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  • Development  (67)
  • Springer  (67)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989  (18)
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  • Springer  (67)
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  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989  (18)
  • 1980-1984  (32)
  • 1970-1974  (17)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organization and unusual expression of histone genes in the sea starPisaster ochraceus (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 25 (1987), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Histone genes ; Echinoderms ; Maternal mRNA ; Development ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The organization and maternal expression of histone genes differ greatly between the two echinoderm classes represented by the sea stars and sea urchins. We have isolated and characterized a 5.3-kb genomic DNA fragment encoding core histone genes in the sea starPisaster ochraceus. The majority of histone genes are organized as tandem repeats of the 5.3-kb fragment, which is present in as many as 700 copies per haploid genome. The identity, precise location, and transcriptional polarity of individual core histone genes within the repeat were determined by DNA sequence analyses. The gene order in the sea star (H2B, H2A, H4, H3) is different from that in sea urchins (H2B, H3, H2A, H4). What is remarkable is the low level of maternal histone mRNA inP. ochraceus eggs relative to that in sea urchins. This observation supports a recent suggestion that major changes in mode of gene expression, rather than in gene organization or copy number, can be correlated with major events in echinoderm evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02100038
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catecholamines induce metamorphosis in the hydrozoan Halocordyle disticha but not in Hydractinia echinata (1987)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 196 (1987), S. 381-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Metamorphosis ; Catecholamines ; Development ; Neurotransmitters ; Hydrozoa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Planula larvae of the marine hydroids Halocordyle disticha and Hydractinia echinata were treated with the catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine, as well as with certain of their precursors and agonists. Norepinephrine, l-dopa, dopamine and the dopamine agonist ADTN at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.001 mM induced metamorphosis within 24 h in Halocordyle disticha, with no observable morphogenetic abnormalities. Epinephrine, the adrenergic agonists phenylephrine, isoproterenol and methoxyamine, and the catecholamine precursors phenylalanine and tyrosine were found not to induce metamorphosis at the concentrations employed. None of the compounds was effective in inducing metamorphosis in Hydractinia echinata. A model is presented for neural control of metamorphosis in Halocordyle disticha
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375776
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Net-building behaviour, tolerance and development of two caddisfly species from the river Rhine (Hydropsyche contubernalis and H. pellucidula) in relation to the oxygen content (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 73 (1987), S. 242-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Net-building behaviour ; Development ; O2-deficiency tolerance ; Hydropsyche ; River Rhine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Tolerance, growth and development of H. contubernalis and H. pellucidula were analyzed at different O2-concentrations to determine the species specific potency amplitude in relation to O2-concentration. In addition netbouilding behaviour was compared at different O2-concentrations and current velocities. Under anaerobic conditions slightly greater tolerance was observed in H. contubernalis than in H. pellucidula. But at a higher O2-concentration H. contubernalis showed a distinctly higher O2-deficiency tolerance than H. pellucidula in relation to net-building activity, growth and development. In addition, more than 50% of H. contubernalis instars built capture nets with regular meshes at an O2-saturation of only 30% (15°C). High growth rates were also found at 50% O2-saturation and more than half the larvae developed into imagos. In addition to diminished net-spinning activity the mean growth rate started to decrease at an O2-saturation of 70% to 38% and the development into an imago was not possible in H. pellucidula. Because H. contubernalis corresponds to a regulative type, being able to maintain a high level of netbuilding activity, growth rate and development over a wide range (50% to 100% O2-saturation). On the other hand H. pellucidula corresponds to a conform type, because physiological efficiency decreases rapidly with falling O2-concentration, so that development into an imago is no longer possible below 85% O2-saturation. Positive correlation between net-spinning activity and tested current velocity between 10 cm/s and 25 cm/s (15°C) was found in H. pellucidula. H. contubernalis showed no change in net-building activity, over this range of current velocity. H. contubernalis can be classified as an euryoecious species with a great potency amplitude in relation to O2-concentration and current velocity. The high tolerance to O2-deficiency conditions probably allowed the early recolonization of the Mittel-and Niederrhein when a distinct O2-deficit (mean 29%, max 56%) could still be measured. H. contubernalis can be considered a bioindicator of O2-deficiency situations. Undisturbed development of H. pellucidula in this section of the river requires a further improvement in O2-content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377514
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seed development and vivipary in Zea mays L. (1987)
    Springer
    Planta 171 (1987), S. 358-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Abscisic acid ; Development ; Seeds ; Vivipary ; Zea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seed development was investigated in kernels of developing wild-type and viviparous (vp-1) Zea mays L. Embryos and endosperm of wild-type kernels began to dehydrate at approx. 35 d after pollination (DAP); viviparous embryos did not desiccate but accumulated fresh weight via coleoptile growth in the caryopses. Concentrations of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) in the embryo were relatively high early in development, being approx. 150 ng·g-1 fresh weight at 20 DAP. The ABA content declined thereafter, falling to approx. 50 ng·g-1 at 30 DAP. Endosperm ABA content was always low, being less than 20 ng·g-1. There were no differences between wild-type and vp-1 tissues. Immature kernels did not germinate when removed from the ear until late in development. The ability to germinate was correlated with decreasing moisture content in the endosperm at the time of removal; premature drying of immature kernels resulted in greatly increased germination following imbibition. Excised embryos germinated precociously when removed from the endosperm as early as 25 DAP. Such germination could be prevented by treatment with 10-5 M ABA or by lowering the solute potential (Ψs) of the medium with 0.3 M mannitol. Treatment of excised embryos with ABA led to internal ABA concentrations comparable to those in embryos in which germination was inhibited in situ. Mannitol treatment did not have this effect, although water-deficit stress of excised embryos resulted in substantial ABA production. Germinated vp-1 embryos were less sensitive to growth inhibition by ABA or mannitol than germinating wild-type embryos. The vp-1 seedlings were not wilty and their transpiration rates were reduced in response to ABA or water shortage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00398681
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Embryonic somatic nerve destruction with β-bungarotoxin (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 41-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: β-Bungarotoxin ; Peripheral nerve ; Development ; Regeneration ; Rat embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects and time course of a single injection of β-bungarotoxin into E14 rat embryos were examined with an electron-microscopic study of development of the internal intercostal somatic nerve. Within 24 h of injection, axons in this nerve became swollen and fused at points along their length. By 48 h after injection no component of the nerve remained in distal segments of ribcage; complete loss of axons and components of the nerve sheath from proximal regions took slightly longer. At later times, no trace of peripheral nerve axons, Schwann cells or elements of the nerve sheath remained. β-Bungarotoxin applied on E17 destroyed developing axons in a similar manner, but the perineurium remained in place, and axons regenerated within the original nerve trunk. The study confirms that sensory and motor neurons are much less able to survive axon degeneration on E14 than after the major period of normal cell death (which is nearly over by E18), and that the maintenance and continued development of the perineurium during E14–E16 depends on the presence of peripheral nerve axons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216545
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of the nervous system of the pluteus larva of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 335-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pluteus ; Nervous system ; Development ; Neurotransmitter ; Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Development of the nervous system of the pluteus larva of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis was investigated using indirect immunofluorescence with antibodies against dopamine, GABA, and serotonin, and glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence of catecholamines. Serotonergic cells first appear in full gastrulae; dopaminergic and GABAergic cells are present in early four-arm plutei. The number of neurons and the complexity of the nervous system increases through development of the pluteus. In the pluteus the dopaminergic component of the nervous system includes a ganglion in the lower lip of the mouth and a pair of ganglia at the base of the post-oral arms which extend axons along the base of the circumoral ciliary band. The distribution of cells visualized by glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence is similar to that of dopaminergic cells. GABAergic neurons occur in the upper lip and in the wall of the esophagus. Serotonergic neurons are present in the lower lip; the pre-oral hood contains an apical ganglion which extends axons along the base of the epidermis overlying the blastocoel. The dopaminergic and GABAergic components of the nervous system are associated with effectors involved in feeding and swimming. The serotonergic component is not associated with any apparent effectors but may have a role in metamorphosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218200
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thyroxine accelerates the differentiation of granular convoluted tubule cells and the appearance of epidermal growth factor in the submandibular gland of the neonatal mouse (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 351-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Submandibular gland (mice) ; Granular convoluted tubule ; Development ; Thyroid hormone ; Epidermal growth factor ; Immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of the administration of thyroxine (T4) on the postnatal cytodifferentiation of granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells of the submandibular gland (SMG) of Lewiss-Webster mice were studied by light and electron microscopy. From birth, mice of both sexes were injected daily with T4 (sc 0.4 μg/g BW) and were sacrificed 24 h after the last injection at 7, 9, 11, 14 and 21 days of age. Control mice received vehicle only. In control mice, granulated striated duct (SD) cells were first detected at 9 days and 7 days of age by light- and electron microscopy, respectively. Furthermore, a few scattered granulated SD cells were observed by light microscopy as early as day 7 in T4-treated mice of both sexes. At 21 days of age, in mice given T4, GCT cells were larger and more numerous and the Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and secretion granules were more abundant. In control mice, immunocytochemical staining for epidermal growth factor-(EGF) was first detectable at day 21 at the light- and electron-microscopic levels. However, positively stained cells were first observed in T4-treated mice by light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry at 14 and 11 days of age, respectively. Moreover, in the 21-day-old T4-treated mice, the number of immunoreactive GCT cells, as well as the intensity of the staining per cell, was markedly increased as compared to controls. EGF immunostaining was restricted to GCT cells, and by immuno-electron-microscopy was only seen in apical secretory granules in granulated SD cells and GCT cells. There were no sex differences in the differentiation of the duct system under any conditions. It is concluded that T4 stimulates the biosynthesis of EGF by an acceleration of the differentiation of the GCT precursor cells to mature cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218202
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pineal organ is the first differentiated light receptor in the embryonic salmon, Salmo salar L. (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 641-646 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Development ; Photoreceptors ; Retinal S-antigen ; α-Transducin ; Opsin ; Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Teleosts (Salmo salar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The initial appearance of S-antigen, α-transducin, opsin and 5-HT during embryogenesis of the pineal organ and retina was studied by means of immunocytochemistry in the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. The presence of these substances may be taken as a good indication of photoreceptor differentiation; α-transducin and S-antigen are involved in the phototransduction process, opsin is the proteinaceous component of the photopigment rhodopsin, and 5-HT is a neurotransmitter or neurohormone produced by pineal photoreceptors. Two days after the retinal pigment layer became visible in the eggs, the outer segments of a few pineal photosensory cells showed immunoreactivity to opsin and α-transducin. At the same time S-antigen and serotonin were present in pineal cells of the photoreceptor type. The number of immunoreactive cells in the pineal organ increased up to hatching. In the differentiating retina of the salmon, no immunoreactivity to antibodies raised against the mentioned substances was detectable until after hatching. These results indicate that in ontogeny the developing pineal organ of the salmon embryo has the ability to perceive light information much earlier than the retina.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217336
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The dorso-lateral recess of the hypothalamic ventricle in neonatal rats (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 197-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Third ventricle ; Intraventricular vessels ; Recess ; Development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopy of the hypothalamic ventricle in neonatal rats demonstrate morphological specializations of the ventricular wall at the level of the premammillary region of the third ventricle. The morphological features are: (1) A ventricular recess that we have called the “hypothalamic dorso-lateral recess” (HDR). (2) The presence of intraventricular capillaries near the dorsolateral recess. (3) The HDR possessing a specialized ependymal lining; this consists of non-ciliated cells with short microvilli and bleb-like processes. (4) The existence of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons within the HDR. (5) The presence of numerous phagocytic supraependymal cells. The HDR is not found in adult rats. This indicates that the dorso-lateral recess may play a physiological role during development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214672
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An immunohistochemical study of adenohypophyseal cells containing follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone during the phase of selective follicle-stimulating hormone release in postnatal female rats (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 689-693 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior pituitary gland ; FSH cells ; LH cells ; Development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serum concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the juvenile female rat increases independently from that of luteinizing hormone (LH). The objective of this study was to determine whether this increase in serum FSH is accompanied by a proliferation of FSH-cells greater than the proliferation of LH-cells. Thus, we measured circulating FSH and LH in female rats on days 3, 10, 13, 17, and 20, calculated the percentages of adenohypophyseal cells that contained FSH or LH on days 3, 10, and 20, and determined whether cells containing only FSH existed on day 10. Serum FSH concentrations on days 10 and 13 were significantly greater than those on days 3, 17, or 20. No differences existed in serum LH concentrations. Cells containing FSH or LH were distributed throughout the entire adenohypophyses of 3, 10, and 20-day-old females. Clusters of these cells were observed in the ventral regions of adenohypophyses of 3-day-old females. The percentages of adenohypophyseal cells containing FSH increased significantly from ∼9% in 3-day-old rats to ∼17% in 10-day-old rats and then decreased to ∼14% in 20-day-old animals. At all ages the percentages of adenohypophyseal cells containing FSH were similar to the percentages of cells containing LH. At 10 days of age, all cells containing FSH also contained LH and all cells containing LH also contained FSH. These data suggest that the increase in serum FSH in the juvenile female rat is associated with an increase in the percentage of adenohypophyseal cells containing FSH and that at this time all cells containing FSH also contain LH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218964
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical localization of laminin, neural cell adhesion molecule, collagen type IV and T-61 antigen in the embryonic retina of the Japanese quail by in vivo injection of antibodies (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 487-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Development ; Antigen detection ; Axonal pathfinding ; Retinal matrix ; Cell surface molecules ; Coturnix coturnix japonica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antibodies against laminin (LN), fibronectin (FN), collagen type IV (Col IV), neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM), T-61 antigen, actin, tubulin and neurofilament protein were injected into the eyes of quail embryos (Coturnix coturnix japonica) of different ages. Twenty h after injection, the heads of the embryos were fixed and the antibodies visualized in sections with the use of fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC) or peroxidase-labeled second antibodies by light- and electron microscopy. Antibodies against cell surface molecules, such as N-CAM, LN, Col IV and T 61, labeled matrix and membrane components of the retinal cells in different antigen-specific patterns. Antibodies against intracellular antigens, such as actin, tubulin and neurofilament protein labeled nonspecifically the vitreous body and the inner basal lamina of the retina, but resulted in only a very weak and diffuse labeling of retinal cells. N-CAM was detected in high concentration in the optic fiber layer on the surface of axons and on the membranes of all retinal cells. Col IV, LN and T 61 antigen were found predominantly in the optic fiber layer. LN and Col IV were located on the surface of axons and the endfeet of ventricular (neuroepithelial) cells in a patchy distribution. The T-61 antigen was found in early stages in the cell-free space of the optic fiber layer, on the surface of ventricular cells and axons, and at later stages also in high-density patches between nerve fibers. The distribution of LN and T-61 antigen together with data from in vitro experiments suggests a crucial role of these proteins in axon extension in the avian retina during early development of the optic fiber layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217320
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology and development of rhabdovirus-like particles inCuscuta odorata (Convolvulaceae) simultaneous infected with virus and mycoplasma-like organisms (1987)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 139 (1987), S. 130-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cytopathology ; Rhabdovirus ; Development ; Electron microscopy ; Cuscuta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic examination ofCuscuta odorata, used for transmission trials, revealed mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO) as well as rhabdovirus-like particles, unknown toCuscuta. The virus infection is confined to certain phloem-parenchyma cells and a 1–2 cell thick layer of parenchyma cells with thickened walls surrounding the central cylinder. Virus particles, mostly bacilliform, could be detected mainly in the nucleus but also in the cytoplasm. They reach a length of 350–400 nm and a diameter of approximately 75 nm. Virus assembly takes place exclusively in the nucleus. Virus maturation occurs in membrane bound areas within the nucleus, which have no connection with the perinuclear space. Formation of nucleocapsids is always associated with a nuclear viroplasm. Envelopment of virus particles occurs in these membrane bound areas. Budding into the perinuclear space does not occur. Virus infection leads to degeneration and finally to death of the protoplast.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01282283
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An ultrastructural study of the viscin tissue ofPhthirusa pyrifolia (H.B.K.) Eichler (Loranthaceae) (1987)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 137 (1987), S. 145-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Mistletoe fruit ; Phthirusa pyrifolia ; Ultrastructure ; Development ; Viscin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The viscin tissue ofPhthirusa pyrifolia consists at maturity of two different cell types. The first of these (viscin cells) are greatly elongated and have massive secondary walls, the microfibrils of which are arranged strictly transversely, and are soaked with mucilaginous noncellulosic polysaccharides. The second type of cells (vesicular cells) is much broader, with a very extensive vacuolar system and thin primary cell walls only. Viscin cells are capable of being stretched very greatly, the microfibrils of the secondary wall then becoming oriented more or less longitudinally. In nature, this corresponds to the time of attachement to the host surface, and is followed by drying and, possibly, shortening of the viscin cells. Developmental study of the tissue suggests that Golgi bodies are the major organelles participating in polysaccharide production. The actual mucilage seems to originate from three sources: an unorganized substance which accumulates between the plasmalemma and compound middle lamella; spherical vacuoles which seem to be embedded in the central vacuole, some of which are seen open to the outside of the cell; and from the dissolution at maturity of the compound middle lamella. It is suggested that the two types of cells may correspond to the two major functions of viscin, viz., host attachment (viscin cells) and nutrition of the disseminator (vesicular cells).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01281150
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endophyte differentiation inCasuarina actinorhizae (1987)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 136 (1987), S. 104-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Actinomycete ; Casuarina ; Development ; Frankia ; Root ; nodules ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This is an ultrastructural study of development of infected cells in nitrogen fixing root nodules ofCasuarina spp. While several aspects of development are similar to those found in many other actinorhizae, unusual aspects of development of the host cell and differentiation of the endophyte inCasuarina are correlated with unusual changes in the wall of the infected cell. Instead of vesicles the endophyte forms atypical hyphae in mature infected cells. These unusual hyphal forms are termed intracellular hyphae. Intracellular hyphae are nonseptate hyphae which originate and terminate within the same host cell, and have a varying diameter and a multidirectional growth and branching pattern. A laminate surface layer previously undescribed on hyphae ofFrankia is a feature common to mostCasuarina endophytic hyphae and is probably similar chemically to the laminae comprising the multilamellate envelope of endophytic vesicles in other actinorhizae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276359
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  • 15
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    Growth and development in relation to the cell cycle inPhysarum polycephalum (1987)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 141 (1987), S. 101-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cell cycle ; Development ; Physarum ; Slime mould
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In strain CL ofPhysarum polycephalum, multinucleate, haploid plasmodia form within clones of uninucleate, haploid amoebae. Analysis of plasmodium development, using time-lapse cinematography, shows that binucleate cells arise from uninucleate cells, by mitosis without cytokinesis. Either one or both daughter cells, from an apparently normal amoebal division, can enter an extended cell cycle (28.7 hours compared to the 11.8 hours for vegetative amoebae) that ends in the formation of a binucleate cell. This long cycle is accompanied by extra growth; cells that become binucleate are twice as big as amoebae at the time of mitosis. Nuclear size also increases during the extended cell cycle: flow cytometric analysis indicates that this is not associated with an increase over the haploid DNA content. During the extended cell cycle uninucleate cells lose the ability to transform into flagellated cells and also become irreversibly committed to plasmodium development. It is shown that commitment occurs a maximum of 13.5 hours before binucleate cell formation and that loss of ability to flagellate precedes commitment by 3–5 hours. Plasmodia develop from binucleate cells by cell fusions and synchronous mitoses without cytokinesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01272891
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Object manipulation in a captive troop of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata): A developmental analysis (1987)
    Springer
    Primates 28 (1987), S. 497-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Object manipulation ; Japanese monkey ; Development ; Focal object sampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A captive troop of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) was presented with a nylon rope, a wooden cube, and an iron tube, and their subsequent manipulations were observed in detail. In total, 202 manipulation patterns were distinguished on the basis of three components: the actions performed, body-parts used, and relations to other objects. The developmental changes in these modes of manipulation were analyzed cross-sectionally, revealing four characteristics: (1) the most manipulative members of the troop were those aged 2–3 and 4–6 years old; (2) most of the manipulatory repertoire appeared by 4–6 years old; (3) actions such as Roll, Rub, and Slide and the use of bodyparts continued to increase in variety until 4–6 years old, while the variety of other actions showed plateaus after 2–3 years old or an earlier age; and (4) secondary manipulations appeared at 1 year old and continued to increase in variety even after 4–6 years old.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380863
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sibships: Cooperation and competition among immature vervet monkeys (1987)
    Springer
    Primates 28 (1987), S. 47-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Sibling ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Competition ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationships between siblings were compared with those between non-sibling peers amongst immature vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in three free-ranging social groups. Using the frequency and context of friendly, supportive, aggressive, and competitive interactions, sibships were found to stand out as associative units characterized by high levels of grooming and support during aggression. Competition between siblings was related to contests over access to maternal care, especially grooming, which may have been important in the establishment of relative sibling dominance. Siblings who were close in age tended to interact more frequently than those who were distant in age, but few sex differences were found. The close and supportive nature of sibling relationships appeared to affect the social structure of the groups.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382182
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    The effect of early experience on aggression in two territorial scorpaenid fishes (1987)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 19 (1987), S. 183-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Development ; Behavior ; Population density ; Shelter availability ; Sibling species ; Reef fish ; Rockfish ; Scorpaenidae ; Sebastes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The impact of population density and shelter availability on the development of aggressive behavior in two species of rockfishes, the black and yellow rockfish, Sebastes chrysomelas, and the gopher rockfish, Sebastes carnatus, were examined in this study. Adults of these species are typically territorial though other patterns of space utilization are observed. Dominance does not appear to account for these patterns. Since the level of aggressiveness seems to vary between groups, differences in early experience might play a role in determining adult behavior patterns. Laboratory experiments were performed on juveniles captured prior to settlement in which the aggressive tendencies of individuals were assessed by focusing on the development of displays toward a mirror image over a six month period. The results of this study suggest that the repertoire of agonistic behaviors used by adults is available to juveniles though seldom seen in the field. Increased population density and the availability of a shelter increase aggressiveness in S. carnatus and the effects of density were not reversible over the course of the experiment. The behavior of S. chrysomelas was less influenced by the manipulations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005348
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    Suitability of selected leguminous plants for development of Maruca testulalis larvae (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 174-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Maruca testulalis ; Pod borer ; Development ; Nutritional suitability ; Host plant ; Crotalaria ; Vigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les possibilités de développement larvaire de Maruca testulalis sur les fleurs de huit espèces végétales ont été examinées en laboratoire. La comparaison a porté sur Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. saltiana, C. misereniensis, C. mucronata, C. amazonas, Cajanus cajan et l'hôte principal de cette chenille, Vigna unguiculata. En tenant compte de la mortalité larvaire et des indices de croissance (G.I.), ces plantes ont été divisées en trois catégories principales: 1 celles provoquant une mortalité larvaire de 0–30% et ayant des G.I. ≥60%, constituent les plantes hôtes convenables (Vigna unguiculata seule); 2 les plantes qui provoquent une mortalité larvaire de 30≤50% et ont des G.I. de 30 à 60% de la plante hôte principale (Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria amazonas, C. saltiana, C. mucronata; 3 les plantes qui causent 50–100% de mortalité larvaire et dont les G.I. sont inférieurs à 30% de la plante hôte principale (Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. misereniensis). Les résultats déjà publiés sur les choix du lieu de ponte des femelles et l'utilisation de C. juncea comme plante piège, sont discutés à la lumière de ces données nouvelles.
    Notes: Abstract Flowers of eight plant species were evaluated under laboratory conditions for their suitability as larval growth media for the cowpea pod borer, Maruca testulalis. The plants tested were Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. saltiana, C. misereniensis, C. amazonas, Cajanus cajan and the principal host of the borer, Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), was included for comparison. Based on the data obtained on larval mortality and growth indices (GI) the plants were divided into 3 categories namely: I: Those causing 0–30% mortality and having GI value ≥60% form suitable host plants. This group only included V. unguiculata. — II: Those plant species causing 30≤50% larval mortality and having GI value 30%≤60% of the principal host plant (Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria amazonas, C. saltiana, C. mucronata). This group of species is marginally suitable as hosts. — III: Plants causing 50–100% larval mortality and having GI value ≤30% of principal host plant (C. retusa, C. juncea and C. misereniensis). Previously published data on the oviposition preference of the adult moth are discussed in the light of the present findings and the use of C. juncea as a possible trap crop.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338666
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    Cyromazine-sensitive stages of housefly development: Influence of penetration, metabolism and persistence on potency (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 251-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cyromazine ; Musca domestica ; Housefly ; Development ; Sensitivity ; Penetration ; Insect growth regulator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La cyromazine (N-cyclopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine or CGA-72662) est un puissant inhibiteur de développement chez Musca domestica Le traitement des adultes par voie orale n'altère pas l'éclosion des œufs, mais inhibe fortement le développement des larves. Incorporée au milieu larvaire, elle donne une DL50 de 0.11 ppm. La sensibilité des pupes, traitées par application topique, décroit rapidement avec l'âge et est dépendante du solvant utilisé. Une heure après pupaison et avec le tétrahydrofuran comme vecteur, la DL50 est de 3 μg/g, soit 0.2 μg/g pour la pupe sans puparium. Comparé au méthanol. le tétrahydrofuran facilite la pénétration de la cyromazine pendant ce stade critique. La pénétration est également un facteur de la résistance des pupes agées. La toxicité de la cyromazine apparait rait donc principalement dépendante de sa vitesse de pénétration et de son accumulation dans l'organisme plutôt que de son métabolisme. Juste après pupaison, la jeune pupe chez M. domestica s'avère être un matériel sensible et pratique pour l'étude du mode d'action de la cyromazine.
    Notes: Abstract Cyromazine is a potent inhibitor of housefly (Musca domestica L.) larval development when administered orally to adults or incorporated into larval media, and of pupal metamorphosis on topical application shortly before or after pupariation. Pupae are most sensitive to cyromazine within 1 hr after pupariation and with tetrahydrofuran as the carrier solvent, giving topical LD50 values of 3 μg/g for the total puparium plus pupa and 0.2 μg/g calculated for the pupa only. Tetrahydrofuran is more effective than methanol in facilitating rapid cyromazine penetration during this critical pupal stage. The rate of cyromazine penetration or accumulation at sensitive stages appears to be more critical than the extent of metabolism in limiting cyromazine toxicity. Houseflies shortly after pupariation provide a sensitive and convenient organism for studies on cyromazine mode of action.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186921
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    Dye-coupling between blastomeres in early embryos ofPatella vulgata (mollusca, gastropoda): Its relevance for cell determination (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 262-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mollusca ; Interaction ; Development ; Dye-coupling ; Gap junctions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary During the early development of the molluscPatella, the dorsoventral axis is established after the fifth cleavage due to direct interaction between the animal micromeres and one of the vegetal macromeres. This vegetal macromere is thereby induced to become the mesentoblast mother cell (3D). In this study we have examined intercellular communication in earlyPatella embryos by monitoring the transfer of the fluorescent dye, Lucifer Yellow, upon iontophoretic injection into blastomeres between the second and sixth cleavage. Up to the fifth cleavage dye transfer is detectable neither inin toto embryos nor in serial sections. Shortly after the fifth cleavage dye-coupling between blastomeres becomes apparent. This occurs approximately 40 min before the interaction between animal micromeres and the future mesentoblast mother cell. Inspection of serially sectioned embryos after dye-iontophoresis in either animal micromeres or in the central macromere 3D showed the absence of direct dye-transfer between these cells at the stage of interaction. The reduced rate of dye-transfer from the 3D macromere to its dorsal neighbour 2d2 suggests a bilateral symmetrical transfer pattern, the axis of which corresponds with the dorsoventral axis at the sixth cleavage. Cell deletion experiments demonstrated that the establishment of dye-coupling between the vegetal macromeres occurs independently of the interaction between animal and vegetal blastomeres.
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    Antheridiol, RNA polymerase II and sexual development in the aquatic fungus, Achlya (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 134 (1983), S. 314-319 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Antheridiol ; RNA Polymerase II ; Development ; ELISA ; Achlya ; Transcriptional regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fungus, Achlya, is one of the most primitive eukaryotes known to secrete and respond to diffusible steroid sex hormones (pheromones). Antheridiol, which is produced by female strains of Achlya induces male strains to differentiate male sex organs. Induction of male strains with antheridiol elicits several changes in macromolecular synthesis including a quantitative enhancement in the synthesis of poly adenylated messenger RNA. We have examined whether this quantitative change is due to the regulation of RNA polymerase II. The level of polymerase increases as a response to the pheromone. This was examined using two different approaches, one of which included an extremely sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Furthermore, the specific activities of polymerase II preparations isolated from pheromone-stimulated cultures was significantly higher than the specific activities of enzyme preparations isolated from control. A comparison of the polypeptide subunit composition of polymerase II preparations isolated from both pheromone-treated and control cultures on SDS polyacrylamide gels indicated no qualitative differences. Apparent differences in the stoichiometry of two specific subunits were reproducibly observed. The subunits of 140,000 and of 69,000 stained much more intensely in RNA polymerase II preparations isolated from 4h antheridiol-treated cultures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00407809
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    Control of the formation of bacteriochlorophyll, and B 875- and B 850-bacteriochlorophyll complexes in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides mutant strain H5 (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 136 (1983), S. 312-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides ; Continuous culture ; Control ; Bacteriochlorophyll ; Pigment protein complexes ; 5-Aminolevulinic acid ; Development ; Light
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides mutant H5 lacking 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase was employed to study the control of the formation of total bacteriochlorophyll as well as of the B875- and B850-bacteriochlorophyll protein complexes. The organisms were grown phototrophically in a chemostat where cell protein formation was limited by iron ions and bacteriochlorophyll by 5-aminolevulinic acid. 0.07 mol of bacteriochlorophyll was formed per mol of 5-aminolevulinic acid consumed. This stoichiometric relationship was not influenced by a twelve-fold variation in light energy flux. However, cell protein levels increased and, consequently, cellular specific bacteriochlorophyll contents decreased with increases in light energy flux. The ratio of B875- to B850-pigment protein complexes was inversely proportional to the velocity of 5-aminolevulinic acid supply (mol per cell protein and time) which in this system equals the velocity of 5-aminolevulinic acid consumption and the velocity of bacteriochlorophyll formation. Light had no direct effect on the ratio of B875- per B850-pigment complexes but an indirect effect via its control of protein formation. Changes in the ratio of the two pigment complexes resulted from the fact that significantly lower amounts of 5-aminolevulinic acid supplied per protein and time were required to saturate the system assembling the B875-complexes than that assembling the B850-complexes. The data suggest lack of light-dependent control in the formation of bacteriochlorophyll and its complexes subsequent to the 5-aminolevulinic acid pool.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425223
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    Ontogenetic development of the pineal organ, parapineal organ, and retina of the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L. (Teleostei) (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 233 (1983), S. 593-609 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Parapineal organ ; Retina ; Photoreceptors ; Development ; Gasterosteus aculeatus L. (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ontogenetic developments of the pineal organ, parapineal organ, and retina were studied by the use of light and electron microscopy in embryos and fry of the teleost, Gasterosteus aculeatus, from 60 to 168 h after fertilization. Sixty to 66 h after fertilization, the primordium of the pineal complex is discernible in the diencephalic roofplate; the parapineal anlage is located rostral to the pineal anlage. Photoreceptor cells endowed with outer segments are present in the embryonic pineal organ already after 72 h, whereas outer segments of retinal photoreceptors could not be demonstrated before 144 h (hatching occurs between 120–144 h). Furthermore, neuropil formations with synaptic specializations are present in the rostral part of the pineal organ 108 h after fertilization. At 72 h, the embryonic parapineal parenchyma is already differentiated into parapinealocytes, which give rise to the parapineal tract, and glia-resembling elements. Although parapinealocytes carry cilia (9 × 2 + 0), only a single outer segment of the photoreceptor type could be demonstrated in the parapineal organ of one adult stickleback. Photoreceptors present in the pineal organ of unhatched embryos are hardly involved in visual functions, but may already at this early developmental stage serve as photoneuroendocrine transducers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212227
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    Spatial relationships between fibroblasts during the growth of rat-tail tendon (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 17-29 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tendon (rat) ; Development ; Fibroblasts ; Collagen ; Extracellular space
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sections of tendons from the base of the tail of rats were taken at eight time intervals from 18 days in utero until 244 days after birth and were examined in the electron microscope. For each time period, measurements were made of the relative area of fibroblasts, collagen and interstitial material, of the number of fibroblasts per unit area of tendon and of the average area of individual fibroblasts. The spatial arrangement of fibroblasts in the tendon sections was described quantitatively using the “nearest neighbor” method. Initially there was a rapid increase in the area of collagen accompanied by a decrease in the area occupied by fibroblasts but after 104 days of age these values changed very little. The numbers of fibroblasts per unit area decreased steadily from the embryo until 104 days whereas the average size of each cell increased to reach a maximum area at 40 days of age and then declined. At all time intervals cells were arranged in a regular, dispersed pattern across the tendon fascicles. Growth in width of the rat tail appears to involve the secretion of collagen and other intercellular material symmetrically around each fibroblast, so as to gradually separate the cells until a stage is reached at which cells are sufficiently far apart that there is little contact between adjacent cell processes. This may interfere with the integration of metabolic activity in the tissue. As a consequence, there is shrinkage of the cell bodies and a reduction in secretory activity so that, between 55 and 104 days of age, the tendon enters a period of terminal senescence.
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    Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of fibronectin in the developing rat lung (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 165-177 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fibronectin ; Lung ; Development ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a previous study changes in the macrodistribution of fibronectin during rat-lung development were examined. Using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical technique, we have demonstrated the presence of fibronectin in embryonic, neonatal, and adult rat lung at the ultrastructural level. In the embryo, fibronectin is found both in an intra-and extracellular association with isolated pneumoblasts, and in a periodic distribution along the basal lamina. The neonate displays fibronectin in an intracellular association with early type-I cells and on their basal and luminal surfaces, but not in association with type-II cells. Neonatal basal lamina is diffusely labeled by anti-fibronectin antiserum. Fibronectin in adult tissue is found both intracellularly and on the basal and luminal surfaces of type-I cells but not in type-II cells. The basal lamina and interstitial connective tissue are slightly or non-reactive. These observations confirm and extend our initial suggestion that fibronectin is involved in rat-lung development.
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    Electron microscopy of extracellular materials during the development of a sea star, Patiria miniata (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 193-200 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sea star ; Development ; Cuticle ; Extracellular materials ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of conspicuous extracellular materials during the life history of a sea star (Patiria miniata) is described. The outer surface of the developing sea star is covered by two morphologically different cuticles that appear sequentially during ontogeny. The primary cuticle, which is about 120 nm thick and two-layered, is present from mid-blastula through the end of the larval stage. The secondary cuticle, which is about 1 μm thick and three-layered, first appears on the epidermis of the rudiment region of the larva and, after metamorphosis, covers the entire epidermis of the juvenile and adult stages. During ontogeny, there are only two conspicuous gut cuticles: the first lines the newly invaginated archenteron at the start of the gastrula stage, and the second lines the esophagus during the larval stage. A blastocoelic basal lamina first appears at mid-blastula and persists as subectodermal and subendodermal basal laminae. Ruthenium red-positive granules are detectable between the lateral surfaces of adjacent ectodermal cells during part of the gastrula stage; this transient intercellular material may possibly aid in lateral adhesion between cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217412
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    Ionic currents traverse growing hyphae and sporangia of the mycelial water moldAchlya debaryana (1983)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 115 (1983), S. 65-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Achlya ; Development ; Electrophysiology ; Sporogenesis ; Vibrating probe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This study explores natural ionic currents traversing hyphae and sporangia during the asexual life cycle of the mycelial water moldAchlya debaryana. Ionic current enters the extending hyphal apex at a density of 1–2μAcm−2 in the form of current spikes. Current normal to the surface enters hyphae up to 600 μm behind the growing tip. A large efflux of current lasting 1–2 minutes occurs during the homogeneous stage of sporangium development. Spore release is accompanied by a few spikes of inward current. The results obtained so far suggest that the developmental processes of hyphal elongation and sporangium formation in the asexual life cycle of water molds are correlated with particular ionic currents.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01293582
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    Estimates of egg and viable embryo production in a lacustrine perch, Perca fluviatilis (1983)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 8 (1983), S. 3-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Mortality ; Incubation ; Hatching ; Temperature ; Carex rostrata ; Development ; Fertilisation ; Fish ; Percidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Egg production and survival of perch in the embryonic period, and spawning observations at Lochs Kinord and Davan in Scotland are described. Spawning began on 20 April in both lochs at water temperatures of 9–11°C and continued for 10 days. The length of the incubation period was related to water temperature and was described by the regression equation: log10 days to hatch = 3.0286 − 1.6728 log10 incubation temperature in °C. Perch shed eggs in a single opaque strand and egg ribbons could be censused at each loch during the spawning period. The pattern of egg strand distribution and substrate used, predominantly the macrophyte Carex rostrata, is described. From eggs collected in the lochs it is estimated that 95.3% of embryos were viable, the nonviable portion comprising 0.5% unfertilised eggs, 2.4% dead and 1.8% with abnormalities. Potential egg deposition was 13.5 and 9.7 eggs m−2 at Kinord in 1976 and 1977 respectively and 9.2 m−2 at Davan in 1976. Egg production as dry weight was assessed as 3.3 and 2.4 mg m−2 for Kinord in 1976 and 1977, and 2.2 mg m−2 for Davan in 1976. Survival form spawning to hatching in all situations was estimated as 95.3% while the figure calculated for the period from hatching to recruitment to the pelagic larval stock varied from 11.5 to 73.2%.
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    Cytodifferentiation of the paraventricular nucleus in the chick embryo (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 229 (1983), S. 281-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paraventricular nucleus ; Hypothalamus ; Development ; Golgi study ; Ultrastructure ; Chick embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The developmental changes in the cytoarchitecture of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the chick embryo were studied with particular emphasis on the differentiation of the magnocellular neurons. These cells can be distinguished from the parvocellular elements starting from stages 34–35 (Hamburger and Hamilton 1951) in Golgi-impregnated specimens. At the same stages, electron microscopy reveals dense-core granules, resembling the characteristic elementary granules of the neurosecretory material in the cytoplasm of the larger neurons. In addition, a few immature synapses were observed on these magnocellular perikarya. The present observations suggest that the early onset of neurosecretion in this area may be neurally regulated during early phases of development.
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    Calcium-binding protein in the developing rat cerebellum (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 233 (1983), S. 389-402 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcium-binding protein (CaBP) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat cerebellum ; Development ; Vitamin D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Specific antibodies raised against a human 28 000 dalton cerebellar calcium-binding protein (CaBP) were used in an immunocytochemical study during development of the rat cerebellum. Both light and electron microscopy showed (1) that labelling was entirely restricted to the Purkinje cells, (2) that it appeared very early in Purkinje cell development, (3) that the entire cell was labelled from the tip of the smallest dendrites to the axonal terminals, and (4) that with increasing age, the immunoreaction appeared to be progressively restricted to the cell and organelle membranes.
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    Microinjection of Lucifer yellow CH into sea urchin eggs and embryos (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 309-318 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Division ; Dye coupling ; Development ; Embryo ; Microinjection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eggs and embryos of Arbacia punctulata were microinjected with the fluorescent dye, Lucifer yellow CH, using a simple pressure injection system. When injected into eggs that were subsequently fertilized, the dye was distributed throughout all cells of the developing embryo. If one cell of a two-cell embryo was injected, dye did not diffuse into the uninjected blastomere. During subsequent development, all progeny of the injected cell contained dye resulting in an embryo that was half-fluorescent. Blue light irradiation of a two-cell embryo, one cell of which had been injected with Lucifer yellow, caused the injected blastomere to stop further divisions while the uninjected blastomere developed normally and was free of dye. These results indicate that the first two blastomeres of Arbacia embryos are not electrically coupled, nor up to the time of hatching, is there any coupling between cells in one half of the first cleavage plane and cells in the other half.
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    Development of the larval nervous system of the sand dollar, Dendraster excentricus (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 229 (1983), S. 145-154 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pluteus ; Nervous system ; Development ; Larva ; Echinoidea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transformation of the gastrula to the pluteus includes development of the ability of the larva to control the direction of ciliary beat and coordinate activities of the ciliary band with activities of the esophageal muscles (48–60 h, 15°C). Glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence shows several cells of the animal plate to contain catecholamines in the 36-h gastrula. As the ectoderm thickens to form the ciliary band (36–48 h), the catecholamine-containing cells increase in number and occur dispersed throughout the band. Tissues with the ultrastructural characteristics of nerves first become apparent associated with the ciliary band in 60-h larvae. The coincident development of coordinated behaviour and the appearance of cells with ultrastructural and histochemical characteristics of nerves suggests that the larval nervous system is derived at least in part from cells of the animal plate and develops in association with the ciliary bands.
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    6-OHDA-induced ectopia of external granule cells in the subarachnoid space covering the cerebellum (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 230 (1983), S. 309-336 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neural ectopia ; Cerebellum ; Granule cells ; Development ; 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present report describes the genesis, development and topographical distribution of ectopic cells of the external granular layer in the subarachnoid space covering the rat cerebellum. Following one intracisternal injection to newborn rats of 100 μg 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), the meningeal cells degenerate and are removed by phagocytosis within 24 h post injection (p.i.), leaving the cerebellar cortex without a pia-arachnoid cover. Defects appear in the basal lamina investing the cerebellar cortex 3 to 5 days p.i., and both external granule cells and ‘sprouts’ from Bergmann-glia endfeet grow into the subarachnoid space. The latter form large, flat glial lamellae and cover extensive areas of the denuded cerebellar surface, although they do not form a glial scar over the exposed neuropil of the cerebellar cortex. The numbers of ectopic external granule cells increase within the subarachnoid space both by proliferation and a continuous efflux of cells from the cerebellar cortex. They migrate, aggregate, and ultimately develop into granule, stellate and basket cells, the morphology of which is indistinguishable from their counterparts in situ; they make specific afferent and efferent connections, both among themselves and with the underlying cerebellar cortex and brainstem. The distribution of ectopic external granule cells and their derivatives is restricted to the anterior vermal fissures and the vermal-hemispheric junctions. The present results indicate that external granule cells and their derivatives are capable of both differentiating normally and surviving in the subarachnoid space if they become associated with glial cells and establish synaptic connections.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213807
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    The freeze-fractured median eminence (1983)
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    Cell & tissue research 233 (1983), S. 81-97 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuroendocrine system ; Median eminence ; Neurohemal contact zone ; Development ; Freeze-fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neurohemal contact area of the median eminence was examined in adult, young, neonatal, and fetal rats in freeze-fracture preparations. While no specializations of the membranes of axonic terminals abutting on the perivascular space were observed, adjacent areas of the same membranes are rich in signs of hormone release. Signs of exocytosis are defined in the manner of Theodosis et al. (1978). Exocytotic pits with a single dense granule as a core are identified on P-faces along with mounds on corresponding E faces. These features appear near the time of birth, are especially numerous at 3 days, 3 weeks, and 5 weeks, and continue in lesser numbers into adulthood. Even more numerous and appearing even earlier, by the last day of fetal life, were P-face clusters of large particles usually in a pit, and pits without particles. These fall into 2 significantly different categories distinguished by the size of the pit. E face counterparts are large and small protuberances, respectively. Fenestrae of adult size and distribution are observed along the endothelium of portal vessels from the 20th day of fetal life on. Their frequency correlates well with other structural manifestations of a median eminence ready for the onset of functional activity at about the time of birth (Monroe and Paull 1974).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222234
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    Ontogenetic studies on the topographical heterogeneity of somatostatin-containing neurons in rat hypothalamus (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 233 (1983), S. 347-354 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Development ; Somatostatin neuron ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ontogeny of the somatostatin-containing neuron system was investigated by light-microscopic immunohistochemistry. During development, immunoreactive somatostatin-containing neurons arise from three discrete regions of the neuroepithelium of the third ventricle and show a chronological difference. The neurons are first evident within the third ventricle floor on day 12.5 of gestation; they move thereafter to the arcuate nucleus. The second generation occurs in the dorsal region of the arcuate nucleus during days 17.5–19.5; these neurons migrate sequentially into the arcuate-ventromedial nuclear region. The third generation is recognized in the neuroepithelial cell layer of the rostral hypothalamus on day 17.5 of gestation; these cells move to the periventricular area. This latter generation is most prominent during days 3–6 after birth, and some of the cells are seen sporadically even up to day 20. The first two generations give rise to the somatostatin neuron system in the arcuate-ventromedial nuclear region, while the latter gives rise to that in the rostral periventricular region in the adult rat hypothalamus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238301
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    Neural control of embryonic acetylcholine receptor and skeletal muscle (1983)
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    Cell & tissue research 228 (1983), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Avian skeletal muscle ; Development ; Acetylcholine receptor ; Innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The manner by which motor neurons exert control over the distribution and number of acetylcholine receptors, and muscle development was investigated in the superior oblique muscle of white Peking duck embryos. Clusters of receptors in the normally developing muscle first appeared on day 10 of incubation as determined with I125 α-bungarotoxin autoradiography. The initial appearance of receptor clusters coincided with the arrival of motor nerve fibers in the muscle. Clusters of receptors also appeared in normal fashion in muscles made aneural by destruction of motor neurons on day 7. But after day 14 these clusters had disappeared and no new clusters were seen thereafter in the aneural muscle. Receptor clusters persisted throughout development in muscle in which neuromuscular transmission was blocked with either curare or botulinum toxin and in muscles denervated on day 10.5, i.e., shortly after the initial nerve-muscle contact but prior to the onset of muscle activity. A progressive increase in the total number of receptors and in the total amount of protein occurred during the course of normal development. However, the specific activity of the receptor protein declined sharply following innervation on day 10. The total number of receptors and the specific activity of the receptor was affected depending on whether the motor neurons were destroyed before or after innervation and following chronic blockade of neuromuscular transmission. The half-life of the receptor protein was similar in normal, aneural, and paralyzed muscles (26, 25, 26 h, respectively). Measurements of total protein indicated that essentially no muscle growth occurred in the complete absence of innervation. Paralyzed muscles continued to develop but at a slower pace.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206259
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    Development of the capillary system in the neurohypophysis of the rat (1983)
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    Cell & tissue research 228 (1983), S. 685-696 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis (rat) ; Development ; Blood vessels ; Perivascular space
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the vascular system in the neurohypophysis of the rat shows three periods of structural differentiation. The first period lasts until the 17th fetal day. During this period the superficial and the border plexuses are formed, and rapid vascularization of the neural lobe anlage takes place. The end of this period is marked by the formation of the perivascular space. The second period lasts from the 18th fetal day until the 10th day after birth. Its initial phase is characterized by the appearance of the first endothelial pores. During this period the formation of the internal capillaries proceeds, together with the maturation of the previously formed vascular elements. The third period lasts from the 10th postnatal day until the end of the first month after birth. At the end of this period the vascular net of the neural lobe has attained its fully developed state. The results of this study, together with data from previous investigations, lead to the conclusion that at the 18th fetal day the neural lobe displays signs of functional activity, and that the maturation of the vascular network in the neural lobe occurs more rapidly than the maturation of its other structural components.
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    Embryonic development of the smooth and striated musculatures of the chicken iris (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 229 (1983), S. 37-59 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sphincter pupillae ; Smooth muscle ; Development ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Both smooth muscle and striated muscle are present in the iris of the chick embryo. The two types of musculature form mixed clusters which include undifferentiated cells and many nerve fibres, but they are structurally quite distinct and have different origins. The smooth musculature originates around the 10th day from a laminar invagination (iridial lamella) of the posterior epithelium, and is therefore an ectodermal derivative. The striated musculature appears slightly later than the smooth musculature and originates from undifferentiated cells which are regarded as mesenchymal. After the 15th day in ovo the smooth musculature stops growing; its cells become confined to an area very near the pupillary margin and many develop pigment granules in the sarcoplasm. Many smooth muscle cells seem to undergo regressive changes; however, cells with the typical appearance of visceral muscle cells are still present in the iris of 3-month-old chickens. High density of innervation and vasculari/ation, wide range of striated muscle fibre diameters, presence of lipid vacuoles and of large clusters of mitochondria in the striated fibres, occurrence of peripheral couplings of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and presence of numerous fibroblast processes in the interstices between fibres, characterize the sphincter pupillae of the mature iris.
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    Synaptic development and microtubule organization (1983)
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    Cell & tissue research 231 (1983), S. 93-102 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Microtubules ; Presynaptic dense projections ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using techniques for enhanced microtubular preservation (albumin pretreatment of Gray) occipital and pyriform cortices of rats were studied by electron microscopy at various stages of development. A close structural relationship was seen between microtubules (mts), focal membrane densities, synaptic vesicles, and presynaptic dense projections (pre-dps) during maturation. Mts were seen in the neonates to be focused onto the inner surface of immature axonic profiles merging or sometimes fragmenting there. Focal densities occur at these attachment sites and thereafter synaptic vesicles clothe the mts and abut onto these presumed primordial pre-dps. Thus, mts may contribute to the initial formation of pre-dps as well as their maintenance in the adult and may act to channel the first synaptic vesicles to the site of eventual synaptic contact and transmitter release.
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    Developmental profiles of gangliosides in mouse and rat cerebral cortex (1982)
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 281-284 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mammals ; Brain cortex ; Gangliosides ; Glycoproteins ; AChE ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Developmental profiles of 11 gangliosides, concentration of lipid- and glycoprotein-bound sialic acid, and activity of AChE of the rat and mouse cerebral cortex were followed from the 7th day of gestation to the 21st postnatal day. There are three main changes in ganglioside concentration, which are similar in both species. The first occurs from gestation day 10 until birth: parallel to decreased proliferation, cell migration, and neuroblast differentiation, GM3 and GD3 in mouse cortex and GD3 in the rat's decreases in favor of GQ1b, GT1b, and GD1a. The second occurs from birth until the first postnatal week: Parallel to increased growth and arborization of dendrites and axons as well as synaptogenesis in rats and mice, there is a two-fold rise of GD1a, whereas GQ1b and GT1b remain on a nearly constant level. Concomitantly, GM3 and GD3 decreases. The third period of ganglioside changes starts in the second postnatal week, parallel to onset of myelination, and is characterized by an increase of GM1 in parallel with a decrease of the polysialogangliosides GT1b and GQ1b.
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    Sequence complexity of poly(A) RNA fromPhysarum polycephalum (1982)
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    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 341-347 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Physarum ; Development ; RNA ; Sequence complexity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Poly(A) RNA from S phase, G2 phase and starved macroplasmodia of Physarum contain mRNA sequences which when translated in vitro, yield similar patterns of polypeptides after fluorography. Reassociation of nick-translated DNA (Cot) allows the isolation of highly labeled single copy DNA which, after saturation hybridization with poly(A) RNA, gives values of 23% for growth and 17% for starvation. Homologous cDNA/poly(A) RNA hybridization reactions (Rot) indicate that 22–28% of the genome is transcribed during growth and 12% during starvation and that about half of the cDNA reacts with 0.1% of the genome and could represent 50–80 RNA species, each present in about 1,000 copies per nucleus. Up to 25,000 different RNA species, 1–5 copies each per nucleus, are estimated to be present during growth, and about 15,000 during starvation. Heterologous cDNA/poly(A) RNA hybridization reactions (Rot) indicate that the RNA sequences in S and G2 phase of the cell cycle are similar, with RNA sequences being more abundant in G2 phase. During starvation about 25% of the sequences present during growth cannot be detected and those sequences present during growth have become diluted during starvation.
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    Sugar binding properties of the vitellogenic proteins in the Colorado beetle, demonstrated by hemagglutination and precipitation experiments (1982)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 159-162 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Vitellogenin ; Hemagglutinin properties ; Yolk formation ; Insects ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The sugar binding properties of 2 important vitellogenic proteins in Colorado beetle hemolymph were demonstrated by hemagglutination and precipitation experiments. The agglutination of human red blood cells by the hemolymph of reproducing females was observed up to a hemolymph dilution of 1/256, irrespective of the blood-group. It increased significantly after trypsinization of the crythrocytes. Vitellogenin 1 was identified as the hemagglutinin. Hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests showed that this protein has a low affinity for hexosamines and a higher affinity for sulfated polysaccharides. Precipitation tests demonstrated that besides vitellogenin, another major yolk protein, chromoprotein 2, reacts with sulfated polysaccharides. The possibility that there is a specific reaction of the vitellogenic proteins with well defined saccharides on the oocyte surface is discussed. This lectintype reaction may explain the selectivity of yolk precursor endocytosis.
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    Gap junction formation between normal and reaggregated endoderm cells ofXenopus laevis neurulae (1982)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 143-148 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Amphibia ; Junctions ; Interaction ; Development ; Freeze fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using freeze-fracture electron microscopy and fluorescent dye injection we have analysed the contacts between cells of the deeper endoderm taken from neurulae ofXenopus laevis. Endodermal cells in situ have large 1.5 μm diameter gap junctions composed of 8 nm P-face particles and corresponding E-face pits. Beside gap junctions, particle aggregates typical of desmosomal plaques are present but there are no tight junctions. The dissociation of endoderm into single cells involves profound structural alterations in the surface membrane including the complete disappearance of junctional structures among them gap junctions. The reaggregation of endoderm cells leads to the restoration of the surface membrane IMP (Intra Membrane Particle) pattern and, after ca. 30 min, to the establishment of functional pathways allowing for the intercellular transfer of fluorescent dye. Concomitantly gap junctions reappear. The observation that the dissociation and reaggregation of endodermal cells involves IMP alterations which go beyond the cell junctions themselves is discussed as an adaptation of the plasma membrane to changing environmental conditions.
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    Wyoming's industrial siting permit process and environmental impact assessment (1982)
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    Environmental management 6 (1982), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Natural resource planning ; Development ; Policy analysis ; Industrial siting ; Environmental impact assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The problem of management of industrial residuals can be reduced through a rational system for siting and planning major industrial facilities. In the United States, Wyoming has moved in the direction of establishing a one-stop permitting system that provides important information for air and water quality planning and solid waste management with a minimum of regulatory overlap. This paper describes Wyoming's Industrial Development Information and Siting Act of 1975 and suggests ways in which the Wyoming permitting system can be improved and applied elsewhere.
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    Glandular scale development and essential oil secretion in Origanum dictamnus L. (1982)
    Springer
    Planta 156 (1982), S. 496-504 
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    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Development ; Glandular scale ; Origanum dictamnus ; Secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Glandular scales of Origanum dictamnus L. originate from a single protodermal cell. They are composed of a 12-celled head and an unicellular stalk and foot. During the early stages of gland differentiation, the head cells possess a small number of plastids which contain globular inclusions. Similar inclusions are also observed in the plastids of the stalk and the foot cell. The lateral walls of the stalk cell progressively undergo cutinization which does not extend to the upper and lower periclinal walls. At the onset of secretion the electron density of the plasmalemma region lining the apical walls of the head cells remarkably increases. These walls are impregnated with an osmiophilic substance identical in appearance to the content of the subcuticular space. In a following stage of the secretory process osmiophilic droplets of various size arise in the cytoplasm of the secretory cells which undergoes simultaneously a reduction of its initial density. After secretion has been concluded the protoplast of the head cells becomes gradually degenerated. The chlorenchyma cells of the mesophyll possess numerous microbodies closely associated with various organelles. In the cytoplasm of these cells crystalloids occasionally occur.
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    Zostera capensis setchell: III. Some aspects of wall ingrowth development in leaf blade epidermal cells (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 110 (1982), S. 87-94 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Wall ingrowths ; Development ; Leaf ; Zostera capensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The development of wall ingrowths in leaf blade epidermal cells of the marine angiospermZostera capensis was studied by electron microscopy. Prior to the appearance of ingrowths long profiles of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae become arranged peripherally closely following the contours of the walls. The plasmalemma assumes a wavy appearance and in regions where wall ingrowths first start forming (i.e., along the radial, inner tangential and transverse walls) the plasmalemma becomes separated from the walls by an undulating extracytoplasmic space. Small, irregular projections of secondary wall material make their appearance here. Paramural bodies, dictyosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and possibly also microtubules seem to be closely associated with the initiation and subsequent development of wall projections. As the cells mature, new ingrowths arise in a centrifugal direction along the radial and transverse walls. When wall ingrowths reach a certain stage of their development, mitochondria become strongly polarized towards them and become closely associated with the plasmalemma which ensheaths the ingrowths. There is often also a close association between ER cisternae and the involuted plasmalemma of the wall projections. Initially ingrowths are slender, curved structures, but become more complex as the cells mature. Ingrowths are most extensively developed along the inner tangential and transverse walls. As epidermal cells age there is a loss of wall material from the ingrowths. The probable significance of the formation of wall ingrowths in the epidermal cells is also discussed.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of cell type-specific markers in reaggregating cell cultures of mouse cerebellum (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 677-690 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell type-specific antigens ; Cerebellum (mouse) ; Reaggregating cell cultures ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reaggregate cultures were obtained from single-cell suspensions of fetal and early postnatal cerebellum, and fetal telencephalon and mesencephalon from C57BL/6J and NMRI mice and maintained in suspension under constant rotation as described previously (Seeds 1971). The percentage of dead cells in the aggregates as measured by the uptake of the fluorescent dye propidium iodide was always less than 5% of all cells. During the initial phase of reaggregation up to 20 h in vitro (hiv) several immunocytochemically defined cell types had a random distribution within the aggregate. Astrocytes were identified by indirect immunofluorescence by the use of the markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), C1 and M1 antigens; neurons by NS-4 antigen and tetanus-toxin receptors; fibroblasts or fibroblast-like cells by fibronectin and laminin; and oligodendrocytes by myelin basic protein (MBP). Choleratoxin receptors and M 2 antigen served to distinguish the more mature from the less mature neurons. In reaggregates of early postnatal cerebellar cells neurons had started to redistribute after 40 hiv, forming an outer region containing more immature neurons and a core with more mature neurons. After 5 days in vitro (div) immature neurons were no longer detectable. From 3–8 div M1-and GFAP-positive astrocytic processes in the outer region showed a tendency for radial orientation. At later stages the processes appeared more randomly distributed and formed a dense glial network. Few oligodendrocytes and fibronectin-positive cells were present in the reaggregates. When reaggregates were prepared from 15 day-old embryonic cerebella, formation of radially oriented astrocytic processes and redistribution of neurons proceeded more slowly, but in a similar pattern as described for early postnatal cerebellum. GFAP was detectable at earlier ages than in situ. In reaggregates of 15 to 17 day old embryonic telencephalic anlage or midbrain, radially oriented astrocytic processes were not detectable. Similar to cerebellar reaggregates, accumulation of neurons in the inner region was observed.
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    The freeze-fractured median eminence (1982)
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    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 389-408 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuroendocrine system ; Ependymal junctions ; Third ventricle ; Development ; Freeze-fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ependymal junctions in both the ventro-lateral wall and infundibular floor of the 3rd ventricle were examined in adult, young, neonatal, and fetal rats in freeze-fracture preparations. During late fetal and early postnatal life, tight junctions developed in both ventro-lateral and floor ependyma with, first, the appearance of an area of waffle-like or honeycomb texture in the membrane where tight junctions will appear; second, the decoration of P-face crests of this honeycomb with individual particles; and lastly, fusion of these particles into smooth strands. In adults, tight junctions were rare in the lateral ependyma, but persisted on the floor as a loose network. Many small ependymal gap junctions were already present at the earliest fetal stage (17 days) examined. They occupied significantly larger proportions of the membranes on the ventro-lateral wall than on the floor throughout the time course due to an increase in their size but not their numbers. The smallest gap junctions were regarded as the newest in a process of renewal throughout life. The development of both junctional types parallels what is known of the onset of neuroendocrine functions in the median eminence. In the rat, this is apparently just before, at, or just after birth.
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    Development of the tympanal organ in larvae of the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 667-676 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tympanal organ ; Receptor cell ; Scolopidium ; Development ; Locusta migratoria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tympanal organ of the migratory locust acquires its definitive form during larval development. All the receptor cells (90–100) are present in the 1st instar, whereas the differentiation of the tympanum and the cuticular structures it bears proceeds in steps from one instar to the next. The elevated process is the earliest such structure to appear (2nd instar); it is followed by the pyriform vesicle (3rd instar) and folded body (4th instar). The styliform body first appears in the imago. Although the typical arrangement of the receptor cells is already discernible in the 1st instar, some of the attachment sites change during development, the final configuration appearing only in the imago.
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    Tetracycline effects on statolith and nematocyst differentiation inAurelia (1972)
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 122-130 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Tetracycline ; Development ; Calcification ; Statolith ; Nematocysts ; Aurelia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet de la tétracycline HCl sur la synthèse de statolithes de sulfate de calcium chezAurelia a été étudié. La tétracycline inhibe la synthèse de statolithes et nématocystes à un stade précoce de strobilation. La tétracycline, cependant, n'est pas incorporée dans les statolithes ou nématocystes en formation. Comme la tétracycline ne se combine pas avec le calcium des statolithes de sulfate de calcium dihydraté d'Aurelia, l'explication des effets d'inhibition sur la différenciation de statolithes et nématocystes ne semble pas liée avec un facteur en rapport avec l'incorporation. Des étudesin vitro de quatre systèmes inorganiques de calcium et de tétracycline montrent que le sulfate de calcium dihydraté (gypse) n'incorpore pas la tétracycline: il en est de même de son équivalent isostructural, le phosphate de calcium hydrogéné dihydraté (brushite). Le carbonate de calcium et le phosphate de calcium (apatite) incorpore la tétracycline. L'explication des différences de comportement du calcium peut être liée à la structure cristalline des composés respectifs, et, en particulier, au fait que l'ion Ca est prêt ou non à réagir avec la tétracycline.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird über die Wirkung von Tetracyclinchlorhydrat auf die Synthese von Calciumsulfat-Statolithen beiAurelia berichtet. Wird das Tetracyclin in einem Frühstadium der Strobilation verabreicht, so hemmt es die Synthese der Statolithen und der Nematocysten. Das Tetracyclin wird jedoch nicht in die sich bildenden Statolithen oder Nematocysten eingebaut. Da sich das Tetracyclin nicht mit dem Calcium der Calciumsulfatdihydrat-Statolithen derAurelia verbindet, so kann dessen Hemmwirkung auf die Statolithen und die sich differenzierenden Nematocysten offenbar nicht mit einem einbaubedingten Faktor erklärt werden. Untersuchunge, die in vitro mit vier verschiedenen anorganischen Calciumsalzen und Tetracyclin ausgeführt wurden, zeigten, daß weder Calciumsulfatdihydrat (Gips), noch dessen isotrukturelles Aequivalent Calciumhydrogenphosphatdihydrat (Bruschit) Tetracyclin einbauen. Dagegen inkorporieren Calciumcarbonat und Calciumphosphat (Apatit) das Tetracyclin. Die Erklärung für dieses unterschiedliche Verhalten der Calciumsalze findet sich in der Kristallstruktur der betreffenden Verbindungen, d.h. es hängt davon ab, ob das Calciumion ür die Reaktion mit Tetracyclin leicht verfügbar ist.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of tetracycline HCl on synthesis of calcium sulphate statoliths inAurelia is reported. Tetracycline inhibits synthesis of statoliths and nematocysts when administered at an early stage of strobilation. The tetracycline, however, is not incorporated into the developing statoliths or nematocysts. As the tetracycline does not combine with the calcium of the calcium sulfate dihydrate statoliths ofAurelia, an explanation for its inhibitory effects on statoliths and nematocyst differentiation apparently does not rest with an incorporation-related factor. In vitro studies of four inorganic calcium systems and tetracycline revealed that calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) did not incorporate tetracycline nor did its isostructural equivalent, calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (brushite). Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate (apatite) did incorporate tetracycline. The explanation for these different behaviors of calcium can be found in the crystal structure of the respective compounds, namely, whether or not the Ca ion is readily available to react with tetracycline.
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    Alkaline and acid phosphatase activities during growth of long bones and mandibles (1972)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 173-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Phosphatase ; Development ; Bone ; Growth ; Rhythm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude longitudinale, par séries, est effectuée pour déterminer les activités en phosphatases acide et alcaline dans les os longs et la mandibule. Le pH optimum des deux enzymes se situe respectivement à 10.2 et 5.4 pour les phosphatases alcaline et acide. Des portées synchronisées de rats sont sacrifiées, à raison d'une portée par jour, en commençant au premier jour jusqu'au 25ème jour post-partum. Les spécimens sont analysés en ce qui concerne leur concentration en protéine et leur activité en phosphatases. Une activité de types élevée et faible est observée au niveau du tissu osseux, ainsi qu'un type d'activité faible en phosphatase alcaline, au cours des pics d'activité en phosphatase acide, et vice-versa. Les pics observés suggèrent une concordance entre l'activité en phosphatase et les autres changements biochimiques de la croissance osseuse, au niveau de la matrice organique et la formation minérale. Une étude séparée, tenant compte de la possibilité d'une activité enzymatique rythmique, suggère l'existence d'un rythme diurne court chez les animaux jeunes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine serienmäßige Longitudinaluntersuchung wurde unternommen, um die Aktivitäten der alkalischen und sauren Phosphatase in den Röhrenknochen und den Mandibulae von Ratten zu bestimmen. Das pH-Optimum der beiden Enzyme wurde für die alkalische Phosphatase bei 10,2 und für die saure Phosphatase bei 5,4 ermittelt. Synchronisierte und randomisierte Würfe wurden getötet, 1 Wurf pro Tag vom 1.–25. Tag post partum. Die Proben wurden auf ihren Proteingehalt und ihre Phosphatasenaktivität untersucht. Ein Muster niedriger und hoher Aktivität konnte in beiden Knochengeweben beobachtet werden, sowie ein Muster von niedriger Aktivität der alkalischen Phosphatase bei Spitzenwerten der sauren Phosphatase und umgekehrt. Die beobachteten Spitzenwerte lassen einen Zusammenhang vermuten zwischen der Phosphatasenaktivität und den anderen biochemischen Veränderungen, die im wachsenden Knochen auftreten, d. h. Bildung der organischen Matrix und des Minerals. Eine getrennte Untersuchung, welche sich mit der Möglichkeit rhythmischer Merkmale der Enzymaktivität befaßte, läßt vermuten, daß in den ersten Tagen ein schwacher Tagersrhythmus bestehen könnte.
    Notes: Abstract A serial longitudinal study was undertaken to determine the activities of the alkaline and acid phosphatases in the long bones and mandibles. The optimum pH of the two enzymes was recorded at 10.2 and 5.4 for alkaline and acid phosphatase, respectively. Synchronized and randomized litters of rats were killed, 1 litter daily, starting at day 1 to day 25 post partum. Samples were analyzed for protein concentration and activity of the phosphatases. A pattern of low and high activity was observed in both bony tissues, as well as a pattern of low alkaline phosphatase activity during acid phosphatase activity peaks, and vice versa. The observed peaks suggest a correspondence between phosphatase activity and the other biochemical changes occurring in the growing bone, i.e., organic matrix and mineral formation. A separate study, considering the possibility of rhythmic features of the enzyme activity suggests that there may be a small diurnal rhythm at an early age.
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    Ultrastructure of sympathetic ganglion cells and granule-containing cells in the paracervical (Frankenhäuser) ganglion of the newborn rat (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 25-40 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: SIF-cells ; Short adrenergic neurons ; Biogenic amines ; Osmiophilic granules ; Innervation of uterus ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study was made of the ultrastructure of the paracervical (Frankenhäuser) ganglion of the newborn rat, using immersion fixation by glutaraldehyde (2.5%) followed by OsO4 (1%), or KMnO4 (3%) fixation. The cells containing dense—core vesicles were divided into three groups: (1) primitive sympathetic cells, (2) cells containing some dense-core vesicles 700–1100 Å in size and structurally resembling sympathetic neurons, called principal neurons, and (3) cells containing many dense-core vesicles with a larger, darker dense core, 800–2000 Å in diameter, called granule-containing cells. Using glutaraldehyde-osmium fixation, the principal neurons were further divided into dark and light cells on the basis of electron opacity of the cytoplasmic matrix. The granule-containing cells were believed to correspond to the small, intensely fluorescent cells (SIF-cells) previously described using the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence technique. On the basis of the amount of granules, the granulecontaining cells were classified as mature or maturing SIF-cells and as more primitive SIF-cells, and developing sympathicoblasts. The development of synapses in autonomic ganglia was discussed.
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    Ultrastructure of the developing thymus of the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 323-346 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Frog ; Development ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study of the ultrastructure of the developing thymus of the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) revealed that the thymus had undergone all of the major changes which would persist through larval life and metamorphosis by the time that the animals had reached larval stage IV of Taylor and Kollros (1946). These changes included development of an outer, lymphoid cortical region and an inner, essentially nonlymphoid medulla; mitotic activity among lymphoid cell precursors and the formation of the first small lymphocytes; development of complex cysts containing PAS-positive material and the appearance of other signs of secretory activity among epithelial cells of the medulla; and differentiation of large myoid cells containing bundles of striated muscle fibrils. The changes are particularly noteworthy because they first appear during a period in which the animals are known to be developing the capacity to respond immunologically to allografts.
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    The development of glio-vascular relationships in the rat spinal cord (1972)
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 555-563 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Astrocytes ; Capillaries ; Spinal cord ; Blood brain barrrier ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glio-vascular relationships were studied in the developing rat cervical spinal cord with electron microscopy. Capillaries were first evident on the eleventh prenatal day and were surrounded by undifferentiated cells and neuroblasts separated from the capillary wall by a perivascular space. This space persisted until day thirteen, when basement membranes began to appear. Small cellular processes containing glycogen were visible adjacent to the capillary basement membrane beginning at day fifteen and became more prominent as development proceeded. The origin of these cellular processes was not apparent, but they were most likely collaterals of epithelial elements. In prenatal animals neuroblasts or neurons were in direct contact with the capillary basement membrane. Cells resembling adult astrocytes were first observed during the nineteenth day. Astrocytic processes completely invested the capillaries, separating them from neurons in the spinal cord of all postnatal animals.
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    Ultrastructural changes in developing midgut epithelium of Calliphora erythrocephala meigen (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 278-289 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Midgut epithelium ; Insects ; Development ; Metamorphosis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural alterations in the anterior midgut epithelium of the fly Calliphora were investigated by electron microscopy. Nine developmental stages, from late larval to late adult, were studied. During metamorphosis, a tube is formed by proliferation of undifferentiated cells residing in cell nests in the basal part of the larval epithelium. The process of microvillus formation is described and compared with that in the embryonic stage. Differences between larval and imaginal cells were found in the rate of microvillus formation and in the occurrence of dense vesicles. The formation of a basal labyrinth coincides roughly with microvillus formation. Glycogen deposits occur mainly in the pupal stage and are almost always absent after emergence. Epithelial crypts are formed in late pupae by modification of the existing layer of cells together with a localized development of muscle fibres. In the adult stage changes may take place in the form of the cell apex, which generally assumes a more pointed shape, and in the amount of osmiophilic material, aggregating almost exclusively in the supranuclear part of the cell.
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    Studies on the cytophysiology of the fat body of the American silkmoth (1972)
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 433-444 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect ; Fat body ; Development ; Protein body ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry ; Lipoprotein ; Cytology ; Lipid globule ; Silkworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A developmental study at the electron microscopic level was conducted of the fat body cells of Hyalophora cecropia (L.). During the last larval instar the fat body increases in volume and the cells exhibit a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and protein bodies of diverse sizes. In the pupal fat body, the protein bodies appear to be enclosed by a double membrane and contain glycogen granules, ribosomes and mitochondrion-like structures. In addition, there are large lipid globules, cytolysomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum. The ultrastructure of the protein bodies suggests the development of large bodies by fusion of smaller protein bodies. Changes in fat body cell ultrastructure were followed during adult development and cytological evidence was obtained for the depletion of protein, glycogen and lipid in the female during this period. The female adult fat body cell contains free ribosomes, protein bodies, many mitochondria, a few lipid globules and glycogen granules. The male moth fat body cells have many mitochondria, a few glycogen granules, essentially no protein bodies, but an abundance of large lipid globules. Studies on the influence of egg maturation on the morphology of the fat body of Hyalophora gloveri (L.) revealed that ovariectomy of pupae yielded adults having more fat body than normal females, and that the fat body cells of the ovariectomized animals contained more glycogen, lipid and protein. Male pupae receiving ovarian implants developed into adults containing eggs and possessed more fat body than normal females but less than normal males. Very few glycogen granules were found in the fat body cells of normal males or males with implanted ovaries.
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    Die Ontogenie der basiconischen Riechsensillen auf der Antenne von Necrophorus (Coleoptera) (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 217-236 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory sensilla ; Insects ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. 1. Der cuticuläre Apparat der basiconischen Sensillen von Necrophorus wird von 4 Zellen gebildet. Hüllzelle 1 bildet die Dendritenscheide, die trichogene Zelle den von Poren durchsetzten Teil des Haares, die tormogene Zelle die porenfreie Haarbasis und Hüllzelle 4 Sockel und Ringwall des Sensillums. 2. 2. Die Entwicklung der Haaranlage wird durch einen Wachstumsschub des von einer Scheide umgebenen Dendriten eingeleitet. Dieser Wachstumsschub ist der Längenzunahme des Dendriten während der Häutung bei Hemimetabolen homolog. 3. 3. Die trichogene Zelle umschließt den Dendriten nur bis zu 2 μ oberhalb der Epitheloberfläche und wächst dann neben ihm zur vollen Länge des künftigen Haares aus. Mit Abscheidung der Cuticulinschicht degeneriert das freie Ende von Dendrit und Scheide. 4. 4. Die Anlage des Poren-Tubulus-Systems beginnt mit der Abscheidung der Cuticulinschicht. Bei Erreichen von ca. 30% der Haarwandstärke sind auch die Porentubuli ausgebildet. Der äußere Liquorraum entsteht durch Zurückweichen der trichogenen Zelle aus dem neu gebildeten Haar. Der Dendrit wächst innerhalb der sich zurückziehenden trichogenen Zelle in das Haar ein. Wenige Stunden nach dem Schlüpfen beginnt sich der Dendrit durch Vesikulierung und anschließende Vesikelfusion in ca. 50 Äste aufzuspalten.
    Notes: Summary 1. 1. The cuticular apparatus of the basiconic sensilla in Necrophorus is built up by four cells: the enveloping cell No. 1 secretes the dendritic sheath, the trichogen cell produces the part of the hair with pores, the tormogen cell the hairbase without pores, and the enveloping cell No. 4 produces the base and the ringwall of the sensillum. 2. 2. The development of the hair starts with the growth of the sheathed dendrite. This growth is homologue to the increase in length of the dendrite during moulting in hemimetabole insects. 3. 3. The trichogen cell surrounds the dendrite only up to 2 μ distal of the epithelial surface and then grows beside the dendrite to the full length of the future hair. After having secreted the cuticulin layer the free ends of sheath and dendrite degenerate. 4. 4. The development of the pore tubules system begins with the secretion of the cuticulin layer. When the hairwall has reached 30% of its thickness the pore tubules are fully developed. The outer liquor space is formed by withdrawal of the trichogen cell from the newly built hair. The dendrite grows into the hair inside the retreating trichogen cell. Few hours after emerging from the pupa the dendrite begins to split into about 50 branches: between the microtubules of the dendrite many vesicles arise which then fuse into continuous interspaces.
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    Naphthylamidase* in ameloblasts during enamel maturation (1971)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 267-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Tech ; Development ; Enamel ; Enzyme ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'activité en naphtylamidase est étudiéc au niveau des incisives et molaires de rat, à divers stades de développement. Du L-leucyl-4-methoxy-2-naphtylamide, du L-alanyl-4-methoxy-2-naphtylamide, du L-leucyl-2-naphthylamide et du DL-alanyl-2-naphtylamide sont utilisés comme substrats: du bleu rapide B et du grenat rapide GBC sont employés comme sels de diazonium. Le naphtylamidase n'est pas visible au niveau de dents, en voie de dévelopment, au cours de la formation matricielle de l'émail. A la fin de ce stade, le naphtylamidase est présent au niveau de l'extrémité distale des améloblastes, près de la surface de l'émail. L'activité enzymatique reste identique jusqu'au moment de la fusion de l'épithélium dentaire et de l'épithélium buccal, au moment de l'éruption de la dent dans la cavité buccale. On ne rencontre pas de naphtylamidase au niveau d'autres tissues dentaires; cependant une activité marquée est observée dans les ostéoclastes au niveau des surfaces de résorption de l'os alvéolaire, entourant les dents, en voie de développement et d'éruption, et dans certaines régions du tissu conjonctif.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Aktivität der Naphthylamidase wurde in den Backen- und Schneidezähnen von Ratten in verschiedenen Entwicklungsstufen studiert. Als Substrate wurden L-leucyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamid, L-alanyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamid, L-leucyl-2-naphthylamid und DL-alanyl-2-naphthylamid verwendet; als Diazoniumsalze dienten Echtblau B und Echt-Granat GBC. Naphthylamidase konnte während der Schmelzmatrixbildung im Zahn nicht nachgewiesen werden. Nach Abschluß dieser Phase erschien Naphthylamidase in den distalen Enden der Ameloblasten, nahe bei der Schmelzoberfläche. Die Enzymtätigkeit blieb am selben Ort lokalisiert, bis das Zahnepithel, im Augenblick wo der Zahn in die Mundhöhle durchstößt, in das Mundepithel überging. Naphthylamidase wurde in anderen Zahngeweben nicht gefunden, aber eine deutliche Aktivität konnte in gewissen Bezirken des Bindegewebes sowie in den Osteoklasten der resorbierenden Oberflächen vom alveolären Knochen festgestellt werden, welcher die sich bildenden und die hervorstoßenden Zähne umgibt.
    Notes: Abstract Naphthylamidase activity was studied in rat molar and incisor teeth at different stages of development. L-leucyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide, L-alanyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide, L-leucyl-2-naphthylamide and DL-alanyl-2-naphthylamide were used as substrates and Fast blue B and Fast Garnet GBC as diazonium salts. Naphthylamidase was not demonstrable in the teeth during enamel matrix formation. After the termination of this stage, naphthylamidase was present in the ameloblasts in their distal ends close to the enamel surface. The enzyme activity retained this localization until the dental epithelium fused with the oral epithelium at the time of tooth eruption into the oral cavity. Naphthylamidase was not found in other dental tissues, but marked activity was found in osteoclasts at the resorbing surfaces of alveolar bone surrounding the developing and erupting teeth and in certain areas of the connective tissue.
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    The structure of the terminal sensilla on the maxillary palps of Locusta migratoria (L.), and changes associated with moulting (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 48-68 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chemoreceptor ; Locusta ; Fine structure ; Development ; Moulting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The basic structure of the terminal sensilla of Locusta migratoria resembles that of Schistocerca gregaria. There are commonly six or ten neurons whose dendrites extend almost to the opening of the peg. Proximally the dendrites are clothed by a neurilemma cell which also encloses a basal cavity through which their ciliary region passes. The tormogen cell encloses the receptor-lymph cavity and actively secretes material into it. The receptor-lymph cavity and the basal cavity are quite separate. The development of new pegs at a moult is described. After apolysis the scolopale extends across the subcuticular space and protects the dendrites, which remain in a functional condition until shortly before ecdysis. As the trichogen cell grows out to form a new peg the tip is surrounded by a mass of electron-dense material, probably derived from the receptorlymph cavity. The function of this material is unknown. Regeneration of the dendrites is considered. The possible mechanism by which the tip of the peg opens and closes is considered and the general structure of the organule is discussed in relation to functioning.
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    Fine structure of the pterin layer in the dermis of Rana pipiens (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 558-563 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pterin layer ; Pigmentation ; Dermis ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the pterin layer was investigated in both wild type Rana pipiens and Rana pipiens homozygous for the speckle mutant gene. No difference in morphology of the layer was noted between the wild type and mutant. The layer lines the outer surface of the stratum compactum of the dermis and separates this stratum from the stratum spongiosum. The pterin layer consists of extra-cellular material and contains membrane-bounded granules filled with fine spicules. Many of the spicules are somewhat similar in appearance to the initial calcification loci present in developing membrane bone. The layer first appears in the tadpole at approximately stage 14 (Taylor and Kollros, 1946); subsequent developmental stages are described.
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    Ultrastructural observations on the postnatal development of the rat prostate (1971)
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 157-173 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Development ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of the rat prostate has been studied with the electron microscope. Major developmental changes begin during the second week after birth and involve organelles associated with the formation of secretions. The amount of granular endoplasmic reticulum and the size of the Golgi complex increase greatly. Large vacuoles that probably contain secretory material are formed, and the lumen of the prostatic acini appears to contain secreted material. Large lysosomes with polymorphic interiors are present as early as 10 days after birth, and they become numerous by the end of the third week. Differences in fine structure between the different lobes of the prostate are detectable in 10–14 day old rats. The subsequent differentiation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum into the forms characteristic of the different prostatic lobes is described. The initial changes in the prostate occur in advance of sexual maturity of the animal, and the adult appearance of the gland is attained by 4–5 weeks after birth.
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    Über die Mikrovillibildung im fetalen Rattendünndarm (1971)
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 546-556 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microvilli ; Small intestine ; Brush border ; Development ; Golgi apparatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Frage, auf welche Weise die Enterocyten des fetalen Rattendünndarms das für die Mikrovillibildung benötigte Membranmaterial liefern, wurde elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Es wird angenommen, daß hufeisenförmige Strukturen, die aus mit elektronendichtem Material bedeckten Elementarmembranen bestehen und möglicherweise Längsschnitten durch kappenförmige Gebilde entsprechen, in das apicale Plasmalemm eingebaut werden und für die Bildung der Mikrovillispitzen verantwortlich sind. Diese Annahme gründet sich in erster Linie auf die Feststellung eines nahezu identischen Durchmessers von „Hufeisen“ und Mikrovilli, auf die Lokalisation der „Hufeisen“ im Terminalgespinst und ihr zahlenmäßiges Verhalten während der Mikrovillibildung. Die „Hufeisen“ entstehen im Golgi-Apparat.
    Notes: Summary The origin of membranes required for the formation of microvilli has been investigated electronmicroscopically in enterocytes of fetal rat small intestine. It is assumed that horseshoe-like structures consisting of unit membranes covered with electron-dense material, which probably represent longitudinal sections through cap-like structures, are incorporated into the apical cell membrane and give rise to the tips of microvilli. This assumption is based chiefly on the almost identical diameters of “horseshoes” and microvilli, the localization of “horseshoes” in the terminal web, and the time of appearance and disappearance of “horseshoes” with regard to development of microvilli. There are indications that the “horseshoes” originate in the Golgi apparatus.
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    Development of the innervation in the human pineal organ (1971)
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 396-415 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human pineal organ ; Development ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This investigation is concerned with pineal organs of human embryos 60 to 150 days old. At every stage central nerve fibres enter the pineal organ by way of the habenular commissure, but are restricted to the pineal's proximal part. On about the 60th day of the development the sympathetic nervus conarii grows into the distal pole of the pineal organ from a dorso-caudal direction and plays the predominant part in the innervation of the pineal organ. After penetrating, it soon branches out and forms a network in the pineal tissue. Much later, not until the 5th embryonic month, sympathetic nerves appear accompanying the supplying vessels in the perivascular spaces. After a short time these nerves pierce the outer limiting basement membrane and penetrate the parenchyma. Towards the end of the 5th embryonic month the axons of the sympathetic nerves form varicosities containing clear and dense core vesicles. At this point large amounts of laminated granules appear primarily in cell processes, probably of pinealocytes. Isolated granules also occur in the varicosities of axons. The granules encountered here are most likely secretory granules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324942
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    Development of the ocular adrenergic nerve supply in man and guinea-pig (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 579-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bye ; Innervation ; Adrenergic ; Development ; Manuals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of adrenergic nerves to the anterior eye segment was studied in human and guinea-pig embryos. Adrenergic terminals had already appeared in the earliest human embryos available (4–6 cm). They first appeared mainly in nerve trunks in the primitive chorioid, especially in the region of the developing ciliary body. Adrenergic nerves then grow into different structures of the eye as these develop, but typical terminals in contact with effector cells appeared late during the development, about the 25–30 cm stage. No adrenergic nerves were observed in the chamber angle. Corneal adrenergic nerves (also intraepithelial terminals) appeared much more frequently in embryos than in adults. No adrenergic neurons were observed in the retina. In the guinea-pig, the first adrenergic fibres were observed at about gestation day 35. The general principle of the development was very similar to that of the humans. At gestation day 45 to 50, the supply of adrenergic fibres was essentially that of the adult animal, except that the corneal adrenergic fibres were increasing until just before birth and that the adrenergic terminals of the chamber angle appeared shortly before term.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324622
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  • 66
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    Ultrastructural features of the developing hypothalamo-hypophysial axis in the rat (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 208-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Hypophysial portal vessels ; Pars distalis ; Ultrastructure ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve fibres containing granular vesicles first appear in the median eminence of the rat on the 16th foetal day while secretory granules in the cells of the adenohypophysis are not present till the 17th foetal day. These observations suggest that the differentiation and early activity of pars distalis cells may depend on substances elaborated at nerve terminals in the median eminence. Although the loops of the primary plexus of portal vessels do not develop until the 4th postnatal day, substances released by nerve fibres in the neurohypophysis could reach the pars distalis through vessels already present at the 15th foetal day in the mesenchyme between the diencephalon and the adenohypophysis. This view is supported by the fact that the earliest cells to exhibit ultrastructural evidence of secretory activity are in the rostral pole of the pars distalis, the first region of the gland to become vascularized. The earliest granules to appear in the cells of the pars distalis correspond to those which are considered to contain mucoprotein hormones; somatotrophin type granules were seen only in postnatal tissues. The finding that, in the median eminence, the development of granular vesicles precedes that of agranular vesicles is discussed with reference to the times at which neurosecretory materials and monoamines become detectable in the region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324522
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    The relationship between synaptic vesicles, Golgi apparatus, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum: a developmental study using the zinc iodide-osmium technique (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 332-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptic vesicles ; Development ; Golgi apparatus ; Smooth endoplasmic reticulum ; Zinc iodide-osmium technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Routine electron microscopy and a zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide technique (ZIO), recently found to be specific for synaptic vesicles, were used to study the origin of synaptic vesicles during postnatal development in the lumbosacral enlargement of the albino rat. In immature nervous tissue, a large number of vesicles, indistinguishable from synaptic vesicles (S vesicles), were found in the Golgi apparatus and in different portions of the axon where they were often intermingled with elements of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Ten to twenty percent of these S vesicles within the Golgi apparatus as well as the majority of these vesicles in all parts of the axon were positive to ZIO. Much of the SER in axons was also positive. The number of vesicles and elements of the SER showed some decrease in the non-terminal portion of axons on day 21 and even more of a decrease in adult neurons. These data suggest that synaptic vesicles are produced in the Golgi apparatus and SER in immature neurons. The decrease in S vesicles and SER in adult neurons suggests a drop in synaptic vesicle production after synaptogenesis has ended. In addition, the material that has been studied shows that ZIO staining is not limited to synaptic vesicles during development since oligodendroglia and endothelial cells are also stained during this period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324896
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