systematisches Entwicklungsverfahren nach einem Parameterµ angegeben, der das Verhältnis der ungestörten Schichtdicke zu einer repräsentativen Länge längs der Ebene beschreibt, und es werden Lösungen bis zur OrdnungO(µ 3) erhalten. Man findet, daß schwach nicht-lineare monochromatische Wellen für Weber-Zahlen der OrdnungO(µ −2) einem Gleichgewichtszustand zustreben. Die Gleichgewichtsamplitude nimmt mit wachsendem elastischem ParameterM zuerst zu, erreicht ein Maximum und fällt dann mitM wieder ab. Es wird schließlich noch gezeigt, daß sich die Flüssigkeit zweiter Ordnung wie eine newtonsche Flüssigkeit verhält, deren Viskosität jedoch durch Division durch einen Faktor 1 + (5M/2) reduziert ist.
    Notes: Summary In this paper the finite amplitude stability of long waves on a layer of a second-order fluid flowing down an inclined plane is discussed. A systematic expansion procedure in terms of a parameterµ, which is the ratio of the undisturbed layer thickness to a representative length down the plane, is developed and solutions are obtained toO(µ 3). It is found that weakly non-linear monochromatic waves tend to attain equilibrium states for Weber numbers ofO(µ −2). This equilibrium amplitude first increases with increase in the elastic parameterM, reaches a maximum and then decreases withM. It is also shown that the second fluid behaves like a Newtonian fluid with its viscosity reduced through division by the factor 1 + (5M/2).
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 297-297 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 251-260 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Eigenschaften einer Reihe ionischer äthoxylierter oberflächenaktiver Stoffe vom TypR m (OC2H4) χ SO4Na undR m (OC2H4) χ TAB (m = 10, 12, 14 oder 16 undx = 0, 1, 2 oder 3) wurden untersucht. Die bei der Messung der Oberflächenspannung ermittelten Werte verzeichneten eine Zunahme bei der Zunahme der Äthoxy-Gruppe, wohingegen die Verlängerung der Kohlenwasserstoffkette keine nennenswerten Auswirkungen zeigte. Die durch Leitfähigkeit erhaltenen c.m.c.'s verringerten sich bei der Verlängerung der Kohlenwasserstoffkette und, in etwas geringerem Maße, beim Anwachsen der Äthoxy-Gruppe. Meßwerte vonΔG° deuteten darauf hin, daß die Methylengruppe in der Steigerung der Micellisierung um das Vierfache wirksamer war als die Äthoxy-Gruppe. Zwischen 5° und 60° zeigten alle untersuchten oberflächenaktiven Stoffe ein Minimum im c.m.c.-Wert in der Nähe von 25°, das sich verringerte, wenn diese Stoffe hydrophober wurden, und zunahm, wenn sie hydrophiler wurden. Die Bindung von Gegenionen, die aus Messungen mit spezifischen Ionenelektroden gewonnen wurde, steigerte sich mit zunehmender Länge der Kohlenwasserstoffkette, aber ging zurück mit zunehmender Zahl der Äthoxy-Gruppen. Die Bindung von Gegenionen verringerte sich mit steigender Temperatur.
    Notes: Summary The properties of a series of ionic ethoxylated surfactants of the typeR m (OC2H4) χ SO4Na andR m (OC2H4) χ TAB (m = 10, 12, 14 or 16 andx = 0, 1, 2 or 3) were studied. Surface areas obtained from surface tension measurements increased as the ethoxy group number increased whereas increasing the hydrocarbon chain length had little effect. The c.m.c.'s obtained from conductivity decreased with increase in hydrocarbon chain length and to a smaller extent as the ethoxy group number increased. Values ofΔG° showed the methylene group to be four fold as effective as the ethoxy group in promoting micellisation. As the temperature was varied between 5 and 60 °C all the surfactants exhibited a minimum c.m.c. value close to 25 °C which decreased as the surfactant became more hydrophobic and increased as the surfactant became more hydrophilic. Counterion binding from specific ion electrode measurements increased with increase in hydrocarbon chain length but decreased with increase in ethoxy group number. Counterion binding decreased with increase in temperature.
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 1140-1141 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The change of the double-layer potential at an oxid electrolyte interface can be measured by means of a field-effect diode. The measuring practice and the measuring apparatus are described. Results for the system SiO2/KCI solution at different pH values of the electrolyte solution are given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Änderung des Doppelschichtpotentials an einer Oxid/Elektrolyt-Grenzfläche wird mittels einer Feldeffekt-Diode gemessen. Das Meßprinzip und der Meßplatz werden beschrieben. Ergebnisse für das System SiO2/KCl-Lösung bei verschiedenen pH-Werten der Elektrolytlösung werden angegeben.
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 1142-1143 
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 1149-1149 
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 301-301 
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 302-302 
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 303-303 
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 304-304 
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 1150-1150 
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 308-308 
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 382-382 
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 383-383 
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 384-384 
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 375-377 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde das Verhalten freier flüssiger Filme aus binären Mischungen von Nitrobenzol und Hexan untersucht. Die Ausdünnungsgeschwindigkeit und die Filmdicke beim Reißen wurden in Abhängigkeit von der Zusammensetzung und Temperatur gemessen. Es wurden tiefe Minima sowohl in der Ausdünnungsgeschwindigkeit als auch in der Zerreißdicke erhalten im Bereich äquimolarer Mischungen. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen führen zu dem Schluß, daß in den Filmen ein positiver Disjoining-Druck durch die Deformation der Oberflächenschicht wirksam wird.
    Notes: Summary The behaviour of free liquid films from nitrobenzene-hexane binary solutions has been studied. The rate of thinning and the thickness of rupture of the films in dependence of composition and temperature are measured. The dependence so obtained are compared to the data about the thickness of the transition surface layers in this system. Deep minima both in the rate of thinning and the thickness of rupture curves are obtained in the region of equimolar composition where maximum thickness of the transition layers is expected. The results of the investigation lead to the conclusion that positive disjoining pressure due to deformation of the surface layers arises in the films.
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 387-387 
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 388-388 
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 391-391 
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 402-403 
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 384-384 
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 385-385 
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 389-390 
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 390-390 
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 390-390 
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 332-342 
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    Notes: Summary A general orientation equation for rigid particles embedded in a continuum has been derived. The equation includes hydrodynamic, thermodynamic, diffusional and kinetic terms, corresponding to physically different orientation mechanisms. Some special solutions of the general equation are presented, and discussed conditions under which the general equation reduces to more simple cases. Numerical examples of orientation in polyethylene subjected to uniaxial forces are discussed.
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    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 387-387 
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