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  • Articles  (30,434)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1990-1994  (29,248)
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  • 1992  (29,248)
  • 1947  (1,186)
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  • Economics  (9,280)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 1990-1994  (29,248)
  • 1945-1949  (1,186)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Price Competition When Consumersare Uncertain About Which Firm Sells Which Quality (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper we analyze the properties of price equilibria in a duopoly market where firms sell vertically differentiated products, consumers being uncertain about which firm sells which quality. Both existence and properties of price equilibria are characterized by the beliefs of the consumers' population about the distribution of quality between firms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00629.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EXCLUSIVITY CLAUSES AND BEST PRICE POLICIES IN INPUT MARKETS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00423.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGY: A SURVEY (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The survey classifies economic theories of the firm into four categories based on the level of aggregation in economic models: (1) neoclassical, (2) industrial organization, (3) contractual, and (4) organizational incentive. Economic theories of the firm are evaluated on the basis of their potential application to problems of management decision making. The survey suggests that a management perspective can be useful in developing an integrated theoretical analysis of the firm that addresses both competitive strategy and organizational design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00535.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A REVIEW OF GHEMAWAT'S COMMITMENT: THE DYNAMIC OF STRATEGY (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Commitment: The Dynamic of Strategy, by Pankaj Ghemawat.Ghemawat's Commitment makes recent results in game-theoretic industrial organization accessible and useful to practitioners in the field of strategic management. This book contributes to the management strategy literature on two levels. On a conceptual level, Ghemawat strives to isolate “commitment” as the sole explanation of persistent differences in firm performance. On a more pragmatic level, he provides a framework intended to aid managers in making commitment-intensive decisions. It is with respect to how well he achieves these two distinct goals that I evaluate Ghemawat's contribution. In addition, I review briefly the book's content, and I compare Ghemawat's approach to some alternative approaches familiar to scholars and practitioners of strategic management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00575.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Job Securityand Product Market Competition (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the present paper, we relate the extent of job security offered to incumbent managers to the extent of competition among firms in the product market, where the extent of job security is measured by the probability that an incumbent manager continues to be employed by his current firm and the extent of competition is measured by the degree of differentiation between competing brands. We demonstrate that when competition between firms intensifies and “on-the-job training” is relatively more conducive to reducing the variable costs of production, firms tend to offer reduced (increased) job security to incumbent managers, provided that the degree of differentiation between competing products is sufficiently large (small), respectively. If “on-the-job training” is relatively more conducive to reducing the fixed costs of production, however, the previous result is reversed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00313.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Announcementsand Callsfor Papers (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00418.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strategic Product Choiceand Niche Markets (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper presents a model of strategic product choice when consumer preferences combine features of both horizontal and vertical product differentiation. Consumers disagree on what amount of a “special” characteristic makes for a better product, but those who prefer more of this attribute are willing to pay more for it. Within this demand structure, I examine the advantages of first-mover firms. I find that such firms typically do best in markets where the maximum degree of product differentiation is limited by preferences rather than technology. These are “niche markets”. Follower firms do better in markets in which the range of preferences is broad relative to the span of feasible goods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00397.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    To The Raider Goes The Surplus? A Reexaminationof the Free-Rider Problem (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper reexamines Grossman and Hart's (1980) insight into how the free-rider problem excludes an external raider from capturing the increase in value it brings to R firm The inability of the raider to capture any of the surplus depends critically on the assumption of equal and indivisible shareholdings–the one-share-per-shareholder model In contrast, we show that once shareholdings are large and potentially unequal, a raider may capture a significant part of the increase in value Specifically, the free-rider problem does not prevent the takeover process when shareholdings are divisible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00037.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Alternative Entry Paths: The Build Or Buy Decision (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00129.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collusionby Asymmetrically Informed Firms (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We analyze the implementation problem faced by firms when trying to collude in the face of asymmetric information about costs. Assuming that transfer payments are possible, we examine the incentive compatibility and individual rationality constraints that must be satisfied by any cartel agreement. Two scenarios are considered. Firms may or may not withdraw from the agreement after each firm's costs become known. If no withdrawal is possible, we find that the monopoly rule is implementable when weak types of individual rationality constraints are required. This contrasts with some results in the literature. If withdrawal is possible, we find a potential conflict between different forms of individual rationality constraints, in particular, between interim and ex post constraints. This conflict disappears in industries with a large number of firms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00371.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Editorial (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00001.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pricing To Signal Product Line Quality (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper offers a general characterization of the optimal product line prices for a monopolist whose quality of products is initially unknown to consumers. In the focal equilibrium, a monopolist signals a high-quality product line by pricing as if quality were known to be high, but costs of production were higher than they truly are. In a rich set of environments, this characterization implies that the prices of all products are initially distorted upward, with the price distortion being largest for products with the most inelastic demands and/or quality-sensitive production costs. These implications yield predictions for the time path of prices flint are broadly consistent with evidence from the marketing literature. The multidimensional signaling problem is made tractable by the satisfaction of a very simple and powerful single crossing property.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00151.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Managerial Conservatismand Rational Information Acquisition (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Managerial behavior that is rational and profit-maximizing sometimes will seem to be overly conservative. If the valuation of innovations contains white noise and the status quo would be preferred to random innovation, then any innovation that does not appear substantially better than the status quo should be rejected, for reasons arising from regression toward the mean. The more successful the firm, the higher is the optimal acceptance threshold and conservative bias. Other things equal, more successful firms will spend less on research, adopt fewer innovations, and be less likely to advance the industry's best practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00175.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Systematic Price Differences Between Successive Auctionsare no Anomaly (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Identical cases of wine are often auctioned one immediately after another. Ashenfelter (1989) reports that on average, the later lots fetch less. Such a systematic price difference seems anomalous, the more so because it is shown here that rational expectations imply not equal, but rising, prices. Risk aversion is an obvious way of reconciling the evidence with rational behavior. There is an alternative explanation. The auctions observed by Ashenfelter involved a buyer's option, whereby the first-round winner could purchase further cases at the same price. It is shown that this feature may both account for the observed price trajectory and raise seller revenue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00607.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integration, Complementary Products, and Variety (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the incentives for integration when the market for consumer durables (hardware) is oligopolistic and the market for complementary services (software) is monopolistically competitive. We find that the equilibrium industry structure will depend on the magnitude of the fixed costs of software development. If the software development costs are relatively large, the equilibrium industry structure is unintegrated, that is, neither hardware firm integrates; if the software development costs are relatively small, the equilibrium industry structure is integrated, that is, both hardware firms integrate. Under the integrated industry structure, hardware profits are lower, less varieties are provided, and hardware prices are lower than under the unintegrated industry structure. The game has a prisoners' dilemma structure when the software development costs are relatively small because of a foreclosure effect. Strategically increasing the number of software varieties provides an avenue for an integrated hardware firm to increase its market share and profits by reducing the number of software varieties available for an unintegrated rival technology. Although consumer surplus is higher under an integrated industry structure, the total surplus associated with the unintegrated industry structure exceeds that of the integrated industry structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00651.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A MODEL OF SEARCH AND SHOPPING BY HOMOGENEOUS CUSTOMERS WITHOUT PRICE PRECOMMITMENT BY FIRMS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Price setting by firms and search by customers is analyzed, relaxing two basic attributes of most search models: price precommitment and agent heterogeneity. Customers are characterized by individual demand functions for a homogeneous good and can choose to employ a threat to search. Firms noncooperatively make pricing decisions by using the individual demand curves under conditions of constant marginal cost. Firms adopt pricing rules that optimally respond to customer search histories. Bargaining power is endogenously assigned. Firms know their common marginal cost; customers, the cost distribution. The unique separating equilibrium is characterized by a lumpy distribution of prices and by heterogeneous shopping behavior by customers giving rise to “shoppers” and “nonshoppers”
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00455.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    RESTORING THE PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM DIFFERENTIATION IN PRODUCT POSITIONING (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Most research on product positioning supports the idea of differentiation. Product standardization (i.e., minimum differentiation) occurs only under very limiting assumptions. Yet, similar products are often observed in the marketplace. We attempt to restore the case for standardization by using more realistic assumptions than in previous work. We assume that consumers consider not only observable attributes in brand choice, but also attributes that are unobservable by the firms. We find that standardization is an equilibrium when consumers exhibit sufficient heterogeneity along the unobservable attributes under both positioning with exogenously given prices and price competition, We also show that, under insufficient heterogeneity along the unobservable attribute, our results coincide with past research that argues in favor of differentiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00475.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Econometric Analysisof Collusive Behaviorin a Soft-Drink Market (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper proposes an empirical methodology for studying various (implicit or explicit) collusive behaviors on two strategic variables, which are price and advertising, in a differentiated market dominated by a duopoly. In addition to Nash or Stackelberg behaviors, we consider collusion on both variables, collusion on one variable and competition on the other, etc. Using data on the Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola markets from 1968 to 1986, full information maximum likelihood estimation of cost and demand functions are obtained allowing for various collusive behaviors. The collusive hypothesis is not rejected, and the best form of collusive behavior is selected via nonnested testing procedures. Using the best model, Lerner indices are computed for both duopolists to provide summary measures of market power. Finally, our approach is contrasted with the conjectural variation approach and is shown to give superior results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00277.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Innovation, Product Durability, and Market Structure (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Because many durable goods industries are also industries with significant innovative activity, we analyze the relationship between an oligopolistic firm's choice of product durability and cost-reducing innovation in rental and sales markets. We demonstrate the firm's durability may be greater than, equal to, or less than a social planner's, depending upon innovation's impact on the marginal cost of durability. We also show that the firm's innovation level can be maximized for moderate levels of concentration if the output is durable. This provides theoretical support for the empirical observation that innovation is often maximized in markets of moderate concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00699.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Deregulation, Mergers, and Cost Savingsin Class I U.S. Railroads, 1974-1986 (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper we attempt to disentangle the effects of deregulation on rail costs from those directly attributable to mergers. We estimate that cost reductions obtained from mergers ranged from a high of 33% for the Burlington Northern to a low of a 3% cost increase for the CSX. However, firms not engaged in significant merger activities experienced similar cost differentials indicating that consolidation was not a prerequisite for cost savings. We conclude that although mergers did confer some benefits on the participating firms, they were not a prerequisite for railroads being able to achieve substantial cost savings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00339.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Price Equilibria in Pure Strategies for Homogeneous Oligopoly (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: For a homogeneous product oligopoly market, possibilities for pure strategy Nash equilibria in prices are studied. Consumers, who each nonstrategically purchase one unit up to a common reservation price, are hypothesized to be more concerned with large price differences (and therefore buy from the cheapest firm) than slightly different prices. For the duopoly case, existence, uniqueness, and characterization results are provided. Linear examples are given with 2 and n firms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00063.x
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  • 22
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    Strategyand Transaction Costs: The Organizationofdistributioninthecarbonatedsoftdrinkindustry (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper analyzes the ongoing transformation of the soft drink distribution of Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola from systems of independent bottlers to captive bottling subsidiaries, A transaction cost-based theory is developed to explain this restructuring. It is postulated that changes in the external environment and the resulting changes in the strategies of Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola raised the costs of transacting between them and their independent bottlers. Two types of empirical tests are presented. One exploits the difference in the distribution of Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola in the fountain channel. The other consists of statistical analyses of the competitive effects of the move toward captive distribution. Both types of tests support the basic hypothesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00083.x
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  • 23
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    Announcements And Calls For Papers (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00234.x
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  • 24
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    Organizational Prospects, Influence Costs, and Ownership Changes (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We augment efficiency-based theories of ownership by including influence costs. Our principal conclusion is that the prospect of organizational decline and layoffs creates additional influence costs in multiunit organizations that would be absent if there was no prospect of layoffs and would be lessened or eliminated in focused organizations. This helps explain the tendency of firms to divest poorly performing units, as well as the pattern of sales of such units to firms already in businesses related to that of the divested unit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00009.x
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  • 25
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    Monopoly Pricingand Regulatory Oversight (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper analyzes the interaction between a regulator and monopolist in the determination of the price for the monopolist's product, where only the monoplast knows ex ante its true marginal cost of production. The regulator observes the market price proposed by the monopolist and decides whether to hold a rate hearing, where suck a hearing is a costly means of verifying the monopolist's marginal cost. Subsequent to a rate hearing, the regulator can impose a market price for the monopolist's product; in the absence of a rate hearing, the market price is set equal to the monopolist's proposed price. Equilibrium behavior by the monopolist and regulator is characterized, and the degree of regulatory “activism,” as defined by the probability a rate hearing is held, is seen to vary ex post with the monopolist's true marginal cost.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00203.x
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  • 26
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    A Modelof Competitive Limit Pricing (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper offers a new theory of limit pricing. Incumbents from different markets or regions “compete” against one another, with each attempting to price in a manner that deflects entry into the others' markets. An entrant is imperfectly informed as to the incumbents' respective investments in cost reduction and seeks to enter markets in which incumbents have high costs. In a focal equilibrium, the entrant uses a simple “comparison strategy,” in which it enters only the highest-priced markets, and incumbents engage in limit-pricing behavior. The influence on pricing of the number of markets and the scope of entry is also reported. Throughout, the central feature of the analysis is that an incumbent's price affects its investment incentives, with lower prices being complementary to greater investment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00585.x
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  • 27
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    Upstream Pricingand Advertising Signal Downstream Demand (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper considers price and advertising decisions by a monopolist manufacturer who is privately informed about the strength of consumer demand. Consumers respond to advertising and to the retail price chosen by an uninformed retailer on the basis of his beliefs about demand. This signaling game has a unique intuitive equilibrium outcome in which a high-demand manufacturer chooses his full-information pair of wholesale price and advertising. When demand is low, the wholesale price is distorted downward from its full information level, whereas demand-enhancing advertising may be distorted in either direction. Dissipative advertising is not distorted because it is never used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00677.x
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  • 28
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    REGULATION BY DUOPOLY (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper analyzes, within the framework of the new regulatory economics that emphasizes asymmetries of information, the optimal structure of an industry. The duplication of fixed costs incurred in a duopoly structure may be socially justified in a static model by three effects: the sampling effect, the yardstick competition effect, and the increasing marginal cost effect.We show that in general, asymmetric information favors duopoly when the market structure is decided before firms discovers their cost characteristics (a common situation in dual sourcing for procurement), and favors monopoly when the market structure is decided after firms discover their cost characteristics (the case of split-award auctions).
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    Information, Control, and Organizational Structure (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 1 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper investigates how a designer of an organization (referred to as the regulator) should organize a production activity in which two different units produce components and where each unit has private information about its costs. Three organizational structures are analyzed. In the first (informational consolidation), the regulator contracts with a consolidated unit that produces both components. In the second (informational decentralization), the regulator independently contracts with the producer of each component. In the third (informational delegation), the regulator contracts with one of the units, which in turn subcontracts with the other. In each case, the regulator's optimal mechanism consisting of payment and output schedules is fully characterized. Informational consolidation and informational decentralization yield different output schedules. Under informational decentralization, the optimal output schedule may not depend on the sum of the marginal costs of each component, but when it does, the regulator strictly prefers informational consolidation to informational decentralization. Informational delegation is shown to be equivalent to informational decentralization when the regulator can observe the contracting between the units.
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    THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME AND WEALTH IN JAPAN (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper reviews research on the distribution of income and wealth in Japan, identifies sources of data on income and wealth, and describes limitations of these data. Evidence that Japan's poorest income groups are relatively well-off is convincing, but there is less evidence that the overall distribution of income in Japan is more equal than in other OECD countries. Agricultural policy, social welfare policy, the tax system, trends in earnings differentials, and the role of the Japanese family are among the many factors that have shaped Japan's income distribution. The rapid appreciation of the stock market and land prices during the late 1980s led to greater inequality in the distribution of wealth. Rapid population aging is expected to lead to an increase in total national wealth relative to national income which may have an adverse impact on the distribution of income.
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    VERTICALLY INTEGRATED PRODUCTIVITY MEASURES: TESTS OF STANDARD ASSUMPTIONS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper we use an input-output framework to examine two criticisms of standard measures of total factor productivity. These criticisms are (1) that the contribution of capital to productivity growth is underestimated, and (2) that the use of cost shares to weigh factor input contribution is questionable. Using various vertically integrated productivity measures we find that capital's productivity contribution is underestimated in the neoclassical formulation. We also find that in a Pasinetti-Rymes growth model, factor shares do not approximate output elasticities. We conclude that the argument made by Pasinetti, Rymes, and others is supported, that in long-run productivity analysis capital should not be treated as a primary input, but should be measured as an intermediate, produced input.
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    Productivity and American Leadership (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A Review of W. J. Baumol, S. A. B. Blackman and E. N. Wolff, Productivity and American Leadership: The Long View
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    METHODS OF ESTIMATING HOUSEHOLD EQUIVALENCE SCALES: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper presents empirical evidence regarding key assumptions of the Rothbarth and Barten methods of constructing household equivalence scales. The assumption of separability in the Rothbarth model is investigated by examining the implied intra-household allocation of specific goods and by examining studies of economies of scale in household consumption. The assumption of the exogeneity of the distribution parameters in the Barten model is related to the results of empirical studies of clothing expenditures. This paper suggests that empirical evidence fails to support the assumptions maintained in these theoretically sophisticated models of household income equivalence.
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    Whither Unemmployment? (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A review of Yoram Weiss and Gideon Fishelson (eds.), Advances in the Theory and Measurement of Unemployment, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1990, ISBN 0-312-02797-4 and Ralf Hussmanns, Farhad Mehran and Vijay Verma Surveys of Economically Active Population, Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment: An K O Manual on Concepts and Methods, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1990, ISBN 92-2-106516-2.
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    IRVING B. KRAVIS (1917–1992) (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    ACCOUNTING FOR GOLD: THE SOUTH AFRICAN CASE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Real output measures in the UN System of National Accounts should be continually re-evaluated, to ensure they are providing indicators appropriate for user needs. The South African gold mining industry is an intriguing case in which the conventional output indicators are highly misleading for various analytical purposes, largely because the usual background assumptions are particularly invalid. Due to the size of the industry, its precise treatment can have sizeable effects on estimates of the growth of GDP, particularly over periods when the price of gold changes. A number of easily produced additional output measures are suggested to help analyse productivity growth and differences between the growth of real output and real incomes.
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    AN ECONOMIC CORE SYSTEM AND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS MODULE FOR THE NETHERLANDS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this article the authors discuss some elements of the structure of an overall integrating system of economy-related statistics. First of all attention is paid to the core of such a system. Next, the various types of modules which could supplement this core are described. Modules with a social connotation are discussed with the help of the Socio-economic Accounts which have been developed recently in the Netherlands. Finally, the link between the Socio-economic Accounts and the National Accounts Core System is addressed and numerically illustrated.
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    HOUSEHOLD CONSUMER EXPENDITURE INEQUALITIES IN INDIA: A DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The objectives of this study are to decompose household consumer expenditure inequalities in India by regions (states) and sectors (urban-rural) for the years 1977–78 and 1983 based on the National Sample Survey data. A class of Generalised Entropy measures is used. Our results consistently indicate that the inequality within states contributes much more towards national inequality and within-sector inequality explains a large part of state level inequality. The inequality at state levels has shown a decline from 1977–78 to 1983 due to a better monsoon season in 1983, and anti-poverty programmes.
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    LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION, RACE AND HUMAN CAPITAL: INFLUENCE ON EARNINGS DISTRIBUTIONS ACROSS STATES (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper we analyze the level of income inequality across states in 1970 and 1980 for several demographic groups. Furthermore, we examine the impact of labor force participation (LFP), education and other variables on inequality. We find that for tshe whole population, states with high LFP by females are states with low income inequality. The same holds true for states with high LFP for men. When we disaggregate by race, the results are quite consistent for whites, but not for blacks. States with relatively high education levels are associated with high inequality levels for the white cohort and the whole population, but there appears to be no similar association between education and inequality across states for blacks.
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    HOUSEHOLD AND ENTERPRISE SAVING AND CAPITAL FORMATION IN THE UNITED STATES: A MARKET TRANSACTIONS VIEW (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Contrary to conventional macro theory, it is not the consumption function in terms of either the permanent income or the life-cycle theory of saving that has furnished the saving for enterprise capital formation in the United States. Household sector accounts indicate that household gross saving, correctly measured, did not exceed household gross capital formation in the United States over the period since 1947. Furthermore, historical data on enterprise saving and capital formation in the United States, and cross-section tax return data of U.S. corporations indicate that the gross saving for many enterprise sectors has been equal to or greater than their gross capital formation. There are exceptions, however: these same sources indicate that public utilities have borrowed substantially to finance their capital formation. Finally, it is argued that employer pension and insurance reserves held by financial institutions for future benefit payments represent retained income of a nature similar to undistributed profits, and that these constitute a source of saving in the economy.
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    INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EARNINGS INEQUALITY FOR MEN IN THE 1980s (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper we present a comparative analysis of earnings inequality during the 1980s among prime age men who headed households and worked year-round, full-time from five industrialized countries-Canada, Sweden, Australia, West Germany, and the United States. The data were obtained from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) database, a multinational collection of microdata sets from various countries which have been assembled for the primary purpose of making cross-national comparisons of economic and social well-being. The results of the comparison indicated that during the mid-1980s, the United States had the most unequal distribution of earnings and Sweden the least unequal. Between the early 1980s and mid-1980s, however, the earnings distributions in all five countries showed evidence of becoming more unequal, especially in the United States, Canada, and Sweden.
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    INTERSTATE INCOME INEQUALITY IN THE UNITED STATES: MEASUREMENT, MODELLING AND SOME CHARACTERISTICS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Five points are made in this study. First, using a well-recommended measure, interstate income inequality is reported for each year from 1950 through 1989, and its very small magnitude is pointed out along with the U-shaped profile. Second, it is shown that a simple quadratic-form model fits the data extremely well. Third, inequality indices for 1977 and 1988 are recomputed after adjusting for interstate price-level variations, and large reductions in the indices, and a virtual disappearance of the increase in inequality after 1978, are noted. Fourth, a simple decomposition shows that income changes account for most of the inequality change in each decade. Last, states that have contributed most to inequality are identified.
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    REGIONAL ACCOUNTS IN ACTION: CONCERNING METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS FROM A BELGIAN PERSPECTIVE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper we address the methodological problems encountered in the building of regional accounts. These problems are discussed by describing the methodological and conceptual options applied in an original and recent experience with regional accounts in Belgium. A comparison is offered with alternative choices concerning the regionalisation of main aggregates made in some other countries. The reasons for the urgency of an appropriate regional accounting framework (a regional equivalent of the universal SNA) are outlined in the conclusion.
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    INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND ECONOMIC CHANGE IN PARAGUAY, 1972–88 (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The author reconstructs the income distribution of families in Paraguay for 1972, 1982, and 1988 by aligning three different urban household surveys with two farm income and two land tenure studies within a national accounts framework. He finds, first, a narrowing disparity between average family incomes in agriculture and non-agriculture in the recent decade, and, second, a steady widening in the agrarian distribution in contrast to a more stable non-agricultural distribution. The “cross-over” of the Paraguayan agricultural distribution from one of greater to lesser equality than the non-agricultural distribution is also found for a number of other recent cases and confirms Kuznets' speculation about the North American data. In the Paraguay experience, the “cross-over” may be due to the deepening cleavage between the commercial minifundia and the modernizing latifundia in the areas of new settlement. Paraguay's countrywide distributions are also compared to other Latin American economies of similar income level and agricultural shares.
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    REVIEW OF IF WOMEN COUNTED: A NEW FEMINIST ECONOMICS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    SIR RICHARD STONE KT, CBE, ScD, FBA (1913–1991) (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    A FEMINISATION OF POVERTY IN GREAT BRITAIN? (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In most industrialised nations, women are over-represented in the ranks of the poor. Furthermore, it is often argued that this gender-based disadyantage has increased over time. In this paper the author tests this so-called “feminisation of poverty” hypothesis in Great Britain. Cross-sectional data from three years of the Family Expenditure Survey (1968, 1977 and 1986) are used. A poverty measure that is additively decomposable with population share weights, and is consistent with Sen's axiomatic approach to poverty measurement, is used to decompose the “total” amount of poverty into male and female “shares.” Somewhat surprisingly, this decomposition lends no support to the feminisation of poverty hypothesis.
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    BOOK REVIEW: AMERICAN COMPETITIVENESS (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Dertouzos, Michael L., Lester, Richard K., Solow, Robert M. and the MIT Commission on Industrial Productivity. Made in America: Regaining the Productive EdgeCouncil on Competitiveness, Gaining New Ground: Technology Priorities for America's Future
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    Preetom S. Sunga (1923–1991) (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    The Regulation of Product Quality in the Public Utilities and the Citizen's Charter (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 13 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
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    Compulsory Competitive Tendering in the NHS: A New Look at Some Old Estimates (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    The Tax Dilemma of Married Women in Germany (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    The Ruding Committee Report: A Personal View (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    What Price Housing? Valuing ‘Voluntary Transfers’ of Council Housing (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 13 (1992), S. 0 
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    Tax Deductibility of Finance Lease Rentals (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 13 (1992), S. 0 
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    National Insurance Contributions: Anomalies and Reforms (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Environmental Regulation: The Environment Agency Proposal (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 13 (1992), S. 0 
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    The Harmonisation of Corporate Income Taxes in Europe: The Ruding Committee Report (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Personal Pensions and the Review of the Contracting-Out Terms (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 13 (1992), S. 0 
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    What Pension Should the State Provide? (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 13 (1992), S. 0 
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    Symposium on the Ruding Committee Report (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 13 (1992), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Lone Mothers, Family Credit and Paid Work (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Tax Treatment of Financial Instruments in the UK: New Treatment Proposed by the Inland Revenue Consultative Document (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 13 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Time for Mortgage Benefits (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Financing the European Community: A Review of Options for the Future (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 13 (1992), S. 0 
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    Towards a European Social Safety Net? (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    The Taxation of Trust Income — Back to First Principles (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 13 (1992), S. 0 
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    THE NON-CONSTANCY OF EQUIVALENCE SCALES (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    Notes: Comparisons of households of differing composition are usually achieved through the use of equivalence scales. It is well known that the choice of scales can have considerable impact on the conclusions drawn from studies of welfare and poverty. There is a considerable literature on the theoretical issues relating to equivalence scales, but applied work on income distribution and related areas almost invariably takes scales to be constant irrespective of income. This paper focuses on the relation of scale to income, by applying theoretical analysis to some simple household types. The conclusion is that scales are not constant and that current practice should be changed.
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    INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR RESEARCH IN INCOME AND WEALTH (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    CAPITAL ACCUMULATION IN LATIN AMERICA: A SIX COUNTRY COMPARISON FOR 1950–89 (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article provides estimates of gross and net fixed capital stock for six Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela for 1950–89. The capital stocks have been generated using the perpetual inventory method. To use the perpetual inventory method, historical time series of gross fixed investment, broken down into machinery and equipment, residential and non-residential structures were estimated. The diskette accompanying the article contains a detailed description of the sources and series used and for each country, long-term series (1900–89) of GDP at constant 1980 national prices, GDP at constant 1980 international dollars, population, GDP per capita and gross total and disaggregated investment in national currencies and as a percentage of GDP. The diskette also contains a complete set of net and gross capital stock estimates, average ages, average service life and capital-output ratios for 1950–89 each in national currencies and international dollars.The findings show rising capital-output ratios in most countries, except for Chile, where it remains more or less constant, and Colombia, where the ratio falls.
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    RELATIVE INCOME DETERMINATION IN THE UNITED STATES: A SOCIAL ACCOUNTING PERSPECTIVE (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The disaggregated nature of a Social Accounting Matrix makes it a suitable tool for studying the income generation process and its distributional effects. Using the linear structure of a SAM, a model for distributional analysis is developed. The proposed approach emphasizes the functional determinants of relative incomes and the underlying structural features of income distribution and redistribution.
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    POVERTY IN POLAND, 1978–88 (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper considers the issue of poverty in Poland in the decade 1978–88, during which the Polish economy experienced a severe slump (1979–81), and started a modest recovery (1983–88). The estimated poverty rate increased from less than 10 percent of the population in the late 1970s to about 18–20 percent ten years later. The increase was almost entirely due to pauperization of the urban (workers and pensioners) households. As real wages decreased, the percentage of the poor workers’ households increased from 6 to almost 20 percent. The total number of pensioners, a social group with the highest poverty incidence, went up due to demographic trends and government policy of early retirement in response to market reforms undertaken in 1982–83. In addition, poverty incidence among pensioners increased to 25 percent. Overall, out of the total estimated number of 7 million poor, about 3.1 million are the new poor, i.e. people who before the crisis lived above the poverty level, and have since fallen below it. Such a deterioration in living standards, to a large extent limited to urban areas, probably had a significant impact on the ever growing disenchantment with the Communist regime which eventually resulted in its overthrow.
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    NEW ZEALAND'S GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT: 1859–1939 (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper the author continues the work of Hawke, who used Australian velocity of money data to estimate New Zealand's GDP for 1870–1918, and whose results have been incorporated into international studies through the work of Bairoch. He also provides an alternative set of estimates for the inter-war years to those published by Lineham. The important findings of the paper are: (i) that Australian data show a significant relationship between the velocity of money and the price level; (ii) that New Zealand's income was significantly higher in 1870 than Hawke's estimates suggest; (iii) that sustained per capita growth has not been New Zealand's normal experience; (iv) that previous GDP estimates for the inter-war period have failed to reflect the fluctuations of the New Zealand economy and the extent to which it was operating below its production possibilities frontier during the Great Depression of the 1930s.
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    Need, Equity and the NHS: The Distribution of Health Care Expenditure 1974–87 (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    The Impact of Excise Duty Changes on Retail Prices in the UK (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    The Ruding Committee Report: An Economic Assessment (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Taxing Imputed Income from Owner-Occupation: Distributional Implications of Alternative Packages (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Public Debt and Pension Policy (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    POST-REFORM PRODUCTIVITY PERFORMANCE AND SOURCES OF GROWTH IN CHINESE INDUSTRY: 1980–85 (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the productivity growth and its sources in 39 Chinese industries in the post-reform period 1980–85. We use both the gross-output and value-added models to isolate the contributions of labor, capital, materials and technical efficiency to growth in industrial output. Using new data from the National Industrial Census of China (1988) for large and medium-size enterprises, we find that Chinese industries, in particular, those in the manufacturing experienced sharp increases in total factor productivity growth in the 1984–85 period as compared to the 1980–84 period. Moreover, collective and private enterprises show higher output and total factor productivity gains than do state enterprises. Our regression results show that total factor productivity gains are closely tied to increases in retained profits and the proportion of total employees that are technical workers. However, labor bonuses have a negative effect on total factor productivity growth.
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    DISTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIC RESOURCES: IMPLICATIONS OF INCLUDING HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The value of household production is estimated to 40–50 percent of GNP in most western countries, and because the distribution of this income-in-kind is different from ordinary income distribution, the concept of economic well-being may include household production. The monetary value of household production is evaluated by a market alternative principle and an opportunity-cost principle. In the last case a reservation wage is estimated, and integrated in a modified opportunity principle, which means that household work of non-working women is evaluated by the reservation wage, and household work of working women and men by their wage-rate. The conclusions are among others, that the inclusion of household production reduces the inequality, and that the women's contributions—money income and household production—functions as income equalizers.
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    NEW BUDGET STANDARD POVERTY LINES FOR MALAYSIA (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper, shortcomings of the official poverty line are examined. A new set of budget standard poverty lines were derived for various years between 1959 and 1981, by first estimating the food budget for Malaysian households. Then, an allowance for non-food items was obtained on the basis of the estimated food budget, and the relationship between the proportion of income allocated on food and non-food items, together yielding the poverty line. The results suggest that the official and other estimates of the poverty line income were generally higher, and thus have overestimated the extent of poverty in Malaysia.
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    Announcements (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    WEALTH AND CONSUMER HORIZON: EVIDENCE FROM A DEVELOPING ECONOMY (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper presents new evidence on the length of consumer horizon, which represents an important aspect of the Permanent Income Hypothesis. It uses data on private wealth of India for 1949–50 to 1974–75. Time varying parameter estimation is used to derive annual values of consumer discount rate and horizon. The findings support Friedman's view that horizon is approximately three years long. The author discusses the plausibility of his findings.
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    Announcements (1992)
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    REVISED REAL CANADIAN GNP ESTIMATES AND CANADIAN ECONOMIC GROWTH, 1870–1926 (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Revised Canadian real GNP estimates for the 1870–1926 period, based on the nominal GNP estimates constructed by M. C. Urquhart and on a variety of sector-specific price indexes, are presented below. The construction of this revised real GNP series allows for the creation of real output estimates for the major sectors of the Canadian economy as well as for a new implicit price index series. These revised estimates cast new light on our present understanding of Canadian economic growth and reinforce the view that the Canadian wheat boom probably played an important and positive role in the process of Canadian economic development.
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    REASONS FOR PREFERRING NET TO GROSS FIGURES OF INCOME AND PRODUCT (AND VICE VERSA) (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: For the first time, a systematic discussion is presented of the choice between gross and net national accounting figures of value added, product and income for alternative purposes. Some traditional arguments for preferring gross to net figures are challenged and several historical reasons are given for the present popularity of gross figures. The quantitative importance of the issue (“what does it matter in practice?”) is also assessed.
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    BOOK REVIEW: JAPAN'S GROWTH EXPERIENCE: LESSONS GALORE, LIMITED LESSONS, OR NO LESSONS AT ALL? (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 38 (1992), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Makoto Itoh, The World Economic Crisis and Japanese CapitalismMichael Best, The New Competition: Institutions of Industrial Restructuring
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    Taxation and the Environment: A Survey (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Unacceptable Discretion: Countering Tax Avoidance and Preserving the Rights of the Individual (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Local Government Finance and Equalisation: The Case of Ireland (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Housing Subsidies, Inequality and Affordability: Evidence from Glasgow (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Labour Supply and Taxation: A Survey (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    The Implications of a Switch to Locally Varying Business Rates (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Pool Prices, Contracts and Regulation in the British Electricity Supply Industry (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    On the Value of Homotheticity in the Shift-Share Framework (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to examine the usefulness of homothetic reformulations of the shift-share accounting model to the practitioner of regional growth studies. The reformulations of Esteban-Marquillas (1972) and Arcelus (1984) are examined to determine if they improve the shift-share framework as a means for accounting for regional economic growth or decline. The purpose of the homothetic models is to separate out change in a region's employment (or value added) associated with its prior or base year specialization in particular industries from change associated with changes in the mix of industries that occurred during the period under study. It is contended while the resulting accounts may help in understanding individual industry's growth rates, they shed little light on total regional growth. Indiana employment data from 1977 and 1986 are used to illustrate the arguments.
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    Book Review (1992)
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in This Article:Robert S. Eckley. Global Competition in Capital Goods: An American Perspective.Christian N. Madu. Strategic Planning in Technology Transfer to Less Developed Countries.John R. Logan and Todd Swanstrom. Beyond the City Limits: Urban Policy and Economic Restructuring in Comparative Perspective.Jurgen Schmandt and Robert Wilson, eds., Growth Policy in the Age of High Technology: The Role of Regions and States.Michael Chrisholm. Regions in Recession and ResurgenceJohn M. Levy. Economic Development Programs for Cities, Counties and Towns.Cynthia M. Duncan, ed., Rural Poverty in America.Richard Stren, Rodney White, and Joseph Whitney, editors. Sustainable Cities — Urbanization and the Environment in International Perspective.Stuart Lowe and David Hughes, eds., A New Century of Social HousingJohn H. Goddeeris and Andrew J. Hogan, Editors Improving Access to Health Care: What Can the States Do?Dorothy J. Howell. Scientific Literacy and Environmental Policy.Gilbert B. Siegel. Public Employee Compensation and its Role in Public Sector Strategic Management
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00949.x
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  • 97
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    Services in Regional Employment Change (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This article examines the role of services in regional employment change in Illinois from 1972–87. The approach applies recent advances in time-series analysis to investigate both the long-term and short-term relationship among employment in three sectors: goods production, export-potential services, and local services. The results indicate that there is not a long-term relation among these variables, i.e., that they do not move together in the long run. In the short term, the evidence is that employment in the service sectors follows employment change in goods production, although the response persists for only six months. The results suggest that a policy of targeting export-potential services is not likely to produce sustained employment growth in the other sectors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00936.x
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  • 98
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    A Linkage Approach to Industrial Location (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Access to markets and raw materials is nearly always mentioned in industrial location studies as an important locational factor. This article demonstrates a methodological approach based on inter-industry linkages and using secondary data to identify target industries for economic development initiatives. In this application we characterize Alabama's industrial base, identify industries with strong forward and backward linkages to base Alabama industries, and highlight a subset of especially good prospects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00937.x
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
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    Regional Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Trends in Annual Growth Rates of Total Personal Income and Population: 1959–1987 (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The annual growth rates of total personal income and population in regional metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas are examined for the period 1959–87, partitioned into sub periods. Statistical testing for equality of rates shows no perceptible differences in growth rates between the major categories, metro and nonmetro. Further, this study uses a model similar in scope to shift-share analysis to test for convergence of the growth rates within these categories. It was found that for both regional nonmetro and metro areas, there was a general trend toward convergence with the exception of the 1970s decade. In that decade total population growth rates in the nonmetro areas and total income and total population growth rates in the metro areas showed significant divergences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00569.x
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  • 100
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    The Recent Divergence of Regional Per Capita Incomes: Some Evidence from Australia (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 23 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Are recent trends toward state per capita income divergence observed in the United States also evident elsewhere in the world? This paper focuses upon interregional income divergence in Australia where a pattern very similar to that seen in the United States is discovered. Australian agricultural regions show downward divergence from the national mean per capita income and capital city regions show upward divergence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00571.x
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