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  • Articles  (17)
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  • Articles  (17)
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  • Springer  (17)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • American Physical Society
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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  • 2020-2022
  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999  (17)
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  • 1996  (17)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Imaging and analysis of photomechanical effects induced in water by high-power laser-target interaction (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 503-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 81.60 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of cavitation and associated photo-mechanical effects induced by underwater pulsed-laser irradiation of solid targets has been studied experimentally and analyzed with theoretical methods. A xenon-chloride excimer laser of 150 ns pulse duration has been utilized to produce ablation and local photofragmentation of artificial samples of hard tissues at fluences of 12–24 J/cm2. The evolution of pressure wave and cavitation formations developing in the liquid from the target surface after laser irradiation has been observed with a time-resolved imaging technique employing a pump-probe laser arrangement. The analysis of experimental results has been performed by using the theoretical model of “point explosion” that has been successfully applied to fit the cavitation kinetics, providing also quantitative information on the energy transfer during photo-acoustic interactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081051
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Applications of wavelength-modulation spectroscopy in resolution of pressure and modulation broadened spectra (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 283-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 42.60 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Theoretical and experimental results for modulation absorption spectroscopy (with simultaneous amplitude and wavelength modulations) are given, with particular emphasis on the effects of pressure and modulation broadening. As expected, such broadening effects result in a loss of resolution of nearly overlapping lines, whether these are from one or more absorbing species. The effects of phase-sensitive detection at harmonics greater than the commonly used second are investigated. It is shown that when detection is performed at higher harmonics, one is able to counter the loss of resolution due to pressure and modulation broadening. Applications in measurements of congested spectra, and in the simultaneous measurement of more than one species, are discussed. Other general characteristics of signals obtained by using higher-harmonic detection are also discussed, together with corresponding applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01833798
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A continuously tunable long-wavelength cw IR source for high-resolution spectroscopy and trace-gas detection (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 437-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 7.65 ; 33.00 ; 42.60 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new widely tunable source in the infrared for use in high-resolution spectroscopy and trace-gas detection is described. This spectroscopic source is based on Difference Frequency Generation (DFG) in gallium selenide (GaSe) and is continuously tunable in the 8.8–15.0 μm wavelength region. Such a DFG source operates at room temperature which makes it a useful alternative to a lead-salt diode-laser- based detection system that requires cryogenic temperatures and numerous individual diode lasers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01828938
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical frequency counters (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 507-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.60 ; 06.30 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Realization of optical subharmonic generation enables us to devise various kinds of optical frequency counters. In contrast to the optical frequency measurement with a chain of servo-controlled oscillators, proposed optical frequency counters are composed of nonlinear optical components and amplifiers without using laser oscillators or frequency stabilization. It is possible to construct the proposed optical frequency counter by using available components of the present state-of-the-art in the visible and near-infrared region of the spectrum. Then a compact and universal frequency counter for optical oscillations will appear.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01828948
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A direct method of particle sizing based on the statistical processing of scattered photons from particles executing Brownian motion (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 575-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.60 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A direct method of determining the mean diameter of particles executing Brownian motion is presented. The temporal coherence of the scattered field from submicroscopic particles illuminated by laser light is a function of both the integration time and the particle diameter. The temporal degree of coherence of the time-averaged scattered intensity decreases as the integration time increases. Statistical processing of the scattered photons leads to a method of particle sizing (average diameter), which circumvents the need for digital autocor-relation or power spectral estimation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081696
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A cylindrical liquid-core waveguide (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 12-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.10 ; 07.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A novel concept for a liquid-core lightguide in cylindrical symmetry is presented. For a concrete 17 cm long device using water as a core and the transparent fluorinated polymer Teflon as a cladding layer, the coupling efficiency and guiding properties are investigated theoretically and compared with experimental results. The guide is found to exhibit low losses. A possible application of this type of guide is investigated by replacing the optical cell of a standard UV/VIS spectrometer by the cylindrical liquid-core waveguide. An increasing sensitivity for especially low concentrations of a polluting dye by a factor of about 15 is observed. Concentrations as low as a few parts per billion of the pollutant can be detected with a good signal-to-noise ratio.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01112830
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical probing of laser-induced shock waves in air (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 307-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 7.60 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Shock Waves (SW) were produced in air by focusing the (0.25 J, 6 ns) second-harmonic (λ = 532 nm) Nd : YAG laser light into a stainless-steel cylindrical cell at a pressure from 200 to 760 Torr. The laser fluence at the focal point is 〉 5 GW/cm2. The spatial variation and consequently the time evolution of the radial propagation velocityU of the generated shock waves were measured via a simple optical system utilizing a HeNe laser beam triply intersecting the propagating shock wave at three successive positions. Using a reflector, we were able to probe the traveling SW in six consecutive positions during its round trip. Good agreement was obtained between the experimental results and the predictions of the point strong explosion theory. It is shown that this method is simple with a fairly good precision. It therefore appears to be useful for the determination of the SW dynamic parameters, namely its Mach number, the pressure at the SW front, the thickness of the compressed air layer and the energy consumed in producing this layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01833801
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitive density-fluctuation measurements using wavelength-modulation spectroscopy with high-order-harmonic detection (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 42.60 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We discuss experimental and theoretical results which show that when wavelength-modulation spectroscopy is used to monitor concentration fluctuations of gaseous species, greater sensitivity may be obtained if one uses high-order detection. We also show that, depending on the ambient concentration being monitored, there are regions in which the commonly used second derivative would show a negligible variation of signal magnitude with concentration fluctuations, whereas measurement with a higher harmonic would result in a much improved signal. Theoretical results for the measurements of any transition that can be described by the Voigt profile are given. The technique discussed is illustrated by presenting the results of measurements of wavelength-modulation spectroscopy of lines in the oxygenA band. Different detection harmonic orders are suitable for different ambient concentrations, and a related criterion that helps in the determination of a suitable detection harmonic order is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01080955
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method for the evaluation of the grating envelope in volume holographic media (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 399-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.40 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A novel method for measuring the three-dimensional spatial distribution of gratings in a volume holographic medium is described. In this method, the diffraction of a uniform probe light wave is measured as a function of the deviation (either in angle or wavelength) from the Bragg condition. The envelope function of the grating is obtained by solving the coupled wave equations inversely. Not only the amplitude but also the phase of the envelope function is obtained. This method allows for the depletion of the probe light wave in the hologram and is applicable to both dielectric (refractive index) and absorption gratings. The resolution and the maximum measurable depth in this method are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081202
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of dual differential absorption lidar based on Raman-shifted Nd:YAG or KrF laser for tropospheric ozone measurements (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 143-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.68.Ay ; 42.68.Ge ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Based on Raman-shifted Nd:YAG or KrF laser, a method of three-wavelength Dual DIfferential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) for tropospheric ozone measurements is proposed. A theoretical analysis and numerical simulations of the measurement error have been performed. The results show that this method can reduce the error in ozone measurements caused by the aerosol layer in the troposphere by a factor of ten. The proposed method is also shown to be insensitive to aerosol optical properties, and therefore, one does not need to know the wavelength dependence of aerosol scattering. The dual-DIAL with 277.1, 291.8, 313.2 nm radiation based on a Raman-shifted KrF laser can be used both during day- and night-time. The dual-DIAL with 289.0, 299.1, 316.1 nm radiation based on Raman-shifted Nd:YAG laser can only be used during night-time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081116
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compositional stability in GeO x and SbO x thin films for optical-storage applications (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 78.65 ; 81.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Laser-induced transformations (optical and compositional) of amorphousMO x thin films are studied as a function of the oxygen content and the nature of theM element,M being either a semiconductor (Ge) or a semi-metal (Sb). A high optical contrast in reflectivity is always found associated to the first laser pulses, this process being unaffected by the presence of oxygen. Next pulses lead to a process which may involve optical changes depending on the environmental conditions. Whereas the former optical changes are most likely related to a structural process which is completed before oxidation starts, the latter ones occur when irradiating at high oxygen pressures (1.2 bar) and thus they are easily related to an oxidation process. At low oxygen pressures (close to the oxygen partial pressure in air), the films show a good compositional stability upon irradiation together with a high optical contrast.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01080950
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Counting of particles in aqueous solutions by laser-induced photoacoustic breakdown detection (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 299-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.80 ; 82.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Laser-induced photoacoustic breakdown detection is applied for the determination of particles in aqueous dispersion. Polystyrene (latex), alumina and thoriasol particles of different sizes are investigated for demonstration. Laser pulses at 500 nm with 28 ns pulse width (FWHM), generated by an excimer (λ = 308 nm) pumped dye laser, are focused into aqueous particle dispersions to produce breakdown. The dye laser pulse energy is fixed at a value lower than the breakdown threshold of pure water to initiate a dielectric breakdown only when particles are present in a given focus volume. Focus volume parameters and particle size dependent breakdown thresholds are calculated and the results are compared with data from literature. Dependence of breakdown threshold values on the chemical composition of the particles is determined for polystyrene, alumina and thoriasol particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01833800
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thin films by regular patterns of metal nanoparticles: Tailoring the optical properties by nanodesign (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 381-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 72.15 ; 78.65 ; 81.15
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ultrathin metal films consisting of regular two-dimensional arrays of 44–95 nm sized silver nanoparticles were fabricated by electron-beam lithography. By independent variation of particle shape and interparticle distance, respectively, the film's optical extinction maximum wavelength can be tuned in a range from 460 nm to 520 nm and the bandwidth between 50 and 100 nm. The results suggests the potential of lithographically designed nanoparticle films as thin layer material with tailorable optical properties for applications in microoptics and optoelectronics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01828742
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Frequency locking and unlocking in a femtosecond ring laser with application to intracavity phase measurements (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 473-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.55 M
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Frequency coupling between the counter-propagating pulses inside a femtosecond ring laser gyroscope is studied. It is shown that frequency lock-in results from the counter-propagating pulses overlapping at or near a scattering surface. Nonetheless, the absence of lock-in with a scatterer at the pulse crossing point is demonstrated for the special case of symmetric scattering. The decoupling of the counter-propagating pulses makes possible the measurement of non-reciprocal phase differences of 10−5 and index differences of 10−10 over 1 cm. Besides measuring rotations, applications are found in the measurement of small changes in the index of refraction, and electrical transients on the 100 fs time scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01828943
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical study of configurational resonances in near-field optical microscopy with a mesoscopic metallic probe (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 115-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (SNOM), the case, where the probe is represented by a small metallic sphere, is studied using a microscopic description of the interaction between the probe tip and the surface. A newly established integral expression for the polarizability of a mesoscopic metallic sphere is employed to investigate the conditions for obtaining configurational resonances and to calculate the resolution of the system near the resonance. Both the frequency of light and the probe size are found to be critical for observing the configurational resonances. The width of the resonance peak and the smallest object for which the resonance condition still can be fulfilled (aspects that are relevant to the resolution) are considered for various probe sizes. The influence of the fine structure in the polarizability of the metallic sphere on the resonance distance between two identical spheres is finally discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575709
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluorescence interference-contrast microscopy on oxidized silicon using a monomolecular dye layer (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 207-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 68.55 ; 78.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A silicon chip is covered by a monomolecular film of a fluorescence dye with silicon dioxide used as a spacer. The fluorescence depends on the distance of the dye from the silicon. The modulation of the intensity is described quantitatively by an optical theory which accounts for interference of the exciting light and of the emitted light. The effect is used to obtain a microscopic picture of the surface profile with a precision of a few Angströms. The perspectives for an application in wet systems such as neuron-silicon junctions and lipid membranes on silicon are pointed out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01567871
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of X-ray luminescence and spectral compatibility of europium-activated yttrium-vanadate (YVO4: Eu) screens for medical imaging applications (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 483-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.65 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The X-ray luminescence efficiency of laboratory-prepared YVO4: Eu screens and their spectral compatibility to common optical detectors were studied under medical fluoroscopy conditions. YVO4: Eu screens were prepared by sedimentation and with different coating thickness. Luminescence efficiency of the YVO4: Eu screens was measured at various X-ray tube voltages (50–250 kVp) and for screens of different coating thicknesses (20–180 mg/cm2). Spectral response was also measured and spectral matching factors between the YVO4: Eu screens and some common optical detectors (photocathodes, photodiodes, photographic emulsion) were calculated. Experimental results on efficiency were fitted by formulas of the theoretical model developed by Hamaker and Ludwig in order to determine phosphor intrinsic X-ray-to-light conversion efficiency and intrinsic optical characteristics, such as coefficients related to light scattering and absorption. Although the luminescence efficiency of YVO4: Eu screens was found to be relatively low (3–11 μM s/mR m2), the matching factor of YVO4 : Eu screens with some red sensitive optical detectors was excellent, of the order of 0.96. High spectral compatibility may indicate that YVO4: Eu scintillators could be used in medical image detectors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01567121
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