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  • Articles  (2,675)
  • Springer  (2,398)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (207)
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  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1945-1949  (2,675)
  • 1949  (1,707)
  • 1946  (968)
  • Biology  (2,675)
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  • Articles  (2,675)
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  • 1945-1949  (2,675)
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  • 1
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 11 (1949), S. 59-82 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A theory of linkage of autopolyploids is developed under consideration ofm loci andr alleles. The simplifying assumption of chromosome segregation, which may be considered as an approximation to the more adequate theory of chromatid segregation, is made throughout. Random mating and distinct, non-overlapping generations are assumed. Under these assumptions the problem is determined by three basic probability distributions—the distributions of genotypes and of gametes, and the segregation distribution. The segregation distribution is assumed to be the same for males and for females. The aim of the paper is to establish recurrence formulas (which allow to find the distributions of gametes and of genotypes from generation to generation, if the distribution of genotypes for an initial generation is known) and to investigate the limit behavior of these distributions as the number of generations increases indefinitely. In the present paper (hereafter referred to as I) the problem is explained, and the three characteristic distributions are introduced for the general case of a 2s-ploid,m loci, andr alleles. Recurrence relations are established for tetraploids,s=2 andm=2 loci, while the recurrence relations for the general case as well as the limit theorems will be given in the second part of this paper (hereafter referred to as II).
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  • 2
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 11 (1949), S. 83-95 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Steady state kinetic relations previously developed forclosed, homogeneous systems are extended toopen systems consisting of geometrically confined regions of arbitrary shape. The generalized system of consecutive reactions is considered to occur within the cell, and the cell plus environment are treated as an open system. The diffusion condition is imposed upon the kinetic solution for various special cases and the method ofgeneral solution when all products, reactants and intermediates, may enter and leave the cell is indicated.
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  • 3
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 11 (1949), S. 97-103 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract When two polished metal spheres in contact with each other are immersed in a corrosive solution, their surfaces gradually corrode, leaving, however, a non-corroded zone around the point of contact. The size of this zone is a function of the size of the spheres, concentration of the corrosive, and of the time. The phenomenon has been first observed by F. C. Besic on human teeth immersed in hydrochloric acid, and studied on metal balls. In the present paper it is shown that such a phenomenon may be due to gradients of concentration of the corrosive in the neighborhood of the point of contact, caused by the chemical reaction which consumes the corrosive. Approximate expressions for the size of the uncorroded zones as a function of the size of the balls and as a function of time are derived and found to be in fair agreement with F. C. Besic's data.
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  • 4
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 11 (1949), S. 105-113 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract When an individual grows up in a society, he learns certain behavior patterns which are “accepted” by that society. He may in general have a tendency toward behavior patterns other than those which are “accepted” by the society. This tendency toward such unaccepted behavior may be due to a process of cerebration which results in doubt as to the “correctness” of the accepted behavior. Thus, on the one hand, the individual learns to follow the accepted rules almost automatically; on the other hand, he may tend to consciously break those rules. Using a neural circuit, suggested by H. D. Landahl in his theory of learning, a neurobiophysical interpretation of the above situation is outlined. Mathematical expressions are derived which describe the social behavior of an individual as a function of his age, social status, and some neurobiophysical parameters.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 11 (1949), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Analysis is made to show that the mitotic index is simply proportional to the ratio of the duration of mitosis (T) to the intermitotic time only under special conditions. In the case of exponential growth of cell population the simple proportionality hold if the product ofT and the growth constant is small. For power law (t n ) growth of cell population the simple proportionality holds only when a steady state of growth has existed for at least ten intermitotic periods. The simple proportionality does not apply in conditions of transient growth.
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  • 6
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 11 (1949), S. 115-138 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Food and metabolic waste products, insofar as they act upon the hereditary substrate of cells, are the most important factors governing tissue growth. Equations describing the growth of tissues are derived in consideration of this fact. A quantity is found in these equations which, if slightly changed, results in very great changes in the growth rate of the tissue, where such very great changes are interpretable as neoplastic growth. The relationship between our equations and similar equations which others have proposed is discussed.
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  • 7
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 11 (1949), S. 145-147 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
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  • 8
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    Acta biotheoretica 8 (1946), S. 67-76 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
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  • 9
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    Acta biotheoretica 9 (1949), S. 57-74 
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  • 10
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    Acta biotheoretica 9 (1949), S. 1-40 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die phylogenetische Entwicklung wurde im Bereich der Kieselalgen von bestimmten Gesetzmässigkeiten beherrscht. Die Entstehung neuer Arten und Gattungen, ihr Wiederverschwinden und die Zunahme des Formenreichtums, resultierend aus der Zahl der neuentstandenen, vermindert um die der wieder verschwindenen Arten und Gattungen und vollzog sich nach Regeln (rules-within-limits), die durch folgende Phänomene gekennzeichnet sind: 1) Zwischen der Zahl der neuentstehenden und der Zahl der in der gleichen geologischen Subperiode aus inneren Gründen wieder aussterbenden Arten besteht eine mehr oder wenig feste Beziehung. Diese ist für die Centricae und Pennatae verschieden. 2) Ein bestimmter Anteil der neuentstandenen Arten und Gattungen erwies sich aus inneren Gründen als „ausdauernd” und blieb bis auf den heutigen Tag erhalten. Die Zunahme der Arten- (und Gattungs-) Zahl durch das Hinzukommen langlebiger Formen war stetig und vollzog sich nach Massgabe geometrischer Progressionen. Diese Tatsachen führen zu dem Schluss, dass die phylogenetische Entwicklung der Kieselalgen nach monopodialem, und nicht nach sympodialem Muster vorsichging. Auch in andern Pflanzengruppen und im Tierreich durften die gleichen Gesetzmässigkeiten herrschend sein. Am klarsten gelangen sie bei den Centricae zum, Ausdruck und werden vom Autor als das Fazit von Additions-, Subtraktions-, und Multiplikationsprozessen aufgefasst. Die heutige Situation bezüglich Häufigkeit der Grössen der Gattungen, in Zahl der Arten, ist das Endergebnis der summativen Wirkung dieser Einzelprozesse. Diese als ‚rules-within-limits’ bezeichneten Gesetzmässigkeiten werden im einzelnen beschrieben, erklärt und zusammenfassend dargestellt. Zu andern Evolutionstheorien in Beziehung gebracht, werden sie schliesslich für Erörterung des Problems benutzt, inwieweit noch andere evolutionsgeschichtliche Prozesse als übergeordnete Faktoren in den vom Verfasser dargestellten Grundplan des Evolutionsgeschehens eingreifen können.
    Abstract: Résumé L'évolution organique ou le changement parmi les Diatomées s'est effectué avec une régularité considérable. Les origines et les extinctions, et les accroissements des nombres des espèces et des genres, se sont soumis en tout aux lois et aux ordres, commes des régularités à l'intérieur de légères déviations. Le changement de l'évolution fut la conséquence de deux sortes de phénomène: 1°) l'origine et l'extinction des espèces éphémères dans une proportion plus ou moins déterminée mais différente pour les deux classes des Diatomées, Centricae et Pennatae; ces espèces éphémères moururent dans la subpériode de leur origines malgré le caractère assez favorable des circonstances environnantes, à cause de l'évanescence inhérente aux espèces particulières, et 2°) l'origine des espèces nouvelles (et des genres nouveaux) qui démontrèrent leur qualité innée de permanence tout en continuant de vivre depuis leurs origines, pour la plupart, jusqu'à présent. Les additions continuelles d'espèces nouvelles et permanentes, en nombres proportionnés aux nombres disponibles comme espèces parentes et possibles, donnèrent des accroissements par progressions géométriques. Par conséquent, l'évolution parmi les Diatomées fut monopodiale et non pas sympodiale. Les deux sortes d'espèces-durées sont bien connues parmi beaucoup d'autres classes de plantes et d'animaux. Les mêmes procédés d'additions, de soustractions et de multiplications, particulièrement tels qu'on les trouve dans les Centricae, sont très probables pour ces classes de plantes et d'animaux qui ont donné un résultat le plus semblable pour la somme totale de leur histoire précédente, sous la forme de la répartition des fréquences de leurs grandeurs générique actuelles. Les régularités à l'intérieur de légères déviations de cette évolution fondamentale sont détaillées, définies et discutées dans leurs relations aux diverses théories touchant les autres méthodes de l'évolution qui jouent le rôle de facteurs modifiants superposés au dessin général ou au dessein de l'évolution fondamentale.
    Notes: Summary Organic evolution, or change, among the diatoms has proceeded with considerable regularity. The origins, the extinctions, and the increases in numbers of species and genera, on the whole, have submitted to law and order, as rules-within-limits (rectilinear regression lines within grouped small deviations). The changes of evolution have followed from two sorts of phenomena — 1) the origin and extinction of shortlived or unstable species, in a proportion which has been more or less constant, but different in the two groups of diatoms, Centricae and Pennatae; these short-lived species died out in the subperiod of their origin even under favourable enough environment or surrounding conditions, because of the innate instability of these particular species: and 2) the origin of new species (and genera) which demonstrated their innate capacity for permanence by remaining in the living condition from their origins mostly up to the present time. The continued or continual additions of new and long-living species, in proportion to the number available as possible and parental species, has given the geometrical progressions. Consequently evolution in the diatoms has been monopodial, or one-stemmed, and not sympodial or not with many substitutions of one species after another in successions. The two kinds of species-durations are well-known in other classes of plants and animals. Exactly the same processes of additions, subtractions, and multiplications, particularly as found in the centric diatoms, are very probable in these classes of plants and animals which have given the same answer or arithmetical result for the whole of their previous histories, in the form of the frequency distribution of the present sizes of their genera. The rules-within-limits of this basic evolution are described, defined, and discussed in their relations to various theories of evolution which perhaps only concern the working of factors of superimposed modifications that reduce the results of the pattern or plan of basic evolution.
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  • 11
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    Acta biotheoretica 9 (1949), S. 115-134 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
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  • 12
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    Acta biotheoretica 9 (1949), S. 89-100 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Postface Dans mes „Analyses et synthèses biocénotiques” (1947a), j'ai discuté la conception d'Agrell, qui se base sur des stations-types préétablies. Depuis,Agrell a consacrédeux articles polémiques (Opusc. ent., Lund, 1948) à soutenir que ses „Bestandestypen” s'identifient aux groupements écologiques tels que je le conçois. Il n'en est rien. Dans l'idée d'Agrell, tous les relevés provenant d'un même type de stations font a priori partie d'un même „Bestandestyp”. La conséquence en est que certaines espèces en réalité vicariantes, c'est-à-dire ne cohabitant jamais -Tetracanthella wahlgreni etFolsomia brevicauda, par exemple — se trouvent réunies, sur le papier, dans une même „communauté”. Au contraire, dans mon système, les relevés faits dans un certain type de stations („AH” par exemple, cf.Gisin, 1947a) sont classés tantôt dans un groupement (2b), tantôt dans un autre (3a), d'après leur composition faunistique servant d'indicateur. Cette différence explique amplement les discordances qu'Arell relève entre mes indices d'abondance-fréquence et les siens, discordance prouvant une fois de plus que les „Bestandestypen” et les groupements ne sont pas la même chose. Agrell qualifie de résidu l'un de mes groupements. Or, rien n'est plus résiduel queson Bestandestyp 2, qui représente l'ensemble de 7 stations sur 10, celles qui restent après avoir retranché les 3 stations de milieux extrêmes. Agrell reproche à ma méthode de laisser inclassables certains relevés dépourvusd'espèces vicariantes. Cela n'est-il pas préférable au classement de force de relevés, fragmentaires et aux calculs hasardeux basés sur des unités hétérogènes? Enfin,Agrell estime que le choix des espèces caractéristiques est subjectif. J'ai: montré qu'il ne l'est ni plus ni moins que celui des caractères spécifiques en taxonomie.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Oekologie, Ethologie, Biogeographie und Biocoenotik werden noch häufig miteinander verwechselt. Diese Disziplinen lassen sich an Hand des Schemas unterscheiden, das in vorstehenden Schlussfolgerungen wiedergegeben ist. Dieses Schema ist zugleich ein Beitrag zu einem neuen, dreidimensionalen System der Biologie. Speziell wird auf den methodischen Unterschied zwischen Oekologie und Biocoenotik eingegangen. Die Biocoenotik kann als eine unentbehrliche Vorstufe der Oekologie angesehen werden, insofern sie die natürliche Vergemeinschaftung der Organismen als ein grossartiges, von der Natur selbst eingesetztes Experiment betrachtet. Ihre Aufgabe ist es, dass Ergebnis dieses Experiments zu beschreiben. Die Lebensgemeinschaften, die sie dabei unterscheidet, sind gekennzeichnet durch ihre häufig wiederkehrende, einigermassen konstante Zusammensetzung, entsprechend den relativen Faktoren-Gleichgewichten, welche sich im Laufe der Jahrhunderte einstellen. Die Lebensgemeinschaften sind aber viel leichter zu erfassen als die Faktoren-Gleichgewichte und deren biologische Bedeutung. Ihre Abgrenzung erfolgt, — wie in der Taxonomie diejenige der Arten — auf Grund objektiver Diskontinuitäten. Letztere gründen sich in der Biocoenotik auf die sich ökologisch ersetzenden (vikariirenden) Arten. Sie sind die Prüfsteine für die Grundeinheiten der Biocoenotik: die Biocoenosen.] Soweit die Organismen einer Biocoenose aufeinander einwirken, stellen sie gleichzeitig einen Konnex dar; und soweit sie in ihren Ansprüchen oder Anpassungen übereinstimmen, gehören sie auch zum gleichen Lebensformen-Typ. Es ist praktisch, drei Grössenordnungen von Biocoenosen zu unterscheiden: Synusien, Assoziationen und Biome.
    Notes: Conclusions L'écologie cherche à connaître les conditions d'existence des organismes par rapport à leur milieu physique et biotique. D'une part elle étudie les exigences des organismes envers le milieu et leurs adaptations à celui-ci; d'autre part, elle recherche comment le milieu influe sur les organismes. Or, puisque chaque être vivant fait partie du milieu des autres et que sa présence et son activité modifient le milieu physique et biotique pour lui-même comme pour les autres, l'écologie est amenée à considérer en général les interactions entre les facteurs constitués par les organismes ainsi que par les agents inorganiques. Toutefois, la complexité de ces interactions est telle qu'à leur analyse physico-chimique s'opposent des difficultés partiellement insurmontables. La raison en est que les multiples facteurs écologiques n'agissent pas isolément, mais en combinaison dans l'espace et dans le temps. Il en résulte des états d'équilibre relatif dont seule l'expérience multiséculaire de la nature nous révèle l'aboutissement avec certitude. Aussi bien l'écologiste qui veut en tenir compte commence-t-il ses recherches par le relevé qualitatif et quantitatif des groupements biologiques spontanés. Le chercheur les reconnaît à la constance relative de leur composition, dans les divers endroits où ils sont réalisés, constance résultant de l'équilibre relatif entre les facteurs. C'est exactement pour de tels groupements queMöbius à créé le terme de biocénose. Ainsi la biocénotique peut être considérée comme la propédeutique d'une écologie justement conçue; elle ne serait que préparatoire et provisoire si la Science pouvait un jour entièrement éclaircir le jeu des forces écologiques. Enfin en essayant de bien situer l'écologie dans le cadre des disciplines biologiques voisines, il est utile d'avoir présent à l'esprit l'ébauche suivante d'un nouveau système de la biologie:
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    Acta biotheoretica 8 (1946), S. 42-59 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
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  • 14
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    Acta biotheoretica 8 (1946), S. 18-41 
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    Acta biotheoretica 8 (1946), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary While refuting the standpoint taken byCharles Richet (that the identical phenomena do not occur in nature at all) and simultaneously setting aside the contrary view ofEmil Meyerson (that the very essence of our scientific thinking and method of deductions consists of the process of logical identification, proceeding from the complex and heterogeneous to the simple and homogenous, more and more diminishing particles), the author argues that in biology the perfectly identical creatures, features or phenomena must occur, so to say by virtue of mathematical necessity, if the inheritance of features through the course of sexual propagation, governed by the laws ofMendel, is proceeding according to the rules ofNewton's binomial. Then the expanded series of the latter brings us the expression of some sort of biological multiplication, which — in their successive terms — leads to the origin of natural groups of so called binomions (the notion introduced by the author in his previous papers, 1942 aetc., which he is referring to), each of which being composed of identical individuals, appearing in the exactly definite frequencies, issuing from the very procedure of multiplication of the factors, partaking in those series in any given term. Again, the possibility of ascertaining the eventual, if any, individualising differencies (deviations) in the identical so originated beings is explained by the author as being actually due to the gradual deepening of our diagnosing analysis, by the use of which the more and more minute units, material or energetic ones, are introduced. Finally, referring to the few, mostly incidentally chosen, examples taken from astronomy, chemistry, embryology, anthropology, sociology, logic and philosophy, the author calls the attention to the fact that the modern science shows a general tendency towards the foundation of its conclusions on the interaction of factors and on the use of the general “principle of complexity” (ofMalfitano andHonnelaitre) as an obligatory course of very scientific methodology.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gegenüber den Ansichten vonCharles Richet (dass es in der Natur überhaupt keine identische Gebilde geben könne), sowie auch die gegensätzliche, die von E.Meyerson (dass unseres Denkvermögen und methodologische Schlussziehung eben nur einen einzig möglichen Prozess der ständigen Identifizierung, die vom Komplexen und Heterogenen zum Elementaren und Homogenen in den Strukturen der immer mehr und mehr sich verkleinernden Partikeln fortschreitet, darstellen sollen), bei Seite lassend, hebt der Verfasser hervor, dass gerade auf dem Gebiete der Biologie vollständig identische Gebilde, Merkmale oder Erscheinungen, so zu sagen mit mathematischer Notwendigkeit, auftreten müssen, falls die Verterbung der Merkmale, die sich auf dem Wege der geschlechtlichen Fortpflanzung abspielt und derMendel-Gesetzen unterworfen ist, auf das Verfahren desNewton'schen Binoms zurückzuführen ist. Die entwickelte Reihe dieses letzteren — in deren Gliedern vertreten — stellt dann ein zusammengesetztes Beispiel einer eigenartigen biologischen Multiplizierung dar, die die Entstehung der natürlichen homogenen Gruppen von sogenannten Binomionen (— der Begriff in früheren Arbeiten des Verfassers, 1942 a, eingeführt —) verursacht. Jede einzelne derselben setz sich bekanntlich aus vollständig identischen Individuen zusammen, die in durch die binomische Regel festgesetzten, genau bestimmten Häufigkeiten auftreten und lauter aus dem Verfahren der Multiplizierung der teilnehmenden Elementen (als Factoren oder Multiplikatoren gedeutet) in allen gegebenen Gliedern jeder beliebigen Reihe herrühren können. Die eventuelle Entstehung etwaiger kleinsten individuellen Differenzen (Variationen) in auf solche Weise entstandenen vollständig identischen Gebilden ist als Folge der allmählichen Vertiefung unseres Erkenntnissverfahrens, bzw. diagnostischer Analyse zu deuten, in welcher mit immer kleiner und kleiner werdenden — materiellen oder energetischen — Einheiten gearbeitet wird. Zum Schluss, sich auf wenige hauptsächlich beiläufig ausgewählte Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Astronomie, der Chemie, der Embryologie, der Anthropologie, der Soziologie, der Logik und der Philosophie stützend, sucht der Verfasser zu beweisen, dass in der modernen Wissenschaft überhaupt eine allgemeine Tendenz herrscht die Schlüsse auf die Wechselwirkung der Factoren, bzw. auf den Prinzip der Komplexität (lautMalfitano undHonnelaitre), als einer grundsetzlichen Eigenschaft jeder wissenschaftlichen Methode, zurückzuführen.
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    Acta biotheoretica 9 (1949), S. 41-56 
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    Acta biotheoretica 9 (1949), S. 75-88 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Neuere Definitionen der botanischen Begriffe „ecotype”, „ecospecies” und “coenospecies” werden kurz besprochen. Beispiele von ecospecies werden erörtet, und folgende neue Begriffsbestimmungen vorgeschlagen: „g-ecospecies” Gruppen mit gleicher Chromosomenzahl, zwischen denen morphologische, ökologische und geographische Unterschiede deutlich festzustellen sind, und bei denen in künstlichen oder natürlichen Zuständen nur beschränkter Genaustausch stattfinden kann. „a-ecospecies” Gruppen mit ungleicher Chromosomenzahl, zwischen denen ökologische und geographische Unterschiede deutlich festzustellen sind, und bei denen nur beschränkter Genaustausch stattfinden kann. „ecotypes“ Gruppen, die genetisch unterschiedene Bestandteile von ecospecies bilden, die für besondere Typen von Milieu geeignet sind, und bei denen unbeschränkter Genaustausch stattfinden kann. „cytotypes“ Gruppen, die polyploiden Bestandteile einer ecospecies bilden. Die wahrscheinlichen Enstehungsarten derg-ecospecies (allmählich) und dera-ecospecies (plötzlich) werden beschrieben, und es wird für besonders wichtig erklärt, dass die Systematiker den Begriffa-ecospecies anerkennen, denn diese mögen sich morphologisch äusserst wenig unterscheiden. Beispiele für den Gebrauch der Begriffe werden angeführt, und es wird vorgeschlagen, dass es interessant wäre, sie nicht nur bei Pflanzen sondern auch bei Tieren zu verwenden.
    Abstract: Sommaire Nous avons brièvement étudié dans l'article ci-dessus les récentes définitions des ternies botaniques „ecotype” „ecospecies”, et „coenospecies”. Nous avons discuté quelques exemples d'ecospecies et nous avons proposé les nouvelles définitions suivantes: „g-ecospecies” Groupes avec le même nombre de chromosomes, entre lesquels il y a des différences morphologiques, écologiques et géographiques nettement déterminées; ils ne sont capables que d'un échange limité de gènes dans des conditions artificielles ou naturelles. „a-ecospecies” Groupes avec différents nombres de chromosomes, entre lesquels il y a des différences écologiques et géographiques nettement déterminées, et qui ne sont capables que d'un échange limité de gènes. „ecotypes” Groupes formant des composants d'ecospecies génétiquement distincts, adaptés à des types spéciaux de milieux et qui sont capables d'un échange illimité de gènes. „cytotypes” Groupes formant des composants polyploïdes d'une ecospecies. Les origines probables desg-ecospecies (graduelles) et desa-ecospecies (abruptes) y sont expliquées; nous avons mis en relief l'importance de l'identification par les taxonomistes d'a-ecospecies, qui peuvent à peine présenter des différences morphologiques. Nous donnons des exemples d'emplois de ces termes, et nous suggérons que leurs applications aux animaux aussi bien qu'aux plantes pourraient présenter un intérêt certain.
    Notes: Summary Recent definitions of the botanical terms ecotype, ecospecies and coenospecies are briefly reviewed. Examples of ecospecies are discussed and the following new definitions are proposed: g-ecospecies Groups with the same chromosome number between which there are well-defined morphological, ecological and geographical differences and which, under artifical or natural conditions are capable of only limited gene-exchange. a-ecospecies Groups with different chromosome numbers between which there are well-defined ecological and geographical differences and which are capable of only limited gene-exchange. ecotypes Groups forming genetically distinct components of ecospecies, adapted to special types of environment and capable of unlimited gene-exchange. cytotypes Groups forming polyploid components of an ecospecies. The probable modes of origin ofg-ecospecies (gradual) anda-ecospecies (abrupt) are explained; and the importance of the recognition by taxonomists ofa-ecospecies, which may differ morphologically hardly at all, is. emphasized. Examples of the uses of the terms are given, and it is suggested that their application to animals as well as plants would be of interest.
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    Acta biotheoretica 8 (1946), S. 60-66 
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    Acta biotheoretica 9 (1949), S. 101-114 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 232-232 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 250-256 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 257-257 
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    Notes: Summary The activity of a zincoprotein, carbonic anhydrase, adsorbed on different mineral precipitates has been determined. No difference in activity could generally be detected between adsorbed and non-adsorbed enzyme. However, when the anion of the precipitate is a strong inhibitor, the adsorbed enzyme sometimes becomes completely inactive. In conclusion, the author has attempted to define the conditions under which the adsorption of a metallic enzyme on a mineral precipitate is influenced by the enzyme's metallic ion.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 265-272 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 292-295 
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    Notes: Summary The general morphological and the fissural character ofDubois' andKoenigswalds Pithecanthropi andBlack's Sinanthropus (E) strongly suggest that thePithecanthropus brain had more anthropoid features than theSinanthropus brain.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 310-311 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Einwirkung von N-bromierten Amiden auf Äthylenketone wurde erforscht. Im Fall vonα-Äthylenketonen wurden Substitutionsprodukte erhalten, die zu einem bisher kaum beachteten Substanzenbereich gehören. Der Mechanismus der Bromierung von Äthylenaldehyden wurde diskutiert.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 312-313 
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    Notes: Résumé L'hétérotrophie deC. Reukaufii est confirmée. Cette espèce requiert dans des conditions données: la biotine, remplaçable par la désthiobiotine, l'aneurine, remplaçable par la pyrimidine. L'action au miel est étudiée.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 315-316 
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    Notes: Summary The lithium chloride and the substances, which are capable of producing a similar effect on the embryo development, increase the viscosity of proteins from the Amphibian embryo. The sodium thiocyanate, the sodium iodide and the pyocyanine lower it. The proteins fractions which can appear in elongated particles are those which feel the action of the thiocyanate and of the pyocyanine.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 317-318 
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    Notes: Summary Complexes of bivalent tin with polyoxybenzene-polysulfonic acids have a diuretic effect, when injected subcutaneously in dogs or rabbits. The same compounds also sensibilize the cardiotonic effect of digitalis-substances on the isolated heart or on fragments of the isolated heart as usually employed for testing digitalis-substances. In a small number of patients suffering from heart disease, a rapid increase of their till then lowered diuresis was induced through subcutaneous injections of a solution of the above mentioned tin complex.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 321-323 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 323-324 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 362-363 
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    Notes: Summary The α-amylase of hog pancreas has been purified and the degree of purity controled by electrophoresis. The active substance is a protein which can dissociate in an unstable high molecular component and a thermostable component of low molecular weight.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 349-354 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 354-361 
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    Notes: Summary After a discussion of the 11-year solar-cycle as regarded from the standpoint of the “eruption-hypothesis,” which offers a possibility to predict the solar activity for several years and after a review of the magnetic properties of the sun and the sunspots, the paper deals with the new theories of the spots and the solar-cycle as suggested byAlfvén andWalén. The terrestrial effects of the phenomena associated with the solar cycle are classified into 4 groups: effects produced by a) a wave radiationW k emitted continuously by the sun, b) a wave radiationW e emitted from the chromospheric eruptions, c) a particle radiationP k emitted by the so-called M-regions, and d) a particle radiationP e ejected from the eruptions. The connection between the solar eruptions and the radiationsP e ,W e is a well established fact; on the other hand the radiationsW k ,P k could be connected by the author with the solar corona and the stationary solar prominences respectively. To account for the intensity of theW k -radiation a temperature of the solar corona of one million degree is required in agreement with the observed temperature. The heating of the corona occurs in the electric field around an increasing sunspot. As in the corona the mean free path amounts to several kilometers, particles may be accelerated up to 1000 eV, so far the conditionh=0 is fulfilled. Generally speaking acceleration is possible only in such regions whereh andh are not perpendicular to each other.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 371-372 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Veränderungen im Ca- und Mg-Gehalt der Eier vonArbacia pust. während der ersten Stunde nach der Befruchtung untersucht. Es wird ein Ca- und Mg-Verlust mit Höhepunkt eine halbe Stunde nach der Befruchtung festgestellt.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 372-372 
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    Notes: Résumé Culex molestus n'a pas de chromosomes sexuels. Le caractère «œil blanc» est récessif, mais ce phénotype apparaît avec des fréquences très différentes chez les ♂♂ et les ♀♀ issus d'un père hétérozygote. La masculinité est due à un gène dominant situé dans le même chromosome que «œil blanc», et à six unités de celui-ci, environ.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 376-378 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 378-380 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 145-146 
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    Notes: Summary Experiments were carried out to test the effects of relative humidity on prepupae and pupae of the Silkworm,Bombyx mori L., at 250 C. It was found that: (1) duration of prepupal + pupal stages is the same at all relative humidities between 7 and 100%; (2) mortality seems unaffected in all these humidity conditions; (3) moths obtained in percentages between 55 and 100% R. H. have the same average wet weight; moths obtained under dryer conditions have a lower average weight (expressed in percentage of initial weights of prepupae); (4) pupae extracted from their cocoons develop as quickly and as well as pupae in their cocoons.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 151-152 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 152-152 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 152-152 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 160-171 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 153-159 
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    Notes: Summary The cytoplasm consists of the cortex and the endoplasm. The rather thin cortex is built up by protein-leaflets and lipoid lamellae. The endoplasm is a structure of fibrils forming a dense network. The fibrils, composed of chromidia and interchromidia must be considered as a bundel of polypeptide chains. They are about of the same size as the elementary fibrils in the tail of the spermatozoa. The chromidia show all the main properties of what has been called theoretically “biogenmolecule.” They are centers of growth and metabolism of the cytoplasm. The different functions of the various components of the plasm are considered.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 171-180 
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    Notes: Summary The constitution of the different wood-substances is discussed. The total amount of the polysaccharides, called holocellulose, can be obtained if the separation is effected carefully. The holocellulose consists of submicroscopic crystalline cellulose and wood-polyoses which differ also from cellulose by their degree of polymerisation. Less progress has been made in the elucidation of the lignin-structure but owing to work recently undertaken the author has been able to give further information about these questions. Work on model substances obtained synthetically has been very promising. An exact definition of the different constituents is necessary and the author has tried to give such a definition which corresponds to the present development of ligninchemistry. It is possible that the different wood-compounds are connected in some still unknown manner so that we might speak of a uniform “wood-substance.” This definition nevertheless is quite different from the term “wood-substance” which was used at the beginning of research on wood-constituents.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 180-182 
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    Notes: Summary By means of a technic published in this journal (2, 66 [1946]), it has been observed that the activity of the pseudo-choline esterase of the serum is highest in presence of high concentrations of acetylcholine. The true choline esterase of the red corpuscules has her optimal activity at concentrations of 200 mg % acetylcholine. This high activity of these choline esterase is only going on during 3 to 5 minutes; after this period an inhibition occurs. At lower substrate concentrations (50 mg % acetylcholine) the difference in activity in the first and second phase is becoming less pronounced and the curve of the choline esterase activity becomes a straight line. At the small substrate concentration (4 mg % acetylcholine) again a primary higher choline esterase activity has been observed. Choline inhibitsin vitro the activity of the choline esterase. Prostigmine inhibits alsoin vivo andin vitro, the choline esterase of serum and globules.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 183-184 
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    Notes: Résumé L'auteur a étudié aux rayons X la transition du titanate de barium autour de 120° C. Dans un intervalle de quelques degrés, il y a coexistence des deux formes cristallines (tétragonale et cubique). Il semble probable qu'il y a une nouvelle transition près de — 183° C. Il est intéressant de noter que ces pointsλ ne peuvent pas être attribués à une mise en rotation de molécules.
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    Notes: Summary Radioactive 2-bromo-3-hydroxy-1:4-naphtoquinone has been used for the exploration of the metabolism of substances which influence the course of blood-clotting. It has been found that this substance diffuses very rapidly into the blood, and that the liver is not characterized by any elective fixation-power.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 186-188 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der Berührungsfläche einer an verschiedenen Metallen geriebenen polierten Glas- oder Quarzplatte werden helle, punktförmige Lichtblitze schon bei verhältnismäßig schwachen Reibungseffekten beobachtet. Die lokale Temperatur muß mindestens 550°C betragen. Die Beobachtung deutet auf kleinste Kontaktflächen und ist von Bedeutung für die Kenntnis der Reibungsvorgänge.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 191-192 
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    Notes: Summary The action of desoxycorticosteronglucoside was tested on the isolated frog-heart. In concentrations of 10−6 to 10−4 a small negative inotropic effect is prevailing. Acting together with acetylcholine, the substance diminishes or abolishes the negative inotropic and chronotropic action of acetylcholine. Eserin has no influence and the inhibition is also observed with cholinchloride and the carbaminoyl ester of choline. This inhibitory action bears a close resemblance to the inhibitory action of thiamin. In both cases a complex mechanism seems to be involved.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 210-214 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 204-210 
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    Notes: Summary After a historical survey on the discovery of the small planets and the international organization of the calculation of orbits the importance of the divergences from the ordinary orbits between Mars and Jupiter is discussed. On the one side those small planets which approach Mars, Jupiter, even Earth and Saturn, in strongly excentric orbits offer new methods for the mass determination of the large planets; e.g. the perigee of Eros made possible a new determination of the parallax of the sun (8″,79). On the other side the group of the Trojans e.g. gives new aspects for the problem of the three bodies. In the breaches of commensurability the statistical distribution of the orbits of the small planets hints to the problem of the stability of the planetary system.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 220-221 
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    Notes: Summary It is shown that the intensity of the red coronal line 6374 Á is diminished in the regions of the stationary solar prominences.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 222-222 
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    Notes: Summary Herpes corneæ simplex (febrilis) is a virus disease. In 1942 the author found out that the purely epithelial forms of Herpes corneæ are cured on an average within four days, if the patients took 4–5 milligrams of «Gynergen Sandoz» (Ergotamin-tartrate Stoll) a day. According to the newest observations fresh Herpes corneæ can also be cured through rinsing with a solution of 0.5 mg of Gynergen (2 cm3 a day). The development of the Herpes disease and its cure is a chemical process of the cells, which, according to the author, is influenced by Gynergen. — Ergotamin is won out ofsecale cornutum, which owes its origin to the fungusClaviceps purpurea. This fungus together with thePenicillium notatum belongs to theAscomycetes group. Both are biologically related and their substance has chemical points of contact. — With respect to bacteria, Penicillin is antibiotic, the author presumes antibiotical properties against Herpes in Ergotamin (Gynergen Sandoz), the study of which he suggests should be gone into more thoroughly. With two different viruses Gynergen Sandoz has been known to bring about a cure in many cases: namely Herpes zoster ophthalmicus, and Herpes corneæ simplex (febrilis).
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 232-232 
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    Notes: Summary The males of two species of Palestine,Saga ephippigera Fisch. andS. gracilipes Uvar have respectively 33 and 31 chromosomes in the diploid state.S. pedo Pallas, a parthenogenetic thelytoc species largely distributed in Europe, has 68 chromosomes and probably represents a tetraploid. The cells of the three species have identical dimensions and the polyploidS. pedo is even the smallest in size.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 259-260 
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    Notes: Summary A new simple method for the production of experimental hypertension has been developed. Anoxæmia of the kidney has been produced by encapsulating the organ in tubes of acetyl cellulose. Development and degree of hypertension is directly depending on the ratio between size of kidney and tube, so that standard size tubes for definite animal weight may be used with high percentage of success.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 313-315 
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    Notes: Summary The temperature effective period for the formation of double antennæ and palpi in the gene-combinationsc ec ct; Dfd r-L ends with the second half of the third larval stage. The t.e.p. of the mutantsaristopedia andproboscipedia ends with puparium formation. Thus we have another proof that the imaginal discs ofDrosophila are not definitely determined in the last larval stage.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 303-306 
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    Notes: Summary The humanity of the Upper Palæolithic is represented exclusively byHomo sapiens; already at that time a remarkable diversity in human species was evident. Only by an intensive study of present and future discoveries of skeletons the question can be solved whether the remarkable variety is an individual variability of a homogeneous population or whether it corresponds to different races (up to six).
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 318-319 
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    Notes: Summary The authors have recently introduced a new reaction, which allows to estimate the lability of the Serum Proteins. It is measured by the turbidity caused by a solution of CdSO4. It is shown by electrophoresis before and after the CdSO4-reaction has taken place, that the turbidity is not originating from any single protein fraction, but from all of them, though to a different degree.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 367-368 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fluoride beschleunigen die Autoxydation von Zystein zu Zystin in saure Lösung (p H 1,8). Zusatz von Fe-Salzen hat keinen Einfluß auf die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 364-367 
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    Notes: Summary The authors describe the results of a quantum mechanical treatment of aromatic hydrocarbons enabling the determination of the electronic charge at each point of the molecule. They give the interpretation of the chemical reactivity of these substances by means of “molecular diagramms”.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 374-376 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 380-380 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 403-404 
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    Notes: Summary The authors have isolated from the intestinal content of the larvae of the waxmothGalleria mellonella a bacterium utilizing beeswax.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 407-409 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Autoren bestimmen den Histamingehalt von Meerschweinchenlungen nach Anlegung eines Pneumothorax, nach lokaler Reizung mit Papain und bei normalen Kontrolltieren. Der Histamingehalt sinkt zunächst sofort nach Herstellung eines Pneumothorax, steight aber nach einigen Stunden wieder an und bleibt während mehrerer Tage über den Normalwert erhöht. Die Reizung der Lunge durch eine lokale Injektion von Papain gibt, ähnlich wie der Pneumothorax, eine nach einiger Zeit auftretende Erhöhung des Histamingehalts.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 410-411 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Ultraschall auf isoliertes Muskelgewebe wird untersucht und dabei folgen des gefunden: Im quergestreiften Muskel, in dem das Actomyosin nicht in der üblichen Weise entfernt worden ist, spalten sich die Muskelfibrillen in der Längsachse. Nach Entfernung des Actomyosins gibt es Aufspaltungen senkrecht zur langen Achse der Fibrillen. Die entstehenden parallelen Spalte liegen in Abständen von 4–8 µ. Im glatten Muskel gibt es, in Abständen von 3–4 µ, senkrecht zu den Fibrillen verlaufende Spalte, auch ohne da\ das Actomyosin entfernt worden ist. Der Herzmuskel wird durch Ultraschall nicht nennenswert beeinflu\t. Die Bedeutung der Befunde wird diskutiert.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 417-425 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 479-480 
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    Notes: Summary The viscosity of synovial fluids and hyaluronic acid solutions, obtained from vitreous humour, are lowered by ultrasonic vibrations. Electrophoretic analysis reveals that the content of hyaluronic acid in these ultrasonically treated solutions is diminished.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 483-484 
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    Notes: Summary In rabbits it has been confirmed, that, if the blood pressure falls rapidly, a lower limit will be attained, below which a normal respiration will no longer exist. This minimal arterial tension seems to be an absolutely fixed one, since it was found to be the same, whether the respiratory center was normal or under the influence of either a depressing or a stimulating drug.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 444-444 
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    Notes: Summary A phage specific for Proteus X 19 and X 2 strains is described. The secondary growth appearing after lysis of OX 19 cultures is devoid of the X-Antigen reacting with typhus sera. The phage is inactive against Proteus OXK.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 447-448 
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    Notes: Summary Patulin was examined in regard to its effect upon the different white blood cells in white mice. There is a very noticeable influence on the lymphocyte count in the circulating blood, which was reduced by daily injections of patulin 0.1 mg i. p. from 8–15,000 to 1–3,000, while the granulocytes were scarcely affected. After the injections were stopped, the lymphocyte count increased again, and sometimes an increase of the granulocytes has been noticed. Often mice died from abscesses in different organs. Patulin seems to have an inhibitory effect on lymphatic tissues, like carbamates and nitrogen mustard. Whether there is a growth inhibitory effect on tumours is now an object of study.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 476-478 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der histochemische Nachweis der alkalischen Phosphatase beiAcanthochites fascicularis L. (Polyplacophora, Mollusca) erbringt den Beweis eines ausgedehnten Vorhandenseins des Ferments. Das Integument, das Bindegewebe und das Muskelgewebe enthalten keine oder nur Spuren von Desmophosphatase. Der Verdauungsapparat, insbesondere die Zuckerdrüse und der Mitteldarm sind dagegen reich an Phosphatase, desgleichen die Niere, die Spermatogonien und Spermatozyten, die Nukleolen der Ovozyten und das Epithel des Ovariums.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 484-486 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 487-487 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 498-501 
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    Notes: Summary The historical dispute in whichGoethe opposedNewton's theory of colour can be referred to the discrepancy between the concepts of “light” as physical radiation and the concept of “light” as sensation. Language as well as natural inclination lead to the confusion and even identification of the two wholly different concepts, whereas the physical laws thatNewton treated and the psychophysical laws that chiefly interestedGoethe are not in agreement.Goethe rightly boasted of „having rescued the subjective colours“.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 65-66 
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    Notes: Summary Some particularities of the diffraction spectra produced by the lattice of a tissue have been discussed. An account is given of the apparition of supplementary diffraction maxima when the light-beam forms an angle ≠ 90° with the lattice-plane.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 161-162 
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    Notes: Summary The cobweb of geometrical spiders enables us to examine the effect of substances on instinct movements of animals. It seems possible to separate the different fundamental functions co-operating in the production of the cobweb by experiment. The effect of Pervitin, mentioned in this report, is characterized by a considerable disturbance of the regular arrangement of the concentric sticky threads.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 167-167 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im PilzInoloma traganum wurde ein neuer antibakterieller Stoff gefunden. Diese Substanz wirkt nur auf einige Arten von Mikrokokken und Pseudodiphtheriebazillen. Das neue Antibiotikum wurde aus einer Wasserlösung durch Adsorption an aktive Kohle konzentriert, mit konzentriertem Äthanol eluiert und durch Verdampfen der Lösung gewonnen. Für eine Maus ist der Stoff bei intravenöser Applikation nicht toxisch. Er könnte theoretisch beim Studium der systematischen Einordnung von Mikrokokken und Pseudodiphtheriebazillen bedeutsam sein.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 172-172 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 181-188 
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    Notes: Summary It is discussed which of the new rays of atomic physics (protons, neutrons, electrons) may be applicable for depth therapy. The range of protons is too short. Recent information from the U.S.A. shows that neutron therapy is not as successful as formerly supposed. Irradiation with fast electrons produced by the betatron may be superior to X-ray therapy. Some preliminary results of biological experiments withDrosophila eggs and ionization measurements are reported. The position of the maximum effect is some centimetres below the surface and not on it. Electrons have a definite range, so that the parts of the body beyond this range are not irradiated.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 202-203 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird der Nachweis geführt, daß die Hemmung der Glukosepolymerisation (ohne Hemmung der Glukoseoxydation) durch Dinitrophenol und Natriumazid mit einer Hemmung der Phosphataufnahme und -polymerisation parallel geht. Bei Verwendung von phosphatarmen Hefezellen ist die Ingangsetzung der Glukosepolymerisation (nicht der Glukoseoxydation) von der Gegenwart von Phosphat im Nährmedium abhängig. Gleichzeitige Vermehrung von Phosphataufnahme, Phosphatpolymerisation und Glukosepolymerisation konnte durch Zugabe von Riboflavin zu Suspensionen von Hefe, die unter Mangelbedingungen gezüchtet war, erreicht werden. Es wird die Auffassung vertreten, daß Hefezellen, die Glukose in Gegenwart von Phosphat umsetzen, Glykogen (=polymerisierte Glukose) und Metaphosphat (polymerisierte Form) gleichzeitig aus Glukose-I-Phosphat bilden. Für diese Annahme sprechen thermodynamische Überlegungen über den Polymerisationszustand von Metaphosphat.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 206-206 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die bisherigen Untersuchungen über Wachstum der Moose in Dunkelkulturen ergaben, daß die Moose ohne Lichtzutritt nur Protonema zu bilden fähig sind. Neue Versuche, über die berichtet wird, mit der Kultur der Moose,Splachnum sphaericum L. fil.,Splachnum ampullaceum L. undTrematodon ambiguus Hornsch, hatten ein entgegengesetztes Resultat. Die genannten Moose bildeten in Dunkelkulturen auf festem Agarnährboden wie auch in flüssigem Medium mit Saccharosezusatz Gametophyten. Die unter diesen Bedingungen gebildeten Gametophyten waren chlorophyllfrei und die Phylloide waren schuppenförmig. Aus diesen und anderen jetzt durchgeführten Versuchen ist zu schliessen, daß nicht das Licht, sondern die Nährstoffart und der Nährstoffvorrat für die Gametophytenentstehung bestimmend ist.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 209-209 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach Vorbehandlung mit dem benetzenden Mittel Tween 20 gelang es, sowohl die durch Histaminwirkung als auch durch Vagusreizung erzeugte Magensaftsekretion mit dem Antihistaminpräparat Antasten zu hemmen. Ohne Vorbehandlung mit Tween 20 wird keine Hemmung durch das Antihistaminpräparat hervorgerufen. Es ist möglich, daß Tween 20 die Permeabilitätsverhältnisse in den magensaftsezernierenden Zellen verändert, so daß Antasten die Histaminwirkung in den Zellen selbst blockieren kann.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 213-214 
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    Notes: Summary Diethylaminoethyl ester of phenyl-cyclopentane carboxylic acid (Parpanit) and diaminoethylphenothiazine (2987 R. P., Diparcol), substances paralysing the autonomic synapses, the postsynaptic cholinergic innervation and the motor centers, protect very actively against nicotinic and cholinergic intoxication. Parpanit has no anticholinesterase action, while Diparcol inactivates selectively pseudo-cholinesterasein vitro andin vivo. Curarizing and synaptolytic agents as tubocurarine, methyltubocurarine, diiodoethylate of bis (quinoleyl-8′-1, 5-pentane) (3381 R. P.) and lauryl-dimethyl-aminoethanol (764 L.), protect against nicotinic intoxication, but do not suppress the muscarinic actions of cholinergic agents. Triiodate of tri(tri-ethylammonium-methoxy)-1,2,3-benzene (2559 F.), curarizing, but not synaptolytic substance, protects only against nicotinic convulsions and muscular fasciculations. Tetra-ethyl-ammonium, synaptolytic substance, protects only against synaptic stimulations induced by nicotinic agents. Atropine protects against nicotinic and muscarinic actions of nicotinic substances, but not against nicotinic convulsions and muscular fasciculations. The curarizing and synaptolytic substances as well as atropine do not inhibit cholinesterases. Thus no correlation exists between anticholinesterase, synaptolytic and nicotinolytic properties.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 336-336 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 358-359 
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    Notes: Summary When 10 p.p.m. and 1,000 p.p.m. of the sodium salts of 2,4-D (2,4-DNa) and DNOC (DNOCNa) and ofo-isopropyl-N-phenyl carbamate (IFC) are mixed together in binary and ternary combinations, a potentializing (synergistic) effect on wheat and tomato seedlings is observed, judged by the number of days elapsing from treatment to complete wilting. Both in binary and ternary combinations the greatest effect has been ascertained from the interaction of low concentrations of DNOCNa on 2,4-DNa (on tomatoes) and on IFC (on wheat). The practical importance of these preliminary results is briefly sketched.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 355-357 
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    Notes: Summary From a series of pictures obtained with a slow cloud chamber at 2300 m above sea level (Hafelekar near Innsbruck) two tracks are discussed. Considering all the possibilities of error, they must be due to particles with masses less than 70m e.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 359-360 
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    Notes: Summary Seven experiments were carried out on guinea-pigs. The results obtained showed that the depression of the cochlear potential under anoxia was not only independent of the intensity, which was already proved by previous experiments, but also of the frequency of the stimuli.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 362-364 
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    Notes: Summary The inhibition of thiouracil goitre in the rat by the methyl ether of vitamin A reported in previous investigations is not to be referred to vitamin A, but to the iodine that is bound to vitamin A in the course of its synthesis. The relation between thiouracil and iodine compounds with different mobility of the iodine: NaI (II), the iodine-containing methyl ether of vitamine A (III), 2:4-dioxo-3:3-diethyl-5-iodine-tetrahydropyridin (IV),N-(4-oxy-3:5-diiodine-benzoyl)-diiodine-DL-tyrosine (V), and 1:4-dioxy-2:3-diiodine-buten-(2) were studied in the thyroid gland of the rat by histological investigation of the degree of development of the thiouracil goitre and by determination of the iodine content of the thyroid. The iodine deprivation caused by thiouracil is definitely inhibited by the iodine compounds named, regardless of the motility of the iodine. The histologically demonstrable thiouracil goitre is likewise inhibited by these compounds, and here the degree of inhibition increases with the motility of the iodine.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 369-369 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 369-369 
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    Notes: Summary Anaerobic processes for gaining energy, which occur in the larvæ ofChironomus (and also ofEutanytarsus) even under not strictly anaerobic conditions, but all the more under these, require an aerobic (oxybiotic) phase for the undisturbed continuance of metabolism. This is brought about in such forms as live in shallow (or relatively oxygen-rich) waters (Chironomus thummi, Eutanytarsus) through increased oxygen uptake from the medium under conditions favorable to respiration (oxygen debt, secondary oxybiosis). Species subject to a permanent oxygen deficit, such as those e.g. that live on the bottoms of eutrophic lakes (Ch. plumosus, anthracinus, and alsotentans) show in its stead an aerobic phase that occurs already under anaerobic conditions, oxygen being obtained from peroxides formed in the body. I call this important process “endoxybiosis”. It obviates an oxygen debt following upon oxygen deficit. The nourishment of the larvæ is important for the formation of the peroxides necessary for “endoxybiosis”.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 319-320 
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    Notes: Résumé Le gonflement et dégonflement rapide et accentué des copolymers de l'acide méthacrylique et du divinyl benzène dans des solutions aqueuses alcalines et acides ont été étudiés. Les phénomènes ressemblent aux contractions et dilatations des systèmes biologiques. L'interprétation donnée est basée sur l'effet du redressement des chaînes moléculaires sous l'influence de la répulsion électrostatique des groupes carboxyliques ionisés, qui se contractent lors de la neutralisation des charges.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 325-326 
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    Notes: Summary Ablation of the whole forebrain in lizards caused considerable impairment of all kinds of spontaneous activity. Postural (extrapyramidal) and skin reflexes were augmented, evidently because they were freed from central inhibition. The running movements were noticeably stiff and angular; when swimming, the animal's body undulated much more than normally, calling to mind the swimming movements of urodeles. After the elimination of the dorsal part of the forebrain, it was no longer possible to elicit the autotomy of the tail. Some social reactions, such as defensive threatening and the expression of inferiority (Treteln), were reinforced. The behaviour patterns of feeding and drinking showed a peculiar disintegration.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 327-329 
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    Notes: Summary The authors have continued their research work on the absolute amount of desoxyribonucleic acid in the cellular nucleus. A number of results are reported, concerning mainly the mammals. They point out that this amount is very similar in the different species. If desoxyribonucleic acid is really the essential constituent of the gene, this would mean that all mammals have approximatively the same genetic equipment.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 333-333 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 336-336 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 337-347 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 347-354 
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die spezifische Konstellation der globulären Eiweißmoleküle bleibt im Gegensatz zu der Konstellation anderer Fadenmoleküle unverändert, wenn das Protein in Wasser gelöst, ausgesalzen oder vorsichtig getrocknet wird. Die große Stabilität der spezifischen Konstellation wird einer bestimmten inneren Struktur der Proteine zugeschrieben. 2. Die innere Struktur globulärer Proteinmoleküle wird vor allem durch Salzbrücken zwischen positiv und negativ geladenen Atomgruppen aufrechterhalten, ferner durch H-Bindungen, durch Dithiobrücken, vielleicht auch durch geringgradige Verzweigung der Peptidketten. 3. Denaturierung besteht in einer Änderung der spezifischen inneren Struktur eines Proteins, herbeigeführt durch eine Sprengung der Salzbrücken. Denaturierung führt zu einer Entfaltung der im nativen Protein dicht gefalteten Peptidketten. Die Resistenz nativer Proteine und lebender Zellen gegen proteolytische Fermente geht bei Denaturierung verloren, da durch die Entfaltung der Peptidketten Angriffspunkte für die proteolytischen Fermente freigelegt werden. 4. Der Mechanismus der Bildung der spezifischen Struktur nativer Proteine im lebenden Organismus wird erörtert.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 360-361 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In decisive experiments on diuresis with rats it is shown that oxytocin and vasopressin have a contrary effect on the excretion of Na and K. Oxytocin increases the excretion of Na, vasopressin decreases the excretion of Na and raises the excretion of K. The effects on Cl-and water-metabolism may be considered only as consequences of the primary effect on Na and K.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 365-365 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tubercle bacilli of the human type were injected intrahepatically into white rats, after these animals had been treated previously with killed bacilli of the same strain. Suspensions of the infected livers later proved to be equally pathogenic for guinea-pigs whether they were taken from specifically pre-treated or from untreated rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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