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  • Articles  (30)
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  • biodegradation  (16)
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  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (25)
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  • Springer  (30)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • American Physical Society
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of Aerobic Polymer Degradation in Soil by Means of the ASTM D 5988-96 Standard Method (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 7 (1999), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Kinetics ; aerobic ; biodegradation ; poly-3-hydroxybutyrate ; poly-ɛ-caprolactone ; ASTM D 5988-96
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The standard test method ASTM D 5988-96 for determining the degree and rate of aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in contact with soil was applied to poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(ɛ-caprolactone). The method proved to be reliable and supplied reproducible measurements of CO2 production, provided potassium (instead of barium) hydroxide was used as a trapping solution. The trends of CO2 evolution, as a function of time, observed for the degradation of polymer powders in soil are similar to those predicted by simple first order kinetics in solution. The experimental data are described by a Michaelis–Menten type model, which accounts for the heterogeneity of the polymer-soil system. The kinetic equation deduced predicts the degradation rate to the proportional to the exposed polymer surface area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021864402395
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermodynamic and Diffusion Properties of Biodegradable Systems Based on Starch and Cellulose Derivatives (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 7 (1999), S. 35-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Starch ; starch blends ; sorption ; diffusion ; biodegradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The interval sorption and diffusion of water vapor were studied for two systems: methylcellulose (MC)/starch and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)/starch. The diffusion coefficient of water vapor and the Gibbs free energy of swelling of these blends in water were estimated. The Gibbs free energy of mixing starch with the cellulose derivatives was determined using the thermodynamic cycle. CMC/starch was shown to be more compatible than MC/starch. Biodegradation of these systems in the water–soil environment was measured and found to increase with the concentration of starch in its blends with cellulose derivatives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021842118866
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Crystalline and Amorphous Structures on Biodegradability of Poly(Tetramethylene Succinate) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 7 (1999), S. 19-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Poly(tetramethylene succinate) ; amorphous and crystalline orientation ; biodegradation ; morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of orientation in the amorphous and crystalline regions on the biodegradability of PTMS [poly(tetramethylene succinate)] was studied using the amorphous orientation function, birefringence, and crystallinity. The crystalline and amorphous intrinsic lateral sonic moduli, E t,c 0 and E t,am 0 , were 2.61 × 103 and 0.41 × 103 MPa, respectively. Using the data on birefringence, crystalline and amorphous orientation function (f ∈ and f am), crystallinity, and sonic modulus of the oriented PTMS fibers, the intrinsic birefringence of the crystalline (Δ c 0 ) and amorphous (Δ am 0 ) regions were evaluated to be 0.0561 and 0.0634, respectively. The biodegradabilities of oriented PTMS films were reduced as the elongation increased, i.e., the amorphous orientation increased. At low elongation (100 and 150%), however, biodegradabilities remained unchanged when the degradation test was performed in activated sludge, which was attributed to the amorphous orientation occurring even at 100% elongation, though the amorphous orientation direction was perpendicular to the fiber axis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021838017958
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparisons of Geochemical Signatures of Biotransformation of Fuel Hydrocarbons in Groundwater (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 257-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: biodegradation ; groundwater geochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Biotransformation processes play an active role in reducing the environmental impact of fuel hydrocarbon releases to groundwater. Because monitoring data at release locations are typically sparse, spatial variations in geochemical indicator parameters are often called upon as indirect evidence of biotransformation. These parameters include concentrations of electron acceptors (O2, NO3 -, SO〉 4 2- , reduced redox reaction by-products (Fe2+, Mn2+, CH4), as well as bicarbonate alkalinity, pH and Eh. However, background variability in a number of these parameters complicates the task of data interpretation, particularly in the case of small data sets. In this study, correlation analyses are applied to geochemical indicator data at six hydrocarbon groundwater contamination sites in California to identify which parameters are the most reliable indicators. The results of the analyses suggest that the most direct indicators of the local redox environment – Fe2+, Mn2+, CH4, Eh – yield the most consistent evidence of hydrocarbon biotransformation. Indicators which rely largely on mass balance – O2, NO 3 - , SO 4 2- , alkalinity – appear to be less reliable. These findings may provide guidance in both the collection and interpretation of groundwater monitoring data at hydrocarbon contamination sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006113520693
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling Microbial Transport and Biodegradation in a Dual-porosity System (1999)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 35 (1999), S. 49-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: modeling ; biodegradation ; microbial transport ; dual-porosity ; kinetics.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model describing microbial transport and growth in a heterogeneous aquifer domain, composed of overlapping subdomains of high-permeability and low-permeability materials, is developed. Each material is conceptually visualized as a continuum which occupies the entire considered spatial aquifer domain. Based on the assumption that advection in the low-permeability domain is negligible, the mathematical model is solved by using a publically available reactive transport code. The importance of modeling microbial transport and growth in such a dual-porosity system is demonstrated through a hypothetical case study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006551627151
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloudwater deposition as a source of fixed nitrogen in a Hawaiian montane forest (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 44 (1999), S. 119-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: atmospheric ; cloud water ; deposition ; ecosystem ; fixed nitrogen ; volcano
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Precipitation, dry deposition, and cloud water deposition of fixed nitrogen (nitrate and ammonium ions) were measured on the Island of Hawaii. The first two were small N inputs, averaging 0.6±0.2 and 0.15±0.08 kg N ha-1 yr- 1 respectively. We estimate cloud water deposition to be 8–22 kg inorganic N ha-1 yr-1. If an estimate of organic N is included, it may be as high as 50 kg N ha-1 yr-1. Additionally, cloud water deposition is of hydrological significance as it comprised 37% of the total water input. Cloud water interception was certainly lower in the past, as the developing ecosystem would have had less collection surface area. Cloud water samples that were associated with volcanic haze events were very concentrated in NO3- and constituted 60% of the annual cloud water N deposition. This NO3- probably originated from atmospheric N fixed thermally at the hot lava surface or from an interaction between lava and the ocean. If volcanically influenced samples are excluded from the analysis, the resulting cloud water deposition would have been 4–9 kg N ha-1 yr-1. The Pacific Ocean and Kilauea volcano may have a profound impact on the development of this terrestrial ecosystem, as sources of fixed nitrogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006091429143
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volcano fixes nitrogen into plant-available forms (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 47 (1999), S. 111-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: cloud water ; deposition ; ecosystem ; fixed nitrogen ; nutrients ; volcano
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Hawaiian montane ecosystems developing on recent tephra deposits contain more fixed nitrogen than conventional sources can explain. Heath and Huebert (1999) demonstrated that cloud water interception is the mechanism by which this extra nitrogen is deposited, but could not identify its source. We show here that atmospheric dinitrogen is fixed at the surface of active lava flows, producing concentrations of NO which are higher than those found in most urban rush hour air pollution. Over a period of hours this NO is blown away from the island and oxidized to nitrate. Interruptions in the trade wind flow can return this nitrate to the island to be deposited in cloud water. Thus, fixation on active lava flows is able to provide nitrogen to developing ecosystems on flows emplaced earlier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006276011055
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volcano fixes nitrogen into plant-available forms (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 47 (1999), S. 111-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: cloud water ; deposition ; ecosystem ; fixed nitrogen ; nutrients ; volcano
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Hawaiian montane ecosystems developing on recent tephra deposits contain more fixed nitrogen than conventional sources can explain. Heath and Huebert (1999) demonstrated that cloud water interception is the mechanism by which this extra nitrogen is deposited, but could not identify its source. We show here that atmospheric dinitrogen is fixed at the surface of active lava flows, producing concentrations of NO which are higher than those found in most urban rush hour air pollution. Over a period of hours this NO is blown away from the island and oxidized to nitrate. Interruptions in the trade wind flow can return this nitrate to the island to be deposited in cloud water. Thus, fixation on active lava flows is able to provide nitrogen to developing ecosystems on flows emplaced earlier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00993099
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic biodegradation of BTEX and gasoline in various aquatic sediments (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 15-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: anaerobic ; biodegradation ; BTEX ; gasoline ; hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We examined the extent of biodegradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and the three isomers of xylene (BTEX) as a mixture and from gasoline in four different sediments: the New York/New Jersey Harbor estuary (polluted); Tuckerton, N.J. (pristine); Onondaga Lake, N.Y. (polluted) and Blue Mtn. Lake, N.Y. (pristine). Enrichment cultures were established with each sediment using denitrifying, sulfidogenic, methanogenic and iron reducing media, as well as site water. BTEX loss, as measured by GC-FID, was extensive in the sediments which had a long history of pollution, with all compounds being utilized within 21–91 days in the most active cultures, and was very slight or non-existent in the pristine sediments. Also, the pattern of loss was different under the various reducing conditions within each sediment and between sediments. For example benzene loss was only observed in sulfidogenic cultures from the NY/NJ Harbor sediments while toluene was degraded under all redox conditions. The loss of BTEX was correlated to the reduction of the various electron acceptors. In cultures amended with gasoline the degradation was much slower and incomplete. These results show that the fate of the different BTEX components in anoxic sediments is dependent on the prevailing redox conditions as well as on the characteristics and pollution history of the sediment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008303729431
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus addition on phenanthrene biodegradation in four soils (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 43-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biodegradation ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; phenanthrene ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phenanthrene mineralization rates were found to vary widely among four soils; differences in soil nutrient levels was one hypothesis to explain this variation. To test this hypothesis, phenanthrene mineralization rates were measured in these soils with, and without, added nitrogen and phosphorus. Mineralization rates either remained unchanged or were depressed by the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus. Phenanthrene degradation rates remained unchanged in the soil which had the highest indigenous levels of nitrogen and phosphorus and which showed the largest increase in phosphorus levels after nutrients were added. The soils in which degradation rates were depressed had lower initial phosphorus concentrations and showed much smaller or no measurable increase in phosphorus levels after nutrients were added to the soils. To understand the response of phenanthrene degradation rates to added nitrogen and phosphorus, it may be necessary to consider the bioavailability of added nutrients and nutrient induced changes in microbial metabolism and ecology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008359606545
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth inhibition of biomass adapted to the degradation of toluene and xylenes in mixture in a batch reactor with substrates supplied by pulses (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 245-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biodegradation ; growth inhibition ; metabolites ; toluene ; xylenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A biomass adapted to degrade toluene and xylenes in mixture was grown in a batch reactor with substrates supplied by pulses. The inhibition of biomass growth in the course of substrate degradation was investigated. The maximal biomass concentration of 7 g l−1 was obtained using 150 μl of toluene and 15 μl of a mixture of xylenes in one litre of liquid medium, and the maximal biomass productivity and yield were 53 mg l−1 h−1 and 0.32 gDW g s −1 , respectively. Higher quantities of substrate added by pulses, that is 200 μl of toluene with 20 μl of xylenes and 300 μl of toluene with 30 μl of xylenes, caused an accumulation of metabolites. These higher quantities of substrates caused inhibition of microbial growth. Among the metabolites produced, 4-methyl catechol was found in large quantities in the culture medium and in the cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008363422254
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of the ability of forest and agricultural soils to mineralize chlorinated aromatic compounds (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 235-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: Atrazine ; biodegradation ; chlorophenolics ; 2,4-D ; PCP ; pristine soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soils were sampled from two agricultural fields, two relatively pristine forests, and one suburban forest in Ontario, Canada. The ability of these soils to mineralize 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate, 3-chlorobenzoate, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, and atrazine was determined using 14C-labeled substrates. Direct preexposure was necessary before atrazine mineralization could be detected; however, it was not necessary for degradation of any of the other chemicals. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate and pentachlorophenol mineralization was much higher in the agricultural soils relative to the pristine forest soils, but 3-chlorobenzoate and 2,4-dichlorophenol mineralization rates showed the opposite trend. Mineralization of 4-chlorophenol was about equivalent in all soils. Suburban forests soils were indistinguishable from agricultural soils with respect to their degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate and chlorobenzoate. Additionally, they were better able than any of the soils to withstand the toxic effects of pentachlorophenol. Pentachlorophenol mineralization was highly variable in the pristine forest soils, ranging from about 6 to 50%. Abiotic factors such as pH, soil type, and organic and moisture content did not account for these significant site differences. The selective forces responsible for these differences, and the possible differences in microbial populations are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008365606324
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biofilter performance and characterization of a biocatalyst degrading alkylbenzene gases (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 169-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biodegradation ; biofiltration ; bioremediation ; extremophile ; VOC ; waste gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A biofilter treating alkylbenzene vapors was characterized for its optimal running conditions and kinetic parame-ters. Kinetics of the continuous biofilter were compared to batch kinetic data obtained with biofilm samples as well as with defined microbial consortia and with pure culture isolates from the biofilter. Both bacteria and fungi were present in the bioreactor. Five strains were isolated. Two bacteria, Bacillus and Pseudomonas, were shown to be dominant, as well as a Trichosporon strain which could, however, hardly grow on alkylbenzenes in pure culture. The remaining two strains were most often overgrown by the other three organisms in liquid phase batch cultures μ max, KS, KI values and biodegradation rates were calculated and compared for the difterent mixed and pure cultures. Since filter bed acidification was observed during biofiltration studies reaching a pH of about 4, experiments were also undertaken to study the influence of pH on performance of the different cultures. Biodegradation and growth were possible in all cases, over the pH range 3.5–7.0 at appreciable rates, both with mixed cultures and with pure bacterial cultures. Under certain conditions, microbial activity was even observed in the presence of alkylbenzenes down to pH 2.5 with mixed cultures, which is quite unusual and explains the ability of the present biocatalyst to remove alkylbenzenes with high efficiency in biofilters under acidic conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008301415192
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradation of xylene and butyl acetate using an aqueous-silicon oil two-phase system (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 193-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biodegradation ; butyl acetate ; selection of microorganisms ; silicon oil ; two-phase aqueous-organic system ; xylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A stable microbial population, consisting of seven bacterial strains and three yeast strains, was selected in batch cultures on a mixture of ortho and meta-xylene and butyl acetate as the sole source of carbon and energy. This population can completely degrade up to 10 g/L of a mixture of these xenobiotics (70% xylene and 30% butyl acetate wt/wt) in a two-phase aqueous-silicone oil system (70%/30% vol/vol) within 96 h, while for the usual one-phase system very low growth degradation rates were observed. Further organic solvents were tested and finally, silicon oil was selected as the best organic phase for such a two-phase system. With periodical pH adjustments to 6.0 in fed-batch mode, the culture showed a global degradation rate of 63 mg L-1 h-1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008328318442
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling the growth of a methanotrophic biofilm: Estimation of parameters and variability (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 177-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: AQUASIM ; biodegradation ; biofilm ; growth ; kinetics ; methane ; modelling ; nitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This article discusses the growth of methanotrophic biofilms. Several independent biofilm growths scenarios involving different inocula were examined. Biofilm growth, substrate removal and product formation were monitored throughout the experiments. Based on the oxygen consumption it was concluded that heterotrophs and nitrifiers co-existed with methanotrophs in the biofilm. Heterotrophic biomass grew on soluble polymers formed by the hydrolysis of dead biomass entrapped in the biofilm. Nitrifier populations developed because of the presence of ammonia in the mineral medium. Based on these experimental results, the computer program AQUASIM was used to develop a biological model involving methanotrophs, heterotrophs and nitrifiers. The modelling of six independent growth experiments showed that stoichiometric and kinetic parameters were within the same order of magnitude. Parameter estimation yielded an average maximum growth rate for methanotrophs, μm, of 1.5 ± 0.5 d−1, at 20 °C, a decay rate, bm, of 0.24 ± 0.1 d−1, a half saturation constant, $${\text{K}}_{{\text{S(CH}}_{\text{4}} {\text{)}}} $$ , of 0.06 ± 0.05 mg CH4/L, and a yield coefficient, $$Y_{CH_4 } $$ , of 0.57 ±: 0.04 g X/g CH4. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was performed on this model. It indicated that the most influential parameters were those related to the biofilm (i.e. density; solid-volume fraction; thickness). This suggests that in order to improve the model, further research regarding the biofilm structure and composition is needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008317906069
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-liquid-phase bioreactors for enhanced degradation of hydrophobic/toxic compounds (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 219-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: bioavailability ; biodegradation ; bioreactor ; biotreatment ; NAPL ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two-liquid-phase culture systems involve the addition of a water-immiscible, biocompatible and non-biodegradable solvent to enhance a biocatalytic process. Two-liquid-phase bioreactors have been used since the mid-seventies for the microbial and enzymatic bioconversion of hydrophobic/toxic substrates into products of commercial interest. The increasing popularity of bioremediation technologies suggests a new area of application for this type of bioreactor. The toxicity and the limited bioavailability of many pollutants are important obstacles that must first be overcome in order to improve biodegradation processes. Two-liquid-phase bioreactors have the potential to resolve both limitations of biotreatment technologies by the enhancement of the mass-transfer rate of compounds with low bioavailability, and by the controlled delivery of apolar toxic compounds. This technology can also be useful in accelerating the enrichment of microorganisms degrading problematic pollutants. In this paper, we discuss the application of two-liquid-phase bioreactors to enhance the biodegradation of toxic/poorly bioavailable contaminants. Important microbial mechanisms involved in this type of system are described. Uptake of the substrates can be achieved by microorganisms freely dispersed in the aqueous phase and/or bound at the interface between the aqueous and the immiscible phases. Production of surface-active compounds and adhesion abilities are microbial features involved in the process. General guidelines for the design of two-liquid-phase bioreactors for biodegradation purposes are presented. Solvent selection should be established on specific criteria, which depend on the characteristics of target compound(s) and the microorganism(s) implicated in the biodegradation process. The central importance of maximizing the interfacial surface area is highlighted. The potential of this approach as an alternative to current biotreatment technologies is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008311430525
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of mono-chlorophenols by a mixed microbial community via a meta- cleavage pathway (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 353-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: mixed microbial community ; mono-chlorophenol ; biodegradation ; 3-chlorocatechol ; 5-chloro-2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde ; meta- cleavage pathway
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A mixed microbial community, specially designed todegrade a wide range of substituted aromaticcompounds, was examined for its ability to degrademono-chlorophenols as sole carbon source in aerobicbatch cultures. The mixed culture degraded 2-, 3-, and4 -chlorophenol (1.56 mM) via a meta- cleavagepathway. During the degradation of 2- and3-chlorophenol by the mixed culture, 3-chlorocatecholproduction was observed. Further metabolism was toxicto cells as it led to inactivation of the catechol2,3-dioxygenase enzyme upon meta- cleavage of3-chlorocatechol resulting in incomplete degradation.Inactivation of the meta- cleavage enzyme led toan accumulation of brown coloured polymers, whichinterfered with the measurement of cell growth usingoptical denstiy. Degradation of 4-chlorophenol by themixed culture led to an accumulation of5-chloro-2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde, themeta- cleavage product of 4-chlorocatechol. Theaccumulation of this compound did not interfere withthe measurement of cell growth using optical density.5-chloro-2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde was furthermetabolized by the mixed culture with a stoichiometricrelease of chloride, indicating complete degradationof 4-chlorophenol by the mixed culture via ameta- cleavage pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008323811433
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloudwater deposition as a source of fixed nitrogen in a Hawaiian montane forest (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 44 (1999), S. 119-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: atmospheric ; cloud water ; deposition ; ecosystem ; fixed nitrogen ; volcano
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Precipitation, dry deposition, and cloud water deposition of fixed nitrogen (nitrate and ammonium ions) were measured on the Island of Hawaii. The first two were small N inputs, averaging 0.6±0.2 and 0.15±0.08 kg N ha−1 yr−1 respectively. We estimate cloud water deposition to be 8–22 kg inorganic N ha−1 yr−1. If an estimate of organic N is included, it may be as high as 50 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Additionally, cloud water deposition is of hydrological significance as it comprised 37% of the total water input. Cloud water interception was certainly lower in the past, as the developing ecosystem would have had less collection surface area. Cloud water samples that were associated with volcanic haze events were very concentrated in NO 3 − and constituted 60% of the annual cloud water N deposition. This NO 3 − probably originated from atmospheric N fixed thermally at the hot lava surface or from an interaction between lava and the ocean. If volcanically influenced samples are excluded from the analysis, the resulting cloud water deposition would have been 4–9 kg N ha−1 yr−1. The Pacific Ocean and Kilauea volcano may have a profound impact on the development of this terrestrial ecosystem, as sources of fixed nitrogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00992974
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  • 19
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    The Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Zn Deposition Around a Metal Smelter in Latvia (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 58 (1999), S. 201-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: biomonitoring ; deposition ; metal smelter ; moss ; serial elution procedure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Heavy metal concentrations in Hylocomium splendens collected around a metal smelter in Latvia showed very high concentrations of Zn (〉200 μg/g), and elevated concentrations of Pb (38.3 μg/g) and Cu (18.3 μg/g). In an attempt to better evaluate the potential toxicity of the high Zn concentrations, a serial elution method was used to determine the concentrations of zinc in intercellular, extracellular exchangeable cell wall, intracellular, and particle fractions. The intercellular Zn concentrations represent the water soluble component of the total concentrations, and were low with no clear trends. Zn concentrations in the extra- and intracellular and particle fractions decreased exponentially from the pollutant source. Intracellular Zn concentrations in moss close to the emission source are within the range considered to be potentially toxic, from other single element exposure studies. The proportion of Zn in the relatively insoluble particle fraction, which is least associated with environmental risk, was greater closer to the pollution source, reaching 〉 30% in the oldest Hylocomium splendens segments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006085220366
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    The Impact of Atmospheric Deposition of Non-Acidifying Substances on the Quality of European Forest Soils and the North Sea (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 109 (1999), S. 357-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: critical load ; deposition ; heavy metals ; persistent organic pollutants ; soil quality ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In the pilot study ESQUAD the impact of atmospheric deposition of three heavy metals (cadmium, copper and lead) and two persistent organic pollutants (benzo(a)-pyrene and lindane) on the quality of European soils and seawater has been calculated. Calculations have been made of atmospheric transport and deposition using a detailed emissions database for Europe. This enabled deposition maps to be produced to a resolution of approximately 50 km. The distribution of pollutant concentrations in forest soils was calculated for each grid cell using a database of soil property parameters in Europe. For the North Sea, a model was used to map long-term concentrations in water and sediment, which are due to atmospheric deposition and other, non-atmospheric sources. The model calculations allowed detailed comparisons of deposition fluxes and concentrations of the substances studied with critical loads and environmental quality threshold values, including critical loads. Although significant uncertainties were identified, the study gives insight in how threshold exceedance rates in Europe relate to pollutant type, threshold type, environmental compartment and chemophysical phase (adsorbed, dissolved). For all pollutants and for all compartments exceedances were calculated for at least some of the quality thresholds that were chosen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005083425852
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  • 21
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    Modelling of Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of Pesticides (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 115 (1999), S. 167-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: pesticides ; atmospheric transport ; modelling ; deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Modelling of atmospheric transport and deposition of pesticides is presented and discussed. Modelling on regional scale builds on the existing knowledge gained in other air pollution fields. An overview of current modelling studies on transport and deposition on a regional scale (typically 30-3000 km) is given. From these studies it is concluded that the models are capable in simulating the spatial distribution of the concentrations and depositions. However, large uncertainties are present in this type of modelling and are for the greater part induced by the uncertainty in the emissions and subsequently in the exchange process parameterisations and the physicochemical properties needed in the parameterisations. Many more measurement data are needed to validate the models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005217828714
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  • 22
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    Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of Pesticides: An Assessment of Current Knowledge (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 115 (1999), S. 245-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric transport ; surface exchange ; deposition ; pesticides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The current knowledge on atmospheric transport and deposition of pesticides is reviewed and discussed by a working group of experts during the Workshop on Fate of pesticides in the atmosphere; implications for risk assessment, held in Driebergen, the Netherlands, 22-24 April, 1998. In general there is a shortage of measurement data to evaluate the deposition and re-emission processes. It was concluded that the mechanisms of transport and dispersion of pesticides can be described similarly to those for other air pollution components and these mechanisms are rather well-known. Large uncertainties are present in the exchange processes at the interface between air and soil/water/vegetation. In all process descriptions the uncertainty in the physicochemical properties play an important role. Particularly those in the vapour pressure, Henry's law constant and its temperature dependency. More accurate data on physicochemical properties and particularly the temperature dependencies is needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005238430531
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  • 23
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    Potential for Enhancement of Biodegradation of Crude Oil in Louisiana Salt Marshes using Nutrient Amendments (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 109 (1999), S. 343-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: biodegradation ; crude oil ; salt marshes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Salt marsh ecosystems in Louisiana are at high risk of an oil contamination event while remediation of these systems is mainly limited to intrinsic bioremediation due to the physical sensitivity of salt marshes. This study investigated both the intrinsic and nutrient enhanced rates of crude oil degradation both in microcosm and core studies. In addition, limiting elements, loading rates and optimum nitrogen forms (NH 4 + or NO 3 - ) were determined. Salt marshes have relatively low intrinsic degradation rates (0–3.9% day-1) of the alkane component (C11-C44) but high rates (8–16% day-1) of degradation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fraction (naphthalene, C1, and C2-Naphthalene and Phenanthrene, C1, and C2-Phenanthrene). Additions of nitrogen statistically enhanced degradation of many alkanes and total PAHs while naturally present phosphorous was found to be sufficient. Nitrogen was found to be most effective if applied as NH 4 + in the range of 100-500-N mg kg-1 of soil producing a pore water range of 100-670-N mg L-1. Core studies indicate that similar trends are observed when applying fertilizers to intact portions of salt marsh.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005025809014
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  • 24
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    Effect of Alkaline Deposition on the Mites (Acari) associated with Young Scots Pine Forests in Poland (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 109 (1999), S. 407-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acari ; alkaline ; deposition ; epiphytes ; Gamasida ; Oribatida ; Scots pine forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The effect of alkaline deposition produced by the ‘Kujawy’ cement and lime factory in Bielawy, Poland, on the mites in young Scots pine forests (plants class Vaccinio-Piceetea) was investigated. The concentration of calcium in tree bark and epiphytes, which provide a habitat for mites, as well as in soil was the lowest in the control plot, and increased in the direction of the factory. A high concentration of calcium correlated with an absence of lichens from tree bark, but a medium concentration was associated with a higher species number of lichens. The density of arboreal mites and the species number of Oribatida were the highest in the control plot and decreased when getting closer to the factory. In a highly contaminated plot, the density of soil mites was lower, while in a medium contaminated plot it was higher than in the control plot. In the contaminated plots, the species number of soil Oribatida and Gamasida was lower than in the control plot, except in a least contaminated plot where the number of gamasid species was higher than in the control plot. Some species were sensitive to calcium, others were sensitive to a high concentration but tolerated medium and small concentrations of this element, and yet others tolerated calcium. The arboreal mites reacted to alkaline deposition more distinctly than soil mites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005050410966
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  • 25
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    A Study on Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Precipitation at Savar, Joydevpur, Tongi and Narayanganj, Bangladesh (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 377-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: anthropogenic sources ; deposition ; fossil fuels ; particulates ; precipitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Precipitation was collected on an event basis from July 1994 to August 1995 at towns around the capital Dhaka of Bangladesh. The major chemical components were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, UV-Visible spectrophotometry and ion selective electrode method. The concentrations of nitrate and sulphate were found to be below the minimum detection limit of 1.0 mg L- 1; the concentrations of Cl-, Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2 and NH4+ ranged from 〈1.0–3.03, 0.14–1.70, 0.04–0.37, 0.04–1.30, 〈0.02–0.20 and 〈0.10–2.33 mg L-1, respectively. The values of pH and conductivity ranged from 4.80–6.74 and 3.3–37.5 μS cm-1, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005081602656
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  • 26
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    A Laboratory Investigation of Depositional Characteristics of Mud from an Inland Harbour Using a Rotating Circular Flume (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 112 (1999), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: circular flume ; deposition ; flocculation ; harbour mud
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The deposition and floc formation of fine sediment from Port Stanley harbour were investigated using a rotating circular flume. Seasonal effects, storage time and shear stress were varied. Biological activity was monitored as an aid to explain the results. Sample storage in the flume resulted in increased flocculation for the two fines samples. A sample with a higher percentage of silt did not flocculate to the same extent as the finer samples. Flocculation was also influenced by the presence of bacteria; however further investigation is required to determine their relative importance compared to the presence of fines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005037818337
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  • 27
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    Weekly Measurements over One Year of Ammonia Concentrations and Surface Exchange Fluxes at a Danish Heathland with Passive Wind-Vane Flux Samplers in an Aerodynamic Gradient Configuration (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 113 (1999), S. 357-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: canopy resistance ; deposition ; emission ; micro-meterological approach ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The present study aims to establish the annual NH3 deposition to an inland heathland in Denmark using a micro-meterological approach with passive wind-vane flux samplers. The integrating samplers were replaced at weekly intervals from May 1995 to May 1996. The average concentration, 2.05 μg m-3 at the heathland is at a moderate level when compared to heathlands in other parts of Europe. The average deposition velocity was 0.83 cm s-1 which is within the range of depositon velocities found for other heathlands in Europe. The average canopy resistance was found to be relatively high, 61 s -1. The measurements yielded a total NH3-N deposition of 2.4 (± 0.9) kg ha-1 yr-1 with a data coverage of 71% for 1995/1996. In 40% of this time the flux is regarded as zero because the flux is not significant different from zero. In 60% of this time the significant fluxes varied from –0.052 μg m-2 s-1 (deposition equal 16.4 kg N ha-1 yr-1) to 0.089 μg m-2 s-1 (emission equal 28.2 kg N ha-1 yr-1). The method is only able to direct measure significant fluxes down to the equivalence of 0.010 μg m-2 s-1 (approximately 3.2 kg ha-1 yr-1). Therefore the exact deposition cannot be determined by the applied method at very low deposition sites such as a coastal heathland in Denmark. In a high-deposition area as in the central Netherlands the method gave significant fluxes with a 100% data coverage for a two month period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005076200470
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  • 28
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    Environmental Risk Assessment for Pesticides in the Atmosphere; The Results of an International Workshop (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 115 (1999), S. 5-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric fate ; atmospheric transport ; deposition ; emission ; long-range transport ; pesticides ; registration ; remote area ; risk assessment ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Health Council of the Netherlands organised an international workshop on the fate of pesticides in the atmosphere and possible approaches for their regulatory environmental risk assessment. Approximately forty experts discussed what is currently known about the atmospheric fate of pesticides and major gaps in our understanding were identified. They favoured a tiered approach for assessing the environmental risks of atmospheric dispersion of these chemicals. In the first tier a pesticide's potential for emission during application, as well as its volatilisation potential should be assessed. Estimates of the former should be based on the application method and the formulation, estimates of the latter on a compound's solubility in water, saturated vapour pressure and octanol/water partition coefficient. Where a pesticide's potential for becoming airborne exceeds critical values, it should be subjected to a more rigorous second tier evaluation which considers its toxicity to organisms in non-target areas. This evaluation can be achieved by calculating and comparing a predicted environmental concentration (PEC) and a predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). By applying an extra uncertainty factor the PNEC can be provisionally derived from standard toxicity data that is already required for the registration of pesticides. Depending on the distance between the source and the reception area, the PEC can be estimated for remote areas using simple dispersion, trajectory type models and for nearby areas using common dispersion models and standard scenarios of pesticide use. A pesticide's atmospheric transport potential is based on factors such as its reaction rate with OH radicals. It should be used to discriminate between those compounds for which only the risks to nearby ecosystems have to be assessed, and those for which the risks to remote ecosystems also have to be determined. The participants were of the opinion that this approach is, in principle, scientifically feasible, although the remaining uncertainties are substantial. Further field and laboratory research is necessary to gain more reliable estimates of the physico-chemical properties of pesticides, to validate and improve environmental fate models and to validate the applicability of standard toxicity data. This will increase both the accuracy of and our confidence in the outcome of the risk assessment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005238703698
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  • 29
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    Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Supply on Hexadecane Biodegradation in Soil Systems (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: biodegradation ; hydrocarbon ; nitrogen ; nutrient ratios ; phosphorus ; soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The biodegradation of hexadecane (C as hexadecane-C) was assessed under 34 different external nitrogen (N supplied as NO3-N) and phosphorus (P supplied as PO4-3-P) supply conditions in order to determine how different nutrient formulations affected nutrient limitation conditions during degradation. CO2 production yields indicated that shifts in N and P supply levels resulted in variable biodegradation responses due to shifts in the limiting-nutrient (e.g., from N to P). For example, the estimated maximum fractional CO2 yield ratio was 0.24 (mg CO2-C produced mg-1 hexadecane-C) for P-limited nutrient formulations (P:hexadecane-C〈0.01), whereas the yield ratio was more than two times greater when the system was not P- limited. Similar effects were observed for N-limited (N:hexadecane- C〈0.15) versus non-N-limited formulations. The relative bioavailability of natural soil-N and soil-P also was examined. In the soil studied, background soil-N was 96.3% organic-N and was found to be largely nonbioavailable. In contrast, high CO2 yields were observed even when no external P was supplied. An iterative mathematical procedure indicated that the Olsen soil-P subfraction (inorganic soil-P plus soluble organic soil- P) best approximated bioavailable soil-P for this soil. Our results indicate that both N and P additions affect biodegradation yields, but that stoichiometrically inappropriate nutrient mixes produce suboptimal CO2 yields. We also found that the bioavailable fractions of soil-N and soil-P should be incorporated into estimating the most suitable nutrient formulations for a given contamination scenario.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005091427942
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    Atmospheric Dispersion of Current-Use Pesticides: A Review of the Evidence from Monitoring Studies (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 115 (1999), S. 21-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric transport ; current-use pesticides ; deposition ; field measurements ; long-range transport ; monitoring ; organochlorine pesticides ; pesticides ; rainwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Recently, evidence has accumulated that the extensive use of modern pesticides results in their presence in the atmosphere at many places throughout the world. In Europe over 80 current-use pesticides have been detected in rain and 30 in air. Similar observations have been made in North America. The compounds most often looked for and detected are the organochlorine insecticide lindane and triazine herbicides, especially atrazine. However, acetanilide and phenoxyacid herbicides, as well as organophosphorus insecticides have also frequently been found in rain and air. Concentrations in air normally range from a few pg/m3 to many ng/m3. Concentrations in rain generally range from a few ng/L to several µg/L. In fog even higher concentrations are observed. Deposition varies between a few mg/ha/y and more than 1 g/ha/y per compound. However, these estimates are usually based on the collection and analysis of (bulk) precipitation and do not include dry particle deposition and gas exchange. Nevertheless, model calculations, analysis of plant tissue, and first attempts to measure dry deposition in a more representative way, all indicate that total atmospheric deposition probably does not normally exceed a few g/ha/y. So far, little attention has been paid to the presence of transformation products of modern pesticides in the atmosphere, with the exception of those of triazine herbicides, which have been looked for and found frequently. Generally, current-use pesticides are only detected at elevated concentrations in air and rain during the application season. The less volatile and more persistent ones, such as lindane, but to some extent also triazines, are present in the atmosphere in low concentrations throughout the year. In agricultural areas, the presence of modern pesticides in the atmosphere can be explained by the crops grown and pesticides used on them. They are also found in the air and rain in areas where they are not used, sometimes even in remote places, just like their organochlorine predecessors. Concentrations and levels are generally much lower there. These data suggest that current-use pesticides can be transported through the atmosphere over distances of tens to hundreds, and sometimes even more than a thousand kilometres. The relative importance of these atmospheric inputs varies greatly. For mountainous areas and remote lakes and seas, the atmosphere may constitute the sole route of contamination by pesticides. In coastal waters, on the other hand, riverine inputs may prevail. To date, little is known about the ecological significance of these aerial inputs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005293020536
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