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  • Articles  (28)
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  • Springer  (28)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • American Meteorological Society
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  • 1995-1999  (28)
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  • 1995  (28)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parametrically induced light diffraction in crystals with second-order susceptibility (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 421-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The theoretical description of parametric cascaded processes produced by intersecting beams in crystals with second-order susceptibility is presented. A common system of equations in the Slowly Varying Amplitude (SVA) approximation is used to treat the phenomenon. This approach provides a description of overall self-diffraction processes and the equations are well suited for numerical simulations. A relation between phase-matching conditions for parametric cascading processes and diffraction efficiency is found. Pump depletion influence is analysed. The results of numerical simulations are in good agreement with experimental data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081321
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Odd and even two-dimensional dark spatial solitons (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 121-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The formation of two-Dimensional (2D) odd dark spatial solutions is analyzed numerically at an initial helical dark-beam phase distribution. Experimental results are presented for the first time confirming the existence of two-dimensional optical even dark solitons (ring dark solitons). Several aspects of the evolution of input 1D and 2D odd/even dark beams are compared qualitatively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01090982
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generation of 6.8–7.7 µm radiation in lithium iodate (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 489-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 63.20 ; 78.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Generation of infrared radiation in ts-infrared transmission window (6.8–7.7 µm) is reported for the first time by non-collinear difference-frequency mixing of the Nd: YAG second harmonic and the same-pumped dye (Rh-610) laser radiation in a lithium-iodate crystal. The spectrum of polythene sheets was run with the generated radiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081278
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photorefraction in the ultraviolet: Materials and effects (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 351-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.25.Bs ; 42.65 ; 78.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Doped as well as nominally pure crystals of Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3), ι-Arginine Phosphate (LAP), Lithium Iodate (LiIO3), Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP), Lithium Formate (LFM), Beta-Barium Borate (BBO), and lithium tetra borate were grown and investigated for photorefractive effects at ultraviolet wavelengths down to 333 nm. In nominally undoped LiNbO3 crystals strong beam coupling effects were observed. In contrast to the visible we revealed a diffusion-dominated charge transport mechanism based on holes, and a low photovoltaic field in the order of 550 V/cm. With such a crystal we investigated the modulation transfer function of a lensless image projection system based on a phase conjugation scheme. A spatial frequency response beyond 2800 line pairs per millimeter was observed. Photorefractive beam coupling was also obtained in LiIO3. Light-induced scattering was detected in iron-doped LiIO3 whereas as-grown LAP material did not exhibit any observable photorefractive effects. However, 100 kV X-ray irradiation seems to induce material defects which can lead to weak light-induced scattering at 351 nm. In all other above-mentioned materials, doped as well as undoped, light-induced scattering could not be observed. On the other hand, this is appreciated in all the applications where the crystals are used as nonlinear material for optical frequency conversion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081535
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous-wave mode-locked solid-state lasers with enhanced spatial hole burning (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 429-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.55 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We systematically investigate the difference between both actively and passively mode-locked lasers with Gain-at-the-End (GE) and Gain-in-the-Middle (GM) at the example of Nd:YLF lasers. The GE laser generates pulse widths approximately three times shorter than a comparable GM cavity. This is due to enhanced Spatial Hole Burning (SHB) which effectively flattens the saturated gain and allows for a larger lasing bandwidth compared to a GM cavity. We first investigate enhanced SHB by measuring the cw mode spectrum, where we have observed that the mode spacing in GE cavities depends primarily on the crystal length. This was also confirmed for a Nd:LSB crystal, where the pump absorption length was significantly shorter than the crystal length. In mode-locked operation, pulse widths of 4 ps for passive mode locking and 5 ps for active mode locking are demonstrated with GE cavities, compared to 11 ps for passive and 17 ps for active mode locking with GM cavities. Additionally, the time-bandwidth product for the GE cavity is approximately twice the ideal product for a sech2 pulse shape and cannot be improved by dispersion compensation alone, while the GM cavity has nearly ideal time-bandwidth-limited performance. The results for the GM cavity compare well to existing theories taking into account the added effect of pump-power-dependent gain bandwidth which increases the bandwidth of Nd: YLF from 360 to 〉 500 GHz. In a following paper [1] (called Part II) a rigorous theoretical treatment of the effects due to SHB will be presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081271
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-photon excitation of atomic oxygen using a Raman-shifted ArF-excimer laser (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 32.00 ; 42.65 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A novel method for exciting the two-photon 2p 3 3p 3 P ←2p 4 3 P atomic oxygen transition is reported. The transition energy is provided by the combined photon energies of the second and third Stokes orders of a deuterium-filled Raman shifter pumped by an ArF-excimer laser. The ArF-excimer-pumped Raman shifter performance is characterized and the approach is demonstrated in an atomic oxygen population created by molecular oxygen absorption and predissociation in room air.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01082074
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SBS mirrors for XeCl lasers with a broad spectrum (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.60. Da
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold of focused broad-band XeCl laser radiation depends on the ratio of the coherence length to the Rayleigh range, which is affected by the transverse beam quality. With reduction of the focal length, the threshold decreases first and then reaches a nearly constant value. In addition, the energy reflectivity is increased. On the other hand, pulse shortening occurs and the phase conjugation fidelity is decreased. Separation of single lines from the structured XeCl laser spectrum improves the SBS efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01090975
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-photon absorption and its limitation of third-order nonlinear optical effects in rutile (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 127-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.65 ; 78.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Three-photon absorption and three-photon-induced excited-state absorption of rutile are studied by transmission measurements using picosecond pulses of a mode-locked Nd: glass laser. The nonlinear absorption limits efficient stimulated Raman scattering. It reduces the efficiency of two-photon absorption of a picosecond probe continuum. Three-photon absorption coefficients, excited-state absorption cross sections, a Raman gain factor, and two-photon absorption cross-section spectra are determined. The arrangementsE⊥c andE ∥c are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01090933
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of the KNSBN: Cu crystal with two-wave coupling at visible and infrared wavelengths (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 207-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.70.Gz ; 42.30.Va ; 42.40.Kw ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have optically characterized the newly-developed photorefractive crystal KNSBN: Cu by two-wave coupling at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. The effective electrooptic coefficientsξ(k g)r 13 andξ(k g)r 33, the effective charge carrier densityN eff, the dark conductivityσ d, the product of mobility and electron-trap recombination timeμτ R, the formation and decay rate of index grating and the absorption coefficientα of the crystal were determined from visible to near-infrared wavelengths. Their wavelength dependences were also studied. It is interesting to notice that the KNSBN: Cu crystal has a very largeN eff and large gain coefficientΓ for ordinary ray (o-ray) in the visible region, and the photorefractive properties of the crystal are very different in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01090945
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of a dual-wavelength dye-laser system for the UV and its application to simultaneous multi-element detection (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 339-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.65 ; 82.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the design and performance characteristics of a pulsed tunable dye laser system for the simultaneous generation of two UV wavelengths are presented. The system is composed of an oscillator and an amplifier stage, pumped by the second harmonic of a commercial Nd:YAG laser. Dual-wavelength operation is achieved with one additional tuning mirror introduced to the prism expanded grazing incidence oscillator. The two obtained wavelengths are independently tunable, their separation is only limited by the gain profile of the dye. Both wavelengths are frequency doubled by Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG) in two KDP or BBO crystals. Performance characteristics such as bandwidth, efficiency, tuning range and wavelength separation are reported. As application two such systems are used for the simultaneous detection of the four elements cadmium, nickel, manganese and lead by Laser-Excited Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry in a graphite furnace (ETA-LEAFS).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081533
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical restoration of photorefractive holograms (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 511-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.40 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We consider the possibility of restoration and/or enhancement of decaying holograms in photorefractive media by using a simple optical readout in conjunction with a phase conjugator. The results indicate that extremely weak holograms can be enhanced provided that the two-beam coupling is sufficiently strong. Steady-state photorefractive holograms can be maintained continuously without decay by using a self-enhanced readout scheme. The results also provide an explanation for the formation of mutually pumped phase conjugation in terms of the amplification of an initial noise grating. The results are presented and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081282
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    H2 CARS thermometry in a fuel-rich, premixed, laminar CH4/air flame in the pressure range between 5 and 40 bar (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33.20 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract To establish H2 CARS thermometry at high pressure, accumulated H2 Q-branch CARS spectra were recorded in the exhaust of a fuel-rich CH4/air flame at pressures between 5 and 40 bar. Temperatures were deduced by fitting theoretical spectra to experimental data points. The Energy-Corrected Sudden (ECS) scaling law was employed to set up an empirical model for the calculation of H2 linewidths in high-pressure hydrocarbon flames with H2 as a minority species. Experimental H2 CARS spectra could be simulated very accurately with this model. The evaluated temperatures agreed well with reference temperatures obtained by spontaneous rotational Raman scattering of N2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01090971
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origin of the resonant optical Kerr nonlinearity in Cd(S, Se)-doped glasses and related topics (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 17-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract After having reported preliminary results related to saturation, we first theoretically consider the various mechanisms contributing to the resonant optical Kerr effect in Cd(S, Se)-doped glasses. We obtain the expression for the expected effective susceptibility in different possible cases. This nonlinearity is studied experimentally using optical-phase conjugation in the low-intensity regime. We show that, by time resolving the nonlinear response of such glasses having experienced various degrees of photodarkening, we can clearly assess the origin of the resonant optical Kerr effect in these materials. Usually, a combination of a fast free-carrier contribution due to particles without traps and of a slow trapped-carrier one due to particles with traps is observed. For the free-carrier contribution, induced absorption is observed to be almost as important as absorption saturation. We also report frequency-dependent measurements and discuss the change in absorption spectrum and the increase of the nonradiative decay rate that accompany darkening.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01090967
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-efficiency multicolour Q-switched Nd3+:KGd(WO4)2 laser (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 213-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Energy output of 400 mJ, an order of magnitude higher than reported previously is obtained in aQ-switched flashlamp-pumped Nd3+:KGd(WO4)2 laser. No pronounced saturation of the output energy with respect to the pump energy is observed. Multiwavelength operation due to efficient Stokes conversion in the laser crystal is demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01090946
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficient vacuum-ultraviolet generation by anti-Stokes Raman scattering using a cryogenic Raman cell (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 319-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.55 ; 07.60 ; 07.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the increase of efficiency for high-order anti-Stokes Raman scattering using a cryogenic Raman cell. By cooling the cell to liquid-nitrogen temperature, output energies of the 9th-order anti-Stokes wave at 133 nm in normal hydrogen were enhanced by a factor of 10, and the 11th-order anti-Stokes line at 141 nm in normal deuterium appeared, while no output was observed at room temperature. No output energy enhancement, however, was obtained using cooled para-hydrogen as a result of multiple rotational Raman scattering. For long-term operation, the output window surface of the Raman cell was kept at above 200 K in order to protect it from deposition, the absorption of which is detrimental to VUV transmission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081530
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiwave-pumped mirrorless parametric oscillation in BaTiO3 (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 415-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 72.40 ; 78.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report on the observation of mirrorless oscillation in photorefractive BaTiO3 pumped by two pairs of two nearly counterpropagating light waves, each of them containing an ordinary and an extraordinary component of polarization. The oscillation waves are located on a cone with an apex angle defined by the phase-matching conditions of this process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081269
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ti:Sapphire-pumped femtosecond optical parametric oscillators based on KTiOPO4 and RTiOAsO4 (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 437-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.65 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The design, configuration and operation of Ti:Sapphire-laser-pumped femtosecond Optical Parametric Oscillators (OPOs) using KTP and RTA are described. The results presented include configurations capable of producing transform-limited pulses shorter than 40 fs and operating with pump powers as low as 50 mW. Tunability within the 1–3 µn spectral region is demonstrated using pump-tuning alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081323
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visible femtosecond pulses by second-harmonic generation of a cw mode-locked KTP optical parametric oscillator (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 453-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Efficient generation of femtosecond pulses in the wavelength range from 520 to 675 nm by external frequency doubling the signal wave of a non-critically phase-matched picosecond KTP Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) in a non-critically phase-matched temperature tuned LiB3O5(LBO) crystal is demonstrated. An average power of the second harmonic as high as 310 mW at 575 nm was generated. In the absence of group velocity mismatch of LBO for a wavelength of the OPO at about 1.3 µm the minimum second-harmonic pulse width was 400 fs at 645 nm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081326
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Four-photon parametric processes pumped by optical pulses with noise structure (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 571-572 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 72.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical model of a transient nonlinear four-photon interaction in a fibre is proposed. An optimization of the efficiency of the parametric conversion is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01080937
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CARS thermometry in a transversely heated graphite-tube atomizer used in atomic absorption spectrometry (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 201-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An experimental setup for gas-temperature diagnostics using Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) in very small sample volumes with great spatial and temporal temperature variations is presented. Studies have been started of a newly designed transversely heated graphite-tube atomizer for atomic absorption spectrometry (Perkin-Elmer, 4100 ZL). For the investigations, high spatial resolution and precise time synchronization of the measurements and also automatic control of the time-dependent intensity of the anti-Stokes signal were realized. The graphite-tube atomizer also offers the possibility of high-temperature-gas spectroscopy. A high-temperature CARS spectrum of CO2, recorded in the graphite tube at 2300 K, is shown for the first time. A number of hot-band transitions in the spectral region of the Fermi doublet at a Raman shift from 1230 to 1450cm−1 was observed and assigned, making possible the use of CO2 as “spectroscopic thermometer gas”, similar to N2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01090944
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polarization-spectroscopic measurement and spectral simulation of OH (A 2 Σ−X 2 Π) and NH (A 3 Π−X 3 Σ) transitions in atmospheric pressure flames (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 421-427 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33.00 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Polarization spectroscopy has been used to investigate the electronic bands of OH (A 2 Σ-X 2 Π) and NH (A 3 Π-X 3 Σ) radicals generated in atmospheric pressure flames. The pump-beam intensity dependence of the polarization-spectroscopy signals of isolated lines in theR branches has been studied. It was found that significant saturation is noticeable for pump-beam intensities as low as 0.1 MW/cm2. A detailed theoretical description inluding laser-bandwidth convolutions has been developed to model unsaturated polarization spectra of OH and NH. For OH, temperature evaluations have been performed in methane/air flames from fits to experimentalR 1 band head spectral structures. The results are critically dependent on the degree of saturation in experimental spectra, instrumental bandwidth and the assumed coupling cases in the calculation of line-strength parameters. It is shown that saturation leads to an error of more than 60% in the temperature evaluation when a pump-beam intensity of 1 MW/cm2 is used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081270
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Continuous-wave mode-locked solid-state lasers with enhanced spatial hole burning (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 569-579 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.55 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In Part I of this paper [1] experimental results were presented and discussed. In this part, we investigate theoretically the dynamics of end-pumped solid-state lasers due to enhanced spatial hole burning. This becomes possible by a fast numerical implementation of the saturated gain in the presence of strong spatial hole burning that allows to treat the multimode case for an arbitrary pumping level. We find for a wide range of laser parameters that the mode spacing of the cw running modes is essentially determined by the length of the gain medium and only weakly depends on the absorption depth of the pump transition. It is shown that spatial hole burning can lead to a completely flat saturated gain profile over half of the gain bandwidth. In mode-locked lasers, the flat gain due to spatial hole burning results in shorter pulses. But the pulses are neither Gaussian-nor sech-shaped as they are in actively or passively mode-locked lasers without spatial hole burning. Further, we show that soliton-like pulse shaping can be used to restore a transform-limited sech-shaped pulse in an end-pumped solid-state laser while exploiting the full gain bandwidth of the laser material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01091215
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    Polarization spectroscopy applied to C2 detection in a flame (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 5-10 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 33.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The detection of C2 radicals in a premixed acetylene-oxygen flame by using polarization spectroscopy is reported. The signal was recorded in the Swan system,d 3 II g−a 3 II u (0, 0), using a pulsed dye laser. The spectrum shows a very good signal-to-noise ratio with clearly resolved rotational structures of theP andR triplets. The dependence of the signal on the pump-beam polarization was also studied. The spatial distribution of the signal from C2 radicals in the flame was measured as a demonstration of the use of polarization spectroscopy in combustion diagnostics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01082066
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    Single-valued determination of second-order nonlinear susceptibilities by quarter-wave-plate rotation (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 135-141 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present a new technique to determine the complex-valued tensor components of the nonlinear surface susceptibility χ s (2) of isotropic adsorbate layers. It is based on a change of the state of the fundamental polarization by rotation of a quarter-wave plate. We verify the theoretical predictions by measurements on a Langmuir-Blodgett film of a highly nonlinear hemicyanine dye in total reflection geometry. The obtained second-harmonic rotation pattern is analyzed in Fourier components, which are related to the absolute value and relative phase of the tensor components of the surface susceptibility. We compare the obtained results with separate measurements in which a half-wave plate is used to rotate the fundamental polarization. Our results are confirmed by an additional interference experiment. The method presented here allows the single-valued determination of χ s (2) with measurements at only one angle of incidence, in contrast to the half-wave-plate technique.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01090934
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of methane in air using diode-laser pumped difference-frequency generation near 3.2 μm (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 553-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 33.00 ; 42.60 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Spectroscopic detection of the methane in natural air using an 800 nm diode laser and a diode-pumped 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser to produce tunable light near 3.2 µm is reported. The lasers were pump sources for ring-cavity-enhanced tunable difference-frequency mixing in AgGaS2. IR frequency tuning between 3076 and 3183 cm−1 was performed by crystal rotation and tuning of the extended-cavity diode laser. Feedback stabilization of the IR power reduced intensity noise below the detector noise level. Direct absorption and wavelength-modulation (2f) spectroscopy of the methane in natural air at 10.7 kPa (80 torr) were performed in a 1 m single-pass cell with 1 µW probe power. Methane has also been detected using a 3.2 µm confocal build-up cavity in conjunction with an intracavity absorption cell. The best methane detection limit observed was 12 ppb m (Hz.)−1/2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01091213
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical second-harmonic generation by supported metal clusters: Size and shape effects (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 607-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 68.55 ; 36.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Optical Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) by metal clusters has been investigated. For this purpose clusters were generated by the deposition and nucleation of metal atoms on a LiF(100) single crystal surface under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The size and shape of the metal particles was characterized by optical transmission spectroscopy. The SHG intensity was detected in situ as a function of cluster size during the nucleation. Fundamental wavelengths of λ=1064 and 532 nm were used and the SHG signal was measured for different polarization combinations of the incident and registered light. SH radiation is detectable for particles as small as approximately 1 nm. The signal grows monotonically as a function of particle size, passes a maximum and finally drops off. This behavior is discussed in terms of resonant enhancement of the signal by surface plasmon excitation and changes ofχ (2) as a function of particle size and shape. In further experiments the chemisorption of oxygen on the surface of the metal particles was studied. The SH signal decreases as a function of oxygen coverage and amounts to only about 15% of the initial value upon chemisorption of one monolayer. This indicates that the SH signal originates almost exclusively from the surface of the clean clusters and that higher order bulk contributions are negligible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01538536
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adsorption of oxygen and hydrogen on Pt(111) studied with second-harmonic generation (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 209-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.35 ; 82.20 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The adsorption of oxygen and hydrogen on a Pt(111) surface has been studied with phase-sensitive Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG) signal detection. The SHG-signal change measured with p-in, p-out polarization during the adsorption of oxygen and hydrogen was found to be different in amplitude and phase for the two adsorbates. At the wavelength used (1064 nm), only a localized interaction between adsorbate and substrate is seen, leading to a linear dependence of the susceptibility on the coverage. Sticking coefficients,sθ, and their coverage dependence were determined. For hydrogen, a linear decrease insθ with coverage was found; the initial sticking coefficient beings 0=0.06 at a temperature ofT=130 K. For oxygen,sθ whows a quadratic decrease with coverage, strongly dependent on temperature, withs 0=0.05 atT=350 K. A method based on these results is proposed, which would allow the determination of adsorbate coverages of coadsorption systems with SHG using phase-sensitive signal detection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01538248
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Second-order nonlinear susceptibilities of surfaces (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.60 ; 82.65 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Systematic studies were carried out with the goal to further develop optical Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG) as a tool for surface and interface analysis. For this purpose hexadecane thiol, HS(CH2)15CH3, on polycrystalline Au films served as a model system to study the spectral behavior of the susceptibility of the gold surface and its variation as a function of coverage. Experiments have been performed at different coverages, with different polarization combinations of the incident and detected light, different angles of incidence and different wavelengths ranging from z=615 nm to 660 nm. In addition to the intensity of the generated second-harmonic light, its phase was measured. As a result, a complete determination of all independent elements of the susceptibility tensor became possible. The studies with different excitation wavelengths reveal the presence of resonances of the tensor elements and strikingly demonstrate the importance of phase measurements for an unambiguous interpretation of the data. The superposition of resonant contributions originating from different elements of the susceptibility tensor is discussed and gives rise to very distinct and peculiar spectral features.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577605
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